CN102356746B - Technology for cultivating organic fruit and vegetable matrix - Google Patents
Technology for cultivating organic fruit and vegetable matrix Download PDFInfo
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- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- AVTYONGGKAJVTE-OLXYHTOASA-L potassium L-tartrate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O AVTYONGGKAJVTE-OLXYHTOASA-L 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
Landscapes
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a technology for cultivating an organic fruit and vegetable matrix. The technology comprises the following steps of: preparing a mixed matrix according to the standard of nutrients required by crops; manufacturing a crop matrix cultivation system (a cultivation tank and a water supply system) according to coordinative water, fertilizers and air which is favorable for the growth of the crops; performing standardization management on different fertilizing amount and irrigation amount according to different economic crops; and performing operation according to operation specifications of organic fruits and vegetables. The technology has the advantages of simplicity, high efficiency, ecology, energy conservation, environment friendliness, economy, high quality and the like. The fruits and vegetables produced by the technology meet the standard of (GB/T1963.1-2005) of organic food by the detection of the Green Food Fixed-point Monitoring Center of Ministry of Agriculture.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to nature and agricultural and energy-saving and environmental protection technical field.Relate to organic fruits and vegetables simple and efficient substrate culture technology.
Background technology
World's soilless culture is commercially produced from World War II " sand culture " mode, had gradually rock wool plough, bag plough, develop nutrient film (NFT) system after the seventies, floating root cultivation, mist have been ploughed, the Soilless Culture Methods such as tide irrigation system, these nutrient fluid cultivation modes have common shortcoming, and as high in cost, contaminated environment, operational administrative difficulty, product quality are not up to standard.
Soilless culture is started late in China, its situation is more unexceptional, in the quality of mainly introduction research and more various soilless culture during the Seventh Five-Year Plan period, the substrate culture in the north is not formed gradually to the Seventh Five-Year Plan phase, the NFT (NFT cultivation) of southeastern coast and the deep water training in south China, but be all carry out irrigated crop root system with nutrient solution.16 kinds of elements that crop needs except carbon, hydrogen, oxygen be obtain from air and water except, remaining 13 kinds of element, as macroelement nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur and trace elements iron, boron, manganese, zinc, copper, molybdenum and chlorine, is all absorb from the nutrient solution of chemical fertilizer preparation.The preparation of nutrient solution and managerial demand have certain culture level and specially trained technical staff operates, it is difficult to be grasped by general producer-consumer, simultaneously because nitrate nitrogen content in nutrient solution is too high, do not meet food safety production standard, these factors all limit this Agricultural High-tech of soilless culture applying in China.
The soilless culture represented as Xian District, Shanxi Province Yang Lingwei is all impel crop to reach high yield instead of high-quality with the nutrient solution of chemical fertilizer preparation, and adopt the superluxurious cultivation system such as lucite beam-connected greenhouse and computer system ventilation wet down, its mu of far super per mu yield value of cost of investment, is thus only suitable for viewing and admiring and being unfavorable for promoting; The large high-new technology farming Science and Technology Ltd. of system in Beijing Jing is the substrate culture of representative, though by soilless culture simple and efficient, but owing to not formulating liquid manure standardized management, be in optimum growh state to make crop and reach high yield object, still need constantly to supplement nutrient with nutrient solution, cause product not reach organic food standards.
Therefore, as how kept ecotope, safeguard based on human health, preparation can meet the optimum formula of the multiple nutrient matrix of plant growth, replace the nutrient solution of soil and chemical fertilizer and preparation thereof, and make that its production cost reduces greatly and plant products and quality significantly improve; The water content how set up according to the different cultivation modes of different vegetables and fruits, different cultivars, different condition environment, different growing stages and matrix different times explores water, fertilizer, gas in phase, the index of the water of the most applicable plant growing condition environment, fertile management system and dosed administration thereof, in the hope of water saving, joint fertilizer, joint medicine, abridged edition, laborsaving, province building site maintenance plant optimum growh state, reach the simple and efficient object that organic fruits and vegetables are produced, thus, realize the efficient organic farming sustainable development that natural, ecological is coordinated mutually with economy.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to provide a kind of organic fruits and vegetables simple and efficient matrix for the deficiencies in the prior art
culture technique.make full use of rural area regenerated resources (crop straw, mushroom slag, sawdust) and farmers' to store the richness that poultry manure and river sand prepare the multiple nutrient that can meet plant growth and support matrix, the nutrient solution of replacement chemical fertilizer and preparation thereof; Set up the water of the most applicable plant growth of simple and scientific, standard used by fertilizer and corresponding cultivation system; And its integration is imported the production of organic fruits and vegetables, reach China's organic farming by relying on soil and natural poor efficiency to the efficient transformation object relied on scientific and technological advances.Product, by Ministry of Agriculture's pollution-free food fixed point monitoring Spot detection, reaches organic food (GB/T1963.1-2005) standard.
The present invention is achieved through the following channels:
1, rich preparation and Term Fertilization standardization of supporting organic substrate
The basic principle that organic substrate is selected is applicability and benefit.Thus, according to matrix physics and chemistry character, require that the unit weight of matrix is little, particle diameter is suitable, and total porosity is comparatively large, water suction, retention ability Strong, and matrix WGR is coordinated, and chemical stability is strong, and acid-base value is suitable for, and can provide the various nutrients of applicable plant optimum growh.And should base oneself upon local actual, play resources advantage, greatly reduce cultivation cost, improve various benefit.Organic substrate nutrient is complete, and fertilizer efficiency is lasting, and nutrients release is steadily slow, and nitrogen is released in 20 weeks to be increased with addition and reduce, by 24.5% ~ 17.9%; The feature that the release of potassium later stage is fast compared with nitrogen, phosphorus, is well suited for solanberry, melon, needs potassium many demands the full bearing period, by measuring C/N ratio to agricultural crop straw, useless mushroom slag, sawdust etc., make it adjust to below 30:1, then add farmyard manure and river sand mixes by a certain percentage, pulverizes, mixes thoroughly, fermentation of fully becoming thoroughly decomposed, make rich foster organic substrate, otherwise, need to impose a large amount of nitrogenous fertilizer, and decompose rapidly, easily harden, and be unfavorable for that organic fruits and vegetables are produced.
The compound method of mixed-matrix is: utilize solar energy, by countryside wastes as crop stalk, useless mushroom slag, sawdust etc. and various farmyard manure as argol, the river sands such as ox, chicken, quail according to following index request formula, pulverize, mix thoroughly, spray sufficient moisture and carry out composting, generally can pile high 1m, wide 2m, cover film, turning 1 time in every about 10 days, ferment 40 ~ 50 days; The richness of having become thoroughly decomposed supports organic substrate, does not have peculiar smell loose, pinches agglomerating with hand, and hand pine can scatter for degree;
The index request that the richness that composition fruits and vegetables are cultivated supports organic substrate is: its unit weight is at 0.3 ~ 0.55 gram/cm
3, pH value is about 5.5 ~ 6.5, mu consumption 40 m
3, efficient matter accounts for 40% ~ 50%, total nutrient content 6 ~ 10 kilograms/m
3, maximum water-holding capacity 240 ~ 320%, total porosity 85%, C/N < 30, thick matrix particle diameter 1 ~ 2cm; With N, P, K three elements for leading indicator, the fertilizer planted agent that every cubic metre of matrix is used is contained: full nitrogen is 3.5 ~ 4.5kg, and full phosphorus is 1.5 ~ 2.5kg, and full potassium is 2.2 ~ 3.5kg.
Standardized management is carried out to the fertilizing amount of Different Crop, if one batch of solanaceous vegetables 18 weeks nitrogen, potassium are example, nitrogen 3.5 kg × 40 m
3× 16.9% (release rate)=23.66kg, potassium 2.2 kg × 40 m
3× 65% (release rate)=57.2kg, this-fertilizer level, the nutrient requirement rate of enough one batch of tomato per mu yield 10000kg.
The fertilizer requirement unit of various yield of commercial crops 1000kg: kg
| Crop species | Nitrogen (N%) | Phosphorus (P205%) | Potassium (K20%) |
| Tomato | 2.2～2.8 | 0.5～0.8 | 4.2～4.8 |
| Cucumber | 2.8～3.2 | 1.0 | 4.0 |
| Pumpkin | 3.7-4.2 | 1.8-2.2 | 6.5～7.3 |
| Capsicum | 3.5～5.4 | 0.8～1.3 | 5.5～7.2 |
| Wax gourd | 1.3～2.8 | 0.6～1.2 | 1.5～3.0 |
| Watermelon | 2.5-3.3 | 0.8-1.3 | 2.9-3.7 |
| Chinese cabbage | 1.77 | 0.81 | 3.73 |
| Cauliflower | 7.7～10.8 | 2.1～3.2 | 9.2～12.0 |
| Frame beans | 8.1 | 2.3 | 6.8 |
| Onion | 2.7 | 1.2 | 2.3 |
| Garlic | 3 | 1.2 | 4.0 |
| Celery | 1.8～2.0 | 0.7～0.9 | 3.8～4.0 |
| Eggplant | 2.6～3.0 | 0.7～1.0 | 3.1～5.5 |
| Carrot | 2.4～4.3 | 0.7～1.7 | 5.7～11.7 |
| Spinach | 2.1～3.5 | 0.6～1.1 | 3.0～5.3 |
| Wild cabbage | 3.1～4.8 | 0.9～1.2 | 4.5～5.4 |
| Radish | 2.1～3.1 | 0.8～1.9 | 3.8～5.6 |
| Grape | 6 | 3.0 | 7.2 |
| Strawberry | 3.1～6.2 | 1.4～2.1 | 4.0～8.3 |
2, the making of substrate culture groove, water system and the standardization of moisture consumption
(1) making of substrate culture groove:
Isolate with thickness >=0.1mm plastic foil and soil, prevent soil damage by disease and insect from propagating and weeds, and with thick film pad between ground floor brick and second layer brick, become U-shaped, ground floor brick is fills up to again high with coarse sand, cover bag weaved (fertilizer conservation water), finally insert in cultivating groove with the organic substrate fermented, make rich foster organic substrate height reach more than 12cm for subsequent use;
(2) making of water system
The water system of substrate culture mainly adopts water-saving irrigation system, using clear water as source of irrigation water, do not need to carry out specially treated to water source, do not need as nutrient solution system strict to the requirement of water-saving irrigation, adopt Simple water saving irrigating facility namely can meet the requirement of crop to moisture content;
The present invention adopts micro-spray formula thin walled hose irrigation system as supporting irrigation installation, and concrete structure is:
Set up independently water system with single canopy, room, be connected to form by parts such as water inlet main pipeline, branch pipe(tube), valve, micro-spray formula thin walled hose.Cultivation groove width 48cm, can lay 1 micro-spray formula thin walled hose, and cultivation groove width 72 ~ 96cm, can lay 2 micro-spray formula thin walled hose.
(3) the irrigation quantity standardized management test of the organic fruits and vegetables of substrate culture:
The irrigation quantity of simple high-efficient soilless culture to watermelon different growing within 2008, is adopted to be studied, result shows: watermelon irrigation quantity scope is in earlier stage 0.40 ~ 0.65L/ strain sky, optimal irrigation is 0.52L/ strain sky, the irrigation quantity scope of watermelon expanding stage is 0.91 ~ 1.20L/ strain sky, and optimal irrigation is 1.05L/ strain sky.
The irrigation quantity of substrate culture Different Crop carries out quantitative criterion according to different condition and water content of substrate to pour water: 1. different crops is different to the demand of irrigation quantity, the crop that the crop > transpiration rate that transpiration rate is large is little, cucumber > tomato > watermelon > muskmelon > green pepper > leaf vegetables; 2. different seasons is different to the demand of irrigation quantity, > in summer > in autumn > in spring winter; 3. crop different growth stage is different to the demand of irrigation quantity, and solanaceous vegetables and melon result contain the phase and fruit expanding period > Later growth > grows early stage; 4. weather condition is different to the demand of irrigation quantity, the fine day > broken sky > > rainy day at cloudy day; 5. establishment type is different to the demand of irrigation quantity, plastic tunnel > greenhouse by solar heat; 6. in facility, different parts is different to the demand of irrigation quantity, and in canopy, in the middle part of southern >, > is northern, middle part in canopy inner rim > canopy; 7. matrix type is different with the demand of frequency of irrigation to irrigation quantity, the matrix of the matrix > good water-retaining property of poor water retention property.
Standardized management is carried out to the irrigation quantity of Different Crop different growing stage, if watermelon irrigation quantity scope is in earlier stage 0.40 ~ 0.65L/ strain sky, optimal irrigation is 0.52L/ strain sky, and the irrigation quantity scope of watermelon expanding stage is 0.910 ~ 1.20L/ strain sky, and optimal irrigation is 1.05L/ strain sky.
organic fruits and vegetables substrate culture regulations for technical operation
(1) nursery
Fruit variety: select disease-resistant, high-quality, high yield, commodity is applicable to well the kind of the market demand.The kind of autumn stubble planting and selecting tolerance to low temperature and weak light, high disease resistance; The kind that spring stubble planting and selecting high antiviral is sick, heat-resisting;
Seed treatment: seed is spent emerge in worm water 15 ~ 25 minutes with 55 DEG C, then after rinsing well with clear water, be placed on the water seed soaking 6 ~ 8 hours of 20 ~ 30 DEG C, again seed is rinsed well, with gauze, seed is wrapped, be placed in the environment vernalization of 25 ~ 30 DEG C, stir seed every day 2 ~ 3 times, and rinse once with clear water, can sow after within 3 ~ 4 days, seed shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally;
Sowing: water permeable after richness being supported organic substrate loading pot for growing seedlings, be sown into the seed through vernalization, sowing depth is about 1cm; Autumn stubble after planting should be strictly on guard against high temperature and drought, and keep day temperature 25 ~ 30 DEG C, night 20 ~ 25 DEG C, matrix relative moisture maintains about 80%, lowers the temperature with Shading net covering; Spring stubble after planting should note insulation, and keep daytime 23 ~ 26 DEG C, night 18 ~ 22 DEG C, matrix relative moisture maintains less than 80%; Thermal screen, multilayer can be taked to cover, the measure such as hot line insulation;
Temperature, illumination and water management should be strengthened after emerging.Day temperature parameter is 23 ~ 30 DEG C, night 18 ~ 22 DEG C; Illumination parameter is greater than 10000Lux; Matrix relative moisture maintains 65% ~ 75%; Cooling measure is sunshade net sunshade, blade face water spray etc., and Insulation is with sowing;
(2) field planting
Before field planting, cultivating groove, irrigation system etc. are installed for subsequent use in advance, and greenhouse keeps neat and tidy, sterile-processed, without insect and green plants, substantially isolates with the external world;
Transplanting stock should select disease-free and size evenly field planting together as far as possible, and mode adopts duplicate rows dislocation field planting method, the water of drip irrigation field planting immediately after field planting, and rational close planting is high crop yield key factor;
Drip irrigation hose is put in the middle of cultivating groove, be connected to delivery port, and by weeper upward, fixing, block the flexible pipe other end, open water source valve, check hose regimen condition; Another 0.1mm common canopy film determines wide 20cm, and the long film equaling cultivating groove length, covers above drip irrigation hose;
(3) field management
Greenhouse manages: according to the feature of Crop development, result initial stage day temperature is 20 DEG C ~ 25 DEG C, daytime 25 DEG C ~ 28 DEG C in the full bearing period, night 16 ~ 20 DEG C, substrate temperature keeps 16 ~ 22 DEG C, illumination requires 1 ~ 30,000 Lux, light transmittance requirement more than 50%, and maintaining relative air humidity is 60% ~ 70%;
Nutrient management: rich organic substrate of supporting is with N, P, K three elements are Primary Reference index, the fertilizer planted agent that every cubic metre of matrix is used is contained: full nitrogen is 3.5 ~ 4.5kg, full phosphorus is 1.5 ~ 2.5kg, full potassium is 2.2 ~ 3.5kg, in order to all be in best keeping state within crop whole breeding time, usually according to plant growth different times, the difference of nutrition is required as seedling growth stage, yield positive results the phase, fructescence, take regulation and control of supplying water, in seedling growth stage, fructescence keeps soil humidity 60 ~ 70%, phase of yielding positive results keeps soil humidity 70 ~ 80%, and supplement nutrient when supplying water as biological organic fertilizer etc. in good time, plant is made to reach optimum growh state,
Water management: get underground deep water, adopt more advanced Microsoft drip irrigation system to be at present crop quantitative drip irrigation, its water consumption is outdoor cropping water consumption 1/5; This water system is different from nutrient solution soilless culture system, nutrition and moisture supply are separately carried out, and moisture and nutrition can not be provided simultaneously, moisture is except directly supplying except needed for crop, or dissolved solid fertilizer solvent, only have moisture and good nutrition to coordinate, the solid-state fertilizer of guarantee fully discharges nutrient that can be absorbed by crops, and the normal development for crop provides stable nutrient density; In addition, moisture supply also causes important impact to the microbial environment such as air, temperature, humidity, microbial activities of rhizosphere; Therefore, the water demand of crop is the key index that soilless culture crop well grows;
(4) extermination of disease and insect pest
Strictly cultivate clean strong sprout under without the environment of worm, before crop field planting, carry out fly net, installment work that lamp, property lure device, after field planting, by every 20 ~ 30m
2the amount of one hangs up mythimna separata yellow card's trap insect in time, running check plant insect density, as found, low i.e. humid air relative moisture is unfavorable to the growth of yellow tea mite population quantity lower than the environment of 80%, and the high humidity environment of relative moisture more than 80% is to two spotted spider mite disadvantage of reproduction; Utilize climatic variation in good time, reasonable reduction chamber humidity, for the inhibitory action of having grown of most of insect pest, therefore, the hatching of these insects and breeding can be controlled by the means of environment conditioning, thus reduction insect density, hang branch in time and prune around seedling, training, extract the measure ventilation wet downs such as band worm Lao Ye, also effectively can reduce the generation of various egg counts and various disease.
(5) adopt rear matrix to recycle
After every batch of crop is terminated, the rich nutrient of supporting organic substrate forfeiture of reply supplements, mainly with mu 5 m
3the richness of new configuration supports organic substrate, to become thoroughly decomposed or with mu 4 m with farmyard manure and mushroom slag in the mixed culture fermentation of 8:2 ratio
3sterilization dried poultrymanure supplements.After simultaneously the spring, stubble crop terminated, adopt the sterilization in 20 days of the vexed canopy of high temperature; After autumn stubble terminates, the sterilizing in matrix and canopy is carried out in employing fumigating system (mineral sulphur and sawdust mixed combustion).
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
simplification: use standard and corresponding cultivation system thereof by water, the fertilizer setting up the most applicable plant growth of simple and scientific; By substrate culture technology summary.
high efficiency: the present invention supports organic substrate as supply raise crop desired nutritional basis using richness, plant growth animated period can between or add microbial-bacterial fertilizer or natural pond liquid and enter in matrix by drip irrigation system with water, to meet 16 kinds of elements needed for plant growth, it is made to reach optimum growh state, output is high, per mu yield 4-6 ten thousand jin, and product high-quality valency is high, is traditional greenhouse cultivation income more than 2 times, traditional paddy rice income 30 times.
ecological property:soilless culture by its consume the energy number and impact on environmental ecology, organic ecological and inorganic energy-dissipating type can be divided into as water cultivation, air culture etc., the present invention mainly utilizes countryside wastes and farmyard manure to make nutrition organic substrate, for plant provides nutrition, exudate environmentally safe, can produce qualified organic products.
energy saving: the present invention adopts film and soil to isolate, and can avoid soil infection damage by disease and insect and continuous cropping obstacle, and this is that chamber crop produces one of upper subject matter existed.Cistern is adopted quantitatively to lay river sand, fertilizer conservation water, utilization rate of fertilizer high (90%), using water wisely, (being 1/5 of common greenhouse cultivation water) with water and matrix bottom.
the feature of environmental protection: a large amount of trans-utilization countryside wastes of the present invention, not to fertilize, not pesticide, to the environmental protection treatment of local and periphery mushroom slag, feces of livestock and poultry, protection of the environment.Under the condition of soilless culture, in irrigation process about 20% water or nutrient solution to be discharged to outside system be normal phenomenon, but conventional nutraceutical solution and soilless culturing, in exudate, salinity is too high, then pollute the environment, and has severe contamination to underground water.
economy:tradition soilless culture nutrient fluid, it needs to maintain the balance between the finite concentration of various nutritive element and various element, especially will note the validity of trace element.The present invention adopt organic manure and or add microbial-bacterial fertilizer and replace conventional nutraceutical liquid, thus all can cancel facility and the supplies management such as equipment, test macro, timer, circulating pump of preparation needed for nutrient solution, significantly simplify operational administrative process, and compared with use nutrient solution, its production cost reduces 70-80%, thus greatly saves production expenditure.
property of fine quality:from cultivation matrix to used fertilizer, all based on organic substance, fertilizer used is after necessarily processing process (as utilized hot fermentation etc.), decompose in Releasing nutrient process at it, there will not be too much harmful mineral salt, also there is no the pollution of other harmful chemicals in the course of cultivation.The present invention and traditional soilless culture first absorb trace element unlike matrix and then progressively supply Root Absorption, and buffer capacity is strong.And many beneficial microbes such as mushroom, carbohydrate, organized enzyme etc. act on the content that can reduce heavy metal and nitrate in fertilizer.Thus product can be made to reach organic food standards.
The product produced with the present invention, through Ministry of Agriculture's pollution-free food fixed point monitoring Spot detection, reaches organic food (GB/T1963.1-2005) standard, sees the following form:
Specific embodiment:
Embodiment 1: the fertilizer requirement standardized management of different economic crops
For one batch of solanaceous vegetables 18 weeks nitrogen, potassium, nitrogen 3.5 kg × 40 m
3× 16.9% (release rate)=23.66kg, potassium 2.2 kg × 40 m
3× 65% (release rate)=57.2kg, this-fertilizer level, the nutrient requirement rate of enough one batch of tomato per mu yield 10000kg.
The fertilizer requirement unit of various yield of commercial crops 1000kg: kg
| Crop species | Nitrogen (N%) | Phosphorus (P205%) | Potassium (K20%) |
| Tomato | 2.2～2.8 | 0.5～0.8 | 4.2～4.8 |
| Cucumber | 2.8～3.2 | 1.0 | 4.0 |
| Pumpkin | 3.7-4.2 | 1.8-2.2 | 6.5～7.3 |
| Capsicum | 3.5～5.4 | 0.8～1.3 | 5.5～7.2 |
| Wax gourd | 1.3～2.8 | 0.6～1.2 | 1.5～3.0 |
| Watermelon | 2.5-3.3 | 0.8-1.3 | 2.9-3.7 |
| Chinese cabbage | 1.77 | 0.81 | 3.73 |
| Cauliflower | 7.7～10.8 | 2.1～3.2 | 9.2～12.0 |
| Frame beans | 8.1 | 2.3 | 6.8 |
| Onion | 2.7 | 1.2 | 2.3 |
| Garlic | 3 | 1.2 | 4.0 |
| Celery | 1.8～2.0 | 0.7～0.9 | 3.8～4.0 |
| Eggplant | 2.6～3.0 | 0.7～1.0 | 3.1～5.5 |
| Carrot | 2.4～4.3 | 0.7～1.7 | 5.7～11.7 |
| Spinach | 2.1～3.5 | 0.6～1.1 | 3.0～5.3 |
| Wild cabbage | 3.1～4.8 | 0.9～1.2 | 4.5～5.4 |
| Radish | 2.1～3.1 | 0.8～1.9 | 3.8～5.6 |
| Grape | 6 | 3.0 | 7.2 |
| Strawberry | 3.1～6.2 | 1.4～2.1 | 4.0～8.3 |
Produce one batch of tomato 10,000 kilograms, need from matrix absorbed nitrogen 18kg, potassium 50kg, phosphorus 9.5kg, these elements 70% are distributed in fruit, and about 30% is distributed in the organs such as root, stem, leaf; Produce one batch of cucumber 10,000 kilograms, need from matrix absorbed nitrogen 26kg, phosphorus 9kg, 38 kilograms, potassium, calcium 29kg, these elements more than 50% are distributed in fruit.Therefore, solanaceous vegetables, melonly need strengthen pour water in result, melon phase, keep soil humidity 70 ~ 80%, be beneficial to matrix nutrient fully discharge, meanwhile, after one batch of crop is terminated, nutrient should be added supplement, add farmyard manure and mushroom slag 8:2 mixed culture fermentation with 1 mu and to become thoroughly decomposed matrix 5 m
3be advisable.
Embodiment 2: substrate culture groove example
The overgrow structure of normal cultivation groove such as solanaceous vegetables, melon is: length≤40m, the wide 48cm of internal diameter, highly >=15cm, clear distance 72cm between groove; The normal cultivation groove structure of the fast-growing fruits and vegetables such as leaf vegetables is: length≤40m, the wide 96cm of internal diameter, highly >=10cm, clear distance 48cm between groove.
The cultivating groove effect of several typical material and cost compare
| Material | One-time investment (unit) | Depreciable cost (unit/year) | Appearance | Effect |
| Brick | 2000～4000 | 100～200 | Generally | Best |
| Cement plate | 2000～4000 | 100～200 | Good | Generally |
| Foam tank | 5000～6000 | 500～600 | Best | Good |
| Phosphorus magnesia groove | 4000～5000 | 400～500 | Better | Good |
Embodiment 3: Different Crop different growing stage irrigation quantity standardized management
Irrigation quantity how much obviously can affect Development of Tomato and output is how many, and by the impact of outside climatic, the impact of different irrigation on spring stubble tomato growth and output is more obvious than autumn stubble tomato.
Spring stubble different irrigation affects unit to tamato fruit size: cm
Different irrigation on spring stubble tomato stem thick affect unit: cm
Different irrigation affects unit to tomato yield: kg
Claims (2)
1. an organic fruits and vegetables substrate culture method, is characterized in that: the method comprises:
(1) preparation of mixed-matrix: utilize solar energy, by countryside wastes and various farmyard manure, river sand according to following index request formula, pulverize, mix thoroughly, spray sufficient moisture and carry out composting, pile high 1m, wide 2m, covers film, turning 1 time in every 10 days, ferments 40 ~ 50 days; The richness of having become thoroughly decomposed supports organic substrate, does not have peculiar smell loose, pinches agglomerating with hand, and hand pine can scatter for degree;
The index request of matrix is: the scope of its unit weight is 0.3 ~ 0.55 gram/cm
3, pH value range is 5.5 ~ 6.5, mu consumption 40 m
3, efficient matter accounts for 40% ~ 50%, total nutrient content 6 ~ 10 kilograms/m
3, maximum water-holding capacity 240 ~ 320%, total porosity 85%, C/N < 30, thick matrix particle diameter 1 ~ 2cm; With N, P, K three elements for leading indicator, the fertilizer planted agent that every cubic metre of matrix is used is contained: full nitrogen is 3.5 ~ 4.5kg, and full phosphorus is 1.5 ~ 2.5kg, and full potassium is 2.2 ~ 3.5kg;
(2) different fertilizer application norm is adopted to different economic crops, to realize carrying out standardized management to the fertilizing amount of Different Crop;
(3) making of substrate culture groove: isolate with thickness >=0.1mm plastic foil and soil, prevent soil damage by disease and insect from propagating and weeds, and with thick film pad between ground floor brick and second layer brick, become U-shaped, be fills up to ground floor brick with coarse sand higher, cover bag weaved, with fertilizer conservation water, finally insert in cultivating groove with the organic substrate fermented, make rich foster organic substrate height reach more than 12cm for subsequent use;
(4) making of water system: adopt micro-spray formula thin walled hose irrigation system as supporting irrigation installation, concrete structure is: set up independently water system with single canopy, room, is connected to form by water inlet main pipeline, branch pipe(tube), valve, micro-spray formula thin walled hose; Cultivation groove width 48cm, lays 1 micro-spray formula thin walled hose, and cultivation groove width 72 ~ 96cm, lays 2 micro-spray formula thin walled hose;
(5) standardized management of the irrigation quantity of the organic fruits and vegetables of substrate culture: the irrigation quantity of substrate culture Different Crop carries out quantitative criterion according to different condition and water content of substrate and pours water: 1. different crops is different to the demand of irrigation quantity, the crop that the crop > transpiration rate that transpiration rate is large is little, cucumber > tomato > watermelon > muskmelon > green pepper > leaf vegetables; 2. different seasons is different to the demand of irrigation quantity, > in summer > in autumn > in spring winter; 3. crop different growth stage is different to the demand of irrigation quantity, and solanaceous vegetables and melon result contain the phase and fruit expanding period > Later growth > grows early stage; 4. weather condition is different to the demand of irrigation quantity, the fine day > broken sky > > rainy day at cloudy day; 5. establishment type is different to the demand of irrigation quantity, plastic tunnel > greenhouse by solar heat; 6. in facility, different parts is different to the demand of irrigation quantity, and in canopy, in the middle part of southern >, > is northern, middle part in canopy inner rim > canopy; 7. matrix type is different with the demand of frequency of irrigation to irrigation quantity, the matrix of the matrix > good water-retaining property of poor water retention property;
(6) detailed process of organic fruits and vegetables substrate culture is:
A. nursery:
A1 Fruit variety: select disease-resistant, high-quality, high yield, commodity is applicable to well the kind of the market demand; The kind of autumn stubble planting and selecting tolerance to low temperature and weak light, high disease resistance; The kind that spring stubble planting and selecting high antiviral is sick, heat-resisting;
A2 seed treatment: by seed 55 DEG C of emerge in worm water 15 ~ 25 minutes, then after rinsing well with clear water, be placed on the water seed soaking 6 ~ 8 hours of 20 ~ 30 DEG C, again seed is rinsed well, with gauze, seed is wrapped, be placed in the environment vernalization of 25 ~ 30 DEG C, stir seed every day 2 ~ 3 times, and rinse once with clear water, sow after within 3 ~ 4 days, seed shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally;
A3 sows:
Water permeable after richness being supported organic substrate loading pot for growing seedlings, be sown into the seed through vernalization, sowing depth is about 1cm; Autumn stubble after planting should be strictly on guard against high temperature and drought, and keep day temperature 25 ~ 30 DEG C, night 20 ~ 25 DEG C, matrix relative moisture maintains about 80%, lowers the temperature with Shading net covering; Spring stubble after planting should note insulation, and keep daytime 23 ~ 26 DEG C, night 18 ~ 22 DEG C, matrix relative moisture maintains less than 80%; Take thermal screen, multilayer cover, hot line insulation; Temperature, illumination and water management should be strengthened after emerging;
Day temperature parameter is 23 ~ 30 DEG C, night 18 ~ 22 DEG C; Illumination parameter is greater than 10000Lux; Matrix relative moisture maintains 65% ~ 75%; Cooling measure is sunshade net sunshade, blade face water spray, and Insulation is with sowing;
B. field planting:
Before field planting, cultivating groove, irrigation system are installed for subsequent use in advance, and greenhouse keeps neat and tidy, sterile-processed, without insect and green plants, substantially isolates with the external world;
Transplanting stock selects disease-free and size evenly field planting together, and mode adopts duplicate rows dislocation field planting method, the water of drip irrigation field planting immediately after field planting, and rational close planting is high crop yield key factor;
Drip irrigation hose is put in the middle of cultivating groove, be connected to delivery port, and by weeper upward, fixing, block the flexible pipe other end, open water source valve, check hose regimen condition; Another 0.1mm common canopy film determines wide 20cm, and the long film equaling cultivating groove length, covers above drip irrigation hose;
C. field management:
C1: greenhouse manages: according to the feature of Crop development, result initial stage day temperature is 20 DEG C ~ 25 DEG C, daytime 25 DEG C ~ 28 DEG C in the full bearing period, night 16 ~ 20 DEG C, substrate temperature keeps 16 ~ 22 DEG C, illumination requires 1 ~ 30,000 Lux, light transmittance requirement more than 50%, and maintaining relative air humidity is 60% ~ 70%;
C2: nutrient management: rich organic substrate of supporting is with N, P, K three elements are Primary Reference index, the fertilizer planted agent that every cubic metre of matrix is used is contained: full nitrogen is 3.5 ~ 4.5kg, full phosphorus is 1.5 ~ 2.5kg, full potassium is 2.2 ~ 3.5kg, in order to all be in best keeping state within crop whole breeding time, according to the different requirements of plant growth different times to nutrition, take regulation and control of supplying water, in seedling growth stage, fructescence keeps soil humidity 60 ~ 70%, phase of yielding positive results keeps soil humidity 70 ~ 80%, and supplement nutrient when supplying water in good time, plant is made to reach optimum growh state,
C3: water management: get underground deep water, adopt micro-spray formula thin walled hose irrigation system to be crop quantitative drip irrigation, its water consumption is outdoor cropping water consumption 1/5; This water system is different from nutrient solution soilless culture system, nutrition and moisture supply are separately carried out, and moisture and nutrition can not be provided simultaneously, moisture is except directly supplying except needed for crop, or dissolved solid fertilizer solvent, only have moisture and good nutrition to coordinate, the solid-state fertilizer of guarantee fully discharges nutrient that can be absorbed by crops, and the normal development for crop provides stable nutrient density; In addition, moisture supply also causes important impact to the microbial environment of the air of rhizosphere, temperature, humidity, microbial activities; Therefore, the water demand of crop is the key index that soilless culture crop well grows;
D. the extermination of disease and insect pest:
Strictly cultivate clean strong sprout under without the environment of worm, before crop field planting, carry out fly net, installment work that lamp, property lure device, after field planting, by every 20 ~ 30m
2the amount of one hangs up mythimna separata yellow card's trap insect in time, running check plant insect density, and relative air humidity is unfavorable to the growth of yellow tea mite population quantity lower than the environment of 80%, and the high humidity environment of relative moisture more than 80% is to two spotted spider mite disadvantage of reproduction; Utilize climatic variation in good time, reasonable reduction chamber humidity, for the inhibitory action of having grown of most of insect pest, therefore, the hatching of these insects and breeding can be controlled by the means of environment conditioning, thus reduction insect density, employing is in time hung branch and is pruned around seedling, training, extract the measure ventilation wet down being with worm Lao Ye, also effectively can reduce the generation of various egg counts and various disease;
E. adopt rear matrix to recycle:
After every batch of crop is terminated, the rich nutrient of supporting organic substrate forfeiture of reply supplements, mainly with mu 5 m
3the richness of new configuration supports organic substrate, to become thoroughly decomposed in the mixed culture fermentation of 8:2 ratio with farmyard manure and mushroom slag or with mu 4 m
3sterilization dried poultrymanure supplements;
After simultaneously the spring, stubble crop terminated, adopt the sterilization in 20 days of the vexed canopy of high temperature; After autumn stubble terminates, adopt the sterilizing that fumigating system and mineral sulphur and sawdust mixed combustion are carried out in matrix and canopy.
2. method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: carrying out in standardized management to the irrigation quantity of Different Crop different growing stage, watermelon irrigation quantity scope is in earlier stage 0.40 ~ 0.65L/ strain sky, and the irrigation quantity scope of watermelon expanding stage is 0.91 ~ 1.20L/ strain sky.
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