CN102307470B - 通过多价寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒缀合物抑制细菌蛋白的产生 - Google Patents
通过多价寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒缀合物抑制细菌蛋白的产生 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102307470B CN102307470B CN201080007013.1A CN201080007013A CN102307470B CN 102307470 B CN102307470 B CN 102307470B CN 201080007013 A CN201080007013 A CN 201080007013A CN 102307470 B CN102307470 B CN 102307470B
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Abstract
本发明涉及寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒缀合物和抑制细菌蛋白生产的方法。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求按照35U.S.C.§119(e)提交在2009年1月8日的美国临时申请No.61/143,293,以及2009年4月15日提交的美国临时申请No.61/169,384的优先权,所述申请通过引用并入本文。
政府利益声明
本发明是使用国家健康研究所(NIH)提供的专款号5DP1 OD000285,在政府支持下进行的。政府具有本发明的某些权利。
技术领域
本发明涉及寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒缀合物和抑制细菌蛋白生产的方法。
背景技术
开发用于控制细菌增殖的新试剂具有极为重要的意义。虽然获取抗生素试剂的分子方法已经产生了有意义的结果,但是由于细菌建立了对抗生素的抗性,目前的抗生素治疗变得愈加受限。存在靶向多个细菌功能的多个类型的抗生素。虽然没有穷尽性的列表,但是一些特性包括靶向细菌蛋白生产(反义阻断,例如抗核糖体试剂)、细菌细胞壁完整性和基因组完整性(例如DNA促旋酶)。虽然如此,这些试剂中的大部分已经被细菌进化和通过接合发展出的可遗传的抗性中和,而预期其他试剂也将遇到相同的命运。在一些情况下,细菌抗性从一种细菌跳跃到另一种细菌。此外,目前抗生素的广泛使用已经导致了抵抗大多数医药干预的“超级菌株”的出现。因此,靶向细菌的新型药物是优先研究对象。
现已证明可多价寡核苷酸纳米颗粒缀合物具有用于遗传调控和真核系统中的检测策略的显著能力。对于基因调控,通过激活RNA干扰途径或通过螯合作用和/或在反义策略中降解mRNA阻断蛋白生产。在检测的情况下,可将与寡核苷酸纳米颗粒缀合物结合的mRNA翻译成荧光信号。在哺乳动物细胞培养物系统中,纳米颗粒缀合物是无毒且稳定的,对互补靶标具有较高的亲和性,并且能够不借助转染试剂进入细胞。
然而,寡核苷酸在细菌中,特别是作为杀菌剂的应用价值有限。现已开发出有限数量的试剂,但其从未被广泛使用。尽管在概念上讨论,但此策略未得到充分利用是由于技术上的挑战(例如,基因敲减(knockdown)能力差、不能实现细菌内递送和寡核苷酸链在细菌内的稳定性(即核酸酶抗性))。
发明内容
本发明描述了包含寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒和载体的抗生素组合物,其中所述寡核苷酸与原核基因的目标非编码序列充分互补,所述互补的程度使其足以与所述目标序列在允许杂交的条件下杂交。本文所述的抗生素组合物进入原核细胞,并调控原核基因的转录和/或翻译。
在一些实施方式中,提供抗生素组合物,其中与原核基因的杂交抑制原核细胞的生长。在另一个实施方式中,提供抗生素组合物,其中寡核苷酸的杂交抑制由原核基因编码的功能性原核蛋白的表达。一方面,与没有接触寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒的细胞相比,该抗生素组合物对功能性原核蛋白的表达的抑制为约75%。
在另一个实施方式中,提供抗生素组合物,其中所述杂交导致具有活性改变的原核基因编码的蛋白的表达。一方面,提供抗生素组合物,其中与没有接触寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒的细胞相比,所表达的基因产物的活性降低约10%。另一方面,提供抗生素组合物,其中与没有接触寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒的细胞相比,所表达的基因产物的活性提高约10%。
在另一个实施方式中,提供抗生素组合物,其中寡核苷酸与靶序列的杂交抑制原核基因的转录。在另一个实施方式中,提供抗生素组合物,其中寡核苷酸与靶序列的杂交抑制由原核基因编码的功能性原核蛋白的翻译。
本发明还提供抗生素组合物,其中寡核苷酸的杂交抑制对原核细胞生长所必需的功能性蛋白的表达。在多个方面,提供抗生素组合物,其中所述寡核苷酸的杂交抑制原核细胞生长所必需的功能性蛋白的表达,所述原核细胞生长所必需的功能性蛋白选自以下组成的组:革兰氏阴性基因产物、革兰氏阳性基因产物、细胞周期基因产物、参与DNA复制的基因产物、细胞分裂基因产物、参与蛋白合成的基因产物、细菌促旋酶和酰基载体基因产物。
在另一个实施方式中,提供抗生素组合物,其中所述原核基因编码赋予抗生素抗性的蛋白。
在一些实施方式中,所提供的抗生素组合物还包含抗生素试剂。在多个方面,提供抗生素组合物,其中所述抗生素试剂选自由以下组成的组:青霉素G、甲氧西林、萘夫西林、苯唑西林、氯唑西林、双氯西林、氨苄青霉素、阿莫西林、替卡西林、羧苄青霉素、美洛西林、阿洛西林、哌拉西林、亚胺培南、氨曲南、头孢噻吩、头孢克洛、头孢西丁、头孢呋辛、头孢尼西、头孢美唑、头孢替坦、头孢丙烯、氯碳头孢、头孢他美、头孢哌酮、头孢噻肟、头孢唑肟、头孢曲松、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、头孢克肟、头孢泊肟、头孢磺啶、氟罗沙星、萘啶酸、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、依诺沙星、洛美沙星、西诺沙星、强力霉素、米诺环素、四环素、丁胺卡那霉素、庆大霉素、卡那霉素、奈替米星、妥布霉素、链霉素、阿奇霉素、克拉霉素、红霉素、依托红霉素、红霉素琥珀酸乙酯、葡庚糖酸红霉素、乳糖酸红霉素、硬脂酸红霉素、万古霉素、替考拉宁、氯霉素、克林霉素、甲氧苄啶、复方新诺明、呋喃妥因、利福平、莫匹罗星、甲硝唑、头孢氨苄、罗红霉素、阿莫西林-克拉维酸盐组合(Co-amoxiclavuanate)、哌拉西林和他唑巴坦的组合,及其各种盐、酸、碱和其他衍生物。
在另一个实施方式中,提供抗生素组合物,其中所述寡核苷酸与原核基因的非编码链中的序列充分互补。在另一个实施方式中,提供抗生素组合物,其中所述寡核苷酸与原核基因的非编码链中的序列充分互补,以形成三链结构。在一些方面,提供抗生素组合物,其中所述杂交在所述寡核苷酸和非编码序列以及与所述非编码序列互补的编码序列之间形成三链结构。在另一些方面,提供抗生素组合物,其中所述寡核苷酸与原核基因的非编码链中的序列充分互补,所述互补的程度使其足以在所述寡核苷酸和所述非编码序列之间形成双链结构。在一些方面,所述非编码序列为启动子序列。
在一些实施方式中,提供抗生素组合物,其中寡核苷酸与3′非编码序列杂交。在另一些实施方式中,提供抗生素组合物,其中寡核苷酸与5′非编码序列杂交。
本发明还提供了抗生素组合物,其与靶序列在体外杂交。在一些实施方式中,提供抗生素组合物,其与靶序列在体内杂交。
本发明提供了用于抑制细胞中功能性靶基因产物产生的方法,其包括使所述细胞在一定条件下接本发明的抗生素组合物的步骤,其中在所述条件下杂交导致由靶基因编码的功能性蛋白产生被抑制。
在另一个实施方式中提供了治疗原核生物感染的方法,所述方法包括向细胞施用治疗有效量的包含本发明纳米颗粒的组合物的步骤。
本发明还提供了包含抗生素和本发明的纳米颗粒的试剂盒。
附图说明
图1描述了阻断启动子复合物结合(A)和全长mRNA转录本(B)形成的寡核苷酸金纳米颗粒缀合物的示意图。
图2描述了缀合物处理后的大肠杆菌的电子显微镜图片。
图3描述了使用纳米颗粒抑制细菌荧光素酶表达的结果总结。无义表示在大肠杆菌基因组或转染质粒上没有互补区的序列。反义是指靶向荧光素酶的序列。相对荧光素酶活性显示为柱内相对于海肾荧光素酶表达标准化的百分比。
图4显示了双链侵入示意图。A)双链通过纳米颗粒侵入的示意图(位于双链末端荧光素酶和相邻的dabcyl),从而释放荧光信号。B)结果证明在短双链(20碱基对)和长双链(40碱基对)中荧光都随着双链侵入而增加(灰色盒代表无义序列,黑色盒代表反义序列)。
具体实施方式
本文提供了抗生素组合物及其使用方法。一方面,所述抗生素组合物包含经修饰而包含寡核苷酸的纳米颗粒,其中所述寡核苷酸与原核基因的目标非编码序列充分互补,所述互补的程度足以使寡核苷酸可与目标序列在允许杂交的条件下杂交。通过这种杂交,抗生素组合物抑制了目标原核细胞的生长。在某些方面,在目标细胞中,杂交抑制了由目标序列编码的功能性蛋白的表达。在各个方面,抑制由目标序列编码的原核蛋白的转录、翻译或转录和翻译二者。本发明进一步提供了利用本文公开的抗生素组合物抑制细胞中目标原核基因产物生产的方法,所述方法包括使所述细胞接触抗生素组合物的步骤,其中与所述组合物的纳米颗粒结合的寡核苷酸在允许杂交的条件下与细菌基因的目标非编码序列充分互补,并且其中杂交导致由目标基因编码的功能性原核基因产物被抑制。本领域普通技术人员应理解,抑制目标原核序列的转录或翻译或转录和翻译二者导致由目标原核序列编码的功能性蛋白的生产被抑制。
寡核苷酸官能化的纳米颗粒与目标原核序列的杂交形成本文定义的“复合物”。本文使用的“复合物”是双链(或双元)复合物或三链(或三元)复合物。本文认为三元复合物和二元复合物抑制目标细菌原核酸的翻译或转录。
本文使用的“非编码序列”具有本领域接受的含义。非编码序列通常描述了不包含用于翻译由该基因编码的蛋白的密码子的多核苷酸序列。在一些方面,非编码序列是染色体的。在一些方面,非编码序列是染色体外的。在一些方面,非编码序列与所述基因的所有或部分编码序列互补。非编码序列包括调控元件,例如表达的启动子、增强子和沉默子。非编码序列的实例是5′非编码序列和3′非编码序列。“5′非编码序列”是指位于编码序列5′(上游)的多核苷酸序列。5′非编码序列可存在于起始密码子上游的完全加工mRNA中,并可影响初级转录本至mRNA的加工、mRNA的稳定性或翻译效率。“3′非编码序列”是指位于编码序列3′(下游)的多核苷酸序列,并且包括多腺苷酸化信号序列和编码能够影响mRNA加工或基因表达的信号的其他序列。多腺苷酸化信号的特征通常在于其影响多腺苷酸序列向mRNA前体3′末端添加的能力。
在一个实施方式中,非编码序列包含启动子。“启动子”是指导结构基因转录的多核苷酸序列。启动子通常位于基因的5′非编码序列中,紧邻结构基因的转录起始位点。启动子内在转录启动中发挥作用的序列元件通常被表征为共有的核苷酸序列。这些启动子元件包括RNA聚合酶结合位点、TATA序列、CAAT序列、分化特异性元件[DSEs;McGehee et al.,Mol.Endocrinol.7:551(1993)]、环式AMP反应元件(CREs)、血清反应元件[SREs;Treisman,Seminars in Cancer Biol.1:47(1990)]、糖皮质激素反应元件(GREs)和其他转录因子的结合位点例如CRE/ATF[O′Reilly et al.,J.Biol.Chem.267:19938(1992)]、AP2[Ye et al.,J.Biol.Chem.269:25728(1994)]、SP1、cAMP反应元件结合蛋白[CREB;Loeken,Gene Expr.3:253(1993)]和八聚物因子[大致参见Watson et al.,eds.,Molecular Biology of the Gene,4th ed.(TheBenjamin/Cummings Publishing Company,Inc.1987)和Lemaigre andRousseau,Biochem.J.303:1(1994)]。如果启动子是诱导型启动子,则转录速率响应诱导剂而提高。与此不同,如果启动子是组成型启动子,转录速率不受诱导剂调控。阻遏型启动子也是已知的。“核心启动子”包含用于启动子功能的必需核苷酸序列,包括TATA盒和转录起点。根据此定义,在缺失可增强活性或赋予组织特异性活性的特异序列的情况下,核心启动子可具有或没有可检测的活性。
在一个实施方式中,非编码序列包含调控元件。“调控元件”是调控核心启动子活性的多核苷酸序列。例如,调控元件可包含与细胞因子结合的多核苷酸序列,所述细胞因子能够在具体原核生物中排他地或优先地转录。
在一个实施方式中,非编码序列包含增强子。“增强子”是一种能够提高转录效率的调控元件,与增强子与转录起始位点的相对距离或朝向无关。
应注意,除非另有清楚说明,用于本说明书和权利要求书中的单数形式“一”(″a″、″an″和″the″)包括复数形式。
应注意,本文中的术语“多核苷酸”和“寡核苷酸”可交换使用并具有本领域可接受的含义。
还应注意,本文中的术语“连接”、“结合”和“官能化”也可交换使用并且是指寡核苷酸与纳米颗粒的缔合。
“杂交”是指核酸的两条或三条链之间按照Watson-Crick DNA互补原则通过氢键、Hoogstein结合或本领域抑制的其他序列特异性结合的相互作用。杂交可以在本领域抑制的不同严谨条件下进行。
抗生素组合物
在一些实施方案中,本发明提供了抗生素组合物,所述抗生素组合物包含经修饰而包含寡核苷酸的纳米颗粒和载体,其中所述寡核苷酸与原核基因的目标非编码序列充分互补,所述互补的程度足以使所述寡核苷酸可在允许杂交的条件下与目标序列杂交。在多个实施方式中,配制抗生素组合物以将治疗有效量施用给需要治疗原核细胞感染的哺乳动物。在一些方面,所述哺乳动物是人。
在多个实施方式中,预期寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒与原核基因的杂交抑制(或防止)了原核细胞的生长。因此,预期寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒与原核基因的杂交在原核生物是细菌的情况下导致细菌抑制或杀菌的作用。当杂交在体内发生的情况下,与没有接触寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒的原核细胞的生长相比,原核细胞的生长被抑制约5%。在多个方面,与没有接触寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒的原核细胞的生长相比,原核细胞的生长被抑制约10%、约15%、约20%、约25%、约30%、约35%、约40%、约45%、约50%、约55%、约60%、约65%、约70%、约75%、约80%、约85%、约90%、约95%,约2倍、约3倍、约4倍、约5倍、约6倍、约7倍、约8倍、约9倍、约10倍、约20倍、约50倍或更多。
当杂交在体外发生的情况下,与没有接触寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒的原核细胞的生长相比,原核细胞的生长被抑制约5%。在多个方面,与没有接触寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒的原核细胞的生长相比,原核细胞的生长被抑制约10%、约15%、约20%、约25%、约30%、约35%、约40%、约45%、约50%、约55%、约60%、约65%、约70%、约75%、约80%、约85%、约90%、约95%,约2倍、约3倍、约4倍、约5倍、约6倍、约7倍、约8倍、约9倍、约10倍、约20倍、约50倍或更多。
无论是体内抑制还是体外抑制,本领域普通技术人员都能使用常规技术确定原核细胞生长的抑制水平。例如,通过获得样品组(例如,在体内抑制的情况下的体液,或在体外抑制情况下的液体培养物样品)进行原核细胞数量的直接量化,其中在一段时间内收集样品,将样品培养在允许固体生长的培养基上,并计数能够生长的原核细胞的所得数量。在较晚时间点的原核细胞数量与在较早时间点的原核细胞数量的比较产生了原核细胞生长的抑制百分比。
在一些实施方式中,预期寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒与原核基因的杂交抑制了由原核基因编码的功能性原核蛋白的表达。本文使用的“功能性原核蛋白”是指由原核基因编码的全长野生型蛋白。一方面,与没有接触寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒的细胞相比,功能性原核蛋白的表达被抑制约5%。在多个方面,与没有接触寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒的细胞相比,功能性原核蛋白的表达被抑制约10%、约15%、约20%、约25%、约30%、约35%、约40%、约45%、约50%、约55%、约60%、约65%、约70%、约75%、约80%、约85%、约90%、约95%,约2倍、约3倍、约4倍、约5倍、约6倍、约7倍、约8倍、约9倍、约10倍、约20倍、约50倍或更多。
在相关的方面,寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒与原核基因的杂交抑制了原核细胞生长所必需的功能性蛋白的表达。一方面,与没有接触寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒的细胞相比,原核细胞生长所必需的功能性蛋白的表达被抑制约5%。在多个方面,与没有接触寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒的细胞相比,原核细胞生长所必需的功能性蛋白的表达被抑制约10%、约15%、约20%、约25%、约30%、约35%、约40%、约45%、约50%、约55%、约60%、约65%、约70%、约75%、约80%、约85%、约90%、约95%,约2倍、约3倍、约4倍、约5倍、约6倍、约7倍、约8倍、约9倍、约10倍、约20倍、约50倍或更多。
生长所必需的原核蛋白包括,但不限于革兰氏阴性基因产物、革兰氏阳性基因产物、细胞周期基因产物、参与DNA复制的基因产物、细胞分裂基因产物、参与蛋白合成的基因产物、细菌促旋酶和酰基载体基因产物。下文详细讨论了这些类型。
本发明还涉及抗生素组合物,其中与原核基因的目标非编码序列的杂交导致表达具有活性改变的原核基因编码的蛋白。一方面,与没有接触寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒的原核细胞中的蛋白活性相比,由原核基因编码的蛋白活性降低约5%。在多个方面,与没有接触寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒的原核细胞中的蛋白活性相比,原核蛋白的活性被抑制约10%、约15%、约20%、约25%、约30%、约35%、约40%、约45%、约50%、约55%、约60%、约65%、约70%、约75%、约80%、约85%、约90%、约95%或约100%。另一方面,与没有接触寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒的原核细胞中的蛋白活性相比,由原核基因编码的蛋白活性提高约5%。在多个方面,与没有接触寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒的原核细胞中的蛋白活性相比,原核蛋白的表达增加约10%、约15%、约20%、约25%、约30%、约35%、约40%、约45%、约50%、约55%、约60%、约65%、约70%、约75%、约80%、约85%、约90%、约95%,约2倍、约3倍、约4倍、约5倍、约6倍、约7倍、约8倍、约9倍、约10倍、约20倍、约50倍或更多。
原核细胞中的蛋白活性作为多个参数的函数而增加或降低,所述参数包括但不限于连接到纳米颗粒的寡核苷酸的序列,目标原核基因(因此,和由该基因编码的蛋白)和纳米颗粒的大小。
在多个实施方式中,预期本发明的抗生素组合物抑制原核基因的转录。在一些实施方式中,预期本发明的抗生素组合物抑制原核基因的翻译。
在一些实施方式中,抗生素组合物与赋予抗生素抗性的原核基因的目标非编码序列杂交。这些基因是本领域普通技术人员已知的并且在例如Liu etal.,Nucleic Acids Research 37:D443-D447,2009(全文通过引用并入本文)中讨论。在一些实施方式中,抗生素组合物与赋予抗生素抗性的原核基因的目标非编码序列的杂交导致原核生物对抗生素的敏感性提高。一方面,与没有接触抗生素组合物的原核生物的敏感性相比,原核生物对抗生素的敏感性提高约5%。在多个方面,与没有接触抗生素组合物的原核生物的敏感性相比,原核生物对抗生素的敏感性提高约10%、约15%、约20%、约25%、约30%、约35%、约40%、约45%、约50%、约55%、约60%、约65%、约70%、约75%、约80%、约85%、约90%、约95%,约2倍、约3倍、约4倍、约5倍、约6倍、约7倍、约8倍、约9倍、约10倍、约20倍、约50倍或更多。本领域普通技术人员可使用本文所述的常规技术测定对抗生素的相对敏感性。
与抗生素的组合疗法
在一些实施方式中,配制包含寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒缀合物的抗生素组合物,以各自的治疗有效量与抗生素试剂组合施用。
本文使用的术语“抗生素试剂”是指具有抑制细菌和其它微生物的生长或将其杀灭,主要用于感染疾病的治疗的任意化学物质组。参见,例如美国专利No.7,638,557(通过引用全文并入本文)。抗生素的实例包括,但不限于青霉素G、甲氧西林、萘夫西林、苯唑西林、氯唑西林、双氯西林、氨苄青霉素、阿莫西林、替卡西林、羧苄青霉素、美洛西林、阿洛西林、哌拉西林、亚胺培南、氨曲南、头孢噻吩、头孢克洛、头孢西丁、头孢呋辛、头孢尼西、头孢美唑、头孢替坦、头孢丙烯、氯碳头孢、头孢他美、头孢哌酮、头孢噻肟、头孢唑肟、头孢曲松、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、头孢克肟、头孢泊肟、头孢磺啶、氟罗沙星、萘啶酸、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、依诺沙星、洛美沙星、西诺沙星、强力霉素、米诺环素、四环素、丁胺卡那霉素、庆大霉素、卡那霉素、奈替米星、妥布霉素、链霉素、阿奇霉素、克拉霉素、红霉素、依托红霉素、红霉素琥珀酸乙酯、葡庚糖酸红霉素、乳糖酸红霉素、硬脂酸红霉素、万古霉素、替考拉宁、氯霉素、克林霉素、甲氧苄啶、复方新诺明、呋喃妥因、利福平、莫匹罗星、甲硝唑、头孢氨苄、罗红霉素、阿莫西林-克拉维酸盐组合、哌拉西林和他唑巴坦的组合,及其各种盐、酸、碱和其它衍生物。抗细菌的抗生素包括,但不限于青霉菌、头孢菌素、碳头孢烯、头霉素、碳青霉烯、单酰胺菌素、胺基糖甙、糖肽、喹诺酮、四环素和氟喹啉酮。
给药和药物组合物
本文使用的术语“治疗有效量”是指足以治疗、缓解或预防确定的疾病或症状,或显示出可测量的治疗、预防或抑制效果的组合物的量。可通过,例如临床症状的改进、症状的减少或通过本文描述的测试检测所述效果。对于受试者的精确有效量将取决于受试者的体重、大小和健康状况,疾病的性质和成都以及选择施用的抗生素组合物或组合物的组合。可通过临床医生技术和判断能力之内的常规实验确定给定情形的治疗有效量。
可将本文描述的抗生素组合物与药物可接受的赋形剂、载体或稀释剂一起配制成药物组合物。可通过允许治疗原核感染或症状的任何途径施用化合物或包含抗生素组合物的组合物。优选的施用途径是口服施用。此外,可使用任何标准施用途径向患者递送化合物或包含抗生素组合物的组合物,包括胃肠外途径,例如心室内、腹膜内、肺内、皮下或肌肉内、胸内、透皮、经直肠、口服、经鼻或通过吸入施用。也可从本文所述的试剂制备慢释制剂,从而实现在与胃肠道中的体液接触后,活性剂的受控释放,并在血浆中提供基本恒定且有效水平的活性剂。出于此目的,可将结晶形式嵌入可生物降解的聚合物、水溶性聚合物或二者混合物和任选适合的表面活性剂的聚合物基质中。在本文中,嵌入是指将微粒并入聚合物基质中。还可以利用已知的分散或乳化包衣技术,通过分散微粒或乳化微粒的包封化获得控释制剂。
可采用单剂量施用的形式进行使用,或者可在一段时间内,以分开的剂量或连续释放制剂或施用方法(例如,泵)使用此实施方式的化合物。然而,将此实施方式的化合物施用给受试者,施用化合物的量或所选择的施用途径应经过选择以允许有效地治疗疾病症状。
在一个实施方式中,可使用药物可接受的赋形剂,例如载体、溶剂、稳定剂、助剂、稀释剂等配制药物组合物,其取决于施用的具体模式和剂型。通常,药物组合物应经配制以达到生理相容的pH,并可在约pH 3至约pH 11的范围,优选约pH 3至约pH 7的范围,这取决于施用的制剂和途径。在可选的实施方式中,优选将pH调整至约pH 5.0至约pH 8的范围。更特别地,在多个方面,药物组合物包含治疗或预防有效量的至少一种本文所述的组合物和一种或多种药物可接受的赋形剂。如本文所述,药物组合物可任选地包含本文所述化合物的组合。
术语“药物可接受的赋形剂”是指用于施用药物试剂,例如本文所述化合物的赋形剂。此术语是指可施用而没有不适当毒性的任何药物赋形剂。
药物可接受的赋形剂由所施用的特定组合物并通过用于施用所述组合物的具体方法决定。因此,存在多种适合的药物组合物的制剂(参见,例如Remington′s Pharmaceutical Sciences)。
适合的赋形剂可以是载体分子,其包括大的代谢缓慢的大分子,例如蛋白、多糖、聚乳酸、聚乙醇酸、多聚氨基酸、氨基酸共聚物和失活的蛋白颗粒。其它示例性的赋形剂包括抗氧化剂(例如抗坏血酸)、螯合剂(例如EDTA)、碳水化合物(例如糊精、羟烷基纤维素和/或羟烷基甲基纤维素)、硬脂酸、液体(例如,油、水、盐水、甘油和/或乙醇)、润湿或乳化剂、pH缓冲物质等。脂质体也包含在药物可接受的赋形剂的定义内。
此外,药物组合物可以是无菌注射制剂的形式,例如无菌的含水注射乳剂或油质悬液。本领域普通技术人员可使用适合的分散或润湿剂和悬浮剂配制此乳剂或悬液。无菌注射制剂可以是无毒的肠胃外可接受的稀释剂或溶剂,例如1,2-丙二醇溶液中的无菌注射溶液或悬液。
也可将无菌注射制剂配制成冻干粉。在可接受的载体和溶剂中,可使用水、林格氏溶液和等渗氯化钠溶液。此外,也可以使用无菌不挥发油作为溶剂或悬浮介质。出于此目的,可采用任何无刺激的不挥发油,包括合成的单-或二甘油酯。此外,在注射制剂中同样可以使用脂肪酸(例如油酸)。
寡核苷酸序列和原核蛋白的抑制
在一些方面,本发明提供了靶向特异核酸的方法。可靶向任何类型的原核核酸,并且可以使用,例如用于抑制功能性原核基因产物生产的方法。可通过本发明方法靶向的核酸的实例包括,但不限于基因和原核RNA或DNA。
在多个方面,对于原核靶核酸,核酸是由基因组DNA转录的RNA。
用于抑制所提供的细胞中靶原核蛋白生产的方法包括,与没有寡核苷酸官能化的纳米颗粒时基因产物表达相比,靶基因产物的表达被抑制至少约1%、至少约5%、至少约10%、至少约15%、至少约20%、至少约25%、至少约30%、至少约35%、至少约40%、至少约45%、至少约50%、至少约55%、至少约60%、至少约65%、至少约70%、至少约75%、至少约80%、至少约85%、至少约90%、至少约95%、至少约96%、至少约97%、至少约98%、至少约99%或至少约100%的那些方法。也就是说,所提供的方法包括导致对靶基因产物的表达产生任何程度的抑制的那些方法。
在体内测定抑制程度,例如由来自个体的体液样品,其中在所述个体内发现靶原核生物或所述个体需要抑制原核蛋白,或在个体内通过本领域已知的成像技术测定,,其中在所述个体内发现靶原核生物或所述个体需要抑制原核蛋白。或者,在体外测定抑制程度,通过量化细胞培养物或生物中剩余的原核生物的量,并与细胞培养物或生物内在早先时间点的原核生物的量比较。
在形成三元复合物的实施方式中,预期在原核基因组中引入突变。在这些实施方式中,寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒缀合物包含突变,并且三元复合物的形成引发了与纳米颗粒相连的寡核苷酸与原核基因组链之间的重组事件。
抗原核生物的寡核苷酸
在与靶多核苷酸序列杂交时,本发明的寡核苷酸具有至少约45℃的Tm,通常在约50℃至60℃之间,尽管Tm可以更高,例如65℃。下文考虑可原核靶多核苷酸序列和原核mRNA靶多核苷酸序列的选择。
在一个实施方式中,本发明的寡核苷酸经设计与靶原核序列在生理条件下杂交,其Tm基本高于37℃,例如至少45℃且优选60℃-80℃。经设计,所述寡核苷酸具有与该核酸的高结合亲和性,并且在一个方面,所述寡核苷酸与靶原核序列100%互补,或可包含错配。在所提供的方法中,寡核苷酸与靶原核序列的互补大于95%,与靶原核序列的互补大于90%,与靶原核序列的互补大于80%,与靶原核序列的互补大于75%,与靶原核序列的互补大于70%,与靶原核序列的互补大于65%,与靶原核序列的互补大于60%,与靶原核序列的互补55%,与靶原核序列的互补大于50%。
应理解,本领域技术人员可容易地测定寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒缀合物的适合的靶标,并且使用本领域已知的技术设计并合成寡核苷酸。可通过获取,例如目标靶核酸的序列(例如,从GenBank)并使用,例如MacVector 6.0程序、ClustalW算法、BLOSUM 30矩阵和默认参数(其包括用于核酸比对的开口罚分10和开口延伸罚分5.0),将其与其它核酸序列进行比对,而鉴定出靶标。
使用本发明的方法,预期任何必需原核基因均可作为靶基因。如上文所述,可使用多种方法,包括Gerdes描述的用于大肠杆菌(E.coli)的那些[Gerdeset al.,JBacteriol.185(19):5673-84,2003],来测定对于任何原核物种所必需的原核基因。很多必需基因在细菌界中是保守的,从而提供可靶选择的额外引导。可使用易得的生物信息资源,例如通过生物技术信息国家中心(NCBI)维护的那些资源鉴定靶基因序列。可获得用于大量微生物物种的完整参考基因组序列,并鉴定必需细菌基因的序列。一方面,细菌菌株得自于美国典型培养物保藏中心(ATCC)。可建立使用对于任何给定物种的适合培养基和条件的简单细胞培养方法,以测定寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒缀合物的抗菌活性。
随后,在用于治疗人感染之前,在动物模型或兽医学动物中检测显示出最佳活性的寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒缀合物。
细胞分裂和细胞周期靶蛋白的靶序列
本发明的寡核苷酸经设计与编码必需原核基因的原核核酸序列杂交。示例性基因包括,但不限于细胞分裂所需的那些、细胞周期蛋白或脂质生物合成或核酸复制所需的基因。一旦确定基因的必要性,任何必需细菌基因都是靶标。用于测定生物中的必需基因的一个方法是使用[Gerdes et al.,J Bacteriol.185(19):5673-84,2003,通过引用全文并入本文]中描述的基因组步移技术。在此报道中,620个大肠杆菌基因被鉴定为必需基因,而3,126个基因被鉴定为对强需氧生长的培养条件下的生长不是必要的。进化背景分析证实,大量必需的大肠杆菌基因在整个细菌界保守,特别是用于关键细胞过程,例如DNA复制、细胞分裂和蛋白合成的基因亚类。
在多个方面,本发明提供了寡核苷酸,其是有效地与编码必需细菌蛋白的靶序列稳定且特异结合的核酸序列,所述靶序列包括以下:(1)特异于给定细菌物种的具体菌株的序列,例如与食品中毒相关的大肠杆菌菌株,如O157:H7(参见美国专利申请No.20080194463的表1,全文通过引用并入本文);(2)两个或更多细菌物种的共有序列;(3)两个相关细菌属(即类似系统发生源的细菌属)的共有序列;(4)通常在革兰氏阴性细菌中保守的序列;(5)通常在革兰氏阳性细菌中保守的序列;或(6)通常编码必需细菌蛋白的核酸序列的共有序列。
通常,使用本发明的方法调控基因表达的目标包括:在活性原核生长或复制期间表达的原核核酸,例如由细胞分离和细胞壁合成(分裂细胞壁或dcw)基因簇的基因转录的mRNA序列,包括但不限于zipA、sulA、secA、dicA、dicB、dicC、dicF、ftsA、ftsI、ftsN、ftsK、ftsL、ftsQ、ftsW、ftsZ、murC、murD、murE、murF、murg、minC、minD、minE、mraY、mraW、mraZ、seqA和ddlB。有关大肠杆菌的细菌细胞分裂和细胞周期的大体综述,参见[Bramhill,Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol.13:395-424,1997]和[Donachie,AnnuRev Microbiol.47:199-230,1993],二者均清楚地通过引用并入本文。其他靶标包括参与脂质生物合成(例如acpP)和复制(例如gyrA)的基因。
大肠杆菌中的细胞分裂涉及所有3层细胞被膜(胞质膜、刚性肽聚糖膜和外膜)的协同内陷。隔膜的压缩将细胞分成两个室并隔离复制的DNA。至少9个必需基因产物参与此过程:ftsZ、ftsA、ftsQ、ftsL、ftsI、ftsN、ftsK、ftsW和zipA[Hale et al.,J Bacteriol.181(1):167-76,1999]。预期的蛋白靶标是下文讨论的3个,特别是下文讨论的GyrA和AcpP靶标。
大肠杆菌中最早的必需细胞分裂基因之一FtsZ是可溶性微管蛋白样GTPase,其在细菌细胞的分裂位点形成与膜结合的环。认为此环驱动细胞压缩,并且似乎影响细胞壁的内陷。FtsZ与大肠杆菌内被称作zipA的新整合内膜蛋白直接结合,zipA是介导大肠杆菌内细胞分裂的隔膜环结构的必需组分[Lutkenhaus et al.,Annu Rev Biochem.66:93-116,1997]。
GyrA是指细菌促旋酶的亚基A及其基因。细菌促旋酶是细菌DNA拓扑异构酶之一,其控制细胞中DNA超螺旋水平,并且是DNA复制所需的。
AcpP编码酰基载体蛋白,这是脂质生物合成中的必需辅助因子。脂肪酸生物合成途径需要热稳定辅助因子酰基载体蛋白结合途径中的中间产物。
对于这三种蛋白中的每一个,美国专利申请No.20080194463的表1都提供了示例性细菌序列,其包含多个重要致病菌的每一个的靶序列。基因序列是源自对每个细菌菌株的全长基因组序列的GenBank参考。
用于原核16S核糖体RNA的靶序列
在一个实施方式中,本发明的寡核苷酸经涉及与编码细菌16S rRNA核酸序列的序列在生理条件下杂交,其Tm基本大于37℃,例如至少45℃,优选60℃~80℃。
更具体地,寡核苷酸具有有效地与靶16S rRNA基因序列稳定且特异结合的序列,所述靶16S rRNA基因序列具有一个或多个以下特征:(1)见于16srRNA的双链序列中的序列,例如肽基转移酶中心、α-八叠球菌环和16s rRNA序列的mRNA结合序列;(2)见于细菌16s rRNA的单链序列;(3)特异于给定细菌物种的具体菌株的序列,例如与食品中毒相关的大肠杆菌菌株;(4)特异于具体细菌物种的序列;(5)两个或更多细菌物种的共有序列;(6)两个相关细菌属(即类似系统发生源的细菌属)的共有序列;(7)通常在革兰氏阴性细菌的16S rRNA序列中保守的序列;(6)通常在革兰氏阳性细菌的16SrRNA序列中保守的序列;或(7)细菌的16S rRNA序列的通常共有序列。
美国专利No.6,677,153的表1提供了示例性细菌和相关16S rRNA序列的GenBank登录号。
大肠杆菌(E.coli)是作为胃肠道正常菌群一部分的革兰氏阴性菌。存在成百上千的大肠杆菌,它们大多数是无害的且生活在健康人和动物的胃肠道中。目前,引起人胃肠炎的肠道毒性大肠杆菌(“EEC类”)被公认分为4类。在其中有肠致病的(EPEC)菌株和与毒力机制与典型大肠杆菌肠毒素分泌相关的菌株。这类大肠杆菌可引起包括与胃肠道和尿道感染相关的疾病、败血病、肺炎和脑膜炎在内的各种疾病。抗生素对一些菌株无效且未必能预防感染复发。
例如,估计在美国每年大肠杆菌O157:H7引起10,000至20,000例感染(疾病控制和预防联邦中心)。出血性大肠炎是大肠杆菌O157:H7引起的急性病的名称。学龄前儿童和老年人患并发症的风险最高。最近有报道称大肠杆菌0157:H7是引起四名儿童死亡的原因,这些儿童食用了来自太平洋西北的快餐店的未烹饪熟的汉堡包。[参见,如Jackson et al.,Epidemiol.Infect.120(1):17-20,1998]。
肠道毒性大肠杆菌菌株的示例性序列包括GenBank登录号X97542、AF074613、Y11275和AJ007716。
鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)是引起各种病症的革兰氏阴性菌,此病症在临床上的范围从地方性胃肠道感染、胃肠炎(痢疾、腹痛和发烧)至作为严重身体疾病的伤寒(包括伤寒症)。沙门氏菌属(Salmonella)感染也引起牲畜的显著减重。
典型的革兰氏阴性菌(沙门氏菌属的细胞壁)包含复杂的脂多糖(LPS)结构,其通过细胞溶解释放,并可起到导致生物体毒力的内毒素的作用。
由于沙门氏菌存活在未完全熟制的肉和动物制品中的事实,所以受污染食物是非伤寒沙门氏菌感染传播的主要方式。除了大量其它的家养和野生动物外,最普通的动物源是鸡、火鸡、猪和母猪。由沙门氏菌属引起的伤寒症和其它伤寒的流行病学与被人粪便污染的水有关。
疫苗可用于伤寒症且部分有效;然而,没有疫苗可用于非伤寒沙门氏菌感染。非伤寒沙门氏菌病由卫生屠宰操作和彻底熟制以及食物的冷藏来控制。身体疾病表明需要抗生素,且氨苄青霉素已有一些成功的用例。然而,在使用过量抗生素治疗的患者、使用免疫抑制药物治疗并随后进行胃手术的患者和患有溶血性贫血、白血病、淋巴瘤或AIDS的患者中,沙门氏菌感染仍是医学问题。
假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas spp.)是临床上重要的运动型革兰氏阴性棒菌,因为它们能抗大多数抗生素,且是医院获得的(医院内)感染的主要原因。感染最常见于免疫受损的个体、烧伤者、带呼吸器的个体、插导管的个体、IV级麻醉品使用者和患有慢性肺病的个体(如囊肿性纤维化)。虽然感染很少出现在健康个体中,但其可出现在许多地方,并导致尿道感染、败血症、肺炎、咽炎和许多其它问题,且治疗通常失败且具有较显著的死亡率。
绿脓杆菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)是具有单级运动性的革兰氏阴性、需氧型、棒状菌。人体条件致病病原菌(绿脓杆菌)也是植物的条件致病病原菌。与其它假单胞菌相同,绿脓杆菌分泌各种色素。绿脓杆菌的明确的临床鉴定可包括鉴定绿脓菌素和荧光素的产生以及生物体在42℃的生长能力。绿脓杆菌也能够在柴油和航空燃油中生长,其被称为利用烃的微生物(或“HUM虫”),引起微生物腐蚀。
霍乱弧菌(Vibrio cholera)为感染人并引起霍乱(由于卫生差而传播的疾病)的革兰氏阴性棒状菌,导致水供应污染。霍乱弧菌可在人小肠内繁殖,在小肠中其产生中断离子通过粘膜传递的毒素,引起痢疾和脱水。感染霍乱弧菌的个体需要通过静脉或口服含电解质的溶液来补水。疾病通常为自限性的;然而,死亡可因脱水和大量电解质损失而发生。已表明抗生素如四环素可缩短疾病的周期,且口服疫苗正处在开发中。
淋病奈瑟氏菌(Neisseria gonorrhoea)是革兰氏阴性球菌,其是普通性传播疾病淋病的病因。淋病奈瑟氏菌可改变其表面抗原,防止发展出对再感染的免疫性。据报道美国每年有将近750,000例淋病,以及每年未报道的估计750,000例其它病例,大多数发生在青少年和青年中。推荐使用氨苄青霉素、阿莫西林或一些青霉素类来治疗淋病。然而,青霉素抗性的淋病的发生率正在增加,且通过注射如头孢曲松或壮观霉素给药的新型抗生素现在被用于治疗大多数淋病感染。
金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)是通常在人鼻子中繁殖且有时出现在皮肤上的革兰氏阳性球菌。葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)可引起血流感染、肺炎和医院内感染。金黄色葡萄球菌可引起严重的食物中毒,且许多菌株在食物中生长并产生外毒素。葡萄球菌属对常规抗生素如万古霉素的抗性已作为社区和医院的主要公共健康挑战出现在美国和国外。最近,万古霉素抗性金黄色葡萄球菌分离株已在日本被鉴定。
结核丝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)是革兰氏阳性菌,其是肺结核、有时是致残和死亡疾病的病因。肺结核在全球范围内正在增加,且是由单一传染病引起的死亡的主因(每年有三百万人的死亡率)。其可影响包括脑、肾和骨的人体的许多器官,然而,肺结核目前最主要影响肺。
如阳性皮肤测试所指出的,在美国,约一千万个体被结核丝杆菌感染,每年约26,000个新病例。肺结核(TB)病例的增加与HIV/AIDS、无家可归、药物滥用和具有主动感染的患者的迁移有关。药物敏感的TB的目前治疗方案包括在6至9个月时间段内服用两种至四种药物(如异烟肼、利福平、吡嗪酰胺、乙胺丁醇或链霉素),因为单一药物无法消灭全部TB菌。此外,对结核丝杆菌的药物抗性和多重药物抗性菌株的观察正在增加
幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori)是微气生的、革兰氏阴性的、生长缓慢的、有鞭毛的、具有螺旋或S形形态学的生物体,此生物体可感染胃壁。幽门螺杆菌是与导致胃癌的浅表性胃炎、胃溃疡疾病和萎缩性胃炎相关的人胃病原菌。幽门螺杆菌是人中最常见慢性细菌感染中的一种,且已在超过90%的患有活动性胃炎的患者中发现。目前的治疗包括使用铋、灭滴灵、和在大多数病例中消灭幽门螺杆菌的四环素或阿莫西林的三种药物治疗。使用三重治疗的问题包括患者依从性、副作用和灭滴灵抗性。具有前景的双重治疗的备选方案是阿莫西林+灭滴灵,或奥美拉唑+阿莫西林。
肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae)是革兰氏阳性球菌,其是细菌性肺炎以及中耳感染(中耳炎)和脑膜炎的最常见原因之一。在美国每年肺炎球菌疾病占约50,000例的菌血症;3,000例的脑膜炎;100,000-135,000的住院治疗;和7,000,000例的中耳炎。肺炎球菌感染在美国每年引起约40,000例死亡。小于2岁的儿童、大于65岁的成年和患有包括如充血性心脏病、糖尿病、肺气肿、肝病、镰状细胞、HIV等潜在医疗病症的任何年龄的人,以及处于特殊环境如疗养院和长期护理机构的那些人被感染的风险最高。
药物抗性肺炎链球菌已在美国变得普通,许多青霉素抗性肺炎双球菌也对其它抗微生物药如红霉素或三甲氧苄二氨嘧啶-磺胺甲噁唑有抗性。
苍白螺旋体(Treponema pallidum)是引起梅毒的螺旋菌。苍白螺旋体是唯一地引起梅毒、雅司病和非性交的地方性梅毒或品他病的病原菌。苍白螺旋体不能在体外生长,且在缺少哺乳动物细胞下无法复制。初始的感染在感染位点处引起溃疡;然而,细菌在体内移动,在一段时间内破坏许多器官。在其最后的阶段,虽然不会传染,但未治疗的梅毒可引起严重的心脏异常、精神障碍、失明、其它神经问题和死亡。
梅毒通常通过注射给药青霉素治疗。其它抗生素可用于对青霉素过敏的患者,或对正常剂量青霉素无反应的患者。在梅毒的所有阶段,正常治疗将治愈疾病,但在晚期梅毒中,对器官已造成的损伤无法被逆转。
沙眼衣原体(Chlamydia trachomatis)是美国最常见的细菌型性传播疾病,且估计每年有四百万新病例。最高的感染比率出现在15至19岁。衣原体是非淋球菌的尿道炎(NGU)、子宫颈炎、细菌性阴道炎和盆腔炎疾病(PID)的主因。衣原体感染可具有很温和的症状或完全无症状;然而,如果不治疗,衣原体感染可对特别是妇女的生殖器官造成严重伤害。通常处方抗生素如阿奇霉素、红霉素、氧氟沙星(oflloxacin)、阿莫西林或强力霉素来治疗衣原体感染。
汉赛巴尔通体(Bartonella henselae)猫抓发烧(CSF)或猫抓病(CSD)是通过接触猫获得的人的疾病,由被称为henselae罗克利巴体菌(Rochalimaea henselae)的革兰氏阴性棒菌引起,通常被称为汉赛巴尔通体。症状包括发热和淋巴结肿胀,且CSF通常是人中相对良性、限制自己的疾病,然而,汉赛巴尔通体的感染可在免疫受损人中产生不同的临床症状,包括伴有菌血症的急性发热病、杆菌的血管瘤病、紫癜、杆菌的脾脏炎、和其它慢性疾病表现如AIDS脑病。此疾病用抗生素如强力霉素、红霉素、利福平、青霉素、庆大霉素、头孢曲松、环丙沙星和阿奇霉素治疗。
流感嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus influenzae)是革兰氏阴性菌家族;已知有六种类型,最大多数流感嗜血杆菌相关疾病由B型或“HIB”引起。直到开发出用于HIB的疫苗,HIB是中耳炎、窦感染、支气管炎的常见原因,脑膜炎的最常见原因,且在肺炎、脓毒性关节炎(关节感染)、蜂窝织炎(软组织感染)和心包炎(心脏周围的膜感染)的情况中是高频病因。B型流感嗜血杆菌在人中分布广泛,且通常位于喉咙和鼻中且不引起疾病。5岁以下的未免疫的儿童有HIB疾病的风险。脑膜炎和由流感嗜血杆菌感染引起的其它严重感染可导致脑损伤或死亡。
痢疾志贺菌(Shigella dysenteriae)是引起痢疾的革兰氏阴性棒菌。在结肠中,细菌进入粘膜细胞并在粘膜细胞内分裂,导致广泛的炎性反应。志贺菌感染可引起严重的痢疾,其可导致脱水且对很年轻的人、很老的人或慢性病很危险。痢疾志贺菌形成强力毒素(志贺毒素),其有细胞毒性、肠毒性、神经毒性,且可作用蛋白质合成抑制剂。已经发展出对抗生素如氨苄青霉素和TMP-SMX的抗性,然而,使用更新,更昂贵的抗生素如环丙沙星、诺氟沙星和依诺沙星的治疗保持有效。
李斯特菌属(Listeria)是发现在人和动物粪便中的革兰氏阳性、运动型菌的属。核细胞增生李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes)引起此类疾病如李斯特氏菌病、脑膜脑炎和脑膜炎。特别是在孕妇、新生儿、老年人和免疫损害个体中,此生物体是死于食物载病原体的主因之一。其发现在如腐烂植物质、污水、水和土壤的环境中,且其可在极端温度和盐浓度并存下存活,使得其成为极危险的食物载病原体,特别是对未再加热的食物。细菌可从肠道内的感染位点扩展至中枢神经系统和胎儿-胎盘单元。脑膜炎、肠胃炎和败血病可由感染引起。在牛和羊中,李斯特属感染引起脑炎和自然流产。
奇异变形杆菌是肠的、革兰氏阴性共栖生物体,与大肠杆菌不相关。奇异变形杆菌通常在人尿道中繁殖,但其是引起插导管个体中尿道感染主因的机会致病菌。奇异变形杆菌具有两个特殊特征:1)其具有极快速的运动性,自身表现为在培养平板上群游现象;且2)其产生脲酶,此脲酶赋予奇异变形杆菌降解尿素的能力并在泌尿生殖道中存活。
鼠疫耶尔森氏菌(Yersinia pestis)是瘟疫(腹股沟腺炎的和肺部)的病因(瘟疫是一种在世界范围内已杀死百万人的破坏性疾病)。生物体可通过被感染跳蚤的叮咬从大鼠转移至人,或在广泛感染期间通过空气从人转移至人。鼠疫耶尔森氏菌是需要极少数量来引起疾病的极度致病生物体,且如果不治疗通常致死。生物体是肠侵入性的,且在通过宿主在全身蔓延前可在巨噬细胞中存活和增殖。
炭疽杆菌(Bacillus anthracis)也称为炭疽。人在接触受污染的动物时被感染。炭疽不因人与人的接触而传播。疾病的三种形式反映出包括皮肤的(皮肤)、肺的(肺)和肠的感染位点。如果不治疗,肺的和肠的感染通常是致命的。孢子被巨噬细胞吸收并内变为吞噬溶酶体(膜舱室),在此处开始萌发。一旦它们快速增殖的被感染的巨噬细胞溶解,细菌被释放进入血流,通过循环和淋巴系统散布,这是一种导致败血性休克、呼吸窘迫和器官衰竭的过程。此病原菌的孢子已被用作恐怖武器。
鼻疽伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia mallei)是引起鼻疽病(主要发生在马、骡和驴中的传染病)的革兰氏阳性好氧菌。其很少与人感染相关,且最常见于饲养的动物。此生物体类似于类鼻疽伯克霍尔德氏菌(B.pseudomallei),且通过是不动的而被区分。此病原菌是宿主适应型,且在其宿主外的环境中未有发现。如果不用抗生素治疗,鼻疽病通常是致命的,且传播可通过空气发生,或更常见是当接触感染动物时发生。感染期间快速发作的肺炎、菌血症(生物体通过血液传播)、脓疱和死亡是常见结果。虽然类似于鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的分泌系统的III型分泌系统是必需的,但对毒力机制仍没有充分了解。没有疫苗可用于这种有潜在危险的生物体,此生物体被认为具有作为生物恐怖试剂可能性。与相关的类鼻疽伯克霍尔德氏菌相比(以下),此生物体的基因组携带大量插入序列,以及可在细胞表面蛋白的抗原变异中起作用的大量的简单序列重复。
类鼻疽伯克霍尔德氏菌是在人和动物中引起类鼻疽的革兰氏阴性菌。类鼻疽是发现于亚洲某些地区、泰国和澳大利亚的疾病。类鼻疽伯克霍尔德氏菌是典型的土壤生物体,且已经从稻田和潮湿的热带土壤中分离,但其作为机会致病菌可引起如糖尿病患者等易感人群患病。此生物体可存在于细胞内,并引起肺炎和菌血症(细菌通过血流传播)。潜伏期可很长,感染前述疾病数十年,且其治疗能服用数月抗生素,仍然普遍观察到复发现象。细胞内传播可经由诱导位于细胞一级的肌动蛋白聚合来发生,以允许通过胞浆移动且从细胞至细胞。此生物体携带可促进抗原变异的大量小序列重复(与在鼻疽伯克霍尔德氏菌基因组中发现的那些类似)。
洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia cepacia)是由至少7种不同亚种组成的革兰氏阴性菌,包括多噬伯克霍尔德菌(Burkholderia multivorans)、越南伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia vietnamiensis)、稳定伯克霍尔德菌(Burkholderia stabilis)、新洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia cenocepacia)和Burkholderia ambifaria。洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌是重要的人病原菌,其通常在患有潜在肺病(如囊肿性纤维化或)免疫问题(如慢性肉芽肿病)的人中引起肺炎。洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌通常发现于水和土壤中,且可在潮湿环境中存活很长时间。人对人的传播已有记载;因此,许多囊肿性纤维化患者的医院、诊所和营地对洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌已经制定了严格的分离防范。相比于具有无需限制传播的菌的那些个体,具有此菌的个体通常在单独的区域治疗。这是因为洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌的感染可导致肺功能快速降低,导致死亡。洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌的诊断包括从痰培养物中分离细菌。治疗很困难,因为洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌自身抵抗许多常见抗生素,包括氨基糖苷(如托普霉素)和多粘菌素B。治疗通常包括多重抗生素且可包括头孢噻甲羧肟、强力霉素、哌拉西林、氯霉素和复方磺胺甲噁唑。
土拉热弗郎西丝菌(Francisella tularensi)作为在20世纪早期影响加利福尼亚图革尔城中松鼠的似瘟疫疾病的病因被Edward Francis首先关注。此生物体现在使用他的名字。此疾病被称为土拉菌病,且已在记录的历史中被提及。此生物体可通过被感染肉或经由浮质从被感染扁虱或鹿虻传播至人,因此是潜在的生物恐怖试剂。与在军团菌属(Legionella)中观察到的类似,其是水生生物,且被发现生活在原生动物内。其具有高感染率,其可侵入吞噬细胞和非吞噬细胞,快速增殖。一旦在巨噬细胞内,此生物体可逃离吞噬体并在细胞溶质中生活。
兽医应用
牲畜胃肠道中的健康微生物群落对健康和相关食品产物的相应生产具有重要意义。与人类似,健康动物的胃肠道包含多种细菌(即大肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和沙门氏菌),其彼此之间以生态平衡存活。此平衡可能被饮食变化、胁迫或对抗生素或其他治疗性处理的反应破坏,从而产生通常由例如沙门氏菌、弯曲菌、肠球菌、土拉菌和大肠杆菌的细菌导致的动物细菌疾病。这些动物中的细菌感染常要求治疗性干预,其具有处理成本并且常常与生产力下降相关。
结果,定期使用抗生素处理牲畜以维持胃肠道中的菌落平衡。这种方法的缺点在于出现抗生素抗性细菌,并将此抗生素和抗性细菌转移到用于人消费的所得食品产物中。
纳米颗粒
因此提供了被官能化为具有与其连接的多核苷酸的纳米颗粒。纳米颗粒的大小、形成和化学组成有助于所得的多核苷酸官能化的纳米颗粒的特性。这些特性包括例如光学特性、光电特性、电化学特性、电子特性、在各种溶液中的稳定性、磁特性以及孔和通道大小变化。考虑了具有不同大小、形状和/或化学组成的纳米颗粒的组合物,以及具有统一大小、形状和化学组成的纳米颗粒的用途,和因此特性的混合。合适的颗粒的实例包括但不限于聚集颗粒、同向性颗粒(如球状颗粒)、各向异性颗粒(如非球状杆、四面体和/或棱柱)以及美国专利7,238,472和国际公开WO 2003/08539所述的核-壳颗粒(core-shell particle),上述文献的公开通过引用全文并入。
在一实施方案中,纳米颗粒是金属的,并且在各种方面,纳米颗粒是胶态金属。因此,在各种实施方案中,本发明的纳米颗粒包括金属(包括例如但不限于银、金、铂、铝、钯、铜、钴、铟、镍,或适用于纳米颗粒形成的任何其他金属)、半导体(包括例如但不限于CdSe、CdS和CdS或用ZnS包被的CdSe)和磁性(例如磁铁)胶质材料。
还如美国专利公开2003/0147966所述,本发明的纳米颗粒包括商购可获得的纳米颗粒,以及合成的纳米颗粒,如由在溶液中渐进性成核(如通过胶体反应)或通过各种物理和化学蒸汽淀积过程产生,如溅射淀积。参阅例如HaVashi,Vac.Sci.Technol.A5(4):1375-84(1987);Hayashi,Physics Today,44-60(1987);MRS Bulletin,January 1990,16-47。如美国专利公开2003/0147966进一步所述,利用本领域已知的方法,使用HauCU和柠檬酸盐还原剂,可选地产生所考虑的纳米颗粒。参阅例如Marinakos et al.,Adv.Mater.11:34-37(1999);Marinakos et al.,Chem.Mater.10:1214-19(1998);Enustun & Turkevich,J.Am.Chem.Soc.85:3317(1963)。
纳米颗粒平均直径的大小范围为约1nm至约250nm、约1nm至约240nm、约1nm至约230nm、约1nm至约220nm、约1nm至约210nm、约1nm至约200nm、约1nm至约190nm、约1nm至约180nm、约1nm至约170nm、约1nm至约160nm、约1nm至约150nm、约1nm至约140nm、约1nm至约130nm、约1nm至约120nm、约1nm至约110nm、约1nm至约100nm、约1nm至约90nm、约1nm至约80nm、约1nm至约70nm、约1nm至约60nm、约1nm至约50nm、约1nm至约40nm、约1nm至约30nm或约1nm至约20nm、约1nm至约10nm。在其他方面,纳米颗粒的大小为约5nm至约150nm(平均直径)、约5至约50nm、约10至约30nm、约10至150nm、约10nm至约100nm,或约10nm至约50nm。纳米颗粒的大小为约5nm至约150nm(平均直径)、约30nm至约100nm、约40nm至约80nm。方法中所用的纳米颗粒大小根据它们具体用途或应用而变化。大小的变化有利地用于优化纳米颗粒的某些物理特征,如可以按本文所述推理的光学特性或表面积的数量。
寡核苷酸
本文所用术语“核苷酸”和其复数可以与本文所讨论的或者本领域中以其他方式所知的修饰形式互换。在某些情况下,本领域使用“核碱基”,其包括天然存在的核苷酸以及可以聚合的核苷酸的修饰物。因此核苷酸或核碱基表示天然存在的核碱基腺嘌呤(A)、鸟嘌呤(G)、胞嘧啶(C)、胸腺嘧啶(T)和尿嘧啶(U),以及非天然存在的核碱基,如黄嘌呤、二氨基嘌呤、8-氧代-N6-甲基腺嘌呤、7-去氮杂黄嘌呤、7-去氮杂鸟嘌呤、N4,N4-桥亚乙基胞嘧啶、N′,N′-桥亚乙基-2,6-二氨基嘌呤、5-甲基胞嘧啶(mC)、5-(C3-C6)-炔基-胞嘧啶、5-氟尿嘧啶、5-溴尿嘧啶、假异胞嘧啶、2-羟基-5-甲基-4-三唑吡啶、异胞嘧啶、异鸟嘌呤、肌甙,以及Benner et al.,美国专利5,432,272和Susan M.Freier andKarl-Heinz Altmann,1997,Nucleic Acids Research,vol.25:pp 4429-4443所述的“非天然存在”的核碱基。术语“核碱基”不但包括已知的嘌呤和嘧啶杂环,而且还包括其杂环类似物和互变异构体。其他天然和非天然存在的核碱基包括以下文献所公开的核碱基:美国专利3,687,808(Merigan,et al.);Chapter 15by Sanghvi,in Antisense Research and Application,Ed.S.T.Crooke and B.Lebleu,CRC Press,1993;Englisch et al.,1991,Angewandte Chemie,International Edition,30:613-722(特别是参阅622和623页,以及the ConciseEncyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering,J.I.Kroschwitz Ed.,JohnWiley & Sons,1990,pages 858-859,Cook,Anti-Cancer Drug Design 1991,6,585-607,上述每篇文献在此通过引用全文并入)。在各种方面,多核苷酸也包括一个或多个“核苷碱基”或“碱基单元”,其包括诸如杂环化合物的化合物,所述化合物的作用如同包括某些“通用碱基”在内的核碱基,所述通用碱基在最经典的意义看来不是核苷碱基但是发挥核苷碱基的作用。通用碱基包括3-硝基吡咯、任选地取代的吲哚(如5-硝基吲哚)以及任选地取代的次黄嘌呤。其他期望的通用碱基包括吡咯、二唑或三唑衍生物,包括本领域已知的通用碱基。
修饰的碱基描述于EP 1 072 679和WO 97/12896中,两者的公开通过引用并入本文。修饰的碱基包括但不限于5-甲基胞嘧啶(5-me-C)、5-羟甲基胞嘧啶、黄嘌呤、次黄嘌呤、2-氨基腺嘌呤、腺嘌呤和鸟嘌呤的6-甲基和其他烷基衍生物、腺嘌呤和鸟嘌呤的2-丙基和其他烷基衍生物、2-硫代脲嘧啶、2-硫代胸腺嘧啶和2-硫代胞嘧啶、5-卤代尿嘧啶和胞嘧啶、5-丙炔基尿嘧啶和胞嘧啶和嘧啶碱基的其他炔基衍生物、6-偶氮尿嘧啶、胞嘧啶和胸腺嘧啶、5-尿嘧啶(假尿嘧啶)、4-硫代脲嘧啶,8-卤代、8-氨基、8-硫醇、8-硫代烷基、8-羟基和其他8-取代的腺嘌呤和鸟嘌呤,5-卤代特别是5-溴代、5-三氟甲基和其他5-取代的尿嘧啶和胞嘧啶,7-甲基鸟嘌呤和7-甲基腺嘌呤,2-F-腺嘌呤、2-氨基-腺嘌呤、8-氮杂鸟嘌呤和8-氮杂腺嘌呤、7-去氮杂鸟嘌呤和7-去氮杂腺嘌呤和3-去氮杂鸟嘌呤和3-去氮杂腺嘌呤。其他修饰的碱基包括三环嘧啶,如吩噁嗪胞苷(1H-嘧啶[5,4-b][1,4]苯并噁嗪-2(3H)-酮)、吩噻嗪胞苷(1H-嘧啶[5,4-b][1,4]苯并噻嗪-2(3H)-酮);G形夹具(G-clamp)如取代的吩噁嗪胞苷(如9-(2-氨基乙氧基)-H-嘧啶[5,4-b][1,4]苯并噁唑-2(3H)-酮)、咔唑胞苷(2H-嘧啶[4,5-b]吲哚-2-酮)、吡啶并吲哚胞苷(H-吡啶[3′,2′∶4,5]吡咯[2,3-d]嘧啶-2-酮)。修饰的碱基也可以包括这样的碱基:其中,嘌呤或嘧啶碱基被其他杂环取代,如7-去氮杂-腺嘌呤、7-去氮杂鸟嘌呤、2-氨基嘧啶和2-吡啶酮。其他核碱基包括:美国专利3,687,808所公开的核碱基、公开于The ConciseEncyclopedia Of Polymer Science And Engineering,pages 858-859,Kroschwitz,J.L,ed.John Wiley & Sons,1990的核碱基,公开于Englisch et al.,1991,Angewandte Chemie,International Edition,30:613的核碱基,以及Sanghvi,Y.S.,Chapter 15,Antisense Research and Applications,pages 289-302,Crooke,S.T.and Lebleu,B.,ed.,CRC Press,1993公开的核碱基。这些碱基中有某些可用于增加结合亲和性,并包括5-取代的嘧啶、6-氮杂嘧啶和N-2、N-6和O-6取代的嘌呤,包括2-氨基丙基腺嘌呤、5-丙炔基尿嘧啶和5-丙炔基胞嘧啶。已经证明,5-甲基胞嘧啶取代使核酸双链体的稳定性增加0.6-1.2℃,并且在某些方面,与2′-O-甲氧基乙基糖修饰物组合。参阅U.S.Pat.Nos.3,687,808、U.S.Pat.Nos.4,845,205;5,130,302;5,134,066;5,175,273;5,367,066;5,432,272;5,457,187;5,459,255;5,484,908;5,502,177;5,525,711;5,552,540;5,587,469;5,594,121、5,596,091;5,614,617;5,645,985;5,830,653;5,763,588;6,005,096;5,750,692和5,681,941,上述专利公开通过引用并入本文。
制备预定序列的多核苷酸的方法,是众所周知的。参阅例如Sambrook etal.,Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual(2nd ed.1989)and F.Eckstein(ed.)Oligonucleotides and Analogues,1st Ed.(Oxford University Press,New York,1991)。对于多核糖核苷酸和多脱氧核糖核苷酸两者而言,优选固相合成方法(合成DNA的众所周知的方法可用于合成RNA)。多核糖核苷酸也可以酶促制备。也可以将非天然存在的核碱基并入多核苷酸中。参阅例如美国专利7,223,833;Katz,J.Am.Chem.Soc,74:2238(1951);Yamane,et al.,J.Am.Chem.Soc,83:2599(1961);Kosturko,et al.,Biochemistry,13:3949(1974);Thomas,J.Am.Chem.Soc,76:6032(1954);Zhang,et al.,J.Am.Chem.Soc,127:74-75(2005);和Zimmermann,et al.,J.Am.Chem.Soc,124:13684-13685(2002)。
所提供的用多核苷酸或其修饰形式官能化的纳米颗粒通常包含长度为约5个核苷酸至约100个核苷酸的多核苷酸。更具体而言,纳米颗粒用多核苷酸官能化,所述多核苷酸的长度为约5至约90个核苷酸、约5至约80个核苷酸、约5至约70个核苷酸、约5至约60个核苷酸、约5至约50个核苷酸、约5至约45个核苷酸、约5至约40个核苷酸、约5至约35个核苷酸、约5至约30个核苷酸、约5至约25个核苷酸、约5至约20个核苷酸、约5至约15个核苷酸、约5至约10个核苷酸,和长度位于具体公开的大小至能使多核苷酸实现期望结果的长度之间的全部多核苷酸。因此考虑了长度为5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、24、25、26、27、28、29、30、31、32、33、34、35、36、37、38、39、40、41、42、43、44、45、46、47、48、49、50、51、52、53、54、55、56、57、58、59、60、61、62、63、64、65、66、67、68、69、70、71、72、73、74、75、76、77、78、79、80、81、82、83、84、85、86、87、88、89、90、91、92、93、94、95、96、97、98、99、100或更多个核苷酸的多核苷酸。
考虑用于连接于纳米颗粒的多核苷酸包括调节靶多核苷酸所表达的具有产物表达的多核苷酸。因此,考虑了与靶多核苷酸杂交并启动RNase活性(例如RNase H)的RNA多核苷酸、与双链多核苷酸杂交并抑制转录的形成三螺旋的多核苷酸以及与靶多核苷酸杂交并抑制翻译的核酶。
在各种方面,如果靶向特定mRNA,则单个纳米颗粒-结合剂组合物能与多个拷贝的相同转录物结合。在一方面,提供了用相同多核苷酸官能化的纳米颗粒,即每个多核苷酸具有相同的长度和相同的序列。在其他方面,用两个或多个多核苷酸使纳米颗粒官能化,所述多核苷酸是不同的,即至少一个连接的多核苷酸与至少另一个连接的多核苷酸的不同在于,其具有不同的长度和/或不同的序列。在使不同的多核苷酸连接于纳米颗粒的方面,这些不同的多核苷酸与相同的单个靶多核苷酸结合,但是在不同的位置或不同的底物位点与编码不同的基因产物的不同的靶多核苷酸结合。
修饰的多核苷酸
如上文所述,预期使用修饰的寡核苷酸将纳米颗粒官能化。在多个方面,在纳米颗粒上官能化的寡核苷酸是完全修饰或部分修饰的。因此,在多个方面,多核苷酸的核苷酸单元中一个或多个或所有糖和/或一个或多个或所有核苷酸间连接被“非天然存在”的基团取代。
在一方面,该实施方案考虑了肽核酸(PNA)。在PNA化合物中,多核苷酸的糖-主链被含有酰胺的主链取代。参阅例如美国专利5,539,082;5,714,331和5,719,262,以及Nielsen et al.,Science,1991,254,1497-1500,上述文献的公开通过引用并入本文。
针对公开的多核苷酸所考虑的核苷酸和非天然核苷间的其他连接包括下述文献所述的连接:美国专利4,981,957;5,118,800;5,319,080;5,359,044;5,393,878;5,446,137;5,466,786;5,514,785;5,519,134;5,567,811;5,576,427;5,591,722;5,597,909;5,610,300;5,627,053;5,639,873;5,646,265;5,658,873;5,670,633;5,792,747;和5,700,920;美国专利公开No.20040219565;国际专利公开Nos.WO 98/39352和WO 99/14226;Mesmaeker et.al.,Current Opinionin Structural Biology 5:343-355(1995)以及Susan M.Freier and Karl-HeinzAltmann,Nucleic Acids Research,25:4429-4443(1997),上述文献的公开通过引用并入本文。
寡核苷酸的具体实例包括含有修饰的主链或非天然核苷酸间连接的多核苷。具有修饰的主链的多核苷酸包括在主链上保留了磷原子的多核苷酸和在主链上不具有磷原子的多核苷酸。在核苷间主链上不具有磷原子的修饰的多核苷酸被认为在“寡核苷酸”含义的范围内。
含有磷原子的修饰的寡核苷酸主链包括例如硫代磷酸酯、手性硫代磷酸酯、二硫代磷酸酯、磷酸三酯、氨基烷基磷酸三酯,甲基和其他烷基磷酸酯,包括3′-亚烃基磷酸酯、5′-亚烃基磷酸酯和手性亚烃基磷酸酯,亚膦酸酯,氨基磷酸酯,包括3′-氨基氨基磷酸酯(3-amino phosphor amidate)和氨基烷基氨基磷酸酯(aminoalkylphosphoramidate),硫代氨基磷酸酯(thionophosphoramidate),硫羰烷基磷酸酯(thionoalkylphosphonate),硫羰烷基磷酸三酯(thionoalkylphosphotriester),具有正常的3′-5′连接的硒基磷酸酯(selenophosphate)和硼烷基磷酸酯(boranophosphate),这些的2′-5′连接的类似物,具有反极性的那些,其中一个或多个核苷酸间连接是3′到3′、5′到5′或2′到2′连接。还考虑了具有反极性的多核苷酸,其在最远的3’核苷酸间连接处包含单个3′到3′连接,即脱碱基(abasic)的单个反核苷残基(核苷酸遗失具有取代其的羟基)。还考虑了盐、混合盐和游离酸形式。
教导了上述含磷连接的代表性美国专利包括U.S.Pat.Nos.3,687,808、4,469,863、4,476,301、5,023,243、5,177,196、5,188,897、5,264,423、5,276,019、5,278,302、5,286,717、5,321,131、5,399,676、5,405,939、5,453,496、5,455,233、5,466,677、5,476,925、5,519,126、5,536,821、5,541,306、5,550,111、5,563,253、5,571,799、5,587,361、5,194,599、5,565,555、5,527,899、5,721,218、5,672,697以及5,625,050,上述的公开通过引用并入本文。
不包括磷原子的修饰的多核苷酸主链具有由以下形成的主链:短链烷基或环烷基核苷间连接,混合的杂原子和烷基或环烷基核苷间连接,或一个或多个短链杂原子或杂环核苷间连接。这些主链包括:具有吗啉代连接的主链;硅氧烷主链;硫化物、亚砜和砜主链;甲酰基(formacetyl)和硫代甲酰基(thioformacetyl)主链;亚甲基甲酰基和硫代甲酰基主链;核糖乙酰基(riboacetyl)主链;含有烯烃的主链;氨基磺酸酯主链;亚甲基亚氨基和亚甲基联氨基主链;磺酸酯和磺酰胺主链;酰胺主链;和其他具有混合的N、O、S以及CH2组成部分的主链。仍然在其他实施方案中,多核苷酸具有硫代磷酸酯主链,且寡核苷具有杂原子主链,且包括美国专利5,489,677和5,602,240所述的-CH2-NH-O-CH2-、-CH2-N(CH3)-O-CH2-、-CH2-O-N(CH3)-CH2-、-CH2-N(CH3)-N(CH3)-CH2-和O-N(CH3)-CH2-CH2-。参阅例如美国专利5,034,506、5,166,315、5,185,444、5,214,134、5,216,141、5,235,033、5,264,562、5,264,564、5,405,938、5,434,257、5,466,677、5,470,967、5,489,677、5,541,307、5,561,225、5,596,086、5,602,240、5,610,289、5,602,240、5,608,046、5,610,289、5,618,704、5,623,070、5,663,312、5,633,360、5,677,437、5,792,608、5,646,269和5,677,439,上述专利的公开通过引用全文并入本文。
在各种形式中,寡聚体中两个连续单体间连接由选自以下的2-4个,优选3个基团/原子组成:-CH2-、-O-、-S-、-NRH-、>C=O、>C=NRH、>C=S、-Si(R″)2-、-SO-、-S(O)2-、-P(O)2-、-PO(BH3)-、-P(O,S)-、-P(S)2-、-PO(R″)-、-PO(OCH3)-和-PO(NHRH)-,其中RH选自氢和C1-4-烷基,且R″选自C1-6-烷基和苯基。这类连接的说明性实例是-CH2-CH2-CH2-、-CH2-CO-CH2-、-CH2-CHOH-CH2-、-O-CH2-O-、-O-CH2-CH2-、-O-CH2-CH=(当用作与随后单体的连接时,包括R5)、-CH2-CH2-O-、-NRH-CH2-CH2-、-CH2-CH2-NRH-、-CH2-NRH-CH2-、-O-CH2-CH2-NRH-、-NRH-CO-O-、-NRH-CO-NRH-、-NRH-CS-NRH-、-NRH-C(=NRH)-NRH-、-NRH-CO-CH2-NRH-O-CO-O-、-O-CO-CH2-O-、-O-CH2-CO-O-、-CH2-CO-NRH-、-O-CO-NRH-,-NRH-CO-CH2-、-O-CH2-CO-NRH-、-O-CH2-CH2-NRH-、-CH=N-O-、-CH2-NRH-O-、-CH2-O-N=(当用作与随后单体的连接时包括R5)、-CH2-O-NRH-、-CO-NRH-CH2-、-CH2-NRH-O-、-CH2-NRH-CO-、-O-NRH-CH2-、-O-NRH、-O-CH2-S-、-S-CH2-O-、-CH2-CH2-S-、-O-CH2-CH2-S-、-S-CH2-CH=(当用作与随后单体的连接时包括R5)、-S-CH2-CH2-、-S-CH2-CH2-O-、-S-CH2-CH2-S-、-CH2-S-CH2-、-CH2-SO-CH2-、-CH2-SO2-CH2-、-O-SO-O-、-O-S(O)2-O-、-O-S(O)2-CH2-、-O-S(O)2-NRH-、-NRH-S(O)2-CH2-、-O-S(O)2-CH2-、-O-P(O)2-O-、-O-P(O,S)-O-、-O-P(S)2-O-、-S-P(O)2-O-、-S-P(O,S)-O-、-S-P(S)2-O-、-O-P(O)2-S-、-O-P(O,S)-S-、-O-P(S)2-S-、-S-P(O)2-S-、-S-P(O,S)-S-、-S-P(S)2-S-、-O-PO(R″)-O-、-O-PO(OCH3)-O-、-O-PO(OCH2CH3)-O-、-O-PO(OCH2CH2S-R)-O-、-O-PO(BH3)-O-、-O-PO(NHRN)-O-、-O-P(O)2-NRHH-、-NRH-P(O)2-O-、-O-P(O,NRH)-O-、-CH2-P(O)2-O-、-O-P(O)2-CH2-和-O-Si(R″)2-O-;其中,考虑了-CH2-CO-NRH-、-CH2-NRH-O-、-S-CH2-O-、-O-P(O)2-O-O-P(-O,S)-O-、-O-P(S)2-O-、-NRHP(O)2-O-、-O-P(O,NRH)-O-、-O-PO(R″)-O-、-O-PO(CH3)-O-以及-O-PO(NHRN)-O-,如果RH选自氢和C1-4-烷基,且R″选自C1-6-烷基和苯基。其他说明性实例在下述文献中给出:Mesmaeker et.al.,1995,CurrentOpinion in Structural Biology,5:343-355和Susan M.Freier and Karl-HeinzAltmann,1997,Nucleic Acids Research,vol 25:pp 4429-4443。
其他修饰形式的多核苷酸还详细描述于美国专利申请20040219565中,该申请的公开通过引用全文并入本文。
修饰的多核苷酸也可以含有一个或多个取代的糖部分。在某些方面,多核苷酸在2′位置包含下述之一:OH;F;O-、S-或N-烷基;O-、S-或N-烯基;O-、S-或N-炔基;或O-烷基-O-烷基,其中,烷基、烯基和炔基可以是取代的或未取代的C1-C10烷基或C2-C10烯基和炔基。其他实施方案包括O[(CH2)nO]mCH3、O(CH2)nOCH3、O(CH2)nNH2、O(CH2)nCH3、O(CH2)nONH2以及O(CH2)nON[(CH2)nCH3]2,其中n和m为1到约10。附加多核苷酸在2’位置包含下述之一:C1-C10低级烷基、取代的低级烷基、烯基、炔基、烷芳基、芳烷基、O-烷芳基或O-芳烷基、SH、SCH3、OCN、Cl、Br、CN、CF3、OCF3、SOCH3、SO2CH3、ONO2、NO2、N3、NH2、杂环烷基、杂环烷芳基、氨基烷基氨基、聚烷基氨基(polyalkylamino)、取代的甲硅烷基、RNA切割基团、报道基团、嵌入物(intercalator)、改善多核苷酸药物动力学特性的基团或改善多核苷酸药效特性的基团,以及具有相似特性的其他取代基。在一方面,修饰包括2’-甲氧基乙氧基(2′-O-CH2CH2OCH3,也称为2′-O-(2-甲氧基乙基)或2′-MOE)(Martin et al.,1995,HeIv.Chim.Acta,78:486-504),即烷氧基烷氧基基团。其他修饰包括2′-二甲基氨氧基乙氧基(dimethylaminooxyethoxy),即O(CH2)2ON(CH3)2基团,也称为2′-DMAOE,和2′-二甲基氨基乙氧基乙氧基(在本领域也称为2′-O-二甲基-氨基-乙氧基-乙基或2′-DMAEOE),即2′-O-CH2-O-CH2-N(CH3)2。
其他修饰还包括2′-甲氧基(2′-O-CH3)、2′-氨丙基(T-OCH2CH2CH2NH2)、2′-烯丙基(2′-CH2-CH=CH2)、2′-O-烯丙基(2′-O-CH2-CH=CH2)和2′-氟(2′-F)。2′修饰可以位于阿拉伯(向上)的位置或核糖(向下)的位置。在一方面,2′-阿拉伯修饰是2′-F。也可以在多核苷酸的其他位置进行相似的修饰,例如在3′末端核苷酸或2′-5′连接的多核苷酸上的糖的3′位置,和5′末端核苷酸的5′位置。多核苷酸也可以具有取代戊呋喃糖基糖的诸如环丁基部分的糖模拟物。参阅例如U.S.Pat.Nos.4,981,957;5,118,800;5,319,080;5,359,044;5,393,878;5,446,137;5,466,786;5,514,785;5,519,134;5,567,811;5,576,427;5,591,722;5,597,909;5,610,300;5,627,053;5,639,873;5,646,265;5,658,873;5,670,633;5,792,747;和5,700,920,上述专利的公开通过引用全文并入本文。
在一方面,糖的修饰包括锁核酸(LNA),其中2′羟基连接于糖环的3′或4′碳原子。由此形成双环糖部分。在某些方面连接时桥接2′氧原子和4′碳原子的亚甲基(-CH2-)n基团,其中n是1或2。LNA和其制剂描述于WO 98/39352和WO 99/14226,上述文献的公开通过引用并入本文。
与纳米颗粒相连的寡核苷酸
预期用于本方法的寡核苷酸包括通过任何方式结合到纳米颗粒的那些。在多个方面,无论通过何种方式将寡核苷酸与纳米颗粒相连,均通过5′连接、3′连接、相同类型的内部连接或这些连接的任意组合实现连接。
连接方法是本领域技术人员已知的,并且描述于美国公开No.2009/0209629,其通过引用全文并入本文。将RNA连接到纳米颗粒的方法大致描述于PCT/US2009/65822,其通过引用全文并入本文。因此,在一些实施方式中,本发明预期与纳米颗粒相连的多核苷酸是RNA。
在一些方面,所提供了与寡核苷酸相连的纳米颗粒,其中所述寡核苷酸进一步包含与纳米颗粒结合的域。在一些方面,所述域是聚胸腺嘧啶序列。在其他方面,所述域是磷酸酯聚合物(C3残基)。
在一些方面,与纳米颗粒相连的寡核苷酸是DNA。当DNA与纳米颗粒相连时,DNA包含与多核苷酸的靶序列充分互补的序列,以使与纳米颗粒相连的DNA寡核苷酸和靶多核苷酸发生杂交,从而使靶多核苷酸与纳米颗粒结合。在多个方面,DNA是单链或双链,只要双链分子还包括与靶多核苷酸的单链序列杂交的单链序列。在一些方面,在纳米颗粒上官能化的寡核苷酸的杂交可与双链靶多核苷酸形成三元结构。在另一方面,可通过官能化在纳米颗粒上的双链寡核苷酸的杂交与单链靶多核苷酸的杂交形成三元结构。
间隔区
在某些方面,考虑了官能化的纳米颗粒,其包括这样的纳米颗粒:其中寡核苷酸通过间隔区连接于纳米颗粒。本文所用的“间隔区”表示这样的部分:其本身不参与调节基因表达,但是当以多拷贝的方式连接于纳米颗粒时,其作用是增加纳米颗粒和功能寡核苷酸之间的距离,或增加个体寡核苷酸之间的距离。因此所考虑的间隔区以串联方式位于个体寡核苷酸之间,无论寡核苷酸具有相同的序列还是具有不同的序列。在一方面,如果存在,间隔区是有机部分。在另一方面,间隔区是多聚体,包括但不限于水溶性多聚体、核酸、多肽、寡糖、碳水化合物、脂质、乙二醇或其组合。
在某些方面,间隔区具有与其共价结合的多核苷酸,所述多核苷酸可以与纳米颗粒结合。如上文所述,这些多核苷酸是相同的多核苷酸。作为间隔区与纳米颗粒结合的结果,多核苷酸被远离纳米颗粒的表面隔开,并且更易与其靶标杂交。在间隔区是多核苷酸的情况中,在各种实施方案中,间隔区的长度为至少约10个核苷酸、10-30个核苷酸或甚至多于30个核苷酸。间隔区可以具有不干扰多核苷酸与纳米颗粒或靶多核苷酸结合的能力的任何序列。间隔区不应当具有彼此互补或与寡核苷酸的序列互补的序列,但是可以与靶多核苷酸全部或部分互补。在某些方面,多核苷酸间隔区的碱基都是腺嘌呤、都是胸腺嘧啶、都是胞苷、都是鸟嘌呤、都是尿嘧啶或都是某些其他修饰的碱基。
表面密度
本文所提供的纳米颗粒在纳米颗粒的表面上具有多核苷酸的组装密度,其在各种方面足以导致纳米颗粒间和单个纳米颗粒上多核苷酸链间的协作行为。在另一方面,纳米颗粒间的协作行为增加了多核苷酸对核酸酶降解的抗性。仍然在另一方面,细胞摄取纳米颗粒受与纳米颗粒结合的多核苷酸的密度的影响。如PCT/US2008/65366所述,其在此通过引用全文并入,在纳米颗粒表面上更高密度的多核苷酸与细胞摄取的纳米颗粒的增加有关。
足以使纳米颗粒稳定的表面密度和对于期望的纳米颗粒和多核苷酸的组合获得所述密度所需的条件可以根据经验来确定。通常,至少2pmole/cm2的表面密度足以提供稳定的纳米颗粒-寡核苷酸组合物。在某些方面,表面密度为至少15pmoles/cm2。还通过了方法,其中多核苷酸以下述表面密度结合于纳米颗粒:至少2pmol/cm2、至少3pmol/cm2、至少4pmol/cm2、至少5pmol/cm2、至少6pmol/cm2、至少7pmol/cm2、至少8pmol/cm2、至少9pmol/cm2、至少10pmol/cm2、至少约15pmol/cm2、至少约20pmol/cm2、至少约25pmol/cm2、至少约30pmol/cm2、至少约35pmol/cm2、至少约40pmol/cm2、至少约45pmol/cm2、至少约50pmol/cm2、至少约55pmol/cm2、至少约60pmol/cm2、至少约65pmol/cm2、至少约70pmol/cm2、至少约75pmol/cm2、至少约80pmol/cm2、至少约85pmol/cm2、至少约90pmol/cm2、至少约95pmol/cm2、至少约100pmol/cm2、至少约125pmol/cm2、至少约150pmol/cm2、至少约175pmol/cm2、至少约200pmol/cm2、至少约250pmol/cm2、至少约300pmol/cm2、至少约350pmol/cm2、至少约400pmol/cm2、至少约450pmol/cm2、至少约500pmol/cm2、至少约550pmol/cm2、至少约600pmol/cm2、至少约650pmol/cm2、至少约700pmol/cm2、至少约750pmol/cm2、至少约800pmol/cm2、至少约850pmol/cm2、至少约900pmol/cm2、至少约950pmol/cm2、至少约1000pmol/cm2或更高。
实施例
实施例1
纳米颗粒的制备
使用公开的方法[G.Frens,Nature Physical Science.1973,241,20]制备柠檬酸稳定的金纳米颗粒(1-250nm)。尽管在本实施例中使用的大小为13nm和5nm,但其他实施例包括大小为1nm至500nm的纳米颗粒。简要而言,通过在回流水中使用柠檬酸的处理还原四氯金酸。可使用透射电子显微镜法和紫外/可见分光光度法确定粒径和分散度。使用标准的固相亚磷酰胺法[Pon,R.T.Solid-phase supports for oligonucleotide synthesis.Methods in MolecularBiology(Totowa,NJ,United States)(1993),20(Protocols for Oligonucleotidesand Analogs),465-496]合成硫醇化的寡核苷酸。随后以3nmol寡核苷酸/1mL10nM胶体的浓度,将硫醇修饰的寡核苷酸添加到13±1nm和15nm的金胶体中并振荡过夜。12小时后,向混合物中他添加十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)溶液(10%)以达到0.1%SDS浓度,向混合物中添加磷酸盐缓冲剂(0.1M;pH=7.4)以达到0.01磷酸盐浓度,并向混合物中添加氯化钠溶液(2.0M)以达到0.1M的氯化钠浓度。素后,在8小时的时期内,向混合物中添加6份氯化钠溶液(2.0M)试样,以达到0.3M的氯化钠终浓度,并振荡过夜以完成官能化过程。将溶液离心(13,000rpm,20min)并在无菌磷酸盐缓冲液重悬三次以产生纯化的缀合物。
实施例2
寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒缀合物方法
本实施例中的寡核苷酸设计包括两个可能的作用机制。第一,使用公开的质粒序列设计序列,其将优先与氨苄青霉素抗性(AmpR)基因β-内酰胺酶的启动子位点的正义链杂交。利用缀合物与细菌基因组中AmpR启动子序列的优先杂交(由更有利的结合常数和/或颗粒的细胞内浓度赋予),这将使细菌对氨苄青霉素敏感化。这将防止启动子复合物与其靶位点结合,并防止mRNA转录本(Amp抗性基因)转录,从而使细菌对氨苄青霉素敏感化。所使用的序列为5′-AT TGT CTC ATG AGC GGA TAC ATA TTT GAA AAAAAA AAA A-SH-3′(SEQ ID NO:1)和5′-AT TGT CTC ATG AGC GGA TACAAA AAA AAA A-SH-3′(SEQ ID NO:2)。
第二个策略可利用经设计而与AmpR基因的内部区域杂交的序列。这样,将阻止完整mRNA转录本的完成。其下游作用是阻止功能性mRNA转录本(Amp抗性基因)的完整转录,并由此使细菌对氨苄青霉素敏感化。对于此策略,选择正义链以与靶双链DNA杂交。其中的序列为5′-ACT TTT AAAGTT CTG CTA TAA AAA AAA AA-SH-3′(SEQ ID NO:3)。图1中显示了两个策略的示意图。或者,也可以使用传统的翻译策略以结合mRNA,并阻止蛋白产生,由此使细菌对氨苄青霉素敏感化。
按照公开的方法(Promega和Invitrogen),使用包含氨苄青霉素的质粒(psiCHECK 2,Promega或pScreen-iT,Invitrogen)转化感受态大肠杆菌细胞JM109,并在包含抗生素(Amp)的平板上培养。选择单个菌落,并在含有氨苄青霉素的液体培养基中培养12小时。使用此培养物形成冷冻(10%甘油)母液以用于后续试验。
在将大肠杆菌母液融化后,将小体积在带有或没有氨苄青霉素的液体肉汤中培养,并涂布在相应的LB平板上。在一个实施例中,将5μL冷冻细菌肉汤在1mL带有30nM颗粒的LB肉汤中培养5.5小时。从1mL中取100μL涂平板并培养过夜。使用透射电子显微镜法(图2)确认细菌进入。
在使用纳米颗粒处理数个小时后,将小体积的细菌涂布到氨苄青霉素阳性或氨苄青霉素阴性的平板上。使细菌在这些平板上生长额外的12小时,并评估每种条件下生长的菌落数量。结果总结在下表1中。使用此策略获得了66%的细菌生长抑制。预期条件的常规优化将产生100%成功的细菌敏感化。
表1
方法:将5μL细菌肉汤在1mL带有30nM颗粒的肉汤中培养3.5小时。涂布100μL并培养过夜。
方法:将5μL细菌肉汤在1mL带有30nM颗粒的肉汤中培养5.5小时。涂布100μL并培养过夜。
实施例3
寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒缀合物实现了转录敲减(knockdown)
用于检测转录敲减的另一个策略是质粒衍生的荧光素酶基因。使用此模型以通过将荧光素酶敲减与质粒上编码海肾荧光素酶(Renilla)表达的分离区域区分,证明位点选择性基因敲减。为了测试此作用,使用了双-荧光素酶报告子测试系统(Promega)。用于此模型的策略为阻断荧光素酶基因的完整mRNA转录本的形成。由此导致荧光素酶信号相对于海肾荧光素酶减少。用于此的序列为5′-CCC GAG CAA CGC AAA CGC AAA AAA AAAAA-SH-3′(SEQ ID NO:4)。或者,也可使用类似于上文使用的策略以阻断启动子复合物与其靶位点的结合。在此实施例中使用了5nm的颗粒。使用300nM浓度的颗粒,在12小时后得到的敲减为59%(p值=0.0004)。这些结果证明在转录水平上实现基因调控的另一个方法。数据总结显示在图3中。
实施例4
寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒缀合物阻断了转录
为了证明这些缀合物通过与双链基因组DNA结合而阻断转录和随后的蛋白生产的能力,进行了体外转录试验。将寡核苷酸官能化的金纳米颗粒添加到包含编码荧光素酶基因的双链质粒DNA的体外转录反应(Promega)中。寡核苷酸序列靶向荧光素酶基因的正义链,因此仅能阻断转录而不能阻断翻译。还以同样的模式使用由非互补序列官能化的纳米颗粒缀合物作为对照。允许进行转录反应,并使用商用试剂盒(Promega)测量荧光素酶活性。观察到与包含带有非互补序列的纳米颗粒缀合物的对照反应相比,在包含靶向荧光素酶基因的纳米颗粒的样品中荧光素酶活性显著下降(>75%)。
此外,为了说明敲减的内在原理,在缓冲液中进行试验以检测预制双链的寡核苷酸金纳米颗粒缀合物侵入。示意性的所得数据显示在图4(A和B)中。颗粒可以与预制双链结合(形成三链)。或者,颗粒可通过其对靶序列的较高结合常数取代预制双链。随后,将颗粒在13,000RPM离心,在PBS中清洗3次,并用KCN氧化。测量结合链的荧光。不受理论束缚,预期将产生荧光素封端的寡核苷酸(反义链)的释放以及荧光信号的增加。在添加纳米颗粒之前,形成带有淬灭物(dabcyl,正义链)和荧光团(荧光素,反义链)的双链。在浓度范围内,可见此策略的序列特异性。
尽管已经通过多个实施方式和实施例描述本发明,但应理解本领域技术人员可进行变化和改进。因此,只有权利要求书中出现的限制才能用于限定本发明。
Claims (16)
1.一种抑制原核细胞中靶原核基因产物产生的方法,其包括以下步骤:
使所述细胞在杂交导致由所述靶基因编码的功能性蛋白产生被抑制的条件下接触包含寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒的组合物,其中所述寡核苷酸修饰的纳米颗粒具有能够进入原核细胞的性质,其中所述寡核苷酸与原核基因的目标序列充分互补,所述互补的程度足以与目标序列杂交,且其中与所述原核基因的杂交抑制原核细胞的生长。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述目标序列为非编码序列。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中杂交导致活性改变的原核基因编码的蛋白的表达。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中杂交抑制所述原核基因的转录。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中杂交抑制由所述原核基因编码的功能性蛋白的翻译。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述寡核苷酸的杂交抑制原核细胞生长所必需的功能性蛋白的翻译。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述寡核苷酸的杂交抑制对于原核细胞生长所必需的功能性蛋白的表达,所述对于原核细胞生长所必需的功能性蛋白选自以下组成的组:革兰氏阴性基因产物、革兰氏阳性基因产物、细胞周期基因产物、参与DNA复制的基因产物、细胞分裂基因产物、参与蛋白合成的基因产物、细菌促旋酶和酰基载体基因产物。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述原核基因编码赋予抗生素抗性的蛋白。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述组合物还包含抗生素试剂,所述抗生素试剂选自以下组成的组:青霉素G、甲氧西林、萘夫西林、苯唑西林、氯唑西林、双氯西林、氨苄青霉素、阿莫西林、替卡西林、羧苄青霉素、美洛西林、阿洛西林、哌拉西林、亚胺培南、氨曲南、头孢噻吩、头孢克洛、头孢西丁、头孢呋辛、头孢尼西、头孢美唑、头孢替坦、头孢丙烯、氯碳头孢、头孢他美、头孢哌酮、头孢噻肟、头孢唑肟、头孢曲松、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、头孢克肟、头孢泊肟、头孢磺啶、氟罗沙星、萘啶酸、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、依诺沙星、洛美沙星、西诺沙星、强力霉素、米诺环素、四环素、丁胺卡那霉素、庆大霉素、卡那霉素、奈替米星、妥布霉素、链霉素、阿奇霉素、克拉霉素、红霉素、依托红霉素、红霉素琥珀酸乙酯、葡庚糖酸红霉素、乳糖酸红霉素、硬脂酸红霉素、万古霉素、替考拉宁、氯霉素、克林霉素、甲氧苄啶、复方新诺明、呋喃妥因、利福平、莫匹罗星、甲硝唑、头孢氨苄、罗红霉素、阿莫西林-克拉维酸盐组合、哌拉西林和他唑巴坦的组合,及其各种盐、酸和碱。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述寡核苷酸与所述原核基因的非编码链中的序列充分互补。
11.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述寡核苷酸与所述原核基因的非编码序列中的序列充分互补,所述互补程度足以形成三链结构。
12.如权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述杂交在所述寡核苷酸和所述非编码序列以及与所述非编码序列互补的编码序列之间形成三链结构。
13.如权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述杂交在所述寡核苷酸和所述非编码序列之间形成双链结构。
14.如权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述非编码序列选自由启动子序列、3′非编码序列和5′非编码序列组成的组中。
15.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述寡核苷酸与靶序列在体外杂交和/或在体内杂交。
16.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述抑制可通过临床状况的改进、症状的减少或测试检测。
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- 2010-01-08 CA CA2749536A patent/CA2749536A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-01-08 US US12/684,836 patent/US20100184844A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-01-08 WO PCT/US2010/020558 patent/WO2010081049A1/en active Application Filing
- 2010-01-08 KR KR1020117018020A patent/KR20110102492A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2010-01-08 MX MX2011007350A patent/MX2011007350A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2010-01-08 AU AU2010203474A patent/AU2010203474B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2010-01-08 CN CN201080007013.1A patent/CN102307470B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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MX2011007350A (es) | 2011-09-06 |
CA2749536A1 (en) | 2010-07-15 |
AU2010203474B2 (en) | 2015-11-19 |
JP2012514656A (ja) | 2012-06-28 |
EP2385760A1 (en) | 2011-11-16 |
US20100184844A1 (en) | 2010-07-22 |
WO2010081049A1 (en) | 2010-07-15 |
AU2010203474A1 (en) | 2011-07-28 |
CN102307470A (zh) | 2012-01-04 |
JP5801205B2 (ja) | 2015-10-28 |
KR20110102492A (ko) | 2011-09-16 |
EP2385760A4 (en) | 2015-09-30 |
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