CN101401089B - 具有通过无线网络的预测现场设备响应时间的控制系统 - Google Patents
具有通过无线网络的预测现场设备响应时间的控制系统 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
主机计算机通过经由无线网络发送控制消息与接收响应消息而与现场设备通信。当主机计算机给无线网络发送一个控制消息时,给主机计算机提供一个预测响应时间,接收消息的现场设备在该时间内作出反应。无线网络基于无线网络电力周期而在休眠状态与激活状态之间循环。预测响应时间基于无线网络的当前状态,电力周期,以及现场设备开启、采取动作(如测量参数)、和产生响应消息所需的时间。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及无线网络。特别地,本发明涉及一种无线网状网络,其中,在主机和无线网状网络节点处的现场设备之间传送过程控制消息。
背景技术
在许多工业环境中,控制系统被用来监测和控制存货、过程等。通常,这种控制系统包括具有主机计算机的集中式控制室,该主机计算机与和控制室分离的或地理上有距离的现场设备通信。
一般地,每个现场设备包括换能器,该换能器基于物理输入产生输出信号或基于输入信号产生物理输出。现场设备中所使用的换能器的类型包括各种分析仪、压力传感器、热敏电阻、热偶、应变仪、流传感器、定位器、致动器、螺线管、指示器等等。传统上,模拟现场设备由两线双绞线电流回路连接至过程子系统和控制室,每个设备由单个两线双绞线回路连接至控制室。典型地,在两线之间保持大约为20-25伏特的电压差,以及经过回路的4-20毫安(mA)的电流。模拟现场设备通过把经过电流回路的电流调制为与感测到的过程变量成比例的电流,向控制室发送信号。在控制器的控制下,过程子系统的端口调整经过回路的电流的大小,由此来控制模拟现场设备在控制室的控制下执行动作。
然而历史上现场设备仅能执行一种功能,近年来,在电流回路上叠加数字数据的混合系统已经应用于分布式控制系统。高速可寻址远程换能器(HART)在电流回路信号上叠加数字载波信号。数字载波信号能被用来发送次级和诊断信息。载波信号上提供的信息的示例包括次级过程变量、诊断信息(如传感器诊断、设备诊断、配线诊断、过程诊断等)、操作温度、传感器温度、校准数据、设备ID号码、配置信息等。因此,单个现场设备可包括多种输入和输出变量以及可实现多种功能。
另一方法使用数字通信总线把多个现场设备连接至控制室中的主机。把现场设备连接至数字总线所使用的数字通信协议的示例包括Foundation Fieldbus、Profibus、Modbus和DeviceNet。能够在与向现场设备供电的同一双线线路上提供主机计算机与多个现场设备之间的双向数字消息通信。
典型地,通过从控制室到远程应用铺设很长的干线电缆(homeruncable),向控制系统增加远程应用。例如,如果远程应用有半英里远,铺设这样一条长电缆涉及的成本会较高。如果需要铺设到远程应用的多条干线电缆,则成本变得甚至更高。无线通信提供了一种理想的选择,而且在工业过程控制系统中已经提出使用无线网状网络。然而,为了把成本减到最小,也希望保留现存控制系统和通信协议,从而减小与改变现存系统以适应无线通信相关联的成本。
在为基于低功率传感器/致动器的应用设计的无线网状网络系统中,网络中的许多设备必须由长寿命电池或低功率能量采集(energy-scavenging)电源来供电。电源插口,比如120伏特交流电,典型地不是位于危险区域附近,或允许进入危险区域,仪器(传感器)和致动器必须位于没有带来巨大安装费用的区域。低安装成本的要求促使需要把电池供电设备通信作为无线网状网络的一部分。有效地利用有限的电源,如不能再充电的原电池,对于良好运转的无线设备来说是至关重要的。期望电池支持不少于5年,而且优选地与产品寿命一样长。
在一个真实的无线网状网络中,每个节点必须能够为本身以及网状网络中的其它节点路由消息。消息经由网络从节点到节点跳跃的概念是有用的,原因是能使用低功率RF无线电装置,并且网状网络能跨越很大的物理区域,把消息从一端传送至另一端。在网状网络中不必使用大功率无线电装置,相反是使用点对点系统,该系统采用与集中式基站直接对话的远程节点。
网状网络协议允许在节点之间以及节点与数据采集器、桥路或某些更高级别的更高速数据总线的网关之间形成消息传送的备选路径。提供备选、冗余的路径用于无线消息,通过保证至少有一条备选路径顺畅,即使其它路径由于环境影响或由于干扰变得拥塞或恶化,也能够提高数据的可靠性。
某些网状网络协议的路由是确定的,使得每个节点被分配父亲(parent)和至少一个备选父亲。在网状网络的层级中,很像一个家庭,父亲有子女,子女有孙子女等。每个节点经由网络把其后代(descendant)的消息中继至某个最终目的地,如网关。父亲节点可以是电池供电或有限能量供电的设备。节点的后代越多,其需要路由的通信量就越多,这直接增加了其本身的功耗,并缩减了其电池的寿命。
为了节约电力,有些协议限制任何节点在任何时段能处理的通信量的数量,这通过仅在有限时间内开启该节点的无线电装置以监听消息来实现。这样,为了降低平均功率,协议可允许无线电装置在开启与关闭状态之间循环工作(duty-cycling)。有些协议使用全局循环工作来节约电力,这样整个网络同时处于开启和关闭。其它协议(如基于TDMA)使用局部循环工作,其中仅链接在一起的通信节点对才会以同步的方式在预定时间开启和关闭。典型地,通过向节点对分配用于通信的指定时隙以及在所述时刻进行接收(Rx)和发送(Tx)的无线电装置所使用的射频信道,而预先确定该链接。
某些协议使用了按照定期的重复调度表给节点分配链路的概念,因而能从网络中的设备定期传送更新和消息。一些先进的基于TDMA可使用多个激活调度表的概念,这些多个调度表均在同时运行或当产生需要时由全局网络控制器激活/去激活(deactivated)特定的调度表。例如,慢速激活调度表把送消息的节点与较长时间段(长的循环时间)链接,以实现低功耗。快速激活调度表为了较大的吞吐量和较小的等待时间而更快速地链接发送消息的节点,但导致节点中较大的功耗。对于允许多个激活调度表的协议,某些调度表可针对上游通信量而优化,某些可针对下游通信量而优化,而其它的协议可针对网络管理功能,如设备连接和配置,而进行优化。为了在不同的时间满足不同的需求,在整个网络中全局地激活/去激活各个调度表,从而提供少量的在功耗与小的等待时间之间达到有利平衡的灵活性,但是把相同的调度表应用于全部节点,这样不会提供局部优化。
在同步系统中,节点在传送消息前必须等待,直到其下一个预定的开启时间才能发送。等待增加了等待时间,如果不能适当地限制和管理,在许多应用中可能非常有害。如果链接在一起的节点对没有正确地同步,由于无线电装置在错误的时间开启或在错误的时间处于错误的模式(Rx或Tx),该节点对将不会成功地传送消息。如果仅有激活调度表具备长的循环时间,那么被调度的链接之间的时间将会长并且将经受等待时间。如果激活了快速调度表,则被调度的链接之间的时间将会短,但电池的寿命将随着时间显著地减少。
某些协议允许在后台运行慢速调度表,而全局地激活/去激活额外的快速调度表。由于在整个网络中全局地激活快速调度表并从收到全局命令的全部节点返回确认需要时间,在转变时间期间,网络或子网络仍处于较差响应模式。另外,使用全局激活快速调度表会在网络中所有父亲节点中消耗电力,即使是那些其后代不会从快速调度表中受益的父亲节点也一样。这些无鉴别力(unappreciative)的父亲节点必须经常地监听全局快速激活调度表(也就是经常地把其无线电装置开启至Rx);即使它们的后代没有额外消息发送,定期的有效调度表对于网络中的该部分也是不够的。
某些协议可能限制节点拥有后代的数量,从而减小节点必须支持的负荷。其它协议可使用所有这些措施的组合以减小平均功耗。所有这些省电措施对网络中进行传送消息工作的节点的可用性都有减小作用,因而增加了消息经由网络传递的等待时间。无线电装置的循环工作会增加等待时间。消息从节点到节点的跳跃增加等待时间。通过限制后代的数量而增加跳跃深度(跳数),从而增加等待时间。运行慢速激活调度表(长的循环时间)增加等待时间。甚至全局地激活快速激活调度表也要花费时间。信息的价值可能随时间而减小,因此,等待时间越长,信息的价值可能越低。
发明内容
在一种控制系统中,主机计算机通过向现场设备发送消息、以及从现场设备接收消息而与现场设备交互。当通过低功率无线网络来路由与现场设备的消息传输时,现场设备不总是可进行通信的,这是因为网络在开启与关闭之间循环,而现场设备仅在需要对消息做出响应时开启。本发明管理主机计算机与现场设备之间的消息传送,好像无线网络和现场设备一直开启一样。
当由主机计算机向无线网络提供消息时,无线网络向主机计算机提供预测响应时间。该预测响应时间表示主机计算机期望从该消息中寻址的现场设备获得响应的时间。该预测响应时间可以考虑无线网络当前的状态、无线网络运行的供电周期,以及现场设备激活、执行请求的动作和产生响应消息所需的开启时间。这允许主机计算机把无线网络看作根据需要而使用,即使在无线网络和现场设备处于关闭的时间段内也一样。
附图说明
图1为示出控制系统的示意图,该控制系统中无线网状网络在主机与现场设备之间路由无线消息。
图2为图1中的控制系统的一部分的框图,包括主机计算机、网关节点、和具有现场设备的无线节点。
图3为示出由无线网络所传送的无线消息的格式的示意图。
图4示出了从主机到现场设备的基于控制系统协议的控制消息的格式。
图5示出了被修改以形成图3所示的无线消息的有效载荷的控制消息的一个实施例。
图6示出了被修改以形成图3所示的无线消息的有效载荷的具有尾部的控制消息的另一个实施例。
具体实施方式
图1示出了控制系统10,包括主机计算机12、高速网络14、和无线网状网络16,所述无线网状网络包括网关18和无线节点20、22、24、26、28以及30。网关18经由高速网络14把网状网络16与主机计算机12接口连接。消息可经由网络14从主机计算机12传送至网关18,然后通过许多不同路径中的一种传送至网状网络16中的一个被选定的节点。相似地,来自网状网络16中单个节点的消息在网状网络16中通过许多不同路径中的一种从节点到节点路由,直至该消息到达网关18,然后经由高速网络14传送至主机12。
控制系统10可以使用为有线分布式控制系统设计的和在其中使用的现场设备,以及专门设计为在无线网状网络中使用的无线发射机的现场设备。节点20、22、24、26、28以及30示出了包括传统现场设备的无线节点的示例。
无线节点20包括无线电装置32、无线设备路由器(WDR)34、和现场设备FD1以及FD2。节点20是包含一个唯一的无线地址和两个唯一的现场设备地址的节点的示例。
节点22、24、26、和28是示出包含一个唯一的无线地址和一个唯一的现场设备地址的各个示例。节点22包括无线电装置36、无线设备路由器38、和现场设备FD3。相似地,现场设备24包括无线电装置40、无线设备路由器42、和现场设备FD4;节点26包括无线电装置44、无线设备路由器46、和现场设备FD5,以及节点28包括无线电装置48、无线设备路由器50、和现场设备FD6。
节点30包含一个唯一的无线地址和三个唯一的现场设备地址。该节点包括无线电装置52、无线设备路由器54、和现场设备FD7、FD8、和FD9。
无线网络16优选地是一个低功率网络,其中许多节点由长寿命电池或低功率能量采集电源来供电。可根据网状网络的配置提供经由无线网络16的通信,其中,消息通过网络16从节点到节点传送。这允许使用低功率射频无线电装置,同时允许网络16跨越很大的物理区域把消息从网络的一端传送至另一端。
在有线控制系统中,使用根据公知的控制消息协议的控制消息进行主机计算机与现场设备之间的交互,该协议例如是HART、FoundationFieldbus、Profibus等。有线控制系统中使用的现场设备(如图1所示的现场设备FD1-FD9)使用根据已知控制消息协议之一的控制消息。无线节点20-30是无线网络16的一部分,不能直接与主机计算机12交换这些已知的控制消息,这是因为经由网络16的无线通信是根据本质上通用的无线协议而进行。
比要求主机计算机12与现场设备FD1-FD9使用无线协议通信更好的做法是,可以提供一种方法以允许在主机计算机12与现场设备FD1-FD9之间经由无线网络16发送和接收公知的现场设备控制消息。公知的现场设备控制消息被嵌入至通用无线协议,所以可在主机计算机12与现场设备FD1-FD9之间交换控制消息,从而实现与现场设备FD1-FD9交互的控制。结果,无线网络16及其无线通信协议对主机计算机12和现场设备FD1-FD9实质上是透明的。在下文的描述中,将使用HART协议作为已知的控制消息协议的示例,尽管本发明也可应用于其它控制消息协议(如Foundation Fieldbus、Profibus等)。
一个相似的问题涉及主机计算机12所使用的地址,用于将消息引导至现场设备FD1-FD9。在有线系统中,主机计算机给每个现场设备编址一个唯一的现场设备地址。该地址被定义为所使用的特定通信协议的一部分,并典型地构成由主机计算机发送至现场设备的控制消息的一部分。
当无线网络,如图1所示的网络16,用于从主机计算机将消息路由至现场设备时,主机计算机所使用的现场设备的地址与无线网络通信协议所使用的无线地址不兼容。另外,单个无线节点可关联若干现场设备,如图1中所示的无线节点20和30。无线节点20包括两个现场设备FD1和FD2,而无线节点30关联了三个现场设备FD7-FD9。
一种解决地址的方法是要求主机计算机12使用无线地址而不是使用现场设备地址。然而,这种方法要求主机计算机12根据其是经由有线通信链路与现场设备通信,还是至少部分地经由无线网络进行通信,而不同地编程。另外,仍然存在多个现场设备的问题,这些现场设备典型地拥有不同的用途,并且这些多个现场设备需要单独地编址。
一种备选方法使用网关18把由主机计算机16提供的现场设备地址转换为相应的无线地址。无线消息被发送到无线地址,也包括现场设备地址,所以接收消息的节点可以把消息引导至适当的现场设备。通过把现场设备地址转化为相应的无线地址,当与现场设备交互时,主机计算机12可在其本地(native)现场地址域内运行。无线网络16的存在对主机计算机12和现场设备FD1-FD9是透明的。
由使用无线网络16在主机计算机12与现场设备FD1-FD9之间通信引发的另一个问题是,由于电力节约而导致的现场设备的不可用。在有线控制系统中,主机计算机与现场设备之间的交互如同一有请求便可使用一样。假定现场设备总是加电并可用。
在低功率无线网络中,这种情况不成立。为了节约电力,低功率无线网络中的现场设备大多数时间是不可用的或休眠的。周期性地,无线网络进入非休眠状态,在这期间,消息可以传送至现场设备以及可以从现场设备传来消息。经过一段时间后,无线网络再一次进入低功率休眠状态。
如果主机计算机企图在无线网络处于休眠状态、或特定的现场设备处于低功率休眠状态期间通信,现场设备未能立即响应可被主机计算机解释为通信失败。主机计算机无法确定消息经由无线网络所采取的特定路由,也无法控制无线通信的加电和断电周期。结果,主机计算机把现场设备的不响应解释为设备故障,而缺少响应是低功率无线网络中通信方式的固有结果。
为了使无线网络16的存在对主机计算机12透明,网关18对主机计算机12与无线网络16之间的现场设备消息传输去耦(decouple)。网关18确定无线网络16当前的状态并追踪其电力周期。另外,网关18维持关于响应时间的信息,该响应时间是现场设备开启,然后准备好向来自主机计算机12的控制消息提供响应消息所需的时间。
当主机计算机12给网关18提供消息时,基于现场设备地址,确定期望的响应时间。该期望的响应时间提供给主机计算机12,所以,主机计算机12将不对期望响应时间过去之前响应消息的缺失视为通信失败。结果,允许主机计算机把现场设备FD1-FD9看作一有要求便可使用一样,然而实际上无线网络16和现场设备FD1-FD9不是一有要求便可使用。
图2示出了图1所示控制系统10的一部分的框图。图2示出了主机计算机12、高速网络14,网关18、和无线节点22。
在图2中,主机计算机12是分布式控制系统主机,该主机运行应用程序从而帮助把消息发送至现场设备FD1-FD9,以及接收和分析包含在来自现场设备FD1-FD9的消息中的数据。主机计算机12可使用如AMS(tm)Device Manager作为应用程序,从而允许用户监测现场设备FD1-FD9以及与其交互。
主机计算机12使用可扩展标记语言(XML)格式的消息与网关18通信。计划用于现场设备FD1-FD9的控制消息按照HART协议来表示,并以XML格式传送至网关18。
在图2所示的实施例中,网关18包括网关接口60、网状管理器62、和无线电装置64。网关接口60从主机计算机12接收XML文档,提取HART控制消息,并把控制消息修改成要嵌入到经由无线网络16传送的无线消息中的格式。
网状管理器62使用嵌入的HART控制消息,以及与HART消息指向的现场设备所对应的节点的无线地址,来形成无线消息。网状管理器62可维护例如查找表,该查找表把每个现场设备地址与该现场设备地址所对应的现场设备所在节点的无线地址相关联。在本示例中,所感兴趣的现场设备是位于无线节点22的设备FD3。根据无线协议的无线消息包括无线节点地址,该地址用来路由无线消息通过网络16。嵌入在无线消息中的HART消息包含现场设备地址,并且该地址不是用来路由无线消息通过网络16。相反,现场设备地址是在当无线消息到达目的节点时使用。
网状管理器62使得无线电装置64传输无线消息,所以,该无线消息将通过网络16中的一个或多个跳跃从而到达节点22。
例如,目的节点是节点22的消息可由网关18发送至节点20,然后至节点22,或备选地从网关18至节点26然后至节点22。在网络16中,其它路由也是可能的。
网关接口60与网状管理器62也与主机计算机12交互,管理发送控制消息至现场设备,好似无线网络16即使断电时也像加电一样(即休眠模式)。网状管理器60测定无线网络16正确的电力状态。为了测定未来无线网络16将从加电到断电,或从断电到加电的状态改变的时间,网状管理器60还计算电力循环的时间。如果在加电时给无线网络发送消息,但是直到下一个加电周期才发出响应,则响应时间可能受到影响。仍存在的另一个因素是现场设备的启动时间。网状管理器62或网关接口60可维护保存各个现场设备的启动时间的数据库。依据知道的现场设备地址,就能确定期望的启动时间。
基于无线网络16当前的电力状态、无线网络将改变状态之前的时间大小、现场设备的启动时间、期望的网络消息路由时间、和在下一个加电周期而不是当前周期发生响应的可能性,可计算把消息传送至现场设备的估计时间以及向网关18返回响应消息所需的估计时间。然后把该信息提供给主机计算机12。由于主机计算机12在估计响应时间之前不会期望响应,因此,在该时间之前接收消息的失败将不会被主机计算机12视为通信失败或现场设备故障。
基于影响响应时间的因素,假设知道无线网络16的电力周期,则网关18也可确定与现场设备尝试通信的最佳策略。例如,如果电力周期即将从开启改变到关闭,较好的策略可能是等待,直到下一个加电周期开始时再开始把消息路由通过无线网络16。
如图2所示,无线节点22包括无线电装置36、无线设备路由器(WDR)38、和现场设备FD3。在这个具体示例中,现场设备FD3是标准的HART现场设备,该设备使用HART控制消息协议传送现场数据。现场设备FD3由WDR38加电或断电,并直接与WDR38进行通信。
经由网络16传送的无线消息由节点22的无线电装置36接收。WDR38检查无线消息,察看其是否为寻址至节点22。由于节点22是目的地址,因此无线消息被打开,并提取嵌入的HART消息。基于包含在嵌入的HART消息中的现场设备地址,WDR38确定该HART消息的目的现场设备是现场设备FD3。
由于省电的原因,WDR38可维持现场设备FD3处于休眠模式,直到需要采取某些动作。一旦接收到包含在无线消息中的HART消息,WDR38采取步骤启动现场设备FD3。这可能大约仅是几秒钟,或可是,例如,大约30-60秒的延迟。当现场设备FD3准备好接收HART消息并对其采取行动时,WDR38把HART控制消息传送至现场设备FD3。
由现场设备FD3接收的消息可要求提供包括测量数据或其它状态信息的响应消息。现场设备FD3采取必要的动作收集测量数据或产生状态信息,以HART控制格式生成响应消息,并把该消息传送至WDR38。然后,修改该HART响应消息并将其嵌入根据无线协议的无线响应消息,并定址向网关18。WDR38把无线响应消息提供给无线电装置36,用来在无线网络16上传输。然后,无线响应消息通过一个或若干跳跃传送至网关18,在网关18,从无线响应消息中提取出HART响应消息,以XML格式化,并经由高速网络14传送至主机计算机12。
图3示出经由如图1和2所示的无线网络发送的典型无线消息的示意图。无线消息70包括无线协议比特72、有效载荷74、和无线协议比特76。协议比特72和76是通过网状网络16恰当地路由无线消息70到达所期望的目的地所必需的。有效载荷74表示所传送控制消息的内容。在本发明中,控制消息(按照主机计算机12和现场设备FD1-FD9两者都使用的控制消息协议)被嵌入到无线消息70中作为有效载荷74。
图4示出了由主机计算机12产生的控制消息80的格式。在本具体示例中,控制消息80使用HART协议来配置。控制消息80包括前同步码82、定界符84、现场设备地址86、命令88、字节计数90、数据92、和校验字节94。控制消息80在网关接口60处被修改,并接着被嵌入到无线消息70中作为有效载荷74。
图5示出由控制消息80形成的有效载荷74的格式。为了产生有效载荷74,接口60从控制消息80中删掉物理层开销,并增加次序信息。
如通过对比图4与图5所示,有效载荷74与控制消息80的第一个区别是删掉了前同步码82。由于控制消息将经由使用无线协议的网络传送,所以没有必要使用前同步码。前同步码的删除由于减少了不必要的信息,提高了网络16的效率。
有效载荷74与控制消息80的第二个区别是增加了消息ID96,该消息ID位于数据92之后以及校验字节94之前,是一个双字节的数字。前同步码82的删除以及消息ID96的增加需要重新计算校验字节94。
消息ID96的用途是丢弃旧(stale)消息。这允许消息接收方丢弃失序(out of order)的消息。无线网状网络16被设计为消息可采取多条路径到达其目的地。消息从一个节点传送到另一个节点,然而在某个节点消息可能被延迟。这可能由干扰或拙劣的信号质量引起。如果消息延迟了很长时间,主机12可发出重试和/或新消息。在该情况下,在延迟消息被传送之前,一个或多个消息可能到达该目的节点。当传送延迟的控制消息时,可使用消息ID96接受或丢弃该控制消息。
图6示出了有效载荷74的格式的第二实施例,其中尾部(trailer)功能代码98和尾部有效载荷(或消息ID)96形成尾部结构100,该尾部结构100附加到由定界符84、现场设备地址86、命令88、字节计数90、数据92、和校验字节94形成的控制消息的尾部。尾部100不包括在校验字节94中,相反取决于无线网络协议层,以便数据的完整性和可靠性。
尾部100包含功能代码98和有效载荷96(若有的话,该有效载荷包括消息ID)。功能代码98是无符号字节,该字节定义尾部100的内容,无符号有效载荷字节,如附加的字节填充,将被忽略。尾部100的使用仅应用于网关18与无线现场设备FD1-FD9之间的消息。表1示出了为尾部100定义的功能代码的示例:
功能代码 | 含义 | 有效载荷长度和描述 |
0 | 无消息ID(NO MESSAGE ID) | 0-2字节(可选择填充) |
1 | 强制接受(FORCE ACCEPT) | 2字节-消息ID |
2 | 强制清除强制接受(CLEAR FORCE ACCEPT WITH FORCE) | 2字节-消息ID |
3 | 常规消息ID(NORMAL MESSAGE ID) | 2字节-消息ID |
功能代码0-3关于消息ID而使用。消息ID用于无线网状网络16上的旧消息丢弃。这允许消息接收方丢弃失序的消息。此外,网关18可使用消息ID来确定到达的已发布数据是否失序。
消息ID产生的规则如下:
消息ID从发送方到接收方列举(enumerate)消息序列。该消息序列是双字节无符号值,该值必须是唯一的,并且随每个新的消息ID按一递增。
应该为每个请求/响应事务产生新消息ID。假如从发送方到接收方仅有一个请求未完成(outstanding),则发送方到接收方重试请求时,可再次使用消息ID。在接收到具有有效消息ID的有效请求消息后,现场设备必须通过响应来回应(echo back)所接收的消息ID。
应该为来自每个设备的发布消息产生新消息ID。所产生的发布消息ID与请求/响应消息的ID相独立。
消息ID的验证规则如下:
接收方必须实现用于验证消息ID的窗口,使得有效性比较保留了消息ID计数器的翻转(rollover)。如示例,先前256个ID的窗口内的任意消息将被WDR/现场设备视为失序因而丢弃。但是,如果消息ID安全地处于该窗口之外,则接收方应该接受该消息。任何所接受的消息将使待缓存的(cached)消息ID作为最后有效的接收消息ID。
接收方在重启之后,可接受其接收的第一个消息ID,或者其必须以设备应用视为合适的任何方式来初始化本身的有效性检验。初始化的总则是,设备总是接受新的无状态请求,而不要求设备发布首先到达网关。
具有无效(失序)ID的已发布消息的接收方使用或丢弃该消息,这取决于接收方的应用。
功能代码的解释规则如下:
发送方既可通过忽略尾部100又可通过指定NO MESSAGE ID作为功能代码,来发送没有消息ID的消息。如果产生响应并且WDR/现场设备支持尾部,则返回的功能代码应被设成“NO MESSAGE ID”。
如果提供了消息ID,若功能代码被设置为FORCE ACCEPT或CLEAR FORCE ACCEPT WITH FORCE,则该消息ID必须被接受。功能代码为NORMAL ID的消息通过消息ID验证规则将存在被丢弃的可能。
如果网关18已经重置(reset),其应该使用FORCE ACCEPT功能代码做出其第一请求。这迫使接收现场设备接受请求和所附的消息ID。这解除了网关18需获取设备的有效消息ID计数器的值的需求。一旦网关18接收到具有相匹配的消息ID的有效响应消息,则其应该停止使用FORCE ACCEPT。
网关18应该把CLEAR FORCE ACCEPT WITH FORCE功能代码视为(honor)有效消息ID,但WDR/现场设备不应该向网关18发送CLEAR FORCE ACCEPT WITH FORCE。
如果系统中的WDR/现场设备已经重置,其应该使用设置为FORCE ACCETP的命令发送发布消息。这会强迫网关18接受所发布的数据。
如果网关18碰上FORCE ACCEPT功能代码,其可在随后的消息中随同有效消息ID一起发出CLEAR FORCE ACCEPT WITH FORCE。
一旦接收到CLEAR FORCE ACCEPT WITH FORCE,WDR/现场设备应该清除强制接受条件并总是接受所提供的消息ID。
使用无线消息(根据无线协议)中嵌入的控制消息(根据控制消息协议)使得分布式控制系统的主机计算机能够通过无线通信网络与现场设备交互。可使用已知的控制消息格式,如HART、Fieldbus等,在主机计算机与现场设备之间交换控制消息,该控制消息既不需要由主机计算机修改,也不需要由现场设备修改,就适合经由无线网络传输。控制消息被嵌入在无线通信协议中,这样,在主机计算机与现场设备之间交换的控制消息的内容没有由于要通过无线网络传送而进行修改。
如果控制消息过大而不能通过无线通信协议路由时,其可被拆分成若干部分,并可以多个部分来发送。每个部分被嵌入无线消息中,并当这些部分离开无线网络时,可重新装配成原始控制消息。通过在嵌入的控制消息中使用消息ID,多个部分可按照恰当的顺序重新装配,即使具有原始控制消息的嵌入部分的单个无线消息采取不同的路径通过无线网络。
现场设备地址向相应的无线地址的转换允许主机12在其本地现场设备地址域内运行,同时与无线地址域内的现场设备交互。使用无线网络16路由消息至现场设备以及路由来自现场设备的消息对主机12来说是透明的。地址转换以及在无线消息中包含无线地址与现场设备地址允许多个现场设备与单个独立编址的节点(也就是单个无线地址)相关联。
尽管把现场设备地址作为控制消息的一部分嵌入到无线消息的有效载荷中简单且有效,如果愿意,可把现场设备地址单独包含在无线消息的有效载荷中或无线消息的其它地方。
通过把面向现场设备的消息传输在主机计算机12与无线网络16之间去耦,也使无线网络16的存在对主机计算机12透明。网关18监测无线网络16的状态以及影响消息响应时间的因素。通过对由主机计算机12发送的消息提供估计响应时间,网关18允许主机计算机12把现场设备FD1-FD9和无线网络16看作一有要求便可使用,尽管网络16与现场设备FD1-FD9通常处于低功率休眠状态。
虽然本发明参考优选实施例而得以描述,然而本领域的技术人员可以理解,在不背离本发明精神和范围的前提下,可以在形式和细节上有所变化。例如,所示的控制系统10使用了6个节点和9个现场设备,但同样适合于其它有较少或较多数目的节点与现场设备的配置。
Claims (13)
1.一种控制系统,包括:
多个现场设备;
主机计算机,用于向所述现场设备发送控制消息以及从所述现场设备接收响应消息;
具有多个无线节点的无线网络,所述多个无线节点根据无线网络电力周期,在休眠状态与激活状态之间循环,至少一个现场设备与每个节点相关联;以及
所述主机计算机与所述无线节点之间的网关;所述网关响应于向所述现场设备之一寻址的消息,基于以下条件向所述主机计算机提供所述现场设备将何时响应所述向所述现场设备之一寻址的消息的估计响应时间:所述无线网络的当前的电力状态、所述无线网络改变状态之前的时间量、所述现场设备的启动时间、期望的网络消息路由时间和在下一个加电周期而不是当前周期发生响应的可能性,
其中,所述主机计算机基于所述估计响应时间来确定与所述现场设备之一的通信是否失败。
2.如权利要求1所述的控制系统,其中,所述网关控制所述无线节点在休眠状态与激活状态之间循环。
3.如权利要求1所述的控制系统,其中,所述网关至少部分地基于现场设备的开启时间而提供所述估计响应时间。
4.如权利要求1所述的控制系统,其中,所述现场设备具有休眠状态与激活状态。
5.如权利要求4所述的控制系统,其中,所述无线节点控制与其相关联的现场设备是处于休眠状态还是处于激活状态。
6.如权利要求5所述的控制系统,其中,所述无线节点响应于来自所述主机计算机的控制消息而选择性地开启现场设备。
7.如权利要求6所述的控制系统,其中,所述网关存储与每个现场设备在开启为激活状态后响应控制消息所需要的时间有关的信息。
8.如权利要求7所述的控制系统,其中,所述网关部分地基于所存储的与控制消息寻址的现场设备所需要的时间有关的信息而提供所述估计响应时间。
9.如权利要求1所述的控制系统,其中,所述网关确定控制消息所寻址的现场设备是否能够在无线节点的当前激活状态期间作出响应,并至少部分地基于该确定而提供所述估计响应时间。
10.一种在主机计算机与现场设备之间通信的方法,所述方法包括:
从所述主机计算机向无线网络传送向选定的现场设备寻址的控制消息;
基于所述无线网络的当前的电力状态、所述无线网络改变状态之前的时间量、所述现场设备的启动时间、期望的网络消息路由时间和在下一个加电周期而不是当前周期发生响应的可能性向所述主机计算机提供所述选定的现场设备做出响应的估计响应时间,其中,所述主机计算机基于所述估计响应时间来确定与选定的现场设备的通信是否失败;
周期性地开启无线节点以发送和接收消息;
通过所述无线网络将去往选定的现场设备的控制消息传送到与所述选定的现场设备相关联的无线节点;
响应于向所述选定的现场设备寻址的已接收控制消息,开启所述现场设备;
从所述选定的现场设备产生响应消息;
通过所述无线网络传送所述响应消息;以及
向主机传送所述响应消息。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法,其中,所述估计响应时间至少部分地基于所述选定的现场设备是否能在所述无线网络切换到休眠状态之前对控制消息做出响应的确定。
12.如权利要求10所述的方法,其中,所述估计响应时间至少部分地基于所存储的与所述选定的现场设备开启、基于控制消息采取动作以及产生响应消息所需时间有关的信息。
13.如权利要求10所述的方法,其中,如果在所述估计响应时间内接收到响应消息,那么所述主机计算机认为所述选定的现场设备是可用的。
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