CN101316582A - 治疗肌肉损失的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供了治疗个体的肌肉损失的方法。在一项实施方案中,本发明包括给个体施用有效量的支链氨基酸(BCAA)、BCAA前体、BCAA代谢物、富含BCAA的蛋白质、被操作以使BCAA含量丰富的蛋白质或其任意组合。本发明还提供了用于该施用的营养产品,包括可口服施用的营养产品。
Description
发明背景
1.技术领域
概括而言,本发明涉及治疗哺乳动物的肌肉损失,更具体而言,涉及施用一种或多种支链氨基酸(BCAA)、BCAA前体、BCAA代谢物、富含BCAA的蛋白质、被操作以使BCAA含量丰富的蛋白质或其任意组合来治疗这类肌肉损失。本发明还涉及适于该施用的营养制剂。
2.背景领域
氨基酸是蛋白质的单体结构单元,蛋白质包含大范围的生物学化合物,包括酶、抗体、激素、离子和小分子的转运分子、胶原和肌肉组织。根据氨基酸在水中的溶解性并更具体地根据其侧链的极性,将它们看作是疏水性或亲水性的。具有极性侧链的氨基酸是亲水性的,而具有非极性侧链的氨基酸是疏水性的。氨基酸的溶解性部分决定了蛋白质的结构。亲水性氨基酸趋于组成蛋白质的表面,而疏水性氨基酸趋于组成蛋白质的水不溶性内部。
在常见的20种氨基酸中,有9种被认为是人所不可缺少的(必需的),因为身体不能合成它们。更准确地说,这9种氨基酸必须通过个体的饮食来获得。一种或多种氨基酸的缺乏可以引起负氮平衡。负氮平衡例如是其中排泄的氮多于施用的氮。该状况可以导致酶活性的破坏和肌肉质量的损失。
已经确定了多种肌肉消耗病症(muscle-wasting conditions),对它们而言用氨基酸补充剂进行治疗已经被证明是有益的。例如,恶病质是特征为体重显著减轻、厌食、无力和贫血的严重身体消耗病症。恶病质是多种疾病如癌症、脓毒病、慢性心力衰竭、类风湿性关节炎和获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)的常见特征。其它肌肉消耗疾病和紊乱是已知的,例如包括少肌症(sarcopenia),这是一种年龄相关性的肌肉质量损失。
蛋白酶解诱导因子(PIF)
已经发现,某些肿瘤可以通过产生称为蛋白酶解诱导因子(PIF)的24kDa糖蛋白引起恶病质。一种所提出的PIF作用机理是减少蛋白质合成;另一种所提出的PIF机理是激活蛋白质降解;第三种所提出的机理是前面提到的减少蛋白质合成和激活蛋白质降解的联合。已经假设,与PIF有关的蛋白质合成减少是PIF阻断蛋白质合成的翻译过程的能力的结果。另一种因子血管紧张素II(Ang II)已经显示出类似的作用,它可以参与在恶病质的一些情况中观察到的肌肉消耗。
PIF在遍在蛋白质-蛋白酶体途径中的最初作用是已知的。PIF可使花生四烯酸的释放增加,然后后者被代谢为前列腺素和15-羟基二十碳四烯酸(15-HETE)。已经表明,15-HETE可使蛋白质降解和转录因子NF-κB(与B细胞中κ免疫球蛋白轻链基因增强子结合的核因子)的核结合显著增加。
通过翻译起始调节蛋白质合成
假设PIF在抑制蛋白质合成中的作用是由PIF通过下游因子的RNA依赖性蛋白激酶(PKR)激活而阻断翻译的理论能力所引起的。生理浓度和生理浓度以下的胰岛素减弱了由PIF抑制蛋白质合成。这表明PIF可以在翻译的起始阶段抑制蛋白质合成,因为胰岛素可通过激活翻译起始中的信使RNA(mRNA)结合步骤来调节蛋白质合成。
在翻译起始中有两个步骤受到调节:(1)起始子甲硫氨酰-转移RNA(met-tRNA)与40s核糖体亚基的结合;和(2)mRNA与43s前起始复合物的结合。
在第一步中,met-tRNA与40s核糖体亚基结合为含有真核起始因子2(eIF2)和三磷酸鸟苷(GTP)的三元复合物。随后,与eIF2结合的GTP被水解为二磷酸鸟苷(GDP),eIF2以GDP-eIF2复合物的形式从核糖体亚基中被释放出来。然后,eIF2必须将GDP交换成GTP以参与另一个起始循环。这是通过另一种真核起始因子eIF2B(介导eIF2上的鸟嘌呤核苷酸交换)的作用而发生的。eIF2B由eIF2在其α亚基上的磷酸化所调节,这可将其由底物转化为eIF2B的竞争性抑制剂。
在第二步中,mRNA与43s前起始复合物的结合需要一组统称为eIF4F的蛋白质,eIF4F是多亚基复合物,它包括eIF4A(RNA解旋酶)、eIF4B(其与eIF4A联合起作用来解开mRNA的5′非翻译区中的二级结构)、eIF4E(其与在mRNA的5′端处存在的m7GTP帽结合)和eIF4G(其作为eIF4E、eIF4A和mRNA的支架起作用)。eIF4F复合物共同用于识别mRNA、打开mRNA并将mRNA引导到43s前起始复合物。对于eIF4F复合物形成而言,eIF4E的可利用性显示受翻译阻遏物eIF4E结合蛋白1(4E-BP1)所调节。4E-BP1与eIF4G竞争性结合eIF4E,并能够将eIF4E隔离到无活性的复合物中。4E-BP1的结合由激酶雷帕霉素的哺乳动物靶标(mTOR)通过磷酸化来调节,在那里磷酸化增加使4E-BP1对eIF4E的亲和性降低。
可以认为,mTOR通过结节性硬化复合物(TSC)1-TSC2复合物的磷酸化和抑制、通过经由磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)/丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶途径(PI3K/AKT途径)的信号传导而被激活。mTOR还使p70S6激酶磷酸化,p70S6激酶使核糖体蛋白S6磷酸化,据信核糖体蛋白S6促进具有与5′帽结构邻近的嘧啶残基连续串的mRNA的翻译。由该mRNA编码的蛋白质包括核糖体蛋白、翻译延伸因子和多聚-A结合蛋白。
参与翻译起始的合成代谢因子
许多研究已经表明,合成代谢因子如胰岛素、胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)和氨基酸可增加蛋白质合成并引起肌肉肥大。支链氨基酸(BCAA)、特别是亮氨酸可以引发调节翻译起始的信号传导途径。这类途径通常包括mTOR。其它研究已经表明,促有丝分裂刺激物如胰岛素和BCAA可通过eIF2进行信号传导。照此,氨基酸饥饿可引起eIF2-α磷酸化增加和蛋白质合成减少。
参与蛋白质合成和降解的信号传导途径
如上提到的,已知PIF可通过NF-κB途径引起蛋白质降解。因此,PIF对蛋白质合成的抑制经由常见的信号传导起始点发生似乎是有理的,所述信号传导起始点然后分成两种单独的途径,一种途径通过NF-κB促进蛋白质降解,另一种途径通过mTOR和/或eIF2抑制蛋白质合成。
AKT是丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶,它还称为蛋白激酶B (PKB)。AKT的激活是通过PI3K的肌醇脂质产物与其血小板白细胞C激酶底物同系结构域直接结合而发生的。AKT的PI3K依赖性激活还可通过磷酸肌醇依赖性激酶(PDK1)介导的苏氨酸308磷酸化(可引起丝氨酸473自磷酸化)而发生。虽然起初被认为作为不同信号传导途径的组分起作用,但是数项研究已经表明NF-κB和AKT信号传导途径趋于一致。研究已经表明,AKT信号传导可在体外抑制多种细胞类型的细胞凋亡,这由其使细胞凋亡调节组分、包括IκK(参与NF-κB激活的激酶)磷酸化的能力所介导。因此,AKT的激活可刺激NF-κB的激活。虽然这可以在信号传导事件序列中将AKT置于NF-κB激活的上游,但是一项研究报道了AKT可以是NF-κB的下游靶标。总体而言,这提示AKT参与分解代谢途径。但是,其它数据提示,AKT还通过激活mTOR和由此引起的p70S6激酶和4E-BP1磷酸化而参与合成代谢过程,从而使蛋白质合成增加。
PKR是干扰素诱导的RNA依赖性丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,它负责控制抗病毒防御途径。PKR可以由除干扰素以外的细胞应激形式诱导。一些证据表明,肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α也可通过PKR起作用。有趣的是,干扰素和TNF-α均已经作为恶病质状态的诱发因素被牵连。已经报道PKR在与激活刺激物(例如胰岛素、IGF、BCAA)相互作用后可形成同二聚体并自磷酸化。因此,PKR能够催化目标底物的磷酸化,最充分表征的是在eIF2-α亚基上丝氨酸51的磷酸化。然后eIF2将eIF2B(翻译的限速组分)隔离,引起蛋白质合成的抑制。近来的研究表明,PKR可与IκK复合物物理结合并刺激NF-κB诱导激酶(NIK),同时使IκK磷酸化,导致其随后降解。一些研究表明,NF-κB被PKB通过不依赖于其eIF2激酶活性的机理激活,而其它研究表明,eIF2-α的磷酸化是激活NF-κB所必需的。
PKR样ER常驻激酶(resident kinase)(PERK)是使eIF2-α磷酸化和激活NF-κB的另一种激酶。但是,PIF不太可能通过该途径起作用,因为PERK引起IκK从NF-κB中释放,但不引起其降解。此外,还已经表明,PIF在激活NF-κB的过程中引起IκK的降解。
肌肉损失的已知疗法
病症如恶病质的治疗通常包括营养补充、特别是氨基酸补充以试图增加蛋白质合成。三种BCAA是缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸。先前亮氨酸已经被证明不仅作为蛋白质结构单元、而且还作为调节翻译起始的信号传导途径的诱导物而起作用。我们近来的新研究表明,所有这三种BCAA均同等地具有减少蛋白质降解和促进蛋白质翻译的能力。
恶病质仅是氨基酸补充已经被证明对其有益的病症、紊乱和疾病之一。氨基酸补充还已经用于治疗糖尿病、高血压、高水平血清胆固醇和甘油三酯、帕金森氏病、失眠、药物和酒精成瘾、疼痛、失眠和低血糖。用BCAA补充已经特别用于治疗包括肝功能受损(包括肝硬化)在内的肝紊乱、胆囊紊乱、舞蹈病和运动障碍以及肾疾病(包括尿毒症)。BCAA补充还已经被证明可成功地治疗经受血液透析的患者,从而改善总体健康和心境。
迄今为止,肌肉损失的治疗、包括用氨基酸进行营养补充的治疗已经集中在促进肌肉合成代谢上。例如,美国专利申请公开号2004/0122097(Verlaan等人)描述了含有亮氨酸和用于促进肌肉组织生成的蛋白质的营养补充剂。亮氨酸前体如丙酮酸以及代谢物如β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸和α-酮基异己酸显示出类似于亮氨酸的性质。值得注意的是,人体不产生任何临床相关量的β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸,因此必须进行补充。
其它研究已经证明,胰岛素(合成代谢激素)当以大剂量施用时能够促进蛋白质合成。因此,虽然已知的治疗方法通过增加肌肉组织生成而给患有肌肉损失的个体提供一些益处,但是这些治疗方法对肌肉损失本身没有作用。即:治疗肌肉损失的已知方法针对的是增加肌肉合成代谢而不是减少肌肉分解代谢。
构成骨骼肌的氨基酸处于流动的恒定状态中,在该状态中,来自通过肠内或胃肠道外途径施用或者再循环的新氨基酸作为蛋白质被贮存起来,而现有的蛋白质被降解。肌肉质量的损失可以由多种因素引起,这些因素包括蛋白质合成速率降低而降解正常、降解增加而合成正常或者合成减少和降解增加均加剧。因此,以增加合成为目标的治疗仅仅可解决肌肉消耗疾病中的一半问题。
因此,本领域需要减少肌肉分解代谢和任选增加肌肉合成代谢的治疗肌肉损失的方法。
发明概述
本发明提供了治疗个体的肌肉损失的方法。在一项实施方案中,本发明包括给个体施用有效量的支链氨基酸(BCAA)、BCAA前体、BCAA代谢物、富含BCAA的蛋白质、被操作以使BCAA含量丰富的蛋白质或其任意组合。本发明还提供了用于该施用的营养产品,包括可口服施用的营养产品。
在第一方面,本发明提供了治疗个体的肌肉损失的方法,该方法包括给个体施用有效量的支链氨基酸(BCAA)、BCAA前体、BCAA代谢物、富含BCAA的蛋白质、被操作以使BCAA含量丰富的蛋白质中的至少一种,其中BCAA、BCAA前体、BCAA代谢物、富含BCAA的蛋白质和被操作以使BCAA含量丰富的蛋白质中的至少一种拮抗蛋白质分解代谢。
在第二方面,本发明提供了可口服施用的营养产品,该营养产品包含支链氨基酸(BCAA)、BCAA前体、BCAA代谢物、富含BCAA的蛋白质、被操作以使BCAA含量丰富的蛋白质中的至少一种,其中BCAA、BCAA前体、BCAA代谢物、富含BCAA的蛋白质和被操作以使BCAA含量丰富的蛋白质中的至少一种拮抗蛋白质分解代谢。
本发明的说明性方面被设计出以解决本文所述的问题和可由技术人员发现的未讨论的其它问题。
附图简述
从以下本发明的多个方面的详述以及描述本发明的多项实施方案的附图将更容易理解本发明的这些和其它特征,其中:
图1显示了多种浓度的蛋白酶解诱导因子(PIF)对蛋白质合成的抑制。
图2显示了氨基酸对PIF和eIF2-α的磷酸化的作用。
图3显示了胰岛素和胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF)对PIF的eIF2-α的磷酸化的作用。
图4显示了适用于本发明的RNA依赖性蛋白激酶(PKR)抑制剂的结构。
图5显示了图4的PKR抑制剂对PIF的蛋白酶解活性的作用。
图6显示了图4的PKR抑制剂在反转PIF介导的蛋白质合成减少中的作用。
图7显示了图4的PKR抑制剂对血管紧张素II的蛋白酶解活性的作用。
图8显示了图4的PKR抑制剂在反转血管紧张素II介导的蛋白质合成减少中的作用。
图9显示了由蛋白酶解诱导因子(PIF)引起的和受支链氨基酸、胰岛素和IGF-1抑制的蛋白质降解的供选机理。
图10显示了由蛋白酶解诱导因子(PIF)通过激活PKR和eIF2α(受支链氨基酸、胰岛素和IGF-1抑制)引起的蛋白质降解的另外的供选机理。
可以指出,本发明的附图是不按规定比例绘制的。这些附图意欲仅描述本发明的代表性方面,因此它们不应被认为是限制本发明的范围。
详述
如上文所说明的,本发明提供了用于治疗个体的肌肉损失的方法和有关产品。更具体而言,本发明的方法和产品可减少肌肉分解代谢、特别是蛋白酶解诱导因子(PIF)介导的肌肉分解代谢。
如本文所用的术语“治疗”指预防性或防止性治疗以及治愈性或疾病改善性治疗,包括治疗有患病危险或被怀疑已经患病的患者以及患病或已经被诊断为患有疾病或医学病症的患者。术语“治疗”还指在没有患病但是可能易出现不健康状况如氮失调或肌肉损失的个体中维持和/或促进健康。因此,“有效量”是治疗个体的疾病或医学病症的量,或者更概括而言,“有效量”为个体提供了营养学、生理学或医学的益处。治疗可以是与患者或医生有关的。此外,虽然术语“个体”和“患者”在本文中常用于指人,但是本发明不局限于此。因此,术语“个体”和“患者”指患有医学病症如肌肉损失或有此危险的任意哺乳动物。
实验数据
为了测定支链氨基酸(BCAA)和其它物质在减少肌肉分解代谢中的效能,使鼠C2C12肌管接触PIF或血管紧张素II与氨基酸(包括BCAA)、胰岛素、胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)和PKR抑制剂的组合。按照Smith等人在“在鼠C2C12肌原细胞中癌症恶病质因子对蛋白质合成/降解的作用:二十碳五烯酸的调节”(Effect of a Cancer Cachectic Factor on ProteinSynthesis/Degradation in Murine C2C12 Myoblasts:Modulation byEicosapentaenoic Acid)(Cancer Research,59:5507-13(1999))中所述的方法将PIF从MAC16肿瘤中提取和纯化,该文献引入本文作为参考。使用Whitehouse等人在“蛋白酶解诱导因子(PIF)引起的鼠肌管中遍在蛋白质-蛋白酶体途径的表达增加与转录因子NF-κB的激活有关”(IncreasedExpression of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway in Murine Myotubes byProteolysis-lnducing Factor(PIF)is Associated with Activation of theTranscriqtion Factor NF-κB)(British Journal of Cancer,89:1116-22(2003))中所述的方法测定了蛋白质降解,该文献也引入本文作为参考。
图1显示了浓度增加的PIF对蛋白质合成的抑制,以每分钟计数(CPM)作为占不含PIF的对照的百分数测定。注意到蛋白质合成有显著减少,蛋白质合成的最大抑制发生在4.2nM的PIF浓度处。所测定的PIF的蛋白酶解活性可以被更具体地描述为遍在蛋白质样降解活性。
图2显示了与PIF、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸、甲硫氨酸和精氨酸(单独以及与PIF组合)一起孵育的C2C12肌管中磷酸化eIF2-α的蛋白质印迹法的密度测定法分析。对照样品仅在磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)中进行孵育。由图2可以看出,与对照相比,PIF可显著增加eIF2-α的磷酸化。与单独的PIF相比,在PIF的存在下的各种氨基酸减少了eIF2-α磷酸化。但是,BCAA(即亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸)将该磷酸化减少到了约对照的水平或以下,而甲硫氨酸和精氨酸引起的磷酸化水平大于对照的水平。出人意料的是,不同于针对增加蛋白质合成以及其中亮氨酸比其它BCAA显示出更大效能的已知治疗方法,这些数据表明,所有BCAA均大致同等有效地减少PIF引起的eIF2-α磷酸化。实际上,由异亮氨酸和缬氨酸孵育引起的磷酸化水平不是不同于用亮氨酸孵育所观察到的水平。
图3显示了胰岛素和IGF-1单独以及与PIF联合孵育的类似实验的结果。与单独的PIF相比,在PIF的存在下的胰岛素和IGF-1均显著减少了eIF2-α磷酸化。因此,可以通过加入胰岛素和/或IGF-1或者通过增加胰岛素和/或IGF-1水平的治疗来补充或增强BCAA减少由PIF介导的蛋白质降解的能力。
图4显示了可用于既减少PIF诱导的蛋白质降解又增加蛋白质合成的PKR抑制剂的结构,其用作PKR抑制的阳性对照。图5-8显示了PKR抑制剂与PIF或血管紧张素II联合孵育的实验的结果。由图5可以看出,虽然PIF在单独孵育时使蛋白质降解增加最多87%,但是PKR抑制剂的加入使蛋白质降解水平返回到了约对照的水平。类似地,由图6可以看出,虽然PIF在单独孵育时使蛋白质合成减少最多约25%,但是PKR抑制剂的加入使蛋白质合成水平返回到约对照的水平。
图7和8显示了PKR抑制剂与血管紧张素II孵育的类似结果。在图7中,与对照相比,血管紧张素使蛋白质降解增加最多约51%。PKR抑制剂的加入反转了该趋势,使蛋白质降解水平维持在约对照的水平。类似地,在图8中,与对照相比,血管紧张素II使蛋白质合成减少了约40%,而PKR抑制剂的加入使蛋白质合成水平维持在约对照的水平。
PKR抑制剂减弱了PIF和血管紧张素II在蛋白质降解和蛋白质合成两者中的作用。这表明,PIF和血管紧张素II均通过类似的机理和通过共同的介质、可能包括PKR来介导它们的作用。更具体而言,这些结果表明,PIF可激活PKR,PKR又使eIF2-α磷酸化,从而抑制起始子甲硫氨酰-tRNA(met-tRNA)与40s核糖体亚基的结合。BCAA、胰岛素和IGF-1减弱了由PIF引起的eIF2-α的磷酸化,这进一步支持了PIF向上调节eIF2-α的磷酸化以抑制蛋白质合成的假设。因为PKR可以抑制蛋白质合成和激活NF-κB(其引起蛋白质降解),所以PKR可能是PIF的信号传导途径中的早期组分。
还有证据表明,PKR参与调节4E-BP1磷酸化。因此,如果PIF确实通过PKR进行信号传导,那么有可能它还可以通过PKR介导的丝氨酸/苏氨酸磷酸酶PP2A的激活来减少蛋白质合成,这可以引起4E-BP1脱磷酸化,从而将eIF4E隔离到无活性的复合物中,阻止了43s前起始复合物的形成。
图9显示了供选机理。蛋白酶解诱导因子(PIF)和血管紧张素II(Ang II)均可使蛋白质合成减少40%,这两种物质的最大有效地抑制蛋白质合成的浓度与最大有效地引起蛋白质降解的浓度相同。这些结果表明,胰岛素和IGF1均可通过抑制PKR和/或eIF2α磷酸化而至少部分地减弱由PIF引起的蛋白质降解。由PIF和Ang II激活的机理可以经由PACT(干扰素诱导的蛋白激酶的蛋白激活剂)--一种PKR的细胞蛋白激活剂,虽然PIF也是聚阴离子分子并因此可以直接激活。不管怎样,由PIF和Ang II引起的eIF2α磷酸化看来是通过PKR发生的,因为PKR抑制剂减弱了这两种物质对蛋白质合成的抑制作用。PIF和Ang II对蛋白质翻译的作用看来均是由eIF2α磷酸化增加而引起的。
肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)在细胞凋亡中抑制蛋白质合成也与eIF2α的磷酸化增加有关。eIF2α磷酸化在PIF和Ang II抑制蛋白质合成中的作用通过如下观察得到了进一步支持:有效阻遏蛋白质合成抑制的胰岛素和IGF1均完全减弱了eIF2α磷酸化的诱导。收集的数据表明,BCAA还通过相同的机理而起作用来抑制由PIF引发的降解途径。该研究提供了以下两者之间的关系的最初证据:PIF(和Ang II)通过激活PKR和eIF2α磷酸化对骨骼肌中蛋白质合成的抑制,和通过激活NF-κB、导致遍在蛋白质-蛋白酶体蛋白酶解途径的表达和活性增加的肌纤维蛋白肌球蛋白的降解。这表明,靶向于PKR的物质(例如BCAA)可以有效地治疗癌症恶病质中的肌肉萎缩。
图10显示了另外的供选机理。如前所述,蛋白酶解诱导因子(PIF)和血管紧张素II(Ang II)均通过PKR和/或eIF2α的磷酸化而增加蛋白质降解。NF-κB可以被PIF或PIF的下游介质(PKR和/或eIF2α)所激活,这是通过释放NF-κB而发生的。在这种另外的供选机理中,NF-κB不是相同磷酸化级联的一部分,尽管它具有相同的靶标来促进将被降解的蛋白质的遍在蛋白质标记。
以上数据一起支持了本发明的多个新的方面。首先,通过抑制PKR和/或eIF2α的激活而拮抗由PIF和/或血管紧张素II介导的蛋白质分解代谢,BCAA可以用于治疗个体的肌肉损失。其次,BCAA各自在该拮抗作用中同等地有效。第三,共同施用胰岛素、IGF-1和/或PKR抑制剂或者使用治疗来增加胰岛素和IGF-1之一或二者的水平可以通过进一步拮抗蛋白质分解代谢、促进蛋白质合成或这二者来增加BCAA治疗的效能。
因此,本发明的营养产品可以包括单独的BCAA或者BCAA与胰岛素、IGF-1和/或PKR抑制剂的组合。BCAA可以以其游离形式作为二肽、三肽、多肽、富含BCAA的蛋白质和/或被操作以使BCAA含量丰富的蛋白质来施用。二肽、三肽和多肽可以包括两个或更多个BCAA。当非BCAA被包括在二肽、三肽或多肽中时,优选的氨基酸包括丙氨酸和甘氨酸,但是非BCAA可以是任意非必需氨基酸或必需氨基酸。例如,优选的二肽包括但不限于丙氨酰-亮氨酸、丙氨酰-异亮氨酸、丙氨酰-缬氨酸、甘氨酰-亮氨酸、甘氨酰-异亮氨酸和甘氨酰-缬氨酸。
除BCAA外,本发明的营养产品可以类似地包括BCAA的前体和/或代谢物,特别是亮氨酸的前体和/或代谢物,或者包含它们以代替BCAA。这类产品还可以包含任意数目的另外的成分,包括例如蛋白质、纤维、脂肪酸、维生素、矿物、糖、碳水化合物、矫味剂、药物和治疗剂。
本发明的营养产品可以经口服、通过饲管或经胃肠道外施用。这类产品可以用于治疗患有任意数目的肌肉消耗疾病、紊乱或病症或者任意与肌肉损失相关的疾病、紊乱或病症的个体,例如包括恶病质、癌症、肿瘤引起的体重减轻、脓毒病、慢性心力衰竭、类风湿性关节炎、获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)、少肌症、糖尿病、高血压、高水平血清胆固醇、高水平甘油三酯、帕金森氏病、失眠、药物成瘾、酒精成瘾、疼痛、失眠、低血糖、肝功能受损(包括肝硬化)、胆囊紊乱、舞蹈病、运动障碍和肾疾病(包括尿毒症)。
本发明的多个方面的前面描述已经被呈现用于说明和描述的目的。这并非意欲是穷举性的或将本发明限制为公开的精确形式,显然,多种变通和变化是可能的。对本领域技术人员而言显而易见的这样的变通和变化意欲被包括在如所附权利要求限定的本发明的范围内。
Claims (43)
1.治疗个体的肌肉损失的方法,该方法包括给个体施用有效量的支链氨基酸(BCAA)、BCAA前体、BCAA代谢物、富含BCAA的蛋白质或被操作以使BCAA含量丰富的蛋白质中的至少一种,其中BCAA、BCAA前体、BCAA代谢物、富含BCAA的蛋白质和被操作以使BCAA含量丰富的蛋白质中的至少一种拮抗蛋白质分解代谢。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中施用步骤包括施用多种BCAA。
3.权利要求1的方法,其中BCAA选自亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸。
4.权利要求1的方法,其中BCAA、BCAA前体、BCAA代谢物、富含BCAA的蛋白质或被操作以使BCAA含量丰富的蛋白质中的至少一种促进蛋白质合成。
5.权利要求1的方法,其中BCAA作为二肽、三肽、多肽或富含BCAA的肽中的至少一种来施用。
6.权利要求5的方法,其中二肽包括两个支链氨基酸。
7.权利要求5的方法,其中所述的二肽、三肽或多肽包含至少一个非必需氨基酸或必需氨基酸,其中至少一个必需氨基酸是BCAA。
8.权利要求5的方法,其中二肽包括丙氨酸和甘氨酸之一。
9.权利要求5的方法,其中二肽选自:丙氨酰-亮氨酸、丙氨酰-异亮氨酸、丙氨酰-缬氨酸、甘氨酰-亮氨酸、甘氨酰-异亮氨酸和甘氨酰-缬氨酸。
10.权利要求5的方法,其中三肽包括至少两个BCAA。
11.权利要求1的方法,其中BCAA前体包括丙酮酸。
12.权利要求1的方法,其中BCAA代谢物选自β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸和β-酮基异己酸。
13.权利要求1的方法,还包括:给个体施用胰岛素和胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)中的至少一种。
14.权利要求1的方法,还包括:给个体施用RNA依赖性蛋白激酶(PKR)抑制剂。
15.权利要求14的方法,其中PKR抑制剂具有如下结构:
16.权利要求1的方法,还包括:治疗个体以升高至少一种如下物质的水平:胰岛素和IGF-1。
17.权利要求1的方法,其中BCAA、BCAA前体、BCAA代谢物、富含BCAA的蛋白质或被操作以使BCAA含量丰富的蛋白质中的至少一种在可口服施用的营养产品中施用。
18.权利要求17的方法,其中可口服施用的营养产品还包括至少一种如下物质:蛋白质、纤维、脂肪酸、维生素、矿物、糖、碳水化合物、矫味剂、药物和治疗剂。
19.权利要求1的方法,其中BCAA、BCAA前体、BCAA代谢物、富含BCAA的蛋白质或被操作以使BCAA含量丰富的蛋白质中的至少一种通过饲管施用。
20.权利要求1的方法,其中BCAA、BCAA前体、BCAA代谢物和含有至少一个BCAA的二肽或三肽中的至少一种经胃肠道外施用。
21.权利要求1的方法,其中蛋白质分解代谢直接或间接地由如下物质介导:
(a)蛋白酶解诱导因子(PIF);
(b)血管紧张素II;
(C)PKR;
(d)eIF2α;或
(e)其组合。
22.权利要求1的方法,其中个体患有至少一种如下病症:恶病质、癌症、肿瘤引起的体重减轻、脓毒病、慢性心力衰竭、类风湿性关节炎、获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)、少肌症、糖尿病、高血压、高水平血清胆固醇、高水平甘油三酯、帕金森氏病、失眠、药物成瘾、酒精成瘾、疼痛、失眠、低血糖、包括肝硬化在内的肝功能受损、胆囊紊乱、舞蹈病、运动障碍和包括尿毒症在内的肾疾病。
23.营养产品,包含支链氨基酸(BCAA)、BCAA前体、BCAA代谢物、富含BCAA的蛋白质或被操作以使BCAA含量丰富的蛋白质中的至少一种,其中BCAA、BCAA前体、BCAA代谢物、富含BCAA的蛋白质和被操作以使BCAA含量丰富的蛋白质中的至少一种拮抗蛋白质分解代谢。
24.权利要求23的产品,包含多种BCAA。
25.权利要求23的产品,其中BCAA选自亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸。
26.权利要求23的产品,其中BCAA、BCAA前体、BCAA代谢物、富含BCAA的蛋白质或被操作以使BCAA含量丰富的蛋白质中的至少一种还促进蛋白质合成。
27.权利要求23的产品,其中BCAA作为二肽、三肽或多肽中的至少一种来施用。
28.权利要求27的产品,其中二肽包括两个支链氨基酸。
29.权利要求27的产品,其中所述的二肽、三肽或多肽包含至少一个非必需氨基酸或必需氨基酸,其中至少一个必需氨基酸是BCAA。
30.权利要求27的产品,其中二肽包括丙氨酸和甘氨酸之一。
31.权利要求27的产品,其中二肽选自丙氨酰-亮氨酸、丙氨酰-异亮氨酸、丙氨酰-缬氨酸、甘氨酰-亮氨酸、甘氨酰-异亮氨酸和甘氨酰-缬氨酸。
32.权利要求27的产品,其中三肽包括至少两个BCAA。
33.权利要求23的产品,其中BCAA前体包括丙酮酸。
34.权利要求23的产品,其中BCAA代谢物选自β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸和β-酮基异己酸。
35.权利要求23的产品,还包含胰岛素和胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)中的至少一种。
36.权利要求23的产品,还包含RNA依赖性蛋白激酶(PKR)抑制剂。
38.权利要求23的产品,还包含至少一种如下物质:蛋白质、纤维、脂肪酸、维生素、矿物、糖、碳水化合物、矫味剂、药物和治疗剂。
39.权利要求23的产品,其中蛋白质分解代谢直接或间接地由如下物质介导:
(a)蛋白酶解诱导因子(PIF);
(b)血管紧张素II;
(C)PKR;
(d)eIF2α;或
(e)其组合。
40.权利要求23的产品,其中该产品可以经口服或通过饲管施用。
41.权利要求23的产品,其中BCAA、BCAA前体、BCAA代谢物和含有至少一个BCAA的二肽或三肽中的至少一种经胃肠道外施用。
42.对个体的施用,所述个体可受益于有效量的支链氨基酸(BCAA)、BCAA前体、BCAA代谢物、富含BCAA的蛋白质和被操作以使BCAA含量丰富的蛋白质中的至少一种,其中BCAA、BCAA前体、BCAA代谢物、富含BCAA的蛋白质、被操作以使BCAA含量丰富的蛋白质中的至少一种拮抗蛋白质分解代谢。
43.权利要求42的施用,其中个体患有至少一种如下病症:恶病质、癌症、肿瘤引起的体重减轻、脓毒病、慢性心力衰竭、类风湿性关节炎、获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)、少肌症、糖尿病、高血压、高水平血清胆固醇、高水平甘油三酯、帕金森氏病、失眠、药物成瘾、酒精成瘾、疼痛、失眠、低血糖、包括肝硬化在内的肝功能受损、胆囊紊乱、舞蹈病、运动障碍和包括尿毒症在内的肾疾病。
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Cited By (4)
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CN105747214A (zh) * | 2016-02-26 | 2016-07-13 | 四川安益生物科技有限公司 | 一种支链氨基酸组合物 |
CN107440126A (zh) * | 2017-09-08 | 2017-12-08 | 天津活力达生物科技有限公司 | 一种缓解运动疲劳的蛋白粉及其制备方法 |
CN112839528A (zh) * | 2018-04-18 | 2021-05-25 | 独创成分有限合伙公司 | 用于促进肌肉生长和功能的组合物及其使用方法 |
CN113924120A (zh) * | 2019-06-20 | 2022-01-11 | 雀巢产品有限公司 | 增强一种或多种合成代谢氨基酸的肌肉骨骼效应的组合物和方法 |
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SG163600A1 (en) | 2010-08-30 |
AU2006320670A1 (en) | 2007-06-07 |
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RU2008126294A (ru) | 2010-01-10 |
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IL191374A0 (en) | 2009-08-03 |
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ES2363442T3 (es) | 2011-08-04 |
EP1957061A1 (en) | 2008-08-20 |
US8329646B2 (en) | 2012-12-11 |
PT1957061E (pt) | 2011-07-06 |
RU2414897C2 (ru) | 2011-03-27 |
US20090105123A1 (en) | 2009-04-23 |
CA2631647A1 (en) | 2007-06-07 |
JP5260303B2 (ja) | 2013-08-14 |
JP2009517473A (ja) | 2009-04-30 |
AU2006320670B8 (en) | 2011-04-07 |
ZA200805657B (en) | 2009-12-30 |
AU2006320670B2 (en) | 2010-12-09 |
MY147489A (en) | 2012-12-14 |
HK1118455A1 (en) | 2009-02-13 |
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