CN109364974A - 一种负载钯钴合金的介孔氮化碳纳米材料的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种负载钯钴合金的介孔氮化碳纳米材料的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于光催化剂制备技术领域,特别涉及一种负载钯钴合金的介孔氮化碳纳米材料的制备方法。采用浸渍法,将制备得到的介孔氮化碳在乙醇溶液中分散均匀,与分散于己烷溶液待用的钯钴合金混合均匀,并搅拌2‑5h,离心,用去离子水和无水乙醇清洗,70℃干燥7‑8h,经研磨得到负载钯钴合金的介孔氮化碳纳米材料。本发明首次将量子点级别的钯钴合金纳米材料引入介孔氮化碳,可以有效地降低贵金属助催化剂的制备成本,同时两者之间的协同作用可以提升光催化制氢性能。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于光催化剂制备技术领域,特别涉及一种负载钯钴合金的介孔氮化碳纳米材料的制备方法,用于光催化分解水制氢。
背景技术
随着工业技术的革新,机械自动化给人们带来高效生产的同时也带来了巨大的能源需求,因此探寻可持续、绿色、高效的新能源成为人类解决环境污染和能源问题最有效的方式。太阳能转化光催化技术,即在光照条件下,利用光催化剂进行氧化还原反应,将太阳能转化为电能或化学能,被誉为21世纪理想的新能源开发技术。
研究发现,氮化碳(g-C3N4)具有良好的可见光响应和化学稳定性,且来源广泛,价格低廉,因此成为光催化领域的研究热点。但是,g-C3N4的比表面积较小,光生载流子易于复合,大大限制了其实际应用。为提升g-C3N4的光催化活性,科研工作者从调控形貌结构方面出发,提出利用模板法合成mpg-C3N4,从体相结构转变为介孔结构,使得g-C3N4的比表面积明显增大,可见光响应显著增强,在光催化反应过程中可以暴露更多的活性位点,促进了电子空穴对的分离,从而大幅度提升g-C3N4的光催化活性。
除了形貌结构调控可以提升g-C3N4的光催化活性以外,还可以通过引入助催化剂来提升g-C3N4的光催化性能。目前,常见的助催化剂有金属(如Pt、Fe、Ru等),金属氧化物(如WO3、IrO2、RuO2等),金属硫化物等(如MoS2、NiS、WS2等)。谢毅等发现单原子Pt作为助催化剂能大幅度提升g-C3N4的光催化产氢的性能。王心晨等提出在g-C3N4纳米片上负载CoP和Pt作为双重助催化剂,实现了光催化全解水性能的提升。然而,成本高、储量少的问题限制了Pt的进一步推广应用。后来,人们通过研究发现,铂系元素Pd有着与Pt类似的光催化性能,且储量多、价格便宜,是作为助催化剂的理想元素。更有文献指出可以在Pd的基础上引入过渡元素(如Fe、Co、Ni等),制备得到的钯基合金纳米材料不仅可以提升光催化产氢性能,而且进一步减少了贵金属的用量,减少了制备成本。
由此可见,本发明首次将量子点级别的钯钴合金纳米材料引入介孔氮化碳,可以有效地降低贵金属助催化剂的制备成本,同时两者之间的协同作用可以提升光催化制氢性能。因此,设计制备一种负载钯基合金的介孔氮化碳纳米材料对于介孔氮化碳在光催化制氢领域有着重要意义。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种负载钯钴合金的介孔氮化碳纳米材料的制备方法及其应用。本发明的制备方法成本较低,制备得到的材料具有优良的光催化产氢性能。
本发明采用的具体技术方案如下:
一种负载钯钴合金的介孔氮化碳纳米材料的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)将油胺和十八烯超声混合均匀,加入硼烷-叔丁基胺,并使硼烷-叔丁基胺在油胺十八烯混合溶液中均匀分散,然后加热至100-150℃。
(2)将乙酰丙酮钯和乙酰丙酮钴分别分散于油胺中,超声均匀后注入到步骤(1)中得到的混合溶液中,100-150℃条件下反应1-3h。
(3)待步骤(2)中反应后的溶液自然冷却至室温,加入丙酮进行离心,得到钯钴合金产物;将钯钴合金产物分散于己烷和无水乙醇的混合溶液中,用无水乙醇离心3次,得到钯钴合金纳米颗粒,并再次均匀分散于己烷溶液中备用。
(4)以硅溶胶HS-40为模板,加入单氰胺混合均匀,在室温下机械搅拌3-4h,70℃干燥箱反应30-60min,转移至坩埚,在氩气氛围中550℃煅烧4h,升温速率为2.3℃/min,得到的产物经研磨后加入到氟化氢铵溶液中,搅拌12-24h,过滤,用去离子水清洗数次,60℃真空干燥7-8h得到介孔氮化碳。
(5)采用浸渍法,将制备得到的介孔氮化碳在乙醇溶液中分散均匀,与步骤(3)中得到的分散于己烷溶液待用的钯钴合金混合均匀,并搅拌2-5h,离心,用去离子水和无水乙醇清洗,70℃干燥7-8h,经研磨得到负载钯钴合金的介孔氮化碳纳米材料。
上述制备步骤(1)中,油胺和十八烯的体积比为3:7,硼烷-叔丁基胺与油胺的质量体积比为0.15-0.25g:3mL。
上述制备步骤(2)中,通过调控乙酰丙酮钯和乙酰丙酮钴的物质的量之比改变钯钴合金的组成。如乙酰丙酮钯和乙酰丙酮钴的物质的量分别为0.45mmol和0.11mmol时,由此可得到Co70Pd30;当乙酰丙酮钴和乙酰丙酮钯分别为0.25mmol和0.11mmol时,产物为Co55Pd45;当两者的物质的量均为0.3mmol时,得到的产物为Co30Pd70。
上述制备步骤(4)中,氟化氢铵的摩尔浓度为4M。
上述制备步骤(5)中,介孔氮化碳与钯钴合金的己烷溶液的质量体积比为0.2-1g:0.25-4mL;钯钴合金的己烷溶液的浓度为0.3wt%。
与现有技术相比,本发明将特定配比的油胺、十八烯、硼烷-叔丁基胺、乙酰丙酮钴和乙酰丙酮钯配制成混合溶液进行反应,得到的钯钴纳米颗粒采用浸渍法与介孔氮化碳进行复合,得到了一种负载钯钴合金纳米颗粒的介孔氮化碳复合材料。所述方法制备的复合材料,钯钴合金纳米颗粒尺寸为3-4nm,实现了量子点级别的钯钴合金纳米颗粒在介孔氮化碳表面及孔道的均匀分散,使得钯钴合金纳米颗粒不易团聚。其次,由于钯钴合金良好的分散和独特的电导性,负载钯钴合金的介孔氮化碳复合材料的光催化制氢性能有了大幅度的提高。除此之外,所述的制备方法可以通过调节乙酰丙酮钴和乙酰丙酮钯的物质的量之比实现对钯钴合金组分的调控。
附图说明
图1(a)为本发明制备的钯钴合金纳米颗粒TEM图;图1(b)为本发明制备的负载钯钴合金的介孔氮化碳纳米材料TEM图。
图2为本发明制备得到的CoPd纳米合金的XRD图片。
图3为本发明制备的负载钯钴合金的介孔氮化碳纳米材料的光催化产氢活性图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图,对本发明实施例进行详细的阐述。
实施例1
称取3mL油胺和7mL十八烯,待上述溶液混合均匀加入0.2g硼烷叔丁胺,加热至100℃。称取0.45mmol和0.11mmol的乙酰丙酮钴和乙酰丙酮钯分别加入两份3mL的油胺中,超声均匀后注入含有硼烷叔丁胺的油胺十八烯混合溶液中,在100℃保持2h,冷却至室温后用丙酮离心,产物加入己烷和无水乙醇混合溶液中,用无水乙醇离心清洗3次,得到的Co70Pd30分散在己烷中备用。
称取20g硅溶胶HS-40,加入10g单氰胺混合均匀,室温下机械搅拌3-4h,70℃烘箱反应30-60min,转移至坩埚,氩气氛围中550℃煅烧4h,升温速率为2.3℃/min,经研磨,加入到100mL氟化氢铵溶液中,搅拌12-24h,过滤后用去离子水清洗3次,60℃真空干燥7-8h得到的mpg-C3N4。
称取0.5g的mpg-C3N4溶于30mL的乙醇溶液中,加入2mL的Co70Pd30溶液,搅拌3h,离心,用去离子水和无水乙醇分别清洗3次,70℃干燥7h得到Co70Pd30/mpg-C3N4。
图1(a)为实施例1中制备得到的Co70Pd30纳米颗粒的TEM图,从图中可以明显的看到制备的Co70Pd30纳米颗粒大小均一,平均粒径在3-4nm之间。
图1(b)为实施例1中制备得到的负载钯钴合金的介孔氮化碳的TEM图,从图中可以看出Co70Pd30纳米颗粒成功负载在了介孔氮化碳的表面及其孔道。值得注意的是,图中较多Co70Pd30颗粒堆积在一起是由于介孔氮化碳的孔道结构堆叠导致,并非发生了团聚现象。
图2为实施例1中制备得到的Co70Pd30纳米颗粒的XRD图,通过与现有的文献对比参考,从图中可以确认是Co70Pd30的XRD衍射峰,这与图1(a)中HRTEM中测量得到的晶格间距d=0.22nm是一致的。
图3为实施例1中制备得到的负载钯钴合金的介孔氮化碳的光催化产氢活性图,通过与纯的介孔氮化碳对比,发现负载了Co70Pd30合金纳米颗粒后,介孔氮化碳的光催化制氢活性得到大幅度提升,5小时产氢达259μmol。
对比例2
称取3mL油胺和7mL十八烯,待上述溶液混合均匀加入0.2g硼烷叔丁胺,加热至100℃。称取0.11mmol的乙酰丙酮钯加入3mL的油胺中,超声均匀后注入含有硼烷叔丁胺的油胺十八烯混合溶液,在100℃保持2h,冷却至室温后用丙酮离心,产物加入己烷和无水乙醇混合溶液中,用无水乙醇离心清洗3次,得到的Pd纳米颗粒分散在己烷中备用。
称取20g硅溶胶HS-40,加入10g单氰胺混合均匀,室温下机械搅拌3-4h,70℃烘箱反应30-60min,转移至坩埚,氩气氛围中550℃煅烧4h,升温速率为2.3℃/min,经研磨,加入到100mL氟化氢铵溶液中,搅拌12-24h,过滤后用去离子水清洗3次,60℃真空干燥7-8h得到的mpg-C3N4。
称取0.5g的mpg-C3N4溶于30mL的乙醇溶液中,加入2mL的Pd己烷溶液(浓度为0.3wt%),搅拌3h,离心,用去离子水和无水乙醇分别清洗3次,70℃干燥7h得到Pd/mpg-C3N4。
图3为对比例2中制备得到的负载钯的介孔氮化碳的光催化产氢活性图。从图中可以看出,相比介孔氮化碳单体,不加入乙酰丙酮钴制备的单一Pd/mpg-C3N4同样具有产氢效果,但是光催化产氢性能明显不如负载钯钴合金的介孔氮化碳,一方面验证了本发明方法对于负载单一金属的可行性,另一方面说明负载合金纳米颗粒对于介孔氮化碳光催化制氢性能的提升具有重要意义。
对比例3
称取20g硅溶胶HS-40,加入10g单氰胺混合均匀,室温下机械搅拌3-4h,70℃烘箱反应30-60min,转移至坩埚,氩气氛围中550℃煅烧4h,升温速率为2.3℃/min,经研磨,加入到100mL氟化氢铵溶液中,搅拌12-24h,过滤后用去离子水清洗数次,60℃真空干燥7-8h得到的mpg-C3N4作为空白对比例。
对比例4
乙酰丙酮钴和乙酰丙酮钯分别为0.25mmol和0.11mmol,产物为Co55Pd45;其他同实施例1。5小时产氢190μmol。
对比例5
乙酰丙酮钴和乙酰丙酮钯均为0.3mmol时,得到的产物为Co30Pd70,其他同实施例1。5小时产氢215μmol。
就光催化产氢性能而言,Co70Pd30>Co30Pd70>Co55Pd45,因此调控乙酰丙酮钯和乙酰丙酮钴的物质的量之比改变钯钴合金的组成,会影响到光催化产氢性能。
Claims (7)
1.一种负载钯钴合金的介孔氮化碳纳米材料的制备方法,所述负载钯钴合金的介孔氮化碳纳米材料,钯钴合金纳米颗粒尺寸为3-4nm,钯钴合金纳米颗粒在介孔氮化碳表面及孔道的均匀分散,使得钯钴合金纳米颗粒不易团聚,其特征在于,具体步骤如下:
(1)将油胺和十八烯超声混合均匀,加入硼烷-叔丁基胺,并使硼烷-叔丁基胺在油胺十八烯混合溶液中均匀分散,然后加热至100-150℃;
(2)将乙酰丙酮钯和乙酰丙酮钴分别分散于油胺中,超声均匀后注入到步骤(1)中得到的混合溶液中,100-150℃条件下反应1-3h;
(3)待步骤(2)中反应后的溶液自然冷却至室温,加入丙酮进行离心,得到钯钴合金产物;将钯钴合金产物分散于己烷和无水乙醇的混合溶液中,用无水乙醇离心3次,得到钯钴合金纳米颗粒,并再次均匀分散于己烷溶液中备用;
(4)以硅溶胶HS-40为模板,加入单氰胺混合均匀,在室温下机械搅拌3-4h,70℃干燥箱反应30-60min,转移至坩埚,在氩气氛围中550℃煅烧4h,升温速率为2.3℃/min,得到的产物经研磨后加入到氟化氢铵溶液中,搅拌12-24h,过滤,用去离子水清洗数次,60℃真空干燥7-8h得到介孔氮化碳;
(5)采用浸渍法,将制备得到的介孔氮化碳在乙醇溶液中分散均匀,与步骤(3)中得到的分散于己烷溶液待用的钯钴合金混合均匀,并搅拌2-5h,离心,用去离子水和无水乙醇清洗,70℃干燥7-8h,经研磨得到负载钯钴合金的介孔氮化碳纳米材料。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种负载钯钴合金的介孔氮化碳纳米材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,油胺和十八烯的体积比为3:7,硼烷-叔丁基胺与油胺的质量体积比为0.15-0.25g:3mL。
3.如权利要求1所述的一种负载钯钴合金的介孔氮化碳纳米材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中,通过调控乙酰丙酮钯和乙酰丙酮钴的物质的量之比改变钯钴合金的组成,进而能够改变制备得到的负载钯钴合金的介孔氮化碳纳米材料的光催化制氢活性;钯钴合金为Co70Pd30、Co55Pd45或Co30Pd70。
4.如权利要求3所述的一种负载钯钴合金的介孔氮化碳纳米材料的制备方法,其特征在于,钯钴合金为Co70Pd30。
5.如权利要求1所述的一种负载钯钴合金的介孔氮化碳纳米材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(4)中,氟化氢铵的摩尔浓度为4M。
6.如权利要求1所述的一种负载钯钴合金的介孔氮化碳纳米材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(5)中,介孔氮化碳与钯钴合金的己烷溶液的质量体积比为0.2-1g:0.25-4mL;钯钴合金的己烷溶液的浓度为0.3wt%。
7.如权利要求1-5任一所述制备方法制备的负载钯钴合金的介孔氮化碳纳米材料的用途,其特征在于,用作光催化制氢。
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