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CN108944904A - 混合动力车辆中的再生制动效率优化 - Google Patents

混合动力车辆中的再生制动效率优化 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN108944904A
CN108944904A CN201810468962.8A CN201810468962A CN108944904A CN 108944904 A CN108944904 A CN 108944904A CN 201810468962 A CN201810468962 A CN 201810468962A CN 108944904 A CN108944904 A CN 108944904A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
torque
vehicle
motor
amplitude
braking
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN201810468962.8A
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English (en)
Inventor
赵亚男
邝明朗
刘正
张臣
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ford Global Technologies LLC
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Ford Global Technologies LLC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ford Global Technologies LLC filed Critical Ford Global Technologies LLC
Publication of CN108944904A publication Critical patent/CN108944904A/zh
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60WCONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W20/00Control systems specially adapted for hybrid vehicles
    • B60W20/10Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand
    • B60W20/13Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand in order to stay within battery power input or output limits; in order to prevent overcharging or battery depletion
    • B60W20/14Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand in order to stay within battery power input or output limits; in order to prevent overcharging or battery depletion in conjunction with braking regeneration
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L7/00Electrodynamic brake systems for vehicles in general
    • B60L7/10Dynamic electric regenerative braking
    • B60L7/18Controlling the braking effect
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60KARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
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    • B60L15/00Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/20Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed
    • B60L15/2009Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed for braking
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    • B60L15/00Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/20Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed
    • B60L15/2045Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed for optimising the use of energy
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    • B60L3/0023Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
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    • B60L50/00Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/60Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries
    • B60L50/61Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries by batteries charged by engine-driven generators, e.g. series hybrid electric vehicles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60TVEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T1/00Arrangements of braking elements, i.e. of those parts where braking effect occurs specially for vehicles
    • B60T1/02Arrangements of braking elements, i.e. of those parts where braking effect occurs specially for vehicles acting by retarding wheels
    • B60T1/10Arrangements of braking elements, i.e. of those parts where braking effect occurs specially for vehicles acting by retarding wheels by utilising wheel movement for accumulating energy, e.g. driving air compressors
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60TVEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T13/00Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems
    • B60T13/10Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems with fluid assistance, drive, or release
    • B60T13/58Combined or convertible systems
    • B60T13/585Combined or convertible systems comprising friction brakes and retarders
    • B60T13/586Combined or convertible systems comprising friction brakes and retarders the retarders being of the electric type
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60TVEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T7/00Brake-action initiating means
    • B60T7/12Brake-action initiating means for automatic initiation; for initiation not subject to will of driver or passenger
    • B60T7/22Brake-action initiating means for automatic initiation; for initiation not subject to will of driver or passenger initiated by contact of vehicle, e.g. bumper, with an external object, e.g. another vehicle, or by means of contactless obstacle detectors mounted on the vehicle
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60WCONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W10/00Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/02Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of driveline clutches
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    • B60WCONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W10/00Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/02Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of driveline clutches
    • B60W10/024Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of driveline clutches including control of torque converters
    • B60W10/026Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of driveline clutches including control of torque converters of lock-up clutches
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60W10/00Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
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    • B60W30/00Purposes of road vehicle drive control systems not related to the control of a particular sub-unit, e.g. of systems using conjoint control of vehicle sub-units
    • B60W30/18Propelling the vehicle
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    • B60W30/18109Braking
    • B60W30/18127Regenerative braking
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16DCOUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
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    • B60K6/00Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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Abstract

本公开涉及混合动力车辆中的再生制动效率优化。一种车辆包括马达和控制器。控制器被配置为:响应于自主制动请求以及与自主制动请求相关联的预测的平均制动扭矩的幅值小于动力传动系统再生扭矩限制的幅值,仅利用马达根据从马达的最高效扭矩曲线调节的具有落入到所述平均制动扭矩的指定范围内的平均值的扭矩曲线来制动车辆。

Description

混合动力车辆中的再生制动效率优化
技术领域
本公开涉及在配备有再生制动的车辆中优化再生制动效率。更具体地,本公开涉及全自主车辆或半自主车辆,其以在制动事件期间尝试优化经由再生制动回收的能量的量的方式自动地激活制动事件。
背景技术
混合动力电动动力传动系统包括发动机和电机。由发动机和/或电机产生的扭矩(或功率)可通过变速器传递到驱动轮以推进车辆。牵引电池向电机供应能量。混合动力动力传动系统还能够执行再生制动,其中电机通过将机械动力转换为电力以对电池进行再充电而制动车辆。
发明内容
根据一个实施例,一种车辆包括马达和控制器。控制器被配置为:响应于自主制动请求以及与自主制动请求相关联的预测的平均制动扭矩的幅值小于动力传动系统再生扭矩限制的幅值,仅利用马达根据从马达的最高效扭矩曲线调节的具有落入在所述平均制动扭矩的指定范围内平均值的扭矩曲线来制动车辆。
根据另一个实施例,一种车辆包括牵引电池、发动机和具有多个离散传动比的阶梯传动比变速器。马达能够选择性地连接到发动机和/或变速器,并被配置为执行再生制动。控制器被配置为:响应于自主制动事件被请求,仅利用马达根据针对多个离散传动比中的一个传动比具有第一值并且针对多个离散传动比中的另一个传动比具有第二值的扭矩曲线来制动车辆,其中,所述第一值通过将马达的扭矩设置为针对所述多个传动比中的一个传动比的最高效的马达扭矩而得出,所述第二值通过将马达的扭矩设置为针对所述多个传动比中的另一个传动比的最高效的马达扭矩而得出。
根据本发明的一个实施例,所述控制器还被配置为:产生用于所述自主制动事件的车辆的预测的减速度和实现所述减速度的对应的预测的平均制动扭矩。
根据本发明的一个实施例,所述第一值还通过将针对所述一个传动比的最高效的马达扭矩与所述平均制动扭矩进行比较而得出。
根据本发明的一个实施例,所述第二值还通过将针对所述多个传动比中的另一个传动比的最高效的马达扭矩与所述平均制动扭矩进行比较而得出。
根据本发明的一个实施例,所述第一值和所述第二值具有不同的幅值。
根据本发明的一个实施例,所述扭矩曲线是在所述车辆的车轮区域中的。
根据本发明的一个实施例,所述多个传动比中的一个传动比是比所述多个传动比中的另一个传动比更高的传动比,并且所述第一值的幅值小于所述第二值的幅值。
根据本发明的一个实施例,所述变速器包括结合到马达的变矩器。
根据又一实施例,提出了一种使自主车辆再生制动的方法。所述方法包括:响应于预测的自主制动事件被请求以及所述自主制动事件的预测的平均制动扭矩的幅值小于动力传动系统再生扭矩限制的幅值,仅利用电机根据从电机的最高效扭矩曲线调节的具有落入在所述平均制动扭矩的指定范围内的平均值的扭矩曲线来制动车辆。
附图说明
图1是根据一个实施例的混合动力电动车辆的示意图。
图2A是配备有传感器的车辆的示意图,所述传感器被配置为检测距该车辆前方的另一车辆的距离。
图2B是在安全地减慢或停止车辆的距离期间的期望的车辆减速度的曲线图。
图3示出了用于构建在车辆的制动事件期间的车辆速度曲线的流程图。
图4A和图4B示出了用于产生将在车辆的制动事件期间使用的制动扭矩曲线的算法的流程图。
图5是示出制动事件的曲线图并包括表示制动事件的不同参数的多个迹线。
图6是根据一个实施例的用于电机的效率分布图。
具体实施方式
在此描述本公开的实施例。然而,应当理解,公开的实施例仅为示例并且其它实施例可采取各种和可替代的形式。附图不一定按比例绘制;一些特征可被夸大或最小化以显示特定部件的细节。因此,在此公开的具体结构和功能细节不应被解释为限制,而仅作为用于教导本领域技术人员以多种形式利用实施例的代表性基础。如本领域普通技术人员将理解的,参考任一附图示出和描述的各种特征可与在一个或更多个其它附图中示出的特征组合以产生未被明确示出或描述的实施例。示出的特征的组合为典型应用提供代表性实施例。然而,与本公开的教导一致的特征的各种组合和变型可被期望用于特定应用或实施方式。
参照图1,示出了根据本公开的实施例的混合动力电动车辆(HEV)10的示意图。图1示出了组件之间的代表性关系。车辆内的组件的物理布局和方位可变化。HEV 10包括动力传动系统12。动力传动系统12包括驱动传动装置16的发动机14,该传动装置16可称为模块化混合动力传动装置(MHT)。如将在下文进一步详细描述的,传动装置16包括电机(诸如电动马达/发电机(M/G)18)、相关联的牵引电池20、变矩器22以及多阶梯传动比自动变速器或齿轮箱24。如图1所示,发动机14、M/G 18、变矩器22和自动变速器24依次串联连接。为了简单起见,M/G 18可被称为马达。
发动机14和M/G 18两者都是HEV 10的驱动源。发动机14通常代表可以包括内燃发动机(诸如,汽油、柴油或天然气驱动的发动机)或燃料电池的动力源。当发动机14和M/G 18之间的分离离合器26至少部分地接合时,发动机14产生被供应到M/G 18的发动机功率和对应的发动机扭矩。M/G 18可以由多种类型的电机中的任何一种来实现。例如,M/G 18可以是永磁同步马达。如下文将描述的,电力电子器件将电池20提供的直流(DC)电力调节至符合M/G 18的要求。例如,电力电子器件可向M/G 18提供三相交流电(AC)。
当分离离合器26至少部分接合时,动力从发动机14流向M/G 18或从M/G 18流向发动机14是可能的。例如,分离离合器26可以接合并且M/G 18可以作为发电机运转,以将由曲轴28和M/G轴30提供的旋转能转换成电能储存在电池20中。分离离合器26也可分离以将发动机14与动力传动系统12的其它部分隔离,使得M/G 18可以用作HEV 10的唯一驱动源。轴30延伸通过M/G 18。M/G 18持续地可驱动地连接到轴30,而发动机14仅在分离离合器26至少部分接合时才可驱动地连接到轴30。
单独的起动马达31能够与发动机14选择性地接合以使发动机旋转,从而允许燃烧开始。一旦发动机起动,起动马达31便能够通过例如起动马达31与发动机14之间的离合器(未示出)而与发动机分离。在一个实施例中,起动马达31是集成带式起动发电机(BISG)。在一个实施例中,在分离离合器26分离而保持发动机与M/G 18断开时由起动马达31起动发动机14。一旦发动机已起动并被带动到与M/G 18相同的转速,分离离合器26便能够将发动机结合到M/G,以允许发动机提供驱动扭矩。
在另一实施例中,不设置起动马达31,替代地,由M/G 18起动发动机14。为此,分离离合器26部分地接合以将扭矩从M/G 18传递到发动机14。可要求M/G 18的扭矩斜坡上升,以在满足驾驶员需求的同时还起动发动机14。随后,一旦发动机转速被带动到M/G的转速,分离离合器26便可完全接合。
M/G 18经由轴30连接到变矩器22。因此,当分离离合器26至少部分接合时,变矩器22连接到发动机14。变矩器22包括固定到M/G轴30的泵轮和固定到变速器输入轴32的涡轮。变矩器22在轴30与变速器输入轴32之间提供液力耦合。当泵轮旋转得比涡轮快时,变矩器22将动力从泵轮传递至涡轮。涡轮扭矩和泵轮扭矩的幅值通常取决于相对转速。当泵轮转速与涡轮转速之比足够高时,涡轮扭矩是泵轮扭矩的数倍。变矩器旁通离合器34可被设置为使得当其接合时将变矩器22的泵轮和涡轮摩擦地或机械地结合,以允许更高效的动力传输。变矩器旁通离合器34还可以作为起步离合器运转,以提供平稳的车辆起步。可替代地或者相结合地,对于不包括变矩器22或变矩器旁通离合器34的应用,可以在M/G 18和齿轮箱24之间设置类似于分离离合器26的起步离合器。在一些应用中,分离离合器26通常被称为上游离合器,起步离合器34(可以是变矩器旁通离合器)通常被称为下游离合器。
齿轮箱24可包括齿轮组(诸如行星齿轮组),所述齿轮组通过诸如离合器和制动器的摩擦元件的选择性接合而被选择性地置于不同的传动比,以建立期望的多个离散传动比或阶梯传动比。为了简单起见,传动比可被称作挡位,即,第一挡、第二挡等。可以通过连接和断开齿轮组的某些元件以控制变速器输出轴36与变速器输入轴32之间的传动比的换挡计划来控制摩擦元件。通过相关联的控制器(诸如动力传动系统控制单元(PCU))基于各种车辆和环境工况而使齿轮箱24从一个传动比自动换挡至另一个传动比。齿轮箱24随后将动力传动系统输出扭矩提供到输出轴36。
应理解的是,与变矩器22一起使用的液压控制式齿轮箱24仅是齿轮箱或变速器布置的一个示例;从发动机和/或马达接收输入扭矩并随后以不同的传动比将扭矩提供至输出轴的任何多传动比齿轮箱都是可以被接受用于本公开的实施例的。例如,可通过包括沿换挡导轨平移/旋转换挡拨叉以选择期望的传动比的一个或更多个伺服马达的自动机械式(或手动)变速器(AMT)来实现齿轮箱24。如本领域普通技术人员通常所理解的,例如,AMT可用于具有较高的扭矩需求的应用中。
如图1中的代表性实施例所示,输出轴36连接到差速器40。差速器40经由连接到差速器40的各个车桥44驱动一对车轮42。差速器向每个车轮42传递大致相等的扭矩,同时允许轻微的转速差异(诸如当车辆转弯时)。可以使用不同类型的差速器或类似的装置将扭矩从动力传动系统分配到一个或更多个车轮。例如,在一些应用中,扭矩分配可根据特定的运转模式或状况而改变。
动力传动系统12还包括诸如动力传动系统控制单元(PCU)的相关联的控制器50。虽然示出为一个控制器,但控制器50可以是较大控制系统的一部分并且可以受整个车辆10中的多个其它控制器(诸如车辆系统控制器(VSC))控制。因此,应理解的是,动力传动系统控制单元50和一个或更多个其它控制器可以统称为“控制器”,所述“控制器”响应于来自多个传感器的信号而控制多个致动器以控制多种功能,诸如启动/停止、运转M/G 18以提供车轮扭矩或为电池20充电、选择或计划变速器换挡等。控制器50可包括与多种类型的计算机可读存储装置或介质通信的微处理器或中央处理器(CPU)。例如,计算机可读存储装置或介质可包括只读存储器(ROM)、随机存取存储器(RAM)和保活存储器(KAM)中的易失性和非易失性存储器。KAM是可以用于在CPU掉电时存储多个操作变量的持久性或非易失性存储器。计算机可读存储装置或介质可以使用多个已知的存储装置中的任何存储装置来实施,诸如PROM(可编程只读存储器)、EPROM(电可编程只读存储器)、EEPROM(电可擦除可编程只读存储器)、闪存或能够存储数据的任何其它电、磁、光学或其组合的存储装置,这些数据中的一些代表由控制器使用以控制发动机或车辆的可执行指令。
控制器经由输入/输出(I/O)接口与多个发动机/车辆传感器和致动器通信,所述输入/输出(I/O)接口可以实现为提供各种原始数据或信号调节、处理和/或转换、短路保护等的单个集成接口。或者,在将特定信号提供至CPU之前,一个或更多个专用硬件或固件芯片可以用于调节和处理所述特定信号。如图1中的代表性实施例总体上示出的,控制器50可以将信号发送到发动机14、分离离合器26、M/G 18、起步离合器34、传动装置齿轮箱24和电力电子器件56和/或从它们接收信号。尽管未明确说明,但是本领域的普通技术人员将认识到在上述每个子系统内可由控制器50控制的各种功能或组件。可使用通过控制器执行的控制逻辑直接或间接致动的参数、系统和/或部件的代表性示例包括燃料喷射正时、速率和持续时间、节气门位置、火花塞点火正时(针对火花点火式发动机)、进气门/排气门正时和持续时间、诸如交流发电机的前端附件驱动(FEAD)部件、空调压缩机、电池充电、再生制动、M/G运转、用于分离离合器26、起步离合器34以及传动装置齿轮箱24的离合器压力等。通过I/O接口传输输入的传感器可以用于指示例如涡轮增压器增压压力、曲轴位置(PIP)、发动机转速(RPM)、车轮转速(WS1、WS2)、车速(VSS)、冷却剂温度(ECT)、进气歧管压力(MAP)、加速踏板位置(PPS)、点火开关位置(IGN)、节气门位置(TP)、空气温度(TMP)、排气氧(EGO)或其它排气成分浓度或存在、进气流量(MAF)、变速器挡位、传动比或模式、变速器油温(TOT)、传动装置涡轮转速(TS)、变矩器旁通离合器34状态(TCC)、减速或换挡模式(MDE)。
可以通过一个或更多个附图中的流程图或类似图表来表示通过控制器50执行的控制逻辑或功能。这些附图提供可以使用一个或更多个处理策略(诸如事件驱动、中断驱动、多任务、多线程等)来实现的代表性控制策略和/或逻辑。因此,示出的多个步骤或功能可以以示出的序列执行、并行执行或在某些情况下有所省略。尽管没有总是明确地说明,但是本领域内的普通技术人员将认识到根据使用的特定处理策略可以重复执行说明的步骤或功能中的一个或更多个。类似地,处理顺序对于实现在此描述的特征和优点并非是必要的,而是为了便于说明和描述而提供。控制逻辑可以主要在通过基于微处理器的车辆、发动机和/或动力传动系统控制器(诸如控制器50)执行的软件中实现。当然,根据特定应用,可以在一个或更多个控制器中的软件、硬件或者软件和硬件的组合中实现控制逻辑。当在软件中实现时,控制逻辑可以设置在具有代表通过计算机执行以控制车辆或其子系统的代码或指令的存储数据的一个或更多个计算机可读存储装置或介质中。计算机可读存储装置或介质可以包括利用电、磁和/或光学存储器来保持可执行指令和关联的校准信息、操作变量等的多个已知物理装置中的一个或更多个。
车辆驾驶员使用加速踏板52来提供需求的扭矩、功率或驱动命令以推进车辆。通常,踩下和松开踏板52产生加速踏板位置信号,该加速踏板位置信号可分别被控制器50解读为增加动力或减小动力的需求。至少基于来自踏板的输入,控制器50命令来自发动机14和/或M/G 18的扭矩。控制器50还控制齿轮箱24内的换挡正时以及分离离合器26和变矩器旁通离合器34的接合或分离。与分离离合器26类似,可在接合位置和分离位置之间的范围内调节变矩器旁通离合器34。除了由泵轮和涡轮之间的液力耦合产生的可变打滑之外,这也在变矩器22中产生可变打滑。或者,根据特定应用,变矩器旁通离合器34可以操作为锁止或断开而不使用调节的操作模式。
为了利用发动机14驱动车辆,分离离合器26至少部分地接合以将发动机扭矩的至少一部分通过分离离合器26传递至M/G 18然后从M/G 18传递通过变矩器22和齿轮箱24。当发动机14单独提供推进车辆所必要的扭矩时,该运转模式可称为“发动机模式”、“纯发动机模式”或“机械模式”。
M/G 18可以通过提供额外动力来使轴30转动而辅助发动机14。该运转模式可称为“混合动力模式”、“发动机-马达模式”或“电动辅助模式”。
为了使用M/G 18作为唯一动力源来驱动车辆,除了分离离合器26将发动机14与动力传动系统12的其余部分隔离之外,动力流保持不变。在这段时间期间可以禁用发动机14中的燃烧或者以其它方式关闭发动机14以节省燃料。牵引电池20通过线路54将储存的电能传输至可包括例如逆变器的电力电子器件56。电力电子器件56将来自电池20的DC电压转换成供M/G 18使用的AC电压。控制器50命令电力电子器件56将来自电池20的电压转换为提供给M/G 18的AC电压以将正扭矩(驱动扭矩)或负扭矩(再生制动)提供到轴30。该运转模式可以称为“纯电动模式”、“EV(电动车辆)模式”或“马达模式”。
在任何运转模式中,M/G 18可用作马达并为动力传动系统12提供驱动力。可选地,M/G 18可用作发电机并将来自动力传动系统12的动能转换成电能而储存在电池20中。例如,当发动机14正为车辆10提供推进动力时,M/G 18可用作发电机。M/G 18还可在再生制动期间用作发电机,在再生制动中,来自旋转车轮42的旋转能量经齿轮箱24回传并被转换为电能而储存在电池20中。M/G 18可在用作发电机时被称为提供负扭矩。
应理解的是,图1中示出的示意图仅仅是示例性的并不意味着限制。可以考虑利用发动机和马达两者的选择性接合以通过变速器进行传递的其它配置。例如,M/G 18可以相对于曲轴28偏移,和/或M/G 18可设置在变矩器22和齿轮箱24之间。在不脱离本公开的范围的情况下,可以考虑其它配置。
除再生制动能力之外,车辆10还在车轮处设置有传统的摩擦制动器53,与再生制动类似,摩擦制动器53可自主地被激活或通过踩下制动踏板而被激活。这些制动器可以通过(例如)液压制动系统进行控制。摩擦制动器可根据再生制动系统的可用性而选择性地为车辆提供制动力。摩擦制动的量可变化。例如,如果电池20的荷电状态相对较高(例如,在高阈值以上),则可针对制动事件的至少一部分而禁用再生制动,以防止对电池过度充电。替代地,可以激活摩擦制动器53来减慢车辆。在某些制动情况中,摩擦制动可用于对再生制动进行补充,反之亦然,以提供制动车辆必要的总制动力,同时还使再生制动的量最大化。
自主车辆和半自主车辆具有在没有驾驶员发起的情况下自动命令和控制车辆的制动器的能力。车辆可配备有传感器,该传感器被配置为检测距车辆正在接近的外部物体(停止标志、另一车辆、停车灯等)的距离。
图2A和图2B示出了示例性的行驶情境,其中车辆10设置有结合到控制器的传感器80。车辆10正在跟随位于车辆10前方的前方车辆90。基于从传感器80收集的信息,控制器确定需要使车辆减速以保持与前方车辆90的安全跟随距离。与传感器80相关联的控制器可限定保持安全跟随距离所需的减速度82。安全制动车辆10的时间取决于车辆10的速度、车辆90的速度以及车辆10与车辆90之间的距离。控制器能够构建在必要的时间(即,在t_start与t_end之间)内发生的车辆的减速度。
本公开提供了根据实施例的用于构建在再生制动事件期间使用的用于使在再生制动事件期间捕获的电力的量最大化的车辆速度曲线或制动扭矩曲线的控制策略。
在正常行驶操作中,能够执行的再生制动的量由动力传动系统的特性限制并能够通过动力传动系统的特性来预测。在本文中这被称为动力传动系统再生扭矩限制(PT限制)。如在本文中所使用的,PT限制指车轮处的扭矩,而不是动力传动系统的某些其它区域的扭矩。影响PT限制的特性可包括电池20的荷电状态、M/G 18的再生扭矩限制、制动稳定性限制和传动装置支持再生制动的能力。对于具有车辆10的结构的车辆,传动装置支持再生制动的能力取决于挡位,并且在高挡位下传动装置支持再生制动的能力可能是主要因素。通常,由于齿轮箱中的扭矩倍增,所以较高挡位(例如,第5挡)下的PT限制比较低挡位(例如,第2挡)下的PT限制小。
应该注意的是,在描述这些附图以及这些值之间的关系时,由于它们是制动扭矩(“负扭矩”),所以扭矩值被示出为负值。描述扭矩的所有相关术语(例如更高、更低等)都指的是绝对值。例如,当第一扭矩值或幅值“高于”第二扭矩值或幅值时,意味着第一值或幅值比第二值或幅值更负。
本公开提供各种实施例以在回收尽可能多的再生能量并且在仍恰当地并以驾驶员体验所期望的大体恒定的减速度制动车辆的同时完成制动事件。
可由控制器构建车辆速度曲线和/或相关联的制动扭矩曲线,以满足考虑到再生制动效率的平均减速度。图3示出了流程图150,其展示了用于在示例性的制动事件期间构建车辆10的速度曲线的总体概视图。与在本公开中描述的其它类似,流程图150可由控制器执行。在操作152处,控制器可使用从传感器80和其它源接收的数据来确定时间窗口(t_start,t_end)内的初始车辆速度预测,以安全地制动车辆。如果在操作154处不存在必要的制动事件,则控制返回至开始并持续监测车辆速度和距车辆前方的物体的距离。如果在操作154处需要制动事件,则在操作156处控制器确定针对所述时间窗口的期望的减速度,以安全地停止或减慢车辆。在操作158处,控制器在满足期望的减速度的同时,针对再生制动效率构建时间窗口内的车辆速度曲线。换句话说,控制器可构建均具有相同的平均减速度的多个速度曲线,并理解在从恒定的减速度牺牲小的轮廓(delineation)的同时,一些速度曲线能够产生比其它速度曲线更高效的再生制动。例如,可能期望利用第一制动扭矩制动车辆,然后在制动事件中稍后利用较大的第二制动扭矩制动车辆,从而在制动事件期间从再生制动中回收更多电能。
使用上面提供的教导,控制器可以(1)确立制动事件应该自动发生,(2)确定在即将到来的制动事件期间针对变速器的每个传动比的PT限制,(3)确定在接触前方车辆或其它物体之前在时间窗口内成功停止或减慢车辆所需的必要的减速度,以及(4)确定在制动事件期间成功停止车辆所期望的或必要的平均制动扭矩。
图4A和图4B示出了用于构建将要在自主制动事件期间使用的车辆扭矩曲线的算法200。将结合图5的曲线图和图6的马达效率分布图来解释该算法的步骤。算法200响应于车辆的自主制动事件被请求而开始。在操作202处,控制器确定在制动事件期间车辆的期望的减速度250,在示出的实施例中所述制动事件是自主或半自主车辆针对停止标志而自动制动。当然,也考虑其它类型的制动事件。在操作204处,控制器确定针对期望的减速度250的车轮处的期望的制动扭矩曲线,并且控制器计算平均制动扭矩曲线(braketorquedes_avg)(如迹线252所示)。如本文所使用的,制动扭矩指车轮(即,在车轮区域中)处的扭矩,而再生扭矩指M/G(即,马达区域)处的扭矩。
在操作206处,控制器估计车轮处的PT限制254。如上面解释的,PT限制可基于电池20的荷电状态、M/G 18的再生扭矩限制、制动稳定性限制和传动装置能力。
在操作208处,控制器确定brake torquedes_avg252是否大于PT限制254。如果是,则退出该控制策略并且使用其它控制策略。如果否,则控制进行到操作210,并且控制器将brake torquedes_avg252转换成马达扭矩(motor torquedes_avg)256。这可针对变速器的每个传动比而进行,或者仅针对期望在制动事件使用的传动比而进行。控制器可使用等式1将制动扭矩转换成马达扭矩和将马达扭矩转换成制动扭矩。换言之,等式1在马达区域和车轮区域之间转换扭矩。
从迹线256可以看出,较高的挡位比较低的挡位需要大得多的马达扭矩,以在车轮处实现类似的制动扭矩。因此,如果命令车辆10在所有挡位下根据平均制动扭矩252进行再生制动,则M/G 18针对较高的挡位将需要以非常高的扭矩进行操作,而在较低的挡位下将需要以非常低的扭矩进行操作。
诸如M/G 18的电机根据电机的扭矩和转速而改变效率。图6示出了用于M/G 18的示例性的效率分布图。当再生扭矩处于中等范围而不是处于最小再生扭矩和最大再生扭矩时,M/G 18通常更高效。对于已知的马达转速范围,可使用效率分布图来选择更高效的再生扭矩,以便在再生制动期间回收更多的功率。如将在下面更详细讨论的,通过针对变速器的不同挡位命令不同的马达扭矩使得命令的马达扭矩处于M/G 18的更高效的范围中,可提高再生制动效率。
在操作212处,控制器计算M/G 18的再生扭矩限制260,即,马达区域中的最大再生扭矩。在操作214处,控制器计算保持车辆10与前方物体(例如,前方车辆)之间的安全跟随距离所需的车轮区域中的最小制动扭矩(wheelsafe_dis)。该扭矩被示出为迹线251。对于每个传动比或选择数量的传动比,可将来自车轮区域的wheelsafe_dis转换为马达区域中的安全距离扭矩(motorsafe_dis),以确定针对各个传动比的M/G 18处所需的最小扭矩。该扭矩被示出为迹线257。
在操作216处,控制器计算用于再生制动的最高效的马达扭矩。这可针对变速器的每个传动比进行计算,或者仅针对预期在制动事件期间使用的传动比进行计算。电机具有效率分布图,诸如图6中所示,效率分布图指示基于马达转速和马达扭矩的马达效率。从图6中可以看出,对于中等扭矩和转速来说M/G 18是最高效的,并且在角落处M/G 18的效率较低。图6仅仅是效率分布图的一个示例,电机的精确效率将根据电机的具体设计而变化。效率分布图可存储在查找表中并由控制器在操作216中使用,以计算最高效的马达扭矩。根据变速器换挡计划和车辆速度,在制动事件期间将获知M/G 18的转速,因此控制器可优化在再生制动事件期间命令给M/G 18的扭矩值。针对示例性的再生制动事件的最高效的马达扭矩被示为迹线258。将最高效的扭矩258与扭矩曲线256进行比较,可以看出命令车辆以平均制动扭矩252进行制动是低效的,尤其是在较高和较低的传动比的情况下。可通过减小针对较高传动比的马达扭矩的幅值并且增大针对较低传动比的马达扭矩的幅值来提高再生制动效率。但是,改变命令的马达扭矩影响车轮处的制动扭矩,因此只有在改变是安全的(即,车辆将保持与前方物体(诸如车辆)的安全跟随距离或者车辆将停在期望的位置)情况下才能进行改变。
在操作218处,控制器确定最高效的扭矩258是否大于马达扭矩限制260,或最高效的扭矩258是否小于motorsafe_dis 257。这针对传动比中的每个传动比而进行,或者仅针对预测在制动事件期间使用的传动比而进行。如果是,则至少针对那个传动比不能使用最高效的扭矩258,并且在操作220处控制器将针对那个传动比的马达扭矩设定为(i)马达再生限制260、(ii)motor torquedes_avg256或者(iii)motorsafe_dis 257中的最高效的。控制器针对各个传动比执行此操作以产生马达区域的扭矩曲线。如果在操作218处为否,则控制进行到操作222,并且控制器将马达扭矩设置为针对各个传动比的最高效的马达扭矩258以产生马达扭矩曲线。然后,控制进行到操作224。
在操作224处,控制器将来自操作220或操作222的马达扭矩曲线转换成车轮区域中的制动扭矩曲线。然后,控制器计算制动扭矩曲线的平均制动扭矩(profileavg),并将profileavg与brake torquedes_avg252进行比较。如果它们匹配或者它们的平均值在预定的公差内(即,profileavg在brake torquedes_avg252的指定范围内),则在操作226处输出最终的制动扭矩曲线262。预定的公差是可由于针对给定的制动扭矩差异而具有不同的减速度差异的不同车辆而在车辆与车辆之间发生变化的可校准值。
如果profileavg与brake torquedes_avg252之差大于预定的公差,则控制进行到操作228,并且控制器调节曲线并将修改后的曲线发送回操作224。该调节过程被重复进行必要的迭代次数,直到profileavg和brake torquedes_avg252之差在预定的公差内。
调节过程是基于变速器换挡计划的,该换挡计划独立于再生制动而设置。调节过程可包括在不同挡位下相对于最高效的扭矩258的稳定偏移量,即,增大或减小扭矩。或者,所述偏移量可以是取决于挡位的,每个挡位具有其自身的偏移量。例如,在较高挡位中使用的偏移量的幅值可比在较低挡位中使用的偏移量的幅值大,以提供更一致的减速度。
最终的制动扭矩曲线262可由负责向M/G 18发送扭矩命令的低级别控制器使用。低级别控制器可命令M/G 18根据曲线262应用再生扭矩以实现车辆的制动。低级别控制器或另一控制器可将车轮区域中的最终的制动扭矩曲线262转换成命令给M/G 18的马达扭矩。
在替代实施例中,类似于算法200的算法可输出车辆在制动事件期间的速度曲线。速度曲线可由低级别控制器使用以向马达发送命令,以根据所述曲线施加再生扭矩,从而实现车辆的制动。速度曲线可首先被转换成车轮区域中的制动扭矩,随后被转换成可被命令给M/G 18的马达扭矩。
在此公开的处理、方法或算法可被传送到处理装置、控制器或计算机/通过处理装置、控制器或计算机来实现,其中,所述处理装置、控制器或计算机可包括任何现有的可编程电子控制单元或专用电子控制单元。类似地,所述处理、方法或算法可以以多种形式被存储为可由控制器或计算机执行的数据和指令,包括但不限于:永久存储在非可写存储介质(诸如,ROM装置)上的信息以及可变地存储在可写存储介质(诸如,软盘、磁带、CD、RAM装置以及其它磁性介质和光学介质)上的信息。所述处理、方法或算法也可被实现为软件可执行对象。可选地,可使用合适的硬件组件(诸如,专用集成电路(ASIC)、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)、状态机、控制器或其它硬件组件或装置)或者硬件、软件和固件组件的组合来整体地或部分地实现所述处理、方法或算法。
虽然上文描述了示例性实施例,但是并不意味着这些实施例描述了权利要求所包含的所有可能的形式。说明书中使用的词语为描述性词语而非限制性词语,并且应理解的是,在不脱离本公开的精神和范围的情况下可以做出各种改变。如前所述,可组合各个实施例的特征以形成本发明的可能未明确描述或示出的进一步的实施例。虽然关于一个或更多个期望特性,多个实施例可能已被描述为提供优点或优于其它实施例或现有技术的实施方式,但是本领域普通技术人员应该认识到,根据具体应用和实施方式,一个或更多个特征或特性可被折衷以实现期望的整体系统属性。这些属性可包括但不限于:成本、强度、耐用性、生命周期成本、可销售性、外观、包装、尺寸、可维护性、重量、可制造性、易装配性等。因此,在一定程度上,任何实施例被描述为在一个或更多个特性方面不如其它实施例或现有技术的实施方式合意,这些实施例并不在本公开的范围之外并且可被期望用于特定的应用。

Claims (12)

1.一种车辆,包括:
马达;
控制器,被配置为:响应于自主制动请求以及与自主制动请求相关联的预测的平均制动扭矩的幅值小于动力传动系统再生扭矩限制的幅值,仅利用马达根据从马达的最高效扭矩曲线调节的具有落入在所述平均制动扭矩的指定范围内的平均值的扭矩曲线来制动车辆。
2.根据权利要求1所述的车辆,还包括具有多个离散传动比的阶梯传动比变速器。
3.根据权利要求2所述的车辆,其中,所述扭矩曲线具有第一幅值和第二幅值,当变速器处于所述多个离散传动比中的一个传动比时,第一幅值被命令给马达,当变速器处于所述多个离散传动比中的另一个传动比时,第二幅值被使用。
4.根据权利要求2所述的车辆,其中,变速器包括结合到马达的变矩器。
5.根据权利要求1所述的车辆,还包括发动机和分离离合器,其中,所述分离离合器被构造为选择性地将马达结合到发动机。
6.根据权利要求1所述的车辆,其中,所述控制器还被配置为:响应于最高效扭矩曲线小于保持与前方物体的期望跟随距离所需的扭矩,仅利用马达根据具有与保持期望跟随距离所需的扭矩相等的至少一个幅值的扭矩曲线来制动车辆。
7.根据权利要求1所述的车辆,其中,所述扭矩曲线是在车轮区域中的。
8.一种使自主车辆再生制动的方法,包括:
响应于预测的自主制动事件被请求以及所述自主制动事件的预测的平均制动扭矩的幅值小于动力传动系统再生扭矩限制的幅值,仅利用电机根据从电机的最高效扭矩曲线调节的具有落入在所述平均制动扭矩的指定范围内的平均值的扭矩曲线来制动车辆。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中,所述扭矩曲线具有第一幅值和第二幅值,当车辆的变速器处于第一传动比时,第一幅值被命令给电机,当变速器处于第二传动比时,第二幅值被命令给电机。
10.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中,所述扭矩曲线是在车轮区域中的。
11.根据权利要求8所述的方法,还包括:
响应于预测的自主制动事件被请求以及所述自主制动事件的预测的平均制动扭矩的幅值大于车辆的再生扭矩限制的幅值,仅利用电机根据具有被设置为再生扭矩限制的至少一个幅值的扭矩曲线来制动车辆。
12.根据权利要求8所述的方法,还包括:
响应于最高效扭矩曲线小于保持与前方物体的期望跟随距离需要的扭矩,仅利用电机根据具有与保持期望跟随距离所需的扭矩相等的至少一个幅值的扭矩曲线来制动车辆。
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