CN105216788B - 控制具有发动机分离离合器的车辆中的电机的方法 - Google Patents
控制具有发动机分离离合器的车辆中的电机的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
提供一种控制具有发动机分离离合器的车辆中的电机的方法。提供一种控制车辆的方法,其中,所述车辆包括发动机、牵引马达和离合器,离合器被构造为选择性地将发动机连接到马达,所述方法包括命令牵引马达提供增加的扭矩。响应于离合器处于打滑状态,命令所述马达提供增加的扭矩。命令的增加的扭矩的大小响应于第一扭矩和第二扭矩中的较小者。第一扭矩对应于发动机扭矩,第二扭矩对应于离合器扭矩容量。
Description
技术领域
本公开涉及在混合动力车辆中使分离离合器接合或分离时对马达的控制。
背景技术
混合动力电动车辆包括发动机和牵引马达两者。提高HEV中的燃料经济性的一种方法是在发动机低效率运转并且另外不需要发动机推进车辆时使发动机停止运转。在这些情况下,使用电动马达以电驱动模式来提供推进车辆所需要的所有动力。一些混合动力电动车辆的动力传动系统构造包括分离离合器,所述分离离合器被构造为在以电驱动模式运转时选择性地使发动机与马达和变速器分离。
发明内容
根据本公开提供一种控制车辆的方法,其中,所述车辆包括发动机、变速器和电机,电机能够提供驱动扭矩、通过离合器选择性地结合到发动机并选择性地结合到变速器,所述方法包括命令电机提供驱动扭矩。所述对电机的命令响应于驾驶员扭矩请求和发动机关闭。所述方法还包括:响应于发动机启动请求,命令离合器从打开位置经打滑位置移至锁止位置。所述方法还包括:响应于离合器处于打滑位置,命令电机提供与驱动扭矩和增加的扭矩之和相对应的总的扭矩,增加的扭矩是基于离合器的扭矩容量的。
在一个实施例中,所述离合器的扭矩容量是基于离合器的压力、摩擦表面的半径、摩擦表面的数量和离合器的摩擦系数的。在另一个实施例中,增加的扭矩还响应于发动机转速和马达转速之间的差。这可包括发动机转速和马达转速之间的差的双曲正切函数。
根据本公开的车辆包括发动机、牵引马达、被构造为选择性地将发动机和马达结合的分离离合器以及控制器。所述控制器被配置为:响应于离合器打滑,命令牵引马达提供增加的扭矩。所述增加的扭矩的大小是基于与发动机扭矩对应的第一扭矩和与离合器的扭矩容量对应的第二扭矩中的较小者的。
在一个实施例中,所述增加的扭矩还基于发动机转速和马达转速之间的差。这可包括发动机转速和马达转速之间的差的双曲正切函数。在一些实施例中,离合器的扭矩容量是离合器的压力、摩擦表面的半径、摩擦表面的数量和离合器的摩擦系数的函数。在进一步的实施例中,控制器还被配置为:响应于驾驶员扭矩请求,命令牵引马达提供总的扭矩,所述总的扭矩与基于驾驶员扭矩请求的驱动扭矩与增加的扭矩的之和相对应。
根据本公开提供一种控制车辆的方法,其中,所述车辆包括发动机、变速器、牵引马达和离合器,离合器被构造为选择性地将发动机连接到马达,所述方法包括:命令牵引马达提供增加的扭矩。响应于离合器处于打滑状态并且还响应于当前的发动机扭矩,命令所述马达提供所述增加的扭矩。命令的增加的扭矩的大小是基于第一扭矩和第二扭矩中的较小者。第一扭矩对应于发动机扭矩,第二扭矩对应于离合器扭矩容量。因此,由马达提供的驱动扭矩总体上是不间断的。
在一个实施例中,增加的扭矩还基于发动机转速和马达转速之间的差。这可包括发动机转速和马达转速之间的差的双曲正切函数。在一些实施例中,离合器扭矩容量基于离合器的压力、摩擦表面的半径、摩擦表面的数量和离合器的摩擦系数。额外的实施例另外包括,响应于离合器处于打滑状态和当前的发动机扭矩不可用,基于与离合器扭矩容量对应的第二扭矩命令牵引马达提供增加的扭矩。进一步的实施例还包括,响应于驾驶员扭矩请求,命令牵引马达提供总扭矩,所述总的扭矩对应于与驾驶员扭矩请求对应的驱动扭矩与增加的扭矩的总和。根据本公开的实施例提供多个优点。例如,本公开提供用于控制马达来补偿分离离合器上的扭矩的强大、可靠的方法,因此降低了噪声、振动和声振粗糙度(NVH)。
通过下面结合附图对优选实施例的详细描述,本公开的上述优点和其它优点和特点将变得明显。
附图说明
图1是具有模块化动力传动系统配置的混合动力电动车辆的示意图;
图2示出了在样本发动机启动期间的发动机的转速和扭矩以及马达的转速和扭矩;
图3以流程图的形式示出了计算分离离合器中的扭矩的方法;
图4以框图的形式示出了计算分离离合器中的扭矩的方法;
图5以流程图的形式示出了控制具有模块化的动力传动系统配置的混合动力电动车辆中的马达的方法。
具体实施方式
在此描述了本公开的实施例。然而,应理解,公开的实施例仅为示例,其他实施例可采取多种和替代的形式。附图不一定按比例绘制;可夸大或最小化一些特征以显示特定组件的细节。因此,在此所公开的具体结构和功能细节不应解释为限制,而仅为教导本领域技术人员以多种形式使用实施例的代表性基础。如本领域普通技术人员将理解的,参考任一附图示出和描述的各个特征可与一个或更多个其他附图中示出的特征组合,以产生未被明确示出或描述的实施例。示出的特征的组合提供用于典型应用的代表性实施例。然而,与本公开的教导一致的特征的各种组合和变型可期望用于特定应用或实施方式。
参照图1,示出了根据本公开实施例的混合动力电动车辆(HEV)10的示意图。图1示出了组件之间的代表性关系。组件在该车辆内的实体布局(physical placement)和方位可改变。HEV 10包括动力传动系12。动力传动系12包括驱动传动装置16的发动机14,传动装置16可被称为模块化混合动力传动装置(MHT,modular hybrid transmission)。如下面将进一步详细地描述的,传动装置16包括电机(诸如电动马达/发电机(M/G)18)、关联的牵引电池20、变矩器22以及多阶梯传动比自动变速器(multiple step-ratio automatictransmission)或变速箱24。
发动机14和M/G 18都是用于HEV 10的驱动源。发动机14通常代表可包括内燃发动机(诸如汽油、柴油或天然气驱动的发动机)或燃料电池的动力源。当发动机14和M/G 18之间的分离离合器26至少部分接合时,发动机14产生提供至M/G 18的发动机功率和对应的发动机扭矩。M/G 18可由多种类型的电机中的任何一者实现。例如,M/G 18可以为永磁同步马达。如下面将描述的,电力电子器件(power electronics)56将由电池20提供的直流(DC)电调节成M/G 18所需要的。例如,电力电子器件可以向M/G 18提供三相交流电(AC)。
当分离离合器26至少部分接合时,动力可以从发动机14流向M/G 18或者从M/G 18流向发动机14。例如,分离离合器26可接合,并且M/G 18可作为发电机运转,以将由曲轴28和M/G轴30提供的旋转能转换成电能储存在电池20中。分离离合器26也可分离,以使发动机14与动力传动系12的其余部分隔离,使得M/G 18可用作HEV 10的唯一驱动源。轴30延伸穿过M/G 18。M/G 18持续可驱动地连接至轴30,而发动机14仅在分离离合器26至少部分接合时才可驱动地连接至轴30。当分离离合器26接合时,在发动机14的转速和M/G 18的转速之间存在固定的转速关系。
M/G 18经由轴30连接至变矩器22。因此,当分离离合器26至少部分接合时,变矩器22连接至发动机14。变矩器22包括固定至M/G轴30的泵轮以及固定至变速器输入轴32的涡轮。从而,变矩器22在轴30和变速器输入轴32之间提供液力耦合。当泵轮旋转得比涡轮快时,变矩器22将动力从泵轮传递至涡轮。涡轮扭矩和泵轮扭矩的大小通常取决于相对速度。当泵轮速度与涡轮速度之比足够高时,涡轮扭矩是泵轮扭矩的倍数。还可提供在接合时摩擦地或机械地连接变矩器22的泵轮和涡轮的变矩器旁通离合器34,从而允许更高效的动力传输。变矩器旁通离合器34可作为起步离合器运转,以提供平稳的车辆起步。可替代地或者组合地,对于不包括变矩器22或变矩器旁通离合器34的应用,可以在M/G 18和变速箱24之间提供类似于分离离合器26的起步离合器。在一些应用中,分离离合器26通常称为上游离合器,而起步离合器34(可以是变矩器旁通离合器)通常称为下游离合器。
变速器24可包括通过摩擦元件(诸如离合器和制动器(未示出))的选择性接合而选择性地置于不同传动比以建立期望的多个离散或阶梯传动比的齿轮组(未示出)。可通过连接和分离齿轮组的特定元件以控制变速器输出轴36和变速器输入轴32之间的传动比的换档计划来控制摩擦元件。变速箱24基于多个车辆和环境工况通过关联的控制器(诸如动力传动系控制单元(PCU)50)从一个传动比自动换档至另一个。变速箱24随后将动力传动系输出扭矩提供至输出轴36。变速箱24可以被理解为在M/G 18的转速和车辆牵引车轮42的转速之间提供可选择的固定的转速关系。
应理解,与变矩器22一起使用的液压控制的变速箱24仅是变速箱或变速器布置的一个示例;在本公开的实施例中使用从发动机和/或马达接收输入扭矩并随后以不同的传动比将扭矩提供至输出轴的任何多传动比变速箱是可以接受的。例如,变速箱24可由包括沿换档导轨平移/旋转换档拨叉以选择期望的传动比的一个或更多个伺服马达的自动机械式(或手动)变速器(AMT)实现。如本领域普通技术人员通常理解的,例如,在扭矩要求较高的应用中可以使用AMT。
如图1的代表性实施例示出的,输出轴36连接至差速器40。差速器40经由连接至差速器40的各个轴44驱动一对车轮42。差速器向每个车轮42传递大约相等的扭矩,同时(诸如当车辆转弯时)允许轻微的速度差异。可以使用不同类型的差速器或类似装置将扭矩从动力传动系分配至一个或更多个车轮。在一些应用中,例如,取决于特定的运转模式或状况,扭矩分配可变化。
动力传动系12进一步包括关联的动力传动系控制单元(PCU)50。虽然PCU 50被示出为一个控制器,但是PCU 50可以是较大的控制系统的一部分并且可以由车辆10中的多个其他控制器(诸如车辆系统控制器(VSC))控制。因此,应理解,动力传动系控制单元50和一个或更多个其他控制器可以统称为响应于来自多个传感器的信号而控制多个致动器以控制多种功能(诸如起动/停止发动机14、运转M/G 18以提供车轮扭矩或给电池20充电、选择或计划变速器换档等)的“控制器”。控制器50可包括与各种类型的计算机可读存储装置或介质通信的微处理器或中央处理器(CPU)。例如,计算机可读存储装置或介质可包括只读存储器(ROM)、随机存取存储器(RAM)和保活存储器(KAM,keep-alive memory)中的易失性和非易失性存储。KAM是可以用于在CPU断电时存储多个操作变量的永久或非易失性存储器。计算机可读存储装置或介质可使用任何数量的已知存储装置,诸如PROM(可编程只读存储器)、EPROM(电可编程只读存储器)、EEPROM(电可擦除可编程只读存储器)、闪存或能够存储数据的任何其他电、磁、光学或组合的存储装置实现,所述数据中的一些代表由控制器使用以控制发动机或车辆的可执行指令。
控制器经由输入/输出(I/O)接口与多个发动机/车辆传感器和致动器通信,该I/O接口可以实现为提供多种原始数据或信号调节、处理和/或转换、短路保护等的单个集成接口。可替代地,在将特定信号提供至CPU之前,一个或更多个专用硬件或固件芯片可以用于调节和处理所述特定信号。如图1的代表性实施例总体上示出的,PCU 50可以将信号传送至发动机14、分离离合器26、M/G 18、起步离合器34、传动装置变速箱24和电力电子器件56和/或从它们接收信号。尽管未明确示出,但是本领域普通技术人员将识别出在上文指出的每个子系统内可以由PCU 50控制的多个功能或组件。可以使用由控制器执行的控制逻辑直接或间接致动的参数、系统和/或组件的代表性示例包括燃料喷射正时、速率和持续时间、节气门位置、(用于火花点火式发动机的)火花塞点火正时、进气/排气门正时和持续时间、前端附件驱动(FEAD,front-end accessory drive)组件(诸如交流发电机)、空调压缩机、电池充电、再生制动、M/G运转、用于分离离合器26、起步离合器34和传动装置变速箱24的离合器压力等。例如,通过I/O接口传送输入的传感器可用于指示涡轮增压器增压压力、曲轴位置(PIP)、发动机转速(RPM)、车轮速度(WS1、WS2)、车速(VSS)、冷却剂温度(ECT)、进气歧管压力(MAP)、加速器踏板位置(PPS)、点火开关位置(IGN)、节气门位置(TP)、空气温度(TMP)、废气氧(EGO)或其他废气成分浓度或存在情况、进气流量(MAF)、变速器档位、传动比或模式、变速器油温(TOT)、传动装置涡轮速度(TS)、变矩器旁通离合器34状态(TCC)、减速或换档模式(MDE)。
可以通过一个或更多个附图中的流程图或类似图来表示由PCU 50执行的控制逻辑或功能。这些附图提供可以使用一个或更多个处理策略(诸如事件驱动、中断驱动、多任务、多线程等)实现的代表性控制策略和/或逻辑。这样,示出的多个步骤或功能可以以示出的顺序执行、并行执行或在某些情况下有所省略。尽管没有总是明确地示出,但是本领域普通技术人员将认识到,取决于使用的特定处理策略,可以反复执行一个或更多个示出的步骤或功能。同样,处理顺序并非是实现在此描述的特点和优点所必需的,而是为了便于说明和描述而提供。可以主要在由基于微处理器的车辆、发动机和/或动力传动系控制器(诸如PCU 50)执行的软件中实现控制逻辑。当然,取决于特定应用,可以在一个或更多个控制器中的软件、硬件或者软件和硬件的组合中实现控制逻辑。当在软件中实现时,可以在存储有代表由计算机执行以控制车辆或其子系统的代码或指令的数据的一个或更多个计算机可读存储装置或介质中提供控制逻辑。计算机可读存储装置或介质可包括利用电、磁和/或光学存储以保持可执行指令和关联的校准信息、操作变量等的一个或更多个已知物理装置。
车辆驾驶员使用加速器踏板52提供需求的扭矩、动力或驱动命令以推进车辆。通常,踩下和松开踏板52产生可通过控制器50被分别解释为增加动力的需求或减小动力的需求的加速器踏板位置信号。至少基于来自踏板的输入,控制器50从发动机14和/或M/G 18命令扭矩。控制器50还控制变速箱24内的换档正时以及分离离合器26和变矩器旁通离合器34的接合或分离。类似于分离离合器26,可以在接合位置和分离位置之间的范围内调节变矩器旁通离合器34。除由泵轮和涡轮之间的液力耦合产生的可变打滑之外,这也在变矩器22中产生可变打滑。可替代地,取决于特定应用,变矩器旁通离合器34可操作为锁止或打开而不使用调节的操作模式。
为了利用发动机14驱动车辆,分离离合器26至少部分地接合,以通过分离离合器26将发动机扭矩的至少一部分传输至M/G 18,然后再从M/G 18经过变矩器22和变速箱24传输。M/G 18可以通过提供额外功率来使轴30转动而辅助发动机14。该操作模式可被称为“混合动力模式”或“电动辅助模式”。
为了利用M/G 18作为唯一动力源驱动车辆,除了分离离合器26将发动机14与动力传动系12的其余部分隔离以外,动力流保持相同。在这段时间内可以禁用或者否则切断发动机14中的燃烧以节省燃料。例如,牵引电池20通过线路54将储存的电能传输至可包括逆变器的电力电子器件56。电力电子器件56将来自电池20的DC电压转换成AC电压以供M/G 18使用。PCU 50命令电力电子器件56将来自电池20的电压转换成提供至M/G 18的AC电压,以将正扭矩或负扭矩提供至轴30。该操作模式可被称为“纯电动”操作模式。
在任何操作模式中,M/G 18都可以用作马达并且为动力传动系12提供驱动力。可替代地,M/G 18可以用作发电机并且将来自动力传动系12的动能转换成电能储存在电池20中。例如,当发动机14为车辆10提供推进动力时,M/G 18可以用作发电机。此外,在来自旋转的车轮42的旋转能通过变速箱24回传并转换成电能储存在电池20中的再生制动期间,M/G18可以用作发电机。
应理解,图1中示出的示意图仅仅是示例并不意味着限制。可以预想利用发动机和马达两者的选择性接合来通过传动装置进行传输的其他构造。例如,M/G 18可偏移曲轴28、可以提供额外的马达来起动发动机14和/或M/G 18可设置在变矩器22与变速箱24之间。在不脱离本公开的范围的情况下,可以预想其他构造。
当以纯电动模式运转时(即,内燃发动机关闭),可响应于各种输入而请求发动机启动。作为示例,可响应于驾驶员扭矩请求超过马达扭矩容量使电池荷电状态下降到预定阈值以下,或者响应于高电力附件负载而请求发动机启动。响应于发动机启动请求,发动机可根据各种控制策略被启动。根据一种控制策略,发动机使用低电压电动起动机被启动。在可选的控制策略中,通过将分离离合器接合并控制牵引马达起动发动机来使发动机启动。
当使用牵引马达起动发动机时,扭矩从马达通过分离离合器传递到发动机。在发动机启动之前,牵引马达扭矩必须克服发动机中的压力和摩擦力。通过分离离合器传递至发动机的扭矩可使用于其它目的可用的马达扭矩(例如,驱动扭矩)减小。如果牵引马达在离合器接合时正在提供驱动扭矩,则传递至发动机的扭矩会因此产生NVH或对动力传动系统产生其它不期望的影响。
参照图2,示出了说明混合动力车辆中的分离离合器在发动机启动过程中接合的曲线图。从t0至t1,离合器打开,分离离合器扭矩为零。从t2起,离合器闭合,离合器扭矩等于发动机扭矩。从t1至t2,离合器正在闭合,并且扭矩容量可变。如t1和t2之间所示,马达转速和马达扭矩中的扰动可导致NVH。
由离合器中的打滑产生的NVH可通过控制牵引马达扭矩以补偿由接合离合器产生的扭矩扰动来避免。然而,这需要分离离合器上的扭矩的精确计算。当离合器锁止时,扭矩等于发动机扭矩。当离合器打开时,没有扭矩被传递。当离合器打滑时,即,既不锁止也不打开,可基于离合器容量τpres和发动机扭矩τeng中的较小者来估计扭矩:
τcap=min(τpres,τeng)
在正常的发动机运转期间,发动机扭矩τeng可从控制器(例如,PCU或发动机控制模块(“ECM”))得到。然而,在一些情况期间,例如,在发动机启动过程中,发动机扭矩计算可能不可用或不可靠。在这些情况期间,可基于离合器容量τpres来估计分离离合器扭矩:
τcap=τpres
可基于命令的/实际的离合器压力P.、摩擦表面的平均半径r、摩擦表面的数量N和离合器摩擦系数μ来计算离合器容量:
τpres=μNrP
这个计算可通过控制器(例如,PCU或传动装置控制模块(“TCM”))来执行。
然后,打滑的离合器上的扭矩可根据下式来计算:
τcl=α*τcap
修正系数α基于发动机转速和马达转速之间在离合器上的转速差来计算,以说明在离合器上的扭矩传递方向:
α=sgn(ωmotor-ωeng)
根据传统的使用,正扭矩对应于发动机将扭矩经离合器传递至动力传动系统。在优选的实施例中,修正系数基于转速差的双曲正切函数来计算:
α=tanh(ωmotor-ωeng)
通过使用双曲正切函数,所述方法避免基于马达转速和/或发动机转速的相对小的变化而从正扭矩快速变化到负扭矩。例如,可通过提供接近零转速差的滞后范围来获得相似的效果。
参照图3,流程图示出了计算分离离合器扭矩的方法。如操作60所示,确定分离离合器是否打开。如果是,那么离合器上没有扭矩,如框62所示,因此,将计算的扭矩设置为等于零。如果否,那么如操作64所示,确定分离离合器是否处于打滑状态。如果否,如框66所示,那么分离离合器闭合,因此,将离合器扭矩设置为等于发动机扭矩,如框68所示。如果是,那么如操作70所示,确定发动机是否正在启动。如果是,那么如框72所示,计算的离合器容量τpres被用于扭矩计算。如果否,那么如框74所示,计算的离合器容量τpres和发动机扭矩中的较小者被用于扭矩计算。在任何一种情况下,如框76所示,均基于发动机转速和马达转速计算修正系数。最后,如框78所示,计算离合器上的扭矩。
参照图4,以框图的形式示出了计算分离离合器上的扭矩的方法。在框80,从当前马达转速减去当前发动机转速。如以上讨论的,在框82处计算修正系数α。在并行操作中,在框84,确定发动机扭矩和离合器容量中的最小值。在框86,将该结果乘以修正系数α。在框88,确定分离离合器是否处于打滑状态。如果是,那么将计算的离合器扭矩向前馈送到框90。如果否,那么将发动机扭矩向前馈送到框90。在框90,确定离合器是否打开。如果是,那么将离合器扭矩设置为等于零。如果否,那么将离合器扭矩设置为等于框88的输出。
在优选的实施例中,在行驶周期期间重复执行以上所述的离合器扭矩计算。在这样的实施例中,除补偿在发动机启动事件期间的离合器扭矩之外,马达还可被控制为补偿导致离合器打滑的任何扭矩扰动。
现在参照图5,以流程图的形式示出了控制混合动力车辆中的牵引马达的方法。如框92中所示,牵引马达正在提供驱动扭矩。然后,如框94所示,确定分离离合器正处于打滑状态。例如,这可在离合器接合以将马达扭矩传递至发动机用于发动机启动事件时发生,如框96所示。然后,如框98所示,计算分离离合器上的扭矩。如框100所示和以上讨论的,计算的扭矩可基于离合器容量、发动机扭矩、马达转速和发动机转速。然后,如框102所示,命令马达提供额外增加的扭矩以补偿计算的分离离合器上的扭矩。因此,马达提供既满足驾驶员请求的驱动扭矩又补偿分离离合器上的扭矩的总的扭矩。
通过多个实施例可以看出,本公开提供了一种用于计算混合动力车辆中的分离离合器上的扭矩的强大的方法。所计算的扭矩可用来控制马达以补偿离合器上的扭矩,从而降低NVH。
虽然以上描述了示例性实施例,但是这些实施例不是意在描述本发明的所有可能的形式。确切地讲,在说明书中使用的词语是描述性的词语而不是限制性的词语,并且应该理解的是,在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下,可以进行各种改变。此外,可以对各种实施的实施例的特征进行组合以形成本发明的进一步的实施例。
Claims (6)
1.一种控制车辆的方法,其中,所述车辆具有发动机和离合器,所述离合器被构造为将发动机选择性地连接到牵引马达,所述方法包括:
响应于离合器打滑和当前发动机扭矩,命令牵引马达提供增加的扭矩,如果当前发动机扭矩小于离合器的扭矩容量,则所述增加的扭矩等于当前发动机扭矩乘以转速差修正系数,如果当前发动机扭矩不小于离合器的扭矩容量,则所述增加的扭矩等于离合器的扭矩容量乘以转速差修正系数。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述转速差修正系数是基于发动机转速和牵引马达的转速之间的差的。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中,通过所述差的双曲正切函数来限定所述差。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,利用当前离合器压力、摩擦表面的半径、摩擦表面的数量和离合器摩擦系数来估计所述离合器的扭矩容量。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,还包括;响应于离合器打滑且当前发动机扭矩不可用,命令牵引马达提供增加的扭矩,所述增加的扭矩与所述离合器的扭矩容量相对应。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,还包括:响应于驾驶员扭矩请求,命令牵引马达提供与驱动扭矩和所述增加的扭矩之和相对应的总扭矩,其中,所述驱动扭矩与所述驾驶员扭矩请求相对应。
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