CN106925134A - 一种有机‑无机复合沼气脱硫膜及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及本发明涉及一种高效有机‑无机复合沼气脱硫膜制备方法,属于沼气净化领域,所要解决的问题是提供一种适合于沼气脱除H2S的高聚物复合膜的制备方法。本发明首先将纳米颗粒后加入一定量的溶剂混合均匀后再加入聚合物,低温搅拌溶解,然后在溶剂沸点温度以下形成高温均匀溶液后,经纺丝或流延成膜。新生膜经一定的蒸发时间后浸入凝固浴中,经蒸馏水浸洗3次后,浸入甘油中,甩干或自然晾干。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于沼气净化领域,更具体的,涉及一种有机-无机复合沼气脱硫膜及其制备方法。
背景技术
沼气作为一种清洁能源,在应对气候变化,发展低碳循环经济,促进农村建设方面发挥着巨大的作用。但是,沼气是一种以甲烷为主要成分的可燃性混合气,含有50~70%的CH4,30~50%的CO2和0.1~3%的H2S等。其中存在的硫化氢、二氧化碳等杂质气影响沼气的品质和利用效率。H2S是一种无色、比空气重的酸性剧毒气体,浓度高于1mg/L会危及人的生命,另外,H2S与沼气中存在的水蒸气共同作用,在沼气的净化、传输、储存和使用过程中会引发安全问题。因此,沼气利用和储存之前需进行脱硫处理。
沼气除硫可采用化学法、物理法、生物法、膜法等。物理法和化学法具有工艺复杂、运行费用高、易产生二次污染和能耗较高等问题。而生物法脱除H2S存在设备体积庞大,碱液用量大、脱硫副产物的处理问题。膜分离是新兴的一种沼气脱硫方法,该法具有环保、节能、操作简便等优点。我国对膜天然气净化技术的研究始于20世纪90年代,沼气脱硫膜净化研究起步落后于欧美等国家,需要进口膜材料和引进净化技术。沼气膜脱硫技术成为其高效利用的制约因素之一。本发明专利以期为提升沼气品质,拓展沼气的应用领域,改善能源结构,破解我国的能源困局提供技术支持,达到突破发达国家设置的技术壁垒,为新农村建设、农业、社会经济的可持续发展服务的目的。
发明内容
本发明目的在于针对现有技术的不足,提供一种有机-无机复合沼气脱硫膜制备方法,能够获得更好的沼气处理效果。
为达到上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
第一方面,提供一种有机-无机复合沼气脱硫膜制备方法,包括如下步骤:
步骤一、制备无机物-溶剂混合物的步骤:
称取0.15-9克的无机纳米颗粒,置于70-85g溶剂中,在30-50℃、功率为300-1000W的超声水浴槽中超声震荡30分钟,制得分散均匀的无机物-溶剂混合液;
步骤二、制备高聚物-无机-溶剂高温均一溶液的步骤:
步骤一制得的无机物-溶剂混合物中加入15-30g的聚合物,在50-80℃及氮气保护条件下连续机械搅拌溶解4-6个小时;静置脱泡36小时,然后在溶剂沸点温度以下10-60℃溶解2-4个小时;
步骤三、制备聚合物复合膜的步骤:
经步骤二形成的高温均一溶液通过成膜设备制成中空纤维膜或平板膜,在空气中蒸发预定时间之后,浸入凝固浴,萃出溶剂,形成富孔的有机-无机复合脱硫膜。
优选的,步骤一中的溶剂为N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺或N-甲基吡咯烷酮;无机颗粒包括TiO2、SiO2、碳纳米管、粘土、TiO2纳米管、石墨烯、分子筛或上述任一无机颗粒的改性粒子等。
优选的,步骤二中无机颗粒-有机物-溶剂混合物,经溶解脱泡后,在溶剂沸点温度以下10-60℃溶解2-4个小时,形成均一溶液。
优选的,步骤二中所述的中的聚合物为聚砜、聚丙烯、聚偏氟乙烯、聚乙烯醇、聚酰亚胺、或聚醚砜。
优选的,步骤三中所述高温均一溶液在氮气的作用下通过纺丝机形成中空纤维膜或平板膜,在空气中蒸发0.5-5min后,浸入由纯净水或纯净水与步骤一中所用溶剂组成的凝固浴,萃出溶剂,形成富孔的有机-无机复合脱硫膜;优选的,聚合物-无机颗粒-溶剂的溶解温度在100-180℃之间。
第二方面,本发明还提供一种有机-无机复合沼气脱硫膜,其在沼气中含有CH4为61.95%,CO2为38%,H2S为500ppm,在进气压力为0.1-0.5MPa,进气流速为0.05-2.0L/min,吸收介质H2O(用NaOH调至pH=9-10)的流速为50-300mL/min,20-40℃条件下,对沼气的脱硫率不低于90%,甲烷回收率不低于90%;优选的,对沼气的脱硫率不低于92%,甲烷回收率不低于92%;更优选的,对沼气的脱硫率可以达到94.1%,甲烷回收率可达到95%。
第三方面,本发明还提供一种有机-无机复合沼气脱硫膜,在沼气中含有CH4为61.95%,CO2为38%,H2S为500ppm,进气压力为0.1-0.7MPa,进气流速为0.05-2.0L/min时,在20-40℃条件下,对沼气的脱硫率不低于75%,甲烷回收率不低于80%;优选的,对沼气的脱硫率不低于78%,甲烷回收率不低于84%;优选的,对沼气的脱硫率不低于80%,甲烷回收率不低于86%。
优选的,由上述任一种方法制备得到。
第四方面,本发明还提供一种有机-无机复合沼气脱硫膜,孔隙率为60%-85%,孔径尺寸为2-600nm的有机-无机沼气脱硫膜。进一步的,由上述任意一种方法制备得到。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有机-无机复合沼气脱硫膜,其对沼气的脱硫率高,甲烷的回收率也高,对沼气的脱硫率可以达到94.4%,甲烷回收率可达到95%;提升了沼气品质和燃烧值,解决了现有沼气脱硫程中存在的能耗较高、二次污染、对外基础和产品依赖等问题。
附图说明
附图1是本申请实施例一中所制备的有机-无机复合沼气脱硫膜的照片;
附图2是本申请实施例一所制备的有机-无机复合沼气脱硫膜与现有技术的脱硫效果比较。
附图3是本申请实施例二中所制备的有机-无机复合沼气脱硫膜的照片;
附图4是本申请实施例二所制备的有机-无机复合沼气脱硫膜与现有技术的脱硫效果比较。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施实例对本发明做进一步说明,以使本领域技术人员更好地理解本发明,但本发明并不局限于以下实施例。应当指出的是,对本领域普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明构思的前提下,还可以做出若干变形和改进。这些都属于本发明的保护范围。
实施例1
步骤一、制备无机物-溶剂混合物的步骤:秤取0.45克分子筛加入到75克氮甲基吡咯烷酮中,在功率为800W的超声水浴槽中、50℃水浴温度条件下超声震荡30min,制得分散均匀的分子筛-氮甲基吡咯烷酮混合液,取出;
步骤二、制备高聚物-无机-溶剂高温均一溶液的步骤:加入25克聚砜,在60℃及氮气保护条件下机械连续搅拌,在60℃水浴中溶解6个小时,静置脱泡36个小时,与常规NIPS制膜方法相比,然后还需在180℃(氮甲基吡咯烷酮溶剂的沸点温度为203℃,在溶剂的沸点温度以下23℃)溶解4个小时,制备得到聚砜-分子筛-氮甲基吡咯烷酮溶液;
步骤三、制备聚合物复合膜的步骤:采用氮气加压将形成的聚砜-分子筛-氮甲基吡咯烷酮高温均一溶液挤出中空纤维膜纺丝设备,在空气中蒸发5分钟后,进入水浴槽,浸入由纯净水或纯净水与氮甲基吡咯烷酮(步骤一中所用溶剂)组成的凝固浴,卷绕、水洗三次后,萃出溶剂,自然晾干,制成孔隙率60%-75%,孔径尺寸在2-50nm,适宜气-气脱硫的聚砜-分子筛有机-无机复合脱硫膜。本发明实施例一所制备得到的聚砜-分子筛有机-无机复合脱硫膜的电镜图见图一。
根据本发明实施例一中所制备得到的有机-无机复合膜可提高沼气脱硫效果。
当沼气中含有CH4为61.95%,CO2为38%,H2S为500ppm,在进气压力为0.1-0.7MPa,进气流速为0.05-2.0L/min时,在20-40℃条件下,纯聚砜膜分离及聚砜-分子筛复合膜(实施案例1所得)分离的脱硫和甲烷回收率如图2所示。其中,纯聚砜膜的脱硫率和甲烷回收率分别为73.7%和77%;玉米秸秆生物炭、活性炭具有较高的甲烷回收率,但是脱硫率均低于纯聚砜膜;利用实施案例1中制得的聚砜-分子筛有机-无机复合膜在气-气脱硫条件下的的脱硫率可以达到80.0%,甲烷回收率可达到86%。
实施例2
步骤一、制备无机物-溶剂混合物的步骤:秤取0.15克SiO2加入到75克N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中,在功率为500W的超声水浴槽中、50℃水浴温度条件下超声震荡30min,制得分散均匀的SiO2-N,N-二甲基甲酰胺混合液,取出;
步骤二、制备高聚物-无机-溶剂高温均一溶液的步骤:加入25克PVDF,在60℃及氮气保护条件下机械连续搅拌,在60℃水浴中溶解6个小时,静置脱泡36个小时,与常规NIPS制膜方法相比,然后还需在130℃(N,N-二甲基甲酰胺的沸点温度为153℃,在溶剂的沸点温度以下23℃)溶解4个小时,制备得到PVDF-SiO2-N,N-二甲基甲酰胺高温混合溶液;
步骤三、制备聚合物复合膜的步骤:采用氮气加压将形成的PVDF-SiO2-N,N-二甲基甲酰胺高温混合溶液挤出中空纤维膜纺丝设备,在空气中蒸发5分钟后,进入水浴槽,浸入由纯净水或纯净水与N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(步骤一中溶剂)所组成的凝固浴,经过卷绕、水洗、甘油浸泡、甩干的后处理后,制成孔隙率为60%-75%,孔径尺寸为50-600纳米,适宜气-液脱硫的PVDF-SiO2有机-无机复合脱硫膜。本发明实施例二所制备得到的PVDF-SiO2有机-无机复合脱硫膜的电镜图见图三。
根据本发明实施例二中所制备得到的PVDF-SiO2有机-无机复合膜可提高沼气脱硫效果。
当沼气中含有CH4为61.95%,CO2为38%,H2S为500ppm,在进气压力为0.1-0.5MPa,进气流速为0.05-2.0L/min,吸收介质H2O(用NaOH调至pH=9-10)的流速为50-300mL/min,20-40℃条件下,纯PVDF膜分离及PVDF-SiO2复合膜(实施案例2所得)分离的脱硫和甲烷回收率如图4所示。纯PVDF膜的脱硫率和甲烷回收率分别为79%和90%;玉米秸秆生物炭、活性炭具有较高的甲烷回收率,但是脱硫率均低于纯聚砜膜;利用实施案例2中制得的PVDF-SiO2有机-无机复合膜在气-液脱硫条件下的脱硫率可以达到94.1%,甲烷回收率可达到95%。
申请人声明,本发明通过上述实施例来说明本发明的详细方法,但本发明并不局限于上述详细方法,即不意味着本发明必须依赖上述详细方法才能实施。所属技术领域的技术人员应该明了,对本发明的任何改进,对本发明产品各原料的等效替换及辅助成分的添加、具体方式的选择等,均落在本发明的保护范围和公开范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种有机-无机复合沼气脱硫膜制备方法,其特征在于包括如下步骤:
步骤一、制备无机物-溶剂混合物的步骤:
称取0.15-9克无机纳米颗粒,置于70-85g溶剂中,在30-50℃、功率为300-1000W的超声水浴槽中超声30分钟,制得分散均匀的无机物-溶剂混合液;
步骤二、制备高聚物-无机-溶剂高温均一溶液的步骤:
步骤一制得的无机物-溶剂混合物中加入15-30g的聚合物,在50-80℃及氮气保护条件下连续机械搅拌溶解4-6个小时;静置脱泡36小时,然后在溶剂沸点温度以下10-60℃溶解2-4个小时;
步骤三、制备聚合物复合膜的步骤:
经步骤二形成的高温均一溶液通过成膜设备制成中空纤维膜或平板膜,在空气中蒸发预定时间之后,浸入凝固浴,萃出溶剂,形成富孔的有机-无机复合脱硫膜。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,
步骤一中的溶剂为N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺或N-甲基吡咯烷酮;无机颗粒包括TiO2、SiO2、碳纳米管、粘土、TiO2纳米管、石墨烯、分子筛或上述任一无机颗粒的改性粒子。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,
步骤二中将无机颗粒-有机物-溶剂混合物经溶解脱泡后,再在溶剂沸点温度以下10-60℃溶解2-4个小时,形成均一溶液。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤二中所述的中的聚合物为聚砜、聚丙烯、聚偏氟乙烯、聚乙烯醇、聚酰亚胺、或聚醚砜。
5.根据权利要求1、4所述的方法,其特征在于步骤三中所述高温均一溶液在氮气的作用下通过纺丝机形成中空纤维膜或平板膜,在空气中蒸发0.5-5min后,浸入由纯净水或纯净水与步骤一中溶剂所组成的凝固浴,萃出溶剂,形成富孔的有机-无机复合脱硫膜;优选的,聚合物-无机颗粒-溶剂的溶解温度在100-180℃之间。
6.一种有机-无机复合沼气脱硫膜,其特征在于,有机-无机复合膜的孔隙率为60%-85%,孔径尺寸为2-600nm。
7.一种有机-无机复合沼气脱硫膜,其特征在于,由权利要求1-5中任意一种方法制备得到。
8.一种有机-无机复合沼气脱硫膜,其特征在于,在沼气中含有CH4为61.95%,CO2为38%,H2S为500ppm,在进气压力为0.1-0.5MPa,进气流速为0.05-2.0L/min,吸收介质H2O(用NaOH调至pH=9-10)的流速为50-300mL/min,20-40℃条件下,对沼气的脱硫率不低于90%,甲烷回收率不低于90%;优选的,对沼气的脱硫率不低于92%,甲烷回收率不低于92%;更优选的,对沼气的脱硫率可以达到94.1%,甲烷回收率可达到95%。
9.一种有机-无机复合沼气脱硫膜,其特征在于,在沼气中含有CH4为61.95%,CO2为38%,H2S为500ppm,进气压力为0.1-0.7MPa,进气流速为0.05-2.0L/min时,在20-40℃条件下,对沼气的脱硫率不低于75%,甲烷回收率不低于80%;优选的,对沼气的脱硫率不低于78%,甲烷回收率不低于84%;优选的,对沼气的脱硫率不低于80%,甲烷回收率不低于86%。
10.根据权利要求8或9所述的有机-无机复合沼气脱硫膜,其特征在于,由权利要求1-5中任意一种方法制备得到。
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