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CN106721638A - A kind of hirudiniculture feed and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

A kind of hirudiniculture feed and preparation method thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106721638A
CN106721638A CN201611151189.XA CN201611151189A CN106721638A CN 106721638 A CN106721638 A CN 106721638A CN 201611151189 A CN201611151189 A CN 201611151189A CN 106721638 A CN106721638 A CN 106721638A
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China
Prior art keywords
parts
leech
feed
juice
blood
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CN201611151189.XA
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
张奎
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Wuhe County Maoyuan Leech Ecological Farming Cooperatives
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Wuhe County Maoyuan Leech Ecological Farming Cooperatives
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Priority to CN201611151189.XA priority Critical patent/CN106721638A/en
Publication of CN106721638A publication Critical patent/CN106721638A/en
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02ATECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/80Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
    • Y02A40/81Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
    • Y02A40/818Alternative feeds for fish, e.g. in aquacultures
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P60/00Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
    • Y02P60/80Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
    • Y02P60/87Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production

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  • Fodder In General (AREA)

Abstract

The invention belongs to hirudiniculture field, a kind of leech feed and preparation method thereof is disclosed.The feed is composed of the following raw materials by weight:35 40 parts of rice washing water, 27 30 parts of animals and plants decomposed manure, 22 25 parts of vinasse, 21 24 parts of animal blood, 18 21 parts of vegetable juice, 17 19 parts of fruit syrup, 14 16 parts of soybean juice, 46 parts of Chinese medicine juice, 24 parts of sodium bicarbonate, 0.01 0.02 parts of citric acid, Radix Polygalae Crotalarioidis several pieces, will above-mentioned feed ingredient mix after pour into Radix Polygalae Crotalarioidis, two seals, layering ties up to culturing pool two ends, the feed nutrition is abundant, palatability is strong, simulate the absorption feeding method of leech, leech can be facilitated to ingest, improve the utilization rate of feed, accelerate the leech speed of growth, it is easy to fish for simultaneously, and water body is not polluted.

Description

A kind of hirudiniculture feed and preparation method thereof
Technical field
The invention belongs to hirudiniculture field, and in particular to a kind of hirudiniculture feed and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
Leech also known as leech, are that one kind is sucked blood annelid.It is a very usual thing to run into leech in the wild.Leech stings People easily causes infection after sucking blood, so we should learn to protect oneself, is both when being attacked, and recollectedly processes.Ant The non-irrigated leech of leech point, water leech(Leech), parasitic three kinds of leech.The above two are commonly encountered." nest " of non-irrigated leech is more on small stream side In weeds clump, especially pile up the withered tree rotten leaf that has corruption and moist hidden place be it is many, they usually hide fallen leaves, Under thick grass or stone, wait for an opportunity to suck people and animals' blood, water leech then hides in pasture and water clump, once water under someone, just swims out of at a gallop It is attached on the body of people and animals, is left away after making a hearty meal.Leech is used as medicine with dry entirety, and hirudin and albumen are contained in vivo Matter, there is that anti-freezing is solid, broken stasis of blood blood, cures mainly blood and fullys recover from an illness the diseases such as obstructed disease, angiosis, hemostasis, nameless sores or boils, scrofula.Closely Nian Lai, medical personnel tests and is processed into lotion and parenteral solution with running water leech and pure honey, treats macula, old The triggering phase of cataract and the phase of expansion, muddy body can be made gradually transparent.Leech element can also alleviate the spasm of artery, and what is reduced blood pressure is glutinous Put forth effort, thus can significantly alleviating hypertension symptom, also someone with leech with other promoting blood circulation, antidote, for treating tumour.Mesh Preceding cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease has turned into domestic and international common disease, frequently-occurring disease, therefore the demand of leech increases year by year.It is existing artificial foster Method is grown, more using the spiral shell of Direct-fed work, earthworm, freshwater mussel and animal clot, but this feeding patterns, leech growth Very slow, efficiency of feed utilization is extremely low, causes cost to increase, and substantial amounts of biocenosis, destroys water body species balance, causes water The leech death rate is soaring and spawning rate declines, and uses artificial feed, because the manner of formulation of feed is more traditional, does not meet The eating habit of leech, therefore easily cause leech and do not eat food phenomenon, and feedstuff feeding, in water body, the holding time is short, easily rotten Rotten rotten, polluted water causes leech to catch dead.
The content of the invention
In order to solve the problems, such as that background technology is mentioned, the invention provides hirudiniculture feed and preparation method thereof, the feeding Material is not only met needed for the nutrition of leech, and meets the eating habit of leech, improves the trans-utilization rate of feed.
The present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions:
A kind of hirudiniculture feed and preparation method thereof, the feed is made up of the raw material of following weight portion:Rice washing water 35-40 parts, 27-30 parts of animals and plants decomposed manure, vinasse 22-25 parts, animal blood 21-24 parts, vegetable juice 18-21 parts, fruit syrup 17-19 Part, soybean juice 14-16 parts, Chinese medicine juice 4-6 parts, sodium bicarbonate 2-4 parts, citric acid 0.01-0.02 parts, Radix Polygalae Crotalarioidis several pieces, it is described Animal blood is one or more in fresh chicken blood, duck blood, pig blood, the Chinese medicine juice be rheum officinale, cordate houttuynia, the root of Dahurain angelica, Chinese cassia tree, The infusion liquid that wrinkled giant hyssop is mixed with.
Further described as to such scheme, the feed producing method includes following steps:
(1)Animals and plants decomposed manure and vinasse are crushed to 150-180 mesh, are soaked 10-20 minutes using rice washing water, animals and plants Decomposed manure and vinasse excitant are larger, by that can protect leech digestive system after rice washing water immersion, eliminate having indigestion and change Kind indigestion, and rice washing water contains the nutrients such as protein, starch, mineral matter, has help well to the growth of leech;
(2)Anti-coagulants is added in fresh animal blood to above-mentioned weight portion, until blood no longer solidifies, it is then mixed with surplus stock Close, leech ingests, and liquid food amount is more, and digestion is got up faster, and utilization rate is higher;
(3)The mixture that above-mentioned steps are obtained is circulated into Radix Polygalae Crotalarioidis using sausage filler, two ends are fastened, layering is placed in cultivation Chi Zhong, feeds leech, meets the eating habit of leech, and leech finely scratches Radix Polygalae Crotalarioidis using toothed jaw, by flexible entrance Ingested in Radix Polygalae Crotalarioidis, external environment will not make it get a fright, and beneficial to seizure.
Further described as to such scheme, the vegetable juice be corn, carrot, cucumber, pumpkin, celery according to Identical adding proportion is squeezed the juice and is formed, and has help greatly to the metabolic processes of the whole body of leech, can improve hirudin synthesis Amount.
Further described as to such scheme, the preparation method of the Chinese medicine juice is:Weigh rheum officinale 12-15 weight Part, cordate houttuynia 11-13 weight portions, root of Dahurain angelica 10-13 weight portions, Chinese cassia tree 9-11 weight portions, wrinkled giant hyssop 7-9 weight portions, by above-mentioned weight The Chinese medicine of part is crushed to 200-220 mesh, adds the 500-600 times of water of volume to be boiled at 120-130 DEG C 1.5-2 hours, obtains Liquid is boiled, the water cooling for being blended into 2-3 times of volume obtains final product the Chinese medicine juice, the Chinese medicine juice plays a part of to promote sucker development, can To improve the egg laying amount of leech.
Beneficial effects of the present invention:The feed is composed of the following raw materials by weight:Rice washing water, animals and plants decomposed manure, Vinasse, animal blood, vegetable juice, fruit syrup, soybean juice, Chinese medicine juice, sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, Radix Polygalae Crotalarioidis, above-mentioned feed ingredient is mixed Poured into after conjunction in Radix Polygalae Crotalarioidis, two sealing, layering ties up to culturing pool two ends, fully, palatability is strong, simulates water for the feed nutrition The absorption feeding method of leech, can facilitate leech to ingest, and improve the utilization rate of feed, accelerate the leech speed of growth, in advance 30- Harvest within 40 days, while being easy to fish for, and water body is not polluted.
Specific embodiment
With reference to specific embodiment, the present invention will be further described.
Embodiment 1
A kind of hirudiniculture feed and preparation method thereof, the feed is made up of the raw material of following weight portion:35 parts of rice washing water, dynamic plant 27 parts of thing decomposed manure, 22 parts of vinasse, 21 parts of animal blood, 18 parts of vegetable juice, 17 parts of fruit syrup, 14 parts of soybean juice, Chinese medicine juice 4 Part, 2 parts of sodium bicarbonate, 0.01 part of citric acid, Radix Polygalae Crotalarioidis several pieces, the animal blood are in fresh chicken blood, duck blood, pig blood Kind or it is several, the Chinese medicine juice is the infusion liquid that rheum officinale, cordate houttuynia, the root of Dahurain angelica, Chinese cassia tree, wrinkled giant hyssop are mixed with.
Further described as to such scheme, the feed producing method includes following steps:
(1)Animals and plants decomposed manure and vinasse are crushed to 150 mesh, are soaked 10 minutes using rice washing water, animals and plants are become thoroughly decomposed to be had Machine fertilizer is larger with vinasse excitant, by that can protect leech digestive system after rice washing water immersion, eliminates having indigestion and improves digestion It is bad, and rice washing water contains the nutrients such as protein, starch, mineral matter, has help well to the growth of leech;
(2)Anti-coagulants is added in fresh animal blood to above-mentioned weight portion, until blood no longer solidifies, it is then mixed with surplus stock Close, leech ingests, and liquid food amount is more, and digestion is got up faster, and utilization rate is higher;
(3)The mixture that above-mentioned steps are obtained is circulated into Radix Polygalae Crotalarioidis using sausage filler, two ends are fastened, layering is placed in cultivation Chi Zhong, feeds leech, meets the eating habit of leech, and leech finely scratches Radix Polygalae Crotalarioidis using toothed jaw, by flexible entrance Ingested in Radix Polygalae Crotalarioidis, external environment will not make it get a fright, and beneficial to seizure.
Further described as to such scheme, the vegetable juice be corn, carrot, cucumber, pumpkin, celery according to Identical adding proportion is squeezed the juice and is formed, and has help greatly to the metabolic processes of the whole body of leech, can improve hirudin synthesis Amount.
Further described as to such scheme, the preparation method of the Chinese medicine juice is:Weigh the weight portion of rheum officinale 12, fish 11 weight portions of raw meat grass, the weight portion of the root of Dahurain angelica 10, the weight portion of Chinese cassia tree 9, the weight portion of wrinkled giant hyssop 7,200 are crushed to by the Chinese medicine of above-mentioned weight portion Mesh, adds 500 times of water of volume to be boiled at 120 DEG C 1.5 hours, obtains boiling liquid, and the water cooling for being blended into 2 times of volumes obtains final product institute Chinese medicine juice is stated, the Chinese medicine juice plays a part of to promote sucker development, can improve the egg laying amount of leech.
Embodiment 2
A kind of hirudiniculture feed and preparation method thereof, the feed is made up of the raw material of following weight portion:37 parts of rice washing water, dynamic plant 28 parts of thing decomposed manure, 23 parts of vinasse, 22 parts of animal blood, 19 parts of vegetable juice, 18 parts of fruit syrup, 15 parts of soybean juice, Chinese medicine juice 5 Part, 3 parts of sodium bicarbonate, 0.015 part of citric acid, Radix Polygalae Crotalarioidis several pieces, during the animal blood is fresh chicken blood, duck blood, pig blood One or more, the Chinese medicine juice is the infusion liquid that rheum officinale, cordate houttuynia, the root of Dahurain angelica, Chinese cassia tree, wrinkled giant hyssop are mixed with.
Further described as to such scheme, the feed producing method includes following steps:
(1)Animals and plants decomposed manure and vinasse are crushed to 160 mesh, are soaked 15 minutes using rice washing water, animals and plants are become thoroughly decomposed to be had Machine fertilizer is larger with vinasse excitant, by that can protect leech digestive system after rice washing water immersion, eliminates having indigestion and improves digestion It is bad, and rice washing water contains the nutrients such as protein, starch, mineral matter, has help well to the growth of leech;
(2)Anti-coagulants is added in fresh animal blood to above-mentioned weight portion, until blood no longer solidifies, it is then mixed with surplus stock Close, leech ingests, and liquid food amount is more, and digestion is got up faster, and utilization rate is higher;
(3)The mixture that above-mentioned steps are obtained is circulated into Radix Polygalae Crotalarioidis using sausage filler, two ends are fastened, layering is placed in cultivation Chi Zhong, feeds leech, meets the eating habit of leech, and leech finely scratches Radix Polygalae Crotalarioidis using toothed jaw, by flexible entrance Ingested in Radix Polygalae Crotalarioidis, external environment will not make it get a fright, and beneficial to seizure.
Further described as to such scheme, the vegetable juice be corn, carrot, cucumber, pumpkin, celery according to Identical adding proportion is squeezed the juice and is formed, and has help greatly to the metabolic processes of the whole body of leech, can improve hirudin synthesis Amount.
Further described as to such scheme, the preparation method of the Chinese medicine juice is:Weigh the weight portion of rheum officinale 13, fish 12 weight portions of raw meat grass, the weight portion of the root of Dahurain angelica 11, the weight portion of Chinese cassia tree 10, the weight portion of wrinkled giant hyssop 8, the Chinese medicine of above-mentioned weight portion is crushed to 210 mesh, add 550 times of water of volume to be boiled at 125 DEG C 1.8 hours, obtain boiling liquid, are blended into 2.5 times of water coolings of volume The Chinese medicine juice is obtained final product, the Chinese medicine juice plays a part of to promote sucker development, can improve the egg laying amount of leech.
Embodiment 3
A kind of hirudiniculture feed and preparation method thereof, the feed is made up of the raw material of following weight portion:40 parts of rice washing water, dynamic plant 30 parts of thing decomposed manure, 25 parts of vinasse, 24 parts of animal blood, 21 parts of vegetable juice, 19 parts of fruit syrup, 16 parts of soybean juice, Chinese medicine juice 6 Part, 4 parts of sodium bicarbonate, 0.02 part of citric acid, Radix Polygalae Crotalarioidis several pieces, the animal blood are in fresh chicken blood, duck blood, pig blood Kind or it is several, the Chinese medicine juice is the infusion liquid that rheum officinale, cordate houttuynia, the root of Dahurain angelica, Chinese cassia tree, wrinkled giant hyssop are mixed with.
Further described as to such scheme, the feed producing method includes following steps:
(1)Animals and plants decomposed manure and vinasse are crushed to 180 mesh, are soaked 20 minutes using rice washing water, animals and plants are become thoroughly decomposed to be had Machine fertilizer is larger with vinasse excitant, by that can protect leech digestive system after rice washing water immersion, eliminates having indigestion and improves digestion It is bad, and rice washing water contains the nutrients such as protein, starch, mineral matter, has help well to the growth of leech;
(2)Anti-coagulants is added in fresh animal blood to above-mentioned weight portion, until blood no longer solidifies, it is then mixed with surplus stock Close, leech ingests, and liquid food amount is more, and digestion is got up faster, and utilization rate is higher;
(3)The mixture that above-mentioned steps are obtained is circulated into Radix Polygalae Crotalarioidis using sausage filler, two ends are fastened, layering is placed in cultivation Chi Zhong, feeds leech, meets the eating habit of leech, and leech finely scratches Radix Polygalae Crotalarioidis using toothed jaw, by flexible entrance Ingested in Radix Polygalae Crotalarioidis, external environment will not make it get a fright, and beneficial to seizure.
Further described as to such scheme, the vegetable juice be corn, carrot, cucumber, pumpkin, celery according to Identical adding proportion is squeezed the juice and is formed, and has help greatly to the metabolic processes of the whole body of leech, can improve hirudin synthesis Amount.
Further described as to such scheme, the preparation method of the Chinese medicine juice is:Weigh the weight portion of rheum officinale 15, fish 13 weight portions of raw meat grass, the weight portion of the root of Dahurain angelica 13, the weight portion of Chinese cassia tree 11, the weight portion of wrinkled giant hyssop 9, the Chinese medicine of above-mentioned weight portion is crushed to 220 mesh, add 600 times of water of volume to be boiled at 130 DEG C 2 hours, obtain boiling liquid, and the water cooling for being blended into 3 times of volumes is obtained final product The Chinese medicine juice, the Chinese medicine juice plays a part of to promote sucker development, can improve the egg laying amount of leech.
Contrast test
Feed of the invention and existing feed are used respectively(As a control group)Cultivation leech, every group is put in a suitable place to breed 20 kilograms of leech Seedling, keeps other irrelevant variables consistent, and cultivation result is recorded into as shown in the table:
Project Harvest time shifts to an earlier date Harvest yield(Kilogram) Yield increase rate(%) Hirudin recovery rate is improved(%)
Embodiment 1 35 days 1200 41.2 14.2
Embodiment 2 40 days 1230 44.8 14.5
Embodiment 3 38 days 1210 42.4 14.3
Control group Control 850 Control Control
By comparing discovery:Leech is cultivated using feed of the invention, the speed of growth of leech can be accelerated, by harvest time most Height is advanced by 40 days, and harvest yield is high, and the more existing breeding feed of yield improves 44.8%, while further promoting leech The synthesis of middle hirudin, hirudin recovery rate rises 14.5%, not only increases yield but also improves its quality, therefore the present invention It is a kind of technology being extremely worth of widely use.

Claims (4)

1. a kind of hirudiniculture feed and preparation method thereof, it is characterised in that the feed is made up of the raw material of following weight portion:Wash in a pan Rice 35-40 parts of water, 27-30 parts of animals and plants decomposed manure, vinasse 22-25 parts, animal blood 21-24 parts, vegetable juice 18-21 parts, Fruit syrup 17-19 parts, soybean juice 14-16 parts, Chinese medicine juice 4-6 parts, sodium bicarbonate 2-4 parts, citric acid 0.01-0.02 parts, Radix Polygalae Crotalarioidis Several pieces, the animal blood is one or more in fresh chicken blood, duck blood, pig blood, and the Chinese medicine juice is rheum officinale, fish raw meat The infusion liquid that grass, the root of Dahurain angelica, Chinese cassia tree, wrinkled giant hyssop are mixed with.
2. a kind of hirudiniculture feed according to claim 1 and preparation method thereof, it is characterised in that its preparation method bag Include following steps:
(1)Animals and plants decomposed manure and vinasse are crushed to 150-180 mesh, are soaked 10-20 minutes using rice washing water, added small Soda stirs;
(2)Anti-coagulants is added in fresh animal blood to above-mentioned weight portion, until blood no longer solidifies, it is then mixed with surplus stock Close;
(3)The mixture that above-mentioned steps are obtained is circulated into Radix Polygalae Crotalarioidis using sausage filler, two ends are fastened, layering is placed in cultivation Chi Zhong, feeds leech.
3. a kind of hirudiniculture feed according to claim 1 and preparation method thereof, it is characterised in that the vegetable juice is Corn, carrot, cucumber, pumpkin, celery are squeezed the juice according to identical adding proportion and are formed.
4. a kind of hirudiniculture feed according to claim 1 and preparation method thereof, it is characterised in that the Chinese medicine juice Preparation method is:Weigh rheum officinale 12-15 weight portions, cordate houttuynia 11-13 weight portions, root of Dahurain angelica 10-13 weight portions, Chinese cassia tree 9-11 weight Part, wrinkled giant hyssop 7-9 weight portions, 200-220 mesh is crushed to by the Chinese medicine of above-mentioned weight portion, adds the water of 500-600 times of volume to exist Boiled at 120-130 DEG C 1.5-2 hours, obtain boiling liquid, the water cooling for being blended into 2-3 times of volume obtains final product the Chinese medicine juice.
CN201611151189.XA 2016-12-14 2016-12-14 A kind of hirudiniculture feed and preparation method thereof Pending CN106721638A (en)

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN107549509A (en) * 2017-08-24 2018-01-09 无为县慧富水蛭养殖专业合作社 A kind of leech food calling feed and preparation method thereof
CN107660659A (en) * 2017-11-08 2018-02-06 天津农学院 A kind of preparation method of leech mixed feed

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1839689A (en) * 2003-01-15 2006-10-04 周维海 Aartificial breedubg method for P.manil-lensis
CN102793086A (en) * 2012-09-01 2012-11-28 张彬 Special feed for culturing blood-sucking leech larvae
CN105010809A (en) * 2015-06-23 2015-11-04 马鞍山市创源水蛭养殖专业合作社 Fresh pig blood smell removing fermented leech culturing feed and preparation method thereof
CN105010808A (en) * 2015-06-23 2015-11-04 马鞍山市创源水蛭养殖专业合作社 Oyster oil feeding promoting liquid leech sucking feed and preparation method thereof
CN105028998A (en) * 2015-06-23 2015-11-11 马鞍山市创源水蛭养殖专业合作社 Cream-flavored leech culture feed and preparation method thereof
CN105146115A (en) * 2015-06-30 2015-12-16 马鞍山市创源水蛭养殖专业合作社 Coated feed capable of improving emaciation and asthenia of leech and preparation method thereof
CN105558313A (en) * 2015-12-25 2016-05-11 贵州信邦制药股份有限公司 Raising bait for sucking-blood leeches as well as preparation method and application of raising bait

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1839689A (en) * 2003-01-15 2006-10-04 周维海 Aartificial breedubg method for P.manil-lensis
CN102793086A (en) * 2012-09-01 2012-11-28 张彬 Special feed for culturing blood-sucking leech larvae
CN105010809A (en) * 2015-06-23 2015-11-04 马鞍山市创源水蛭养殖专业合作社 Fresh pig blood smell removing fermented leech culturing feed and preparation method thereof
CN105010808A (en) * 2015-06-23 2015-11-04 马鞍山市创源水蛭养殖专业合作社 Oyster oil feeding promoting liquid leech sucking feed and preparation method thereof
CN105028998A (en) * 2015-06-23 2015-11-11 马鞍山市创源水蛭养殖专业合作社 Cream-flavored leech culture feed and preparation method thereof
CN105146115A (en) * 2015-06-30 2015-12-16 马鞍山市创源水蛭养殖专业合作社 Coated feed capable of improving emaciation and asthenia of leech and preparation method thereof
CN105558313A (en) * 2015-12-25 2016-05-11 贵州信邦制药股份有限公司 Raising bait for sucking-blood leeches as well as preparation method and application of raising bait

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN107549509A (en) * 2017-08-24 2018-01-09 无为县慧富水蛭养殖专业合作社 A kind of leech food calling feed and preparation method thereof
CN107660659A (en) * 2017-11-08 2018-02-06 天津农学院 A kind of preparation method of leech mixed feed

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Application publication date: 20170531