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CN106460152A - 层叠型硬质被膜及切削工具 - Google Patents

层叠型硬质被膜及切削工具 Download PDF

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CN106460152A
CN106460152A CN201580033045.1A CN201580033045A CN106460152A CN 106460152 A CN106460152 A CN 106460152A CN 201580033045 A CN201580033045 A CN 201580033045A CN 106460152 A CN106460152 A CN 106460152A
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hard film
atomic ratio
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CN106460152B (zh
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阿部麻衣子
山本兼司
二井裕瑛
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Kobe Steel Ltd
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Abstract

本发明提供一种层叠型硬质被膜,其交替地层叠有各1层以上的作为(MaAlbCrcTaD)(BxCyNz)[其中,M为V等,0≤a≤0.35、0.05≤d≤0.35、0≤x≤0.15、0≤y≤0.50、a+b+c+d=1、x+y+z=1]的层A和作为(TiαSiβ)(BxCyNz)[其中,0.05≤β≤0.35、0≤x≤0.15、0≤y≤0.50、α+β=1、x+y+z=1]的层B。

Description

层叠型硬质被膜及切削工具
技术领域
本发明涉及发挥优异的耐摩耗性的层叠型硬质被膜及在基材表面形成有这样的层叠型硬质被膜的切削工具。更详细而言,涉及形成在切割刀(chip)、钻头(drill)、端铣刀(end mill)等切削工具的表面且能够提高切削工具的耐摩耗性的层叠型硬质被膜、以及提高了耐摩耗性的切削工具。
背景技术
以往,为了提高以超硬合金、金属陶瓷、高速度工具钢或合金工具钢等为基材的夹具的耐摩耗性,进行了涂覆TiN、TiCN、TiAlN等硬质被膜。然而,随着被切削材料的高硬度化、切削速度的高速度化,要求实现进一步提高了耐摩耗性的硬质被膜。
作为耐摩耗性比TiN、TiCN、TiAlN等硬质被膜更优异的硬质被膜,例如在专利文献1中提出了以下技术:在将M设为选自Ti、Nb、W、Ta及Mo中的至少1种时,(Ma,Alb,[Cr1-αVα]c)(C1-dNd)所示的硬质被膜(其中,a、b、c分别表示M、Al、Cr+V的原子比,d表示N的原子比,α表示V的原子比。)满足规定的组成比。
基于该技术,能够实现耐摩耗性比以往一直使用的TiN、TiCN、TiAlN等硬质被膜更优异的硬质被膜,但是,期望通过实现维持在高温环境下的硬度、即提高在高温下的稳定性来进一步改善耐摩耗性。另外,为了提高耐摩耗性,还需要提高高速切削时的耐氧化性。另外,在使用湿式润滑剂的环境下也要求这些特性。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本特开2003-34859号公报
发明内容
发明要解决的课题
本发明是鉴于如上所述的情况完成的发明,其目的在于提供进一步提高了耐摩耗性的层叠型硬质被膜及通过在基材上形成这样的层叠型硬质被膜而发挥比以往更高的耐摩耗性的切削工具。
用于解决课题的手段
可以解决上述课题的本发明的硬质被膜,其特征在于,其是将组成不同的层A和层B层叠而成的层叠型硬质被膜,
上述层A由(MaAlbCrcTad)(BxCyNz)构成,且满足0≤a≤0.35、0.05≤d≤0.35、0≤x≤0.15、0≤y≤0.50、a+b+c+d=1、x+y+z=1的关系,
其中,M为选自V、Nb、Mo及W中的至少1种,a、b、c及d分别表示M、Al、Cr及Ta的原子比,x、y及z分别表示B、C及N的原子比,
并且,上述层B由(TiαSiβ)(BxCyNz)构成,且满足0.05≤β≤0.35、0≤x≤0.15、0≤y≤0.50、α+β=1、x+y+z=1的关系,
其中,α及β分别表示Ti及Si的原子比,x、y及z分别表示B、C及N的原子比,
上述层A和上述层B各自以1层以上交替地层叠而成所述层叠型硬质被膜。
在本发明的硬质被膜中,优选使上述层A及层B的厚度分别为1.5nm以上。另外,上述层A及层B的厚度分别为100nm以下且层叠数为多个也是优选的要件。
通过在基材表面形成如上所述的层叠型硬质被膜,从而可以实现耐摩耗性更为优异的切削工具。作为在此种切削工具中使用的基材,可列举由碳化钨基超硬合金、金属陶瓷合金、高速度工具钢、合金工具钢中的任一种材料形成的基材。
发明效果
根据本发明,通过制成层叠有显示在高温环境下的硬度维持性的层A和显示在高温下的高耐氧化性的层B的层叠型的硬质被膜,从而可以实现耐摩耗性比以往的硬质被膜进一步提高的硬质被膜。
具体实施方式
本发明的硬质被膜,其特征在于,其是交替地层叠有各1层以上的显示在高温环境下的硬度维持性的层A和显示在高温下的高耐氧化性的层B的层叠型硬质被膜。
构成本发明的层叠型硬质被膜的层A由(MaAlbCrcTad)(BxCyNz)构成,且满足下述的关系。
0≤a≤0.35、0.05≤d≤0.35
0≤x≤0.15、0≤y≤0.50
a+b+c+d=1、x+y+z=1
其中,M为选自V、Nb、Mo及W中的至少1种,a、b、c及d分别表示M、Al、Cr及Ta的原子比,x、y及z分别表示B、C及N的原子比。
就上述层A而言,通过包含规定量的Ta,从而抑制在高温环境下的硬度降低,实现维持稳定的硬度。为了发挥这样的特性,需要使Ta的原子比为0.05以上、即0.05≤d。优选的d的值为0.10以上、更优选为0.15以上。
然而,若Ta量过量,则耐氧化性降低,因此Ta的原子比需要为0.35以下、即d≤0.35。优选的d的值为0.30以下、更优选为0.25以下。
上述M为选自V、Nb、Mo及W中的至少1种元素。这些元素在切削工具的滑动下形成具有润滑性的氧化物,可以期待自润滑性的发挥。然而,若M量过量,则耐氧化性降低,因此M的原子比需要为0.35以下、即a≤0.35。优选为0.30以下,更优选为0.25以下。另外,为了发挥上述的效果,M以原子比计优选为0.05以上、更优选为0.10以上。但是,即使不含有M,通过使其含有规定量的Ta,也可以发挥维持在高温环境下的硬度的效果。
层A中的除M及Ta以外的元素为Al及Cr。这些元素是为了达成硬质被膜的高硬度所需的元素。这些元素的含量(合计)可以采用以原子比计为0.30≤(b+c)≤0.95的值。其中,Al的原子比b优选为0.5≤b≤0.8。若Al的原子比b小于0.5,则岩盐结构型的AlN的析出量变少,难以得到高硬度化的效果。Al的原子比b的更优选的下限为0.6以上,进一步优选为0.65以上。另一方面,将Al的原子比b的优选的上限设为0.8的理由为:若Al的比率变得过大,Cr的含量相对变少,由软质的ZnS型的AlN析出而使被膜软质化。Al的原子比b的更优选的上限为0.77以下,进一步优选为0.75以下。
上述层A是基本上以氮化物、即x+y=0、z=1的情况为基底的层,通过添加B、C而包含一部分、即按照B、C的原子比换算为0.5的硼化物、碳化物,从而可以进一步提高硬质被膜的硬度。为了发挥这样的效果,B的原子比优选为0.01以上、即0.01≤x,更优选为0.05以上、即0.05≤x。另外,C的原子比优选为0.05以上、即0.05≤y,更优选为0.10以上、即0.10≤y。
但是,若B、C的添加量过量,则硬质被膜的硬度反而降低,因此需要使B的原子比为0.15以下、即x≤0.15且C的原子比为0.50以下、即y≤0.50。B的原子比优选为0.10以下、即x≤0.10,更优选为0.08以下、即x≤0.08。另外,C的原子比优选为0.40以下、即y≤0.40,更优选为0.25以下、即y≤0.25。
另一方面,构成本发明的层叠型硬质被膜的层B由(TiαSiβ)(BxCyNz)构成,且满足下述的关系。
0.05≤β≤0.35
0≤x≤0.15、0≤y≤0.50
α+β=1、x+y+z=1
其中,α及β分别表示Ti及Si的原子比,x、y及z分别表示B、C及N的原子比。
上述层B是通过使含有Ti而显示高耐氧化性的硬质被膜中含有规定量的Si而使硬度比仅含Ti的硬质被膜进一步提高的层。为了发挥这样的特性,需要使Si的原子比为0.05以上、即0.05≤β。优选为0.10以上、即0.10≤β,更优选为0.15以上、即0.15≤β。
但是,若Si的添加量过量,则被膜发生非晶化,硬度反而降低,因此Si的原子比需要为0.35以下、即β≤0.35。Si的原子比优选为0.30以下、即β≤0.30,更优选为0.25以下、即β≤0.25。
上述层B与上述层A同样是基本上以氮化物、即x+y=0、z=1的情况为基底的层,通过添加B、C而包含一部分、即按照B、C的原子比换算为0.5的硼化物、碳化物,从而可以进一步提高硬质被膜的硬度。为了发挥这样的效果,B的原子比优选为0.01以上、即0.01≤x,更优选为0.05以上、即0.05≤x。另外,C的原子比优选为0.05以上、即0.05≤y,更优选为0.10以上、即0.10≤y。
但是,若B、C的添加量过量,则与上述层A同样地使层B的硬度反而降低,因此需要使B的原子比为0.15以下、即x≤0.15且C的原子比为0.50以下、即y≤0.50。B的原子比优选为0.10以下、即x≤0.10,更优选为0.08以下、即x≤0.08。另外,C的原子比优选为0.40以下、即y≤0.40,更优选为0.25以下、即y≤0.25。
在层A及层B中,表示B、C及N各自的原子比的字母、即x、y及z虽然采用相同的字母,但是并非是指在硬质被膜内的层A及层B的各层中为相同的值,若为上述的范围内,则即使为同一字母,层A及层B的各层中可以采用不同的值。
为了有效地发挥上述的层A及层B的各自的功能,各个层A、B的组成并非混合状态,而需要以各个层交替地层叠1层以上而使各层A、B独立的层叠状态存在。
为了有效地发挥层A及层B的各自的功能,层A及层B的厚度优选分别为1.5nm以上。更优选的厚度分别为10nm以上,进一步优选分别为20nm以上。
例如,在被膜整体的膜厚为3μm、即3000nm的情况下,可以形成层A及层B的各自的厚度为1500nm的2层结构的被膜。但是,为了最大限度地发挥在层叠状态下的两层A、B的功能,优选使层叠数为多个。从这样的观点出发,优选使层A及层B的厚度分别为100nm以下并使层叠数为多个。层A及层B的厚度更优选分别为80nm以下,进一步优选分别为50nm以下。在此,层叠数是将层A与层B的层叠设为层叠数1时的值。被膜整体的膜厚越厚越好,但是,若考虑生产率,则优选为5μm以下,更优选为4μm以下。另外,层叠数优选为10次以上且2000次以下,更优选为50次以上且1000次以下。
予以说明,层A及层B的厚度未必需要相同,例如也可以使层A的厚度为20nm且层B的厚度为1.5~100nm。另外,在以多个层叠的被膜中,基材侧可以为层A及层B中的任一者。另外,基材侧与最外表面侧可以为相同组成的层,也可以为不同组成的层,可以根据目的设定成各种层叠结构。
进而,根据后述的实施例中记载的装置及制造方法,所有的层A及所有的层B分别为相同的组成。但是,通过增加蒸发源的数量或在成膜中变更气体成分等,从而即使在多个层A中,也可以根据不同的层而成为不同的的组成,并且即使在多个层B中,也可以根据不同的层而成为不同的组成。只要各个层A及各个层B落入本发明的组成范围,则也可以使各自的组成不同。
通过在基材表面形成如上所述的层叠型硬质被膜,从而可以实现耐摩耗性更优异的切削工具。作为在这样的切削工具中使用的基材,可列举:例如WC-Co系合金、WC-TiC-Co系合金、WC-TiC-(TaC或NbC)-Co系合金、WC-(TaC或NbC)-Co系合金等碳化钨基超硬合金;例如TiC-Ni-Mo系合金、TiC-TiN-Ni-Mo系合金等金属陶瓷合金;例如JIS G4403:2006中规定的SKH51、SKD61等高速度工具钢材;例如JIS G 4404:2006中规定的SKS11、SKD1等合金工具钢材等。
硬质被膜可以使用物理性气相生长法(PVD法:Physical vapor depositionprocess)、化学性气相生长法(CVD法:Chemical vapor deposition process)等公知的方法而覆盖在基材表面上。在这些方法中,从硬质被膜的密合性等观点出发,优选使用PVD法进行制造。具体而言,使作为固体蒸发源而使用的靶蒸发或离子化并在包含氮、烃或硼的气体气氛中成膜于被处理体(基材)上的、例如电弧离子镀(AIP:Arc Ion Plating)法等离子镀敷法、溅射法等反应性PVD法是有效的。另外,在应用溅射法的情况下,对作为成膜对象的基材的离子照射量多的非平衡磁控溅射(UBMS:Unbalanced Magnetron Sputtering)较为适合。
由于无论采用任一被膜形成方法,所使用的靶的成分组成也会决定所形成的被膜的成分组成,因此靶的成分组成优选与作为目的的被膜组成相同。予以说明,在形成包含硼化物的被膜的情况下,也可以使气氛中不含有包含硼的气体例如BF4等而使靶中含有B。
作为利用电弧离子镀敷法进行成膜时的优选条件,可列举例如下述的条件。
总压力:0.5Pa以上且4Pa以下
施加电流(放电电流):100~200A
成膜时的基材温度:300℃以上且800℃以下
本发明的层叠型硬质被膜可以被用作形成于切削工具的基材表面的被膜,若考虑其优异的耐摩耗性,可以被用作上述切削工具、尤其在湿式环境下的开孔加工用钻头。
实施例
以下,列举实施例更具体地说明本发明,但本发明当然不受下述实施例限制,在能够符合前、后述的主旨的范围内当然也可以适当加以变更来实施,这些均包含在本发明的技术范围内。
(实施例1)
利用具有多个蒸发源的AIP装置形成层叠有下述表1所示组成的层A、层B的被膜。此时,作为基材,使用用于测定硬度的13mm×13mm×5mm厚度的镜面超硬合金制试验片及用于测定耐摩耗性的直径:8.5mm的超硬合金制2片刀刃钻头。
【表1】
[表1]
将这些基材在乙醇中进行超声波脱脂清洗,并将其导入AIP装置中。排气至装置内的压力达到5×10-3Pa为止后,将基材加热至500℃,实施5分钟采用Ar离子的蚀刻。之后,引入氮气或烃气体直至4Pa,在放电电流150A下运转靶径为100mm的电弧蒸发源,在基材上形成合计厚度约3μm、即约3000nm的被膜。予以说明,在含有B而形成硼化物的情况下,使用含有B的靶。
在形成层叠型硬质被膜的情况下,将层A及层B的组成的靶安装到各个蒸发源上,使搭载有基材的工作台在装置内旋转,首先,仅使层A的靶在氮气氛中单独地短时间放电,形成约100nm的层,确保与基材的密合性后,使层B的靶放电,边使层A及层B同时放电,边使工作台旋转,由此形成各层A、B的厚度分别为20nm且层叠数为75次的多层膜。多层膜中的层A的厚度、层B的厚度及层叠次数通过改变工作台的旋转速度来进行调节。即,若加快旋转速度,则层A的厚度、层B的厚度变薄,层叠次数变大,若减缓旋转速度,则层A的厚度、层B的厚度变厚,层叠次数变小。予以说明,作为比较例,如表1的试验No.26所示那样形成TiAlN单层,以及如试验No.27所示那样形成TiN单层。
对所得的各硬质被膜被覆构件,利用下述的方法测定了硬质被膜的硬度和耐摩耗性。
(硬度测定)
使用上述硬度测定用试验片,在载荷1N的条件下测定了维氏硬度(HV)。作为具体的基准,硬度为HV3400以上情况判定为具有充分的硬度。予以说明,硬度优选为HV3700以上,更优选为HV3800以上。由于硬度越大越好,因此其上限并无限定,但是,若太大,则会形成在被膜内部的断裂起点,因此其上限优选为HV4700以下。更优选为HV4600以下。
(耐摩耗性的测定)
关于耐摩耗性,使用在上述超硬合金制2片刀刃钻头上成膜的试样,利用下述的条件进行切削试验,测定钻头外周面的侧面(flank)摩耗宽度、即后面摩耗宽度,评价了耐摩耗性。作为具体的基准,将后面摩耗宽度为69μm以下的情况评价为耐摩耗性优异。予以说明,后面摩耗宽度优选为64μm以下,更优选为59μm以下,进一步优选为54μm以下,更进一步优选为49μm以下。
(切削试验条件)
被切削材料:SCM440(机械结构用合金钢钢材:JIS G 4053:2003热处理之前的状态的材料(生材))
切削速度:75m/分钟
送给:0.24mm/旋转
切口深度:2mm
润滑:外部给油(乳液)
评价条件:利用在1000个孔加工后的钻头外周面的侧面摩耗宽度进行评价
将这些结果一并记载在下述表2的试验No.1~30中。予以说明,该结果是将各层A、B的厚度分别固定为20nm、形成组成不同的被膜并对与切削性能有关的组成比的影响进行调查得到的结果。
【表2】
[表2]
由这些结果可以考察如下。即可知:试验No.2~7、9~14、16、17、20~22、24、25、28~30中,由于层A及层B的组成满足本发明中规定的范围,因此发挥良好的硬度和耐摩耗性。
与此相对,在试验No.1、8、15、18、19、23、26、27中,不满足本发明中规定的要件的任一者,耐摩耗性劣化。即,试验No.1是在层A中不包含Ta的例子,层A在高温环境下的硬度降低,硬质被膜的耐摩耗性劣化。另外,试验No.8是层A中的Ta含量过量的例子,层A的耐氧化性降低,硬质被膜的耐摩耗性劣化。
试验No.15是层A中的B的含量过量的例子,被膜的硬度不足HV3400,耐摩耗性劣化。试验No.18是C的含量过量的例子,被膜的硬度降低,耐摩耗性劣化。
试验No.19是层B中的Ti含量过量的例子,Si量相应地变少,硬度不足HV3400,耐摩耗性劣化。试验No.23是层B中的Ti的含量变少且Si含量过量的例子,被膜的硬度不足HV3400,耐摩耗性劣化。
试验No.26是以往的TiAlN单层膜,由于硬度比满足本发明中规定的要件的硬质被膜低,因此耐摩耗性劣化。试验No.27是以往的TiN膜,由于硬度比满足本发明中规定的要件的硬质被膜低,因此耐摩耗性极度劣化。
(实施例2)
对上述表1的试验No.4所示的组成及结构的被膜,不形成最初为100nm的层A,除此以外,对每个试样改变层A及层B的厚度,并改变层叠数,形成合计厚度固定为3μm的硬质被膜。此时的制造方法与实施例1所示的方法同样。予以说明,试验No.37中,将合计厚度设为为3.2μm、即3200nm。
对所得的各硬质被膜被覆构件,利用与实施例1同样的方法测定了硬质被膜的硬度和耐摩耗性。
其结果如下述表3的试验No.31~38所示。予以说明,表3的试验No.34不形成最初为100nm的层A,除此以外,与上述表1、2的试验No.4相当。
[表3]
由这些结果可以考察如下。即可知:试验No.31~38中,由于层A及层B的组成满足本发明中规定的范围,因此发挥良好的耐摩耗性。其中,试验No.33~35中,由于满足本发明中的膜厚的更优选的下限的要件或膜厚的进一步优选的上限的要件,因此耐摩耗性提高效果更良好。
参照特定的实施方式详细说明了本发明,但能够在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的前提下进行各种各样的变更和修改,这对于本领域技术人员来说是不言而喻的。
本申请基于2014年6月24日申请的日本专利申请(日本特愿2014-129122)、2015年4月24日申请的日本专利申请(日本特愿2015-089285)而完成,其内容作为参照援引于此。
产业上的可利用性
本发明的硬质被膜具有优异的耐摩耗性,在切割刀、钻头、端铣刀等切削工具的基材表面形成该硬质被膜,从而可以提高这些切削工具的耐摩耗性。

Claims (5)

1.一种层叠型硬质被膜,其特征在于,其是将组成不同的层A和层B层叠而成的层叠型硬质被膜,
所述层A由(MaAlbCrcTad)(BxCyNz)构成,且满足
0≤a≤0.35、0.05≤d≤0.35、
0≤x≤0.15、0≤y≤0.50、a+b+c+d=1、x+y+z=1的关系,
其中,M为选自V、Nb、Mo及W中的至少1种,a、b、c及d分别表示M、Al、Cr及Ta的原子比,x、y及z分别表示B、C及N的原子比,
并且所述层B由(TiαSiβ)(BxCyNz)构成,且满足0.05≤β≤0.35、0≤x≤0.15、0≤y≤0.50、α+β=1、x+y+z=1的关系,
其中,α及β分别表示Ti及Si的原子比,x、y及z分别表示B、C及N的原子比,
且所述层A和所述层B各自以1层以上交替地层叠而成所述层叠型硬质被膜。
2.根据权利要求1所述的层叠型硬质被膜,其中,所述层A及层B的厚度分别为1.5nm以上。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的层叠型硬质被膜,其中,所述层A及层B的厚度分别为100nm以下,层叠数为多个。
4.一种切削工具,其在基材表面形成有权利要求1~3中任一项所述的层叠型硬质被膜。
5.根据权利要求4所述的切削工具,其中,所述基材为由碳化钨基超硬合金、金属陶瓷合金、高速度工具钢、合金工具钢中的任一种形成的基材。
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