CN105338968A - 降低或预防响应于非变应原性抗原的过敏反应的致耐受性合成纳米载体 - Google Patents
降低或预防响应于非变应原性抗原的过敏反应的致耐受性合成纳米载体 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及用包含免疫抑制剂的组合物降低或预防针对非变应原性抗原的过敏反应的方法及相关组合物。
Description
相关申请
本申请依据35U.S.C.§119要求于2013年5月3日提交的美国临时申请61/819517、于2013年9月24日提交的美国临时申请61/881851、于2013年9月24日提交的美国临时申请61/881913、于2013年9月24日提交的美国临时申请61/881921、于2013年11月21日提交的美国临时申请61/907177、于2014年3月5日提交的美国临时申请61/948313以及于2014年3月5日提交的美国临时申请61/948384的权益,其每一个的全部内容均通过引用并入本文。
技术领域
本发明涉及使用包含免疫抑制剂的组合物来降低或预防针对非变应原性抗原的过敏反应的方法及相关组合物。所述方法和组合物允许降低或预防由非变应原性抗原(例如非变应原性治疗性大分子)引起的过敏反应发生。因此,提供了可用于降低或预防由施用非变应原性抗原(例如非变应原性治疗性大分子)引起的过敏反应的方法和组合物。
背景技术
常规的免疫抑制药物作用广泛。另外,为了维持免疫抑制作用,免疫抑制药物治疗一般是终生议题。遗憾的是,作用广泛的免疫抑制剂的使用与严重副作用的风险相关,所述副作用例如肿瘤、感染、肾毒性和代谢紊乱。因此,新的抗原特异性致耐受性治疗将是有益的。
发明概述
在一个方面,提供了用于降低或预防针对非变应原性抗原的过敏反应的方法,其包括提供非变应原性抗原,所述非变应原性抗原未与合成纳米载体连接;提供包含合成纳米载体(在一些实施方案中,与免疫抑制剂连接的合成纳米载体)的组合物;以及将所述组合物与所述非变应原性抗原伴随施用于对象。在所提供之任一种方法的一个实施方案中,对所述对象的伴随施用根据已证明降低或预防针对非变应原性抗原的过敏反应的方案。在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,所述方法还包括确定所述方案。
在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,所述方法还包括在施用之前和/或之后评估对象中的过敏反应。
在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,所述施用通过静脉内、腹膜内或皮下施用进行。
在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,所述方法还包括记录对针对非变应原性抗原的过敏反应的降低或预防。
在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,所述免疫抑制剂包含他汀类(statins)、mTOR抑制剂、TGF-β信号传导剂(TGF-βsignalingagent)、皮质类固醇、线粒体功能的抑制剂、P38抑制剂、NF-κB抑制剂、腺苷受体激动剂、前列腺素E2激动剂、磷酸二酯酶4抑制剂、HDAC抑制剂或蛋白酶体抑制剂。在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,mTOR抑制剂是雷帕霉素。
在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,所述非变应原性抗原包含治疗性大分子。在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,所述治疗性大分子是治疗性蛋白质或治疗性多核苷酸。在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,所述治疗性蛋白质用于蛋白质补充治疗的蛋白质替代。在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,所述治疗性蛋白质包含可输注或可注射的治疗性蛋白质、酶、酶辅因子、激素、血液因子或凝血因子、细胞因子、干扰素、生长因子、单克隆抗体、多克隆抗体或与庞皮病(Pompe’sdisease)相关的蛋白质。在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,所述可输注或可注射的治疗性蛋白质包含托珠单抗(Tocilizumab)、α-1抗胰蛋白酶、Hematide、白蛋白干扰素α-2b(albinterferonalfa-2b)、Thucin、替莫瑞林、奥瑞珠单抗、贝利木单抗、聚乙二醇化重组尿酸酶(pegloticase)、他利苷酶α(taliglucerasealfa)、阿加糖酶α(agalsidasealfa)或葡糖脑苷脂酶α(velaglucerasealfa)。在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,所述酶包括氧化还原酶(ocidforeductase)、转移酶、水解酶、裂合酶、异构酶或连接酶。在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,所述酶包含用于针对溶酶体贮积症的酶替代治疗的酶。在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,用于针对溶酶体贮积症的替代治疗的酶包含伊米苷酶、a-半乳糖苷酶A(a-galA)、阿加糖酶β、酸性α-葡糖苷酶(GAA)、阿葡糖苷酶α、LUMIZYME、MYOZYME、芳基硫酸酯酶B、拉罗尼酶(laronidase)、ALDURAZYME、艾杜硫酶(idursulfase)、ELAPRASE、芳基硫酸酯酶B、聚乙二醇化重组尿酸酶(pegloticase)、聚乙二醇化重组假丝酵母尿酸酶(pegsiticase)或NAGLAZYME。在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,所述细胞因子包含淋巴因子、白介素、趋化因子、1型细胞因子或2型细胞因子。在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,所述血液因子或凝血因子包含因子I、因子II、组织因子、因子V、因子VII、因子VIII、因子IX、因子X、因子Xa、因子XII、因子XIII、冯·维勒布兰德因子(vonWillebrandfactor)、前激肽释放酶、高分子量激肽原、纤连蛋白、抗凝血酶III、肝素辅因子II、蛋白C、蛋白S、蛋白Z、蛋白Z相关蛋白酶抑制剂(proteinZ-relatedproteaseinhibitor,ZPI)、纤溶酶原、α2-抗纤溶酶、组织纤溶酶原激活物(tissueplasminogenactivator,tPA)、尿激酶、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1(plasminogenactivatorinhibitor-1,PAI1)、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-2(plasminogenactivatorinhibitor-2,PAI2)、癌促凝物质或阿法依伯汀(epoetinalfa)。
在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,基于所有合成纳米载体的平均值,与合成纳米载体连接之免疫抑制剂的载量为0.1%至50%。在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,所述载量为0.1%至20%。
在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,所述合成纳米载体包含脂质纳米颗粒、聚合物纳米颗粒、金属纳米颗粒、基于表面活性剂的乳剂、树状聚体、巴基球(buckyball)、纳米线(nanowire)、病毒样颗粒或者肽或蛋白质颗粒。在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,所述合成纳米载体包含脂质纳米颗粒。在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,所述合成纳米载体包含脂质体。在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,所述合成纳米载体包含金属纳米颗粒。在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,所述金属纳米颗粒包含金纳米颗粒。在所提供之任一种方法之另一个实施方案中,所述合成纳米载体包含聚合物纳米颗粒。在所提供的任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,所述聚合物纳米颗粒包含聚合物,所述聚合物为非甲氧基封端的普朗尼克聚合物。在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,所述聚合物纳米颗粒包含聚酯、与聚醚连接的聚酯、聚氨基酸、聚碳酸酯、聚缩醛、聚缩酮、多糖、聚乙基唑啉或聚乙烯亚胺。在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,所述聚酯包含聚(乳酸)、聚(乙醇酸)、聚乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物或聚己内酯。在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,所述聚合物纳米颗粒包含聚酯和与聚醚连接的聚酯。在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,所述聚醚包含聚乙二醇或聚丙二醇。
在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,使用对合成纳米载体之动态光散射获得的颗粒大小分布的平均值为大于100nm的直径。在所提供的任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,所述直径大于150nm。在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,所述直径大于200nm。在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,所述直径大于250nm。在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,所述直径大于300nm。
在所提供之任一种方法的另一个实施方案中,所述合成纳米载体的纵横比(aspectratio)大于1∶1、1∶1.2、1∶1.5、1∶2、1∶3、1∶5、1∶7或1∶10。
在另一个方面,提供了包含免疫抑制剂(在一些实施方案中,与合成纳米载体连接的免疫抑制剂)和非变应原性抗原(所述非变应原性抗原未与合成纳米载体连接)的组合物或药盒(kit)。在一个实施方案中,所述组合物或药盒用于本文中提供的任一种方法中。在另一个实施方案中,所述组合物或药盒还包含可药用载体。在另一个实施方案中,免疫抑制剂和非变应原性抗原包含在同一容器中。在另一个实施方案中,免疫抑制剂和非变应原性抗原包含在独立容器中。在另一个实施方案中,所述组合物或药盒还包含使用说明书。
在另一个方面,提供了制备本文中提供的任一种组合物或药盒的方法,所述方法包括将组合物或药盒中的组分组合。在一个实施方案中,制备组合物或药盒中的一种或更多种组分。因此,任一种制备方法均可包括制备免疫抑制剂的组合物和制备非变应原性抗原的组合物的步骤。在一个实施方案中,制备免疫抑制剂的组合物的步骤可包括使免疫抑制剂与合成纳米载体连接。
在另一个实施方案中,制备方法包括产生非变应原性抗原的剂量或剂型和产生免疫抑制剂的剂量或剂型。在另一个实施方案中,产生免疫抑制剂的剂量或剂型的步骤包括使免疫抑制剂与合成纳米载体连接。在所提供之任一种制备方法的另一个实施方案中,所述方法还包括将免疫抑制剂的剂量或剂型与非变应原性抗原的剂量或剂型在药盒中组合。
在另一个方面,提供了本文中提供的任一种组合物或药盒用于制备用于在对象中降低或预防针对非变应原性抗原之过敏反应的药物中的用途。在一个实施方案中,所述组合物或药盒包含免疫抑制剂和非变应原性抗原。在本文中提供的任一种用途的另一个实施方案中,免疫抑制剂与合成纳米载体连接。
在另一个方面,本文中提供的任一种组合物或药盒可用于本文中提供的任一种方法中。
在另一个方面,提供了制备意图用于降低或预防针对非变应原性抗原的过敏反应的药物的方法。在一个实施方案中,所述药物包含免疫抑制剂和非变应原性抗原。在本文中提供之任一种制备方法的另一个实施方案中,免疫抑制剂与合成纳米载体连接。
在另一个方面,提供了制备组合物或药盒的方法,其包括制备或获得免疫抑制剂(在一些实施方案中,与合成纳米载体连接的免疫抑制剂)和非变应原性抗原,所述非变应原性抗原未与合成纳米载体连接。
附图简述
图1示出了作为本发明处理的结果,IgG效价降低。
图2示出了作为本发明处理的结果,IgG效价和过敏反应评分降低。
图3示出了作为本发明处理的结果,过敏反应评分降低。
图4示出了作为本发明处理的结果,IgG效价降低。
发明详述
在对本发明进行详细描述之前,应当理解,本发明不限于具体举例说明的材料或工艺参数,因为其当然可以变化。还应理解的是,本文中使用的术语仅是为了描述本发明的一些具体实施方案,并非旨在对使用替代术语来描述本发明进行限制。
出于所有目的,本文中引用的所有出版物、专利和专利申请(无论上文或下文)均在此通过引用整体并入。
除非所述内容另有明确指出,否则本说明书及所附权利要求书中使用的没有数量词修饰的名词表示一个/种或更多个/种。例如,提及的“聚合物”包括两种或更多种此类分子的混合物或不同分子量的单一聚合物种类的混合物,提及的“合成纳米载体”包括两种或更多种此类合成纳米载体的混合物或多种这样的合成纳米载体,提及的“RNA分子”包括两种或更多种此类RNA分子的混合物或多种这样的RNA分子,提及的“免疫抑制剂”包括两种或更多种此类材料的混合物或多种这样的免疫抑制剂分子等。
本文中使用的术语“包含/包括”或其变化形式应理解为指包括引用的任何整体(例如特点、要素、特征、特性、方法/处理步骤或限制)或整体的组(例如多个特点、多个要素、多个特征、多个特性、多个方法/处理步骤或多个限制),但不排除任何其他整体或整体的组。因此,本文中使用的术语“包含/包括”是包括性的并且不排除另外的未引用整体或方法/处理步骤。
在本文中提供的任一种组合物和方法的一些实施方案中,可用“基本由...组成”或“由...组成”来替代“包含/包括”。本文中使用的短语“基本由...组成”需要指定的整体或步骤以及不显著影响所要求保护之发明的特征或功能的那些。本文中使用的术语“由...组成”仅用于指所引用的整体(例如特点、要素、特征、特性、方法/处理步骤或限制)或整体的组(例如多个特点、多个要素、多个特征、多个特性、多个方法/处理步骤或多个限制)的存在。
A.引言
过敏反应一般与针对变应原的变态反应相关。然而,过敏反应还可响应于施用非变应原性抗原(例如非变应原性治疗性大分子)而发生。令人惊讶地,已发现:与非变应原性抗原伴随施用之与免疫抑制剂连接的合成纳米载体可成功地用于阻断导致针对非变应原性抗原之过敏反应的免疫途径。因此,本文中提供的方法和组合物可用于治疗需要用非变应原性治疗性大分子进行治疗的对象,特别是当对象由于这样的治疗而处于过敏反应的风险之中时。
已发现,将一定剂量的免疫抑制剂与非变应原性抗原伴随递送可有效地降低或预防与非变应原性抗体相关的过敏反应。意外地发现,当与非变应原性抗原伴随施用时,一定剂量的所述免疫抑制剂降低或预防过敏反应,甚至当随后施用非变应原性抗原而不进一步施用免疫抑制剂时。因此,与非变应原性抗原伴随施用之一定剂量的免疫抑制剂提供了长期保护免受过敏反应。由于在用非变应原性治疗性大分子进行治疗性治疗期间免疫应答可有益于抵抗过敏反应,因此本发明可用于在需要用非变应原性治疗性大分子进行治疗之对象中促进致耐受性免疫应答。
本发明人已出乎意料且令人惊讶地发现,上述问题和限制可通过实施本文中公开的发明来克服。在下文的实施例中对本发明进行举例说明。
现在,将在下文对本发明进行更详细的描述。
B.定义
“施用”意指以在药理学上可用的方式向对象提供物质。在一些实施方案中,该术语旨在包括“引起施用”。“引起施用”意指直接或间接地引起、促使、鼓励、帮助、诱导或指导另一方施用物质。
在用于向对象施用之组合物或剂型的情况下,“有效量”指该组合物或剂型在对象中产生一种或更多种期望应答的量,例如产生致耐受性免疫应答(例如,降低或预防过敏反应)的量。该量可指单一剂量或多个剂量。因此,在一些实施方案中,有效量为以多个剂量给予之本文中提供的任何组合物的这样的量,其产生如本文中提供的这些期望免疫应答和/或治疗效果中的一种或更多种。有效量可用于体外或体内目的。对于体内目的,所述量可以是临床医生认为可对对象具有临床益处的量,所述对象由于非变应原性抗原而需要在其中降低或预防过敏反应。
有效量可涉及降低不期望免疫应答的水平,但是在一些实施方案中,其涉及完全阻止不期望的免疫应答。有效量还可涉及延迟不期望免疫应答的发生。有效量还可以是本文中提供的组合物之产生期望治疗终点或期望治疗结果的量。优选地,有效量在对象中产生针对抗原(例如非变应原性抗原)的致耐受性免疫应答。可通过常规方法来监测上述任一项的实现。
在所提供之任一种组合物和方法的一些实施方案中,有效量为其中期望的免疫应答在对象中持续至少1周、至少2周或至少1个月的量。在所提供之任一种组合物和方法的另一些实施方案中,有效量为在至少1周、至少2周或至少1个月内产生可测量的期望免疫应答(例如免疫应答(例如,针对特异性非变应原性抗原的免疫应答)的可测量降低)的量。
当然,有效量将取决于所治疗的具体对象;病症、疾病或紊乱的严重程度;个体患者的参数,包括年龄、身体状况、身材和体重;治疗的持续时间;同时治疗(如果有的话)的性质;具体的施用途径以及在健康从业者的知识和经验范围内的类似因素。这些因素是本领域中的普通技术人员公知的并且可仅用常规实验就可解决。一般优选使用最大剂量,即根据合理医疗判断的最高安全剂量。然而,本领域中的普通技术人员将理解,患者可由于医学原因、心理原因或实际上任何其他原因而坚持使用较低剂量或可耐受剂量。
一般来说,本发明组合物中免疫抑制剂和/或非变应原性抗原的剂量可指免疫抑制剂和/或非变应原性抗原的量。或者,可基于合成纳米载体的数量来施用所述剂量,所述合成纳米载体例如提供期望量的免疫抑制剂的合成纳米载体。
“抗原特异性的”指由于该抗原或其一部分的存在而产生的任何免疫应答或产生特异性地识别或结合该抗原之分子的任何免疫应答。当抗原是非变应原性抗原时,抗原特异性的可意指非变应原性抗原特异性的。例如,当免疫应答是抗原特异性抗体的产生时,产生特异性地与该抗原结合的抗体。
“评估免疫应答”指对体外或体内免疫应答的水平、存在或不存在、降低、升高等的任何测量或确定。可对从对象获得的一份或更多份样品进行这样的测量或确定。这样的评估可用本文中提供的或本领域中另外已知的任何方法来进行。评估可以是对针对非变应原性抗原之过敏反应的降低、预防、存在或不存在进行的评估。
“连接”或“连接的”或者“偶联”或“偶联的”(等)意指使一个实体(例如一个部分)与另一个实体以化学方式缔合。在一些实施方案中,连接是共价的,意指连接发生在两个实体之间存在共价键的情况下。在一些非共价实施方案中,非共价连接由非共价相互作用介导,所述非共价相互作用包括但不限于:电荷相互作用、亲和性相互作用、金属配位、物理吸附、主体-客体相互作用、疏水性相互作用、TT堆积相互作用、氢键合相互作用、范德华相互作用、磁性相互作用、静电相互作用、偶极-偶极相互作用和/或其组合。在一些实施方案中,包封是连接的一种形式。在一些实施方案中,非变应原性抗原与免疫抑制剂彼此未连接,意指所述抗原和免疫抑制剂未经历特异性地意图使彼此化学缔合的过程。在一些实施方案中,非变应原性抗原未与合成纳米载体连接,意指所述抗原和合成纳米载体未经历特异性地意图使彼此化学缔合的过程。
除非另有指出,否则本文中使用的“平均值”指算术平均值。
当应用于两种或更多种材料和/或药剂(在本文中也称为组分)时,“组合”旨在对其中两种或更多种材料/药剂相缔合的材料进行定义。可将组分单独标识,例如第一组分、第二组分、第三组分等。在该情况下的术语“组合的”和“组合”可作相应解释。
两种或更多种材料/药剂以组合的缔合可以是物理的或非物理的。经物理缔合的组合材料/药剂的实例包括:
●包含两种或更多种材料/药剂的混合物(例如在同一单位剂量内)的组合物(例如单一制剂);
●包含其中两种或更多种材料/药剂经化学/物理化学连接(例如通过交联、分子聚集或与常见的载剂部分结合)的材料的组合物;
●包含其中两种或更多种材料/药剂经化学/物理化学共包装(例如,布置在脂囊泡、颗粒(例如微米颗粒或纳米颗粒)或乳滴之上或之内)的材料的组合物;
●其中两种或更多种材料/药剂经共包装或共存在(例如作为一组单位剂量的一部分)的药物药盒、药物包装或患者包装;
经非物理缔合的组合材料/药剂的实例包括:
●包含两种或更多种材料/药剂中的至少一种的材料(例如非单一制剂),附带有用于使该至少一种化合物/药剂临时缔合以形成这两种或更多种材料/药剂的物理缔合的说明书;
●包含两种或更多种材料/药剂中的至少一种的材料(例如非单一制剂),附带有用于使用这两种或更多种材料/药剂进行联合治疗的说明书;
●包含两种或更多种材料/药剂中的至少一种的材料,附带有用于向已施用(或正在施用)该两种或更多种材料/药剂中的其他材料/药剂的患者群施用的说明书;
●以特异性地适合与两种或更多种材料/药剂中的其他材料/药剂组合使用的量或形式包含这两种或更多种材料/药剂中的至少一种的材料。
本文中使用的术语“联合治疗”旨在对治疗进行定义,其包括使用两种或更多种材料/药剂的组合(如下文所定义的)。因此,本申请中提及的材料/药剂的“联合治疗”、“组合”和“组合使用”可指作为同一总治疗方案的一部分施用的材料/药剂。因此,两种或更多种材料/药剂各自的剂量学可有所不同:每一种可在相同时间或不同时间施用。因此,应当理解,可依次(例如之前或之后)或同时(在同一药物制剂中(即一起)或者在不同药物制剂中(即独立地))施用组合中的材料/药剂。在同一制剂中时,同时是作为单一制剂;而在不同药物制剂中时,同时为非单一的。两种或更多种材料/药剂各自在联合治疗中的剂量学在施用途径方面也可有所不同。
“伴随”意指将两种或更多种材料/药剂以时间上相关(优选时间上足够相关)以调节生理学或免疫学应答的方式施用于对象,并且甚至更优选地将两种或更多种材料/药剂组合施用。在一些实施方案中,伴随施用可包括在指定时间段内(优选在1个月内,更优选在1周内,仍更优选在1天内并且甚至更优选在1小时内)施用两种或更多种材料/药剂。在一些实施方案中,可重复地伴随施用所述材料/药剂;即不止一次进行伴随施用,如实施例中可提供的。
“确定”意指确知实际关系。确定可以以多种方式实现,包括但不限于进行实验或者作出预测。例如,可如下确定免疫抑制剂或抗原的剂量:以测试剂量开始并使用已知的缩放技术(例如异速缩放或等速缩放(isometricscaling))来确定施用剂量。这还可用于确定如本文中提供的方案。在另一个实施方案中,可通过在对象中测试多种剂量来确定所述剂量,即通过以经验和指导数据为基础进行直接实验。在一些实施方案中,“确定”包括“促使确定”。“引起确定”意指引起、促使劝、鼓励、帮助、诱导或指导实体确知实际关系或者与实体协同作用以使其确知实际关系;包括直接或间接地,或者明确或隐含地。
“剂型”意指在适合向对象施用的介质、载体、载剂或装置中的药理学和/或免疫学活性材料。本文中提供的任一种组合物或剂量均可以是剂型形式。
“剂量”指在给定时间内向对象施用的药理学和/或免疫学活性材料的具体量。
“包封”意指将至少一部分物质封装在合成纳米载体内。在一些实施方案中,将物质全部封装在合成纳米载体内。在另一些实施方案中,大部分或全部的经包封物质不暴露于合成载体外部的本地环境。在另一些实施方案中,不超过50%、40%、30%、20%、10%或5%(重量/重量)暴露于本地环境。包封与吸附不同,吸附将大部分或全部的物质置于合成纳米载体的表面上并使物质暴露于合成载体外部的本地环境。
“产生”意指自身直接或间接地引起活动(例如生理学或免疫学应答(例如,致耐受性免疫应答))发生。
“鉴定对象”为这样的任何活动或活动集合,其允许临床医生将对象识别为可受益于本文中提供的方法、组合物或药盒的对象。优选地,经鉴定的对象需要从如本文中提供的非变应原性抗原获得治疗益处。所述活动或活动集合本身可以是直接的或间接的。在本文中提供之任一种方法的一个实施方案中,所述方法还包括鉴定需要本文中提供的方法、组合物或药盒的对象。
“免疫抑制剂”意指这样的化合物,其导致APC具有免疫抑制作用(例如,致耐受性作用)或者T细胞或B细胞被抑制。免疫抑制作用一般指APC产生或表达降低、抑制或预防不期望的免疫应答或促进期望免疫应答(例如,调节性免疫应答)的细胞因子或其他因子。当APC在识别由该APC呈递之抗原的免疫细胞上获取免疫抑制功能(属于免疫抑制作用)时,认为该免疫抑制作用对所呈递的抗原具有特异性。不受任何特定理论的限制,认为:免疫抑制作用是免疫抑制剂被递送至APC的结果,优选在抗原存在下。在一个实施方案中,免疫抑制剂致使APC促进一个或更多个免疫效应细胞中的调节性表型。例如,调节性表型的特征可在于:抑制抗原特异性CD4+T细胞或B细胞的产生、诱导、刺激或募集,抑制抗原特异性抗体的产生,Treg细胞(例如CD4+CD25高FoxP3+Treg细胞)的产生、诱导、刺激或募集等。这可以是CD4+T细胞或B细胞转化成调节性表型的结果。这也可以是在其他免疫细胞(例如CD8+T细胞、巨噬细胞和iNKT细胞)中诱导FoxP3的结果。在一个实施方案中,免疫抑制剂在其对抗原进行加工之后影响APC的应答。在另一个实施方案中,免疫抑制剂不干涉对抗原的加工。在另一个实施方案中,免疫抑制剂不是细胞凋亡信号传导分子。在另一个实施方案中,免疫抑制剂不是磷脂。
免疫抑制剂包括但不限于:他汀类;mTOR抑制剂,例如雷帕霉素或雷帕霉素类似物;TGF-β信号传导剂;TGF-β受体激动剂;组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂,例如曲古抑菌素A;皮质类固醇;线粒体功能的抑制剂,例如鱼藤酮;P38抑制剂;NF-κβ抑制剂,例如6Bio、地塞米松、TCPA-1、IKKVII;腺苷受体激动剂;前列腺素E2激动剂(prostaglandinE2agonist,PGE2),例如米索前列醇;磷酸二酯酶抑制剂,例如磷酸二酯酶4抑制剂(phosphodiesterase4inhibitor,PDE4),例如咯利普兰;蛋白酶体抑制剂;激酶抑制剂;G蛋白偶联受体激动剂;G蛋白偶联受体拮抗剂;糖皮质激素;类视黄醇;细胞因子抑制剂;细胞因子受体抑制剂;细胞因子受体激活剂;过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体拮抗剂;过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体激动剂;组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂;钙调神经磷酸酶(calcineurin)抑制剂;磷酸酶抑制剂;PI3KB抑制剂,例如TGX-221;自噬抑制剂,例如3-甲基腺嘌呤;芳基烃受体抑制剂;蛋白酶体抑制剂I(proteasomeinhibitorI,PSI)以及氧化的ATP,例如P2X受体阻断剂。免疫抑制剂还包括IDO、维生素D3、环孢素(例如环孢素A)、芳基烃受体抑制剂、白藜芦醇、硫唑嘌呤(azathiopurine,Aza)、6-巯基嘌呤(6-mercaptopurine,6-MP)、6-硫鸟嘌呤(6-thioguanine,6-TG)、FK506、萨菲菌素A(sanglifehrinA)、沙美特罗、吗替麦考酚酯(mycophenolatemofetil,MMF)、阿司匹林以及其他COX抑制剂、尼氟灭酸(niflumicacid)、雌三醇、甲氨喋呤和雷公藤内酯(triptolide)。在一些实施方案中,免疫抑制剂可包括本文中提供的药剂中的任一种。
免疫抑制剂可以是直接提供对APC的免疫抑制作用的化合物或者其可以是间接提供免疫抑制作用的化合物(即,在施用后以某种方式进行加工之后)。因此,免疫抑制剂包括本文中提供的任何化合物的前药形式。
在本文中提供之任一种方法、组合物或药盒的一些实施方案中,本文中提供的免疫抑制剂与合成纳米载体连接。在一些优选实施方案中,免疫抑制剂是除构成合成纳米载体之结构的材料之外还存在的组分。例如,在一个实施方案中,当合成纳米载体由一种或更多种聚合物构成时,免疫抑制剂为除所述一种或更多种聚合物之外还与其连接的化合物。作为另一个实例,在一个实施方案中,当合成纳米载体由一种或更多种脂质构成时,免疫抑制剂仍为除所述一种或更多种脂质之外还与其连接的化合物。在一些实施方案中,例如当合成纳米载体的材料也产生免疫抑制作用时,免疫抑制剂为除合成纳米载体材料之外还存在的产生免疫抑制作用的组分。
其他示例性的免疫抑制剂包括但不限于:小分子药物、天然产品、抗体(例如针对CD20、CD3、CD4的抗体)、基于生物制品的药物、基于碳水化合物的药物、纳米颗粒、脂质体、RNAi、反义核酸、适配体、甲氨蝶呤、NSAID;芬戈莫德;那他珠单抗;阿仑单抗;抗-CD3;他克莫司(FK506);细胞因子和生长因子,例如TGF-β和IL-10等。另一些免疫抑制剂是本领域技术人员已知的并且本发明在此方面不受限制。
在本文中提供之任一种方法、组合物或药盒的一些实施方案中,免疫抑制剂是如纳米结晶形式的形式,由此免疫抑制剂本身的形式是颗粒或颗粒样的。在一些实施方案中,这样的形式模拟病毒或其他外来病原体。很多药物是已被纳米化的并且本领域普通技术人员知道用于产生这样的药物形式的合适方法。药物纳米晶体(例如纳米结晶雷帕霉素)是本领中的普通技术人员已知的(Katteboinaa等2009,InternationalJournalofPharmTechResesarch;第1卷,第3期;第682-694页)。本文中使用的“药物纳米晶体”指不包含载体或基质材料的药物(例如,免疫抑制剂)的形式。在一些实施方案中,药物纳米晶体包含90%、95%、98%或99%或更多药物。用于产生药物纳米晶体的方法包括但不限于:研磨、高压均质化、沉淀、喷雾干燥、超临界溶液的迅速膨胀(rapidexpansionofsupercriticalsolution,RESS)、技术(BaxterHealthcare)和NanocrystalTechnologyTM(ElanCorporation)。在一些实施方案中,表面活性剂或稳定剂可用于药物纳米晶体的空间或静电稳定性。在一些实施方案中,免疫抑制剂的纳米晶体或纳米结晶形式可用于提高免疫抑制剂(特别是不溶性或不稳定的免疫抑制剂)的溶解度、稳定性和/或生物利用度。在一些实施方案中,与将非变应原性抗原与包含与免疫抑制剂连接之合成纳米载体的组合物伴随施用后达到的程度相比,在将非变应原性抗原与纳米结晶形式的免疫抑制剂伴随施用后,在相当的程度上降低或预防了针对非变应原性抗原的过敏反应。
当与合成纳米载体连接时,免疫抑制剂的“载量”为基于合成纳米载体中材料的配方总干重(totaldryrecipeweight)之与合成纳米载体连接的免疫抑制剂的量(重量/重量)。一般来说,将这样的载量计算为合成纳米载体群的平均值。在一个实施方案中,基于合成纳米载体群的平均值,免疫抑制剂的载量为0.0001%和99%。在另一个实施方案中,免疫抑制剂的载量为0.01%至50%。在另一个实施方案中,免疫抑制剂的载量为0.01%至20%。在另一个实施方案中,免疫抑制剂的载量为0.1%至10%。在又一个实施方案中,免疫抑制剂的载量为1%至10%。在又一个实施方案中,载量为7%至20%。在又一个实施方案中,基于合成纳米载体群的平均值,免疫抑制剂的载量为至少0.1%、至少0.2%、至少0.3%、至少0.4%、至少0.5%、至少0.6%、至少0.7%、至少0.8%、至少0.9%、至少1%、至少2%、至少3%、至少4%、至少5%、至少6%、至少至少7%、至少8%、至少9%、至少10%、至少11%、至少12%、至少13%、至少14%、至少15%、至少16%、至少17%、至少18%、至少19%、至少20%、至少25%、至少30%、至少40%、至少50%、至少60%、至少70%、至少80%、至少90%、至少95%、至少96%、至少97%、至少98%或至少99%。在又一个实施方案中,基于合成纳米载体群的平均值,免疫抑制剂的载量为0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%、0.6%、0.7%、0.8%、0.9%、1%、2%、3%、4%、5%、6%、7%、8%、9%、10%、11%、12%、13%、14%、15%、16%、17%、18%、19%或20%。在上述实施方案的一些实施方案中,基于合成纳米载体群的平均值,免疫抑制剂的载量为不超过25%。在一些实施方案中,可如实施例中所述或者如本领域中另外已知的来计算载量。
在一些实施方案中,当免疫抑制剂的形式本身是颗粒或类似颗粒(例如纳米结晶免疫抑制剂)时,免疫抑制剂的载量为颗粒等中免疫抑制剂的量(重量/重量)。在这样的实施方案中,载量可接近97%、98%、99%或更多。
“合成纳米载体的最大尺寸”意指沿合成纳米载体之任意轴测量的该纳米载体的最大尺寸。“合成纳米载体的最小尺寸”意指沿合成纳米载体之任意轴测量的该合成纳米载体的最小尺寸。例如,对于球形合成纳米载体,合成纳米载体的最大尺寸和最小尺寸基本相同并且是其直径的尺寸。类似地,对于立方形合成纳米载体,合成纳米载体的最小尺寸是其高度、宽度或长度中的最小者,而合成纳米载体的最大尺寸是其高度、宽度或长度中的最大者。在一个实施方案中,基于样品中合成纳米载体的总数,该样品中至少75%,优选至少80%,更优选至少90%的合成纳米载体的最小尺寸等于或大于100nm。在一个实施方案中,基于样品中合成纳米载体的总数,该样品中至少75%,优选至少80%,更优选至少90%的合成纳米载体的最大尺寸等于或小于5μm。优选地,基于样品中合成纳米载体的总数,该样品中至少75%,优选至少80%,更优选至少90%的合成纳米载体的最小尺寸大于110nm,更优选大于120nm,更优选大于130nm,并且更优选还大于150nm。合成纳米载体的最大尺寸和最小尺寸的纵横比可根据实施方案而不同。例如,合成纳米载体的最大尺寸:最小尺寸的纵横比可以是1∶1至1,000,000∶1,优选1∶1至100,000∶1,更优选1∶1至10,000∶1,更优选1∶1至1000∶1,仍更优选1∶1至100∶1并且还更优选1∶1至10∶1。优选地,基于样品中合成纳米载体的总数,该样品中至少75%,优选至少80%,更优选至少90%的合成纳米载体的最大尺寸等于或小于3μm,更优选等于或小于2μm,更优选等于或小于1μm,更优选等于或小于800nm,更优选等于或小于600nm,并且更优选还等于或小于500nm。在一些优选实施方案中,基于样品中合成纳米载体的总数,该样品中至少75%,优选至少80%,更优选至少90%的合成纳米载体的最小尺寸等于或大于100nm,更优选地等于或大于120nm,更优选等于或大于130nm,更优选等于或大于140nm,并且更优选还等于或大于150nm。在一些实施方案中,可如下获得合成纳米载体尺寸(例如,有效直径)的测量:使合成纳米载体混悬于液体介质(通常为水性介质)中并使用动态光散射(dynamiclightscattering,DLS)(例如使用BrookhavenZetaPALS仪器)。例如,可将合成纳米载体的混悬液从水性缓冲液稀释到纯化水中以获得约0.01mg/mL至0.1mg/mL的最终合成纳米载体混悬液浓度。可在用于DLS分析的合适比色皿内直接制备经稀释的混悬液或者可将经稀释的混悬液转移至用于DLS分析的比色皿。然后,可将比色皿放置在DLS中,允许平衡至受控温度,随后基于针对介质之黏度和样品之折射指数的合适输入,扫描足够的时间以获取稳定且可重现的分布。然后,报道有效直径或分布的平均值。确定高纵横比或非球形合成纳米载体的有效尺寸可需要放大技术(例如电子显微术)以获得更精确的测量。合成纳米载体的“尺寸”或“大小”或“直径”意指例如使用动态光散射获得的颗粒大小分布的平均值。
“非变应原性抗原”意指诱导非变应性免疫应答和/或认为不可能引起变应性反应的抗原。非变应原性抗原可导致过敏反应或过敏反应样应答,并且在一些实施方案中,这样的应答的特征在于主要产生非IgE抗原特异性抗体,例如抗原特异性IgG抗体。这样的过敏反应或过敏反应样应答可导致产生抗原特异性IgE抗体,但是所述抗体的产生不是主要应答和/或低于非IgE抗体的产生。因此,在一些实施方案中,非变应原性抗原可引起一般以下列中的一项或更多项(或全部)为特征的过敏反应或过敏反应样应答:存在抗原特异性IgG抗体(例如IgG1抗体)或其浓度增加;不存在抗原特异性IgE抗体或其浓度降低;存在IgG免疫复合物;FcγRIII的表达降低,例如嗜中性粒细胞和/或嗜碱性粒细胞上FcγRIII的表达降低;血小板激活因子(plateletactivatingfactor,PAF)的浓度增加,例如通过巨噬细胞和/或嗜碱性粒细胞等。在一些实施方案中,可通过评估以下来监测这样的过敏反应:抗体的量和/或特异性;FcγRIII的表达;检测IgG免疫复合物、血管活性介质;皮肤炎症或刺激(例如,皮疹、荨麻疹等)、粘膜组织的炎症或肿胀(swolling)、呼吸损害、器官功能障碍、胃肠症状、测量血管通透性、平滑肌收缩、心输出量或温度。在一些实施方案中,非变应原性抗原包含非变应原性治疗性大分子或其片段或衍生物。
“非甲氧基封端的聚合物”意指至少一个末端以不同于甲氧基的部分结尾的聚合物。在一些实施方案中,所述聚合物具有至少两个以不同于甲氧基的部分结尾的末端。在另一些实施方案中,所述聚合物没有以甲氧基结尾的末端。“非甲氧基封端的普朗尼克聚合物”意指不同于两端都具有甲氧基的直链普朗尼克聚合物的聚合物。本文中提供的聚合物纳米颗粒可包含非甲氧基封端的聚合物或非甲氧基封端的普朗尼克聚合物。
“可药用赋形剂”或“可药用载体”意指与药理学活性材料一起使用以配制组合物的药理学惰性材料。可药用赋形剂包含本领域中已知的多种材料,包括但不限于:糖类(例如葡萄糖、乳糖等)、防腐剂(例如抗微生物剂)、重构助剂(reconstitutionaid)、着色剂、盐水(例如磷酸缓冲盐水)和缓冲剂。
“方案”意指向对象施用的模式并且包括针对对象之一种或更多种物质的任何给药方案。方案由要素(或变量)组成,因此一套方案包括一个或更多个要素。方案的所述要素可包括给药量、给药频率、施用途径、给药持续时间、给药速率、给药间隔时间、上述任一项的组合等。在一些实施方案中,这样的方案可用于向一个或更多个测试对象施用本发明的一种或更多种组合物。然后,可对这些测试对象中的免疫应答进行评估以确定该方案是否有效地产生期望的免疫应答或治疗效果或者期望的免疫应答或治疗效果水平。可对任何治疗和/或免疫学效果进行评估。可此前已在测试对象(例如非人对象)中证明过方案的一个或更多个要素,随后将其转化成人方案。例如,可使用已开发技术如异速缩放(allometricscaling)或其他缩放方法将在非人对象中证明的给药剂量定标为人方案的要素。不管方案是否具有期望的效果,其均可使用本文中提供的或本领域中另外已知的任何方法确定。例如,样品可获自已经根据特定方案向其施用本文中提供的组合物的对象以确定特定的免疫细胞、细胞因子、抗体等是否得以减少、产生、激活等。可用于检测免疫细胞的存在和/或数量的方法包括但不限于:流式细胞术法(例如,FACS)、ELISpot、增殖反应、细胞因子产生和免疫组织化学法。用于对免疫细胞标志物进行特异性染色的抗体及其他结合剂均可是市售可得的。这样的药盒通常包括针对抗原的染色试剂,其允许从异质细胞群对期望的细胞群进行基于FACS的检测、分离和/或量化。在一些实施方案中,使用构成所述方案的一个或更多个要素或者全部或基本全部要素向另一对象施用本文中提供的多种组合物。
“提供”意指个体进行的供给用于实施本发明的所需项目或项目组或方法的活动或活动集合。所述活动或活动集合可本身直接采用或者间接采用。
“提供对象”为这样的任何活动或活动集合,其促使临床医生与对象接触并向其施用本文中提供的组合物或者对其进行本文中提供的方法。优选地,所述对象是需要抗原特异性耐受或者需要降低或预防针对非变应原性抗原的过敏反应。所述活动或活动集合本身可直接采用或间接采用。本文中提供的任一种方法的一个实施方案中,所述方法还包括提供对象。
“记录”意指以任何书面或电子形式记录本文中提供之方法或组合物实现针对非变应原性抗原的过敏反应的减低或预防,或者在预期这样的记录将发生时所直接或间接导致的活动。在一些实施方案中,记录发生在根据本文中提供的方法将免疫抑制剂与非变应原性抗原组合施用于对象时或者发生在其后的某个点。本文中使用的“书面形式”指在介质(例如纸)上的任何记录。本文中使用的“电子形式”指在电子介质上的任何记录。本文中提供的任一种方法还可包括记录根据本文中提供的方法接受治疗之对象中针对非变应原性抗原的过敏反应或过敏样反应的降低或预防。
“对象”意指动物,包括温血哺乳动物,例如人和灵长目动物;禽类;驯养的家养或农场动物,例如猫、狗、绵羊、山羊、牛、马和猪;实验室动物,例如小鼠、大鼠和豚鼠;鱼;爬行动物;动物园动物和野生动物等。
“合成纳米载体”意指不存在于自然界中并且至少一个维度的尺寸小于或等于5微米的离散物体。白蛋白纳米颗粒一般作为合成纳米载体包括在内,然而在某些实施方案中,合成纳米载体不包含白蛋白纳米颗粒。在一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体不包含壳聚糖。在另一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体不是基于脂质的纳米颗粒。在另一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体不包含磷脂。
合成纳米载体可以是但不限于以下中的一种或多种:基于脂质的纳米颗粒(在本文中也称为脂质纳米颗粒,即构成其结构的大部分材料为脂质的纳米颗粒)、聚合物纳米颗粒、金属纳米颗粒、基于表面活性剂的乳剂、树状聚体、巴基球、纳米线、病毒样颗粒(即,主要由非感染性或具有低感染性的病毒结构蛋白构成的颗粒)、基于肽或蛋白质的颗粒(在本文中也称为蛋白质颗粒,即,构成其结构的大部分材料是肽或蛋白质的颗粒)(例如白蛋白纳米颗粒)和/或使用纳米材料之组合开发的纳米颗粒(例如脂质-聚合物纳米颗粒)。合成纳米载体可以是多种不同的形状,包括但不限于:球形、立方形、棱锥形、长方形、圆柱形、环形等。根据本发明的合成纳米载体包括一个或更多个表面。适用于实施本发明的示例性合成纳米载体包括:(1)Gref等的美国专利5,543,158中公开的生物可降解纳米颗粒,(2)Saltzman等的公开的美国专利申请20060002852中的聚合物纳米颗粒,(3)DeSimone等的公开的美国专利申请20090028910中以平版印刷方式构造的纳米颗粒,(4)vonAndrian等的WO2009/051837的公开的内容,(5)Penades等的公开的美国专利申请2008/0145441中公开的纳米颗粒,(6)delosRios等的公开的美国专利申请20090226525中公开的蛋白质纳米颗粒,(7)Sebbel等的公开的美国专利申请20060222652中公开的病毒样颗粒,(8)Bachmann等的公开的美国专利申请20060251677中公开的核酸连接的病毒样颗粒,(9)WO2010047839A1或WO2009106999A2中公开的病毒样颗粒,(10)P.Paolicelli等,“Surface-modifiedPLGA-basedNanoparticlesthatcanEfficientlyAssociateandDeliverVirus-likeParticles”Nanomedicine.5(6):843-853(2010)中公开的经纳米沉淀的纳米颗粒,(11)美国公开2002/0086049中公开的凋亡细胞、凋亡体或者合成或半合成模拟物,或者(12)Look等,Nanogel-baseddeliveryofmycophenolicacidamelioratessystemiclupuserythematosusinmice”J.ClinicalInvestigation123(4):1741-1749(2013)中的那些。在一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体的纵横比可以大于1∶1、1∶1.2、1∶1.5、1∶2、1∶3、1∶5、1∶7,或大于1∶10。
最小尺寸等于或小于约100nm、优选等于或小于100nm之根据本发明的合成纳米载体不包含具有激活补体的羟基的表面,或者作为替代包含基本由不是激活补体之羟基的部分组成的表面。在一个优选实施方案中,最小尺寸等于或小于约100nm,优选等于或小于100nm之根据本发明的合成纳米载体不包含显著激活补体的表面,或者作为替代包含基本由不显著激活补体的部分组成的表面。在一个更优选的实施方案中,最小尺寸等于或小于约100nm,优选等于或小于100nm之根据本发明的合成纳米载体不包含激活补体的表面,或者作为替代包含基本由不激活补体的部分组成的表面。在一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体不包含病毒样颗粒。在一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体的纵横比可以大于1∶1、1∶1.2、1∶1.5、1∶2、1∶3、1∶5、1∶7,或大于1∶10。
“治疗性大分子”指可向对象施用并且具有治疗效果的任何蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂质或核酸。在一些实施方案中,向对象施用治疗性大分子可产生不期望的免疫应答。在一些实施方案中,如本文中所述施用如本文中提供的治疗性大分子可增强该治疗性大分子的治疗有效性,例如通过降低针对其的不期望免疫应答。在一些实施方案中,治疗性大分子可以是治疗性多核苷酸或治疗性蛋白质。如本文中提供的治疗性大分子是非变应原性治疗性大分子。
“治疗性多核苷酸”意指可向对象施用并且具有治疗效果的任何多核苷酸或基于多核苷酸的治疗。这样的治疗包括基因沉默。这样的治疗的实例在本领域中是已知的并且包括但不限于:裸RNA(包括信使RNA、经修饰的信使RNA以及RNAi的形式)。本文中的其他部分还提供了其他治疗性多核苷酸的实例。治疗性多核苷酸可产生在细胞中产生、在细胞上产生或者由细胞产生,并且还可使用无细胞体外方法获得或者完全由体外方法合成获得。因此,对象可包括需要前述任何治疗性多核苷酸进行治疗的任何对象。这样的对象包括将接受前述任何治疗性多核苷酸的那些。如本文中提供的治疗性多核苷酸是非变应原性治疗性多核苷酸。
“治疗性蛋白质”指可向对象施用并且具有治疗效果的任何蛋白质或基于蛋白质的治疗。这样的治疗包括蛋白质替代治疗和蛋白质补充治疗。这样的治疗还包括施用外源或外来蛋白质、抗体治疗和细胞治疗或基于细胞的治疗。治疗性蛋白质包括但不限于:酶、酶辅因子、激素、凝血因子、细胞因子、生长因子、单克隆抗体、抗体-药物缀合物和多克隆抗体。本文中的其他部分还提供了其他治疗性蛋白质的实例。治疗性蛋白质可在细胞中产生、在细胞上产生或者由细胞产生,并且可从这样的细胞获得或者以这样的细胞的形式施用。在一些实施方案中,治疗性蛋白质在哺乳动物细胞、昆虫细胞、酵母细胞、细菌细胞、植物细胞、转基因动物细胞、转基因植物细胞等中产生、在其上产生或者由其产生。治疗性蛋白质可在这样的细胞中重组产生。治疗性蛋白质可在经病毒转化的细胞中产生、在其上产生或者由其产生。因此,对象可包括需要前述任何治疗性蛋白质进行治疗的任何对象。这样的对象包括将接受前述任何治疗性蛋白质的那些。如本文中提供的治疗性蛋白质是非变应原性治疗性蛋白质。
“不期望的免疫应答”指这样的任何不期望免疫应答,其是由暴露于抗原引起的、促进或加重本文中提供疾病、紊乱或病症(或其症状),或者其为本文中提供的疾病、紊乱或病症的症状。这样的免疫应答一般对对象的健康具有不良影响或者为对对象之健康的不良影响的症状。不期望的免疫应答包括针对非变应原性抗原的过敏反应。
C.组合物和方法
在一些实施方案中,本文中提供了包含与合成纳米载体连接的免疫抑制剂的组合物及相关方法或药盒。这样的组合物、方法或药盒可用于降低不期望免疫应答的产生并且促进对非变应原性抗原具有特异性之致耐受性免疫应答的产生。可将所述组合物施用于其中期望针对非变应原性治疗性大分子的致耐受性免疫应答的对象。这样的对象包括需要用该治疗性大分子进行治疗的那些。在一些实施方案中,如本文中所述可伴随施用多个剂量的免疫抑制剂。
根据本发明,可使用多种合成纳米载体。在一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体为球体或球状体。在一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体是平的或板状的。在一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体为立方体物或者是立方体的。在一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体为卵形或椭圆形。在一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体为圆柱体、圆锥体或棱锥体。
在一些实施方案中,期望使用在尺寸或形状方面相对均一的合成纳米载体群使得每个合成纳米载体具有类似的特性。例如,基于合成纳米载体的总数,至少80%、至少90%或至少95%的合成纳米载体的最小尺寸或最大尺寸可落入合成纳米载体之平均直径或平均尺寸的5%、10%或20%内。
合成纳米载体可以是实心的或中空的并且可包含一个或更多个层。在一些实施方案中,相对于其他层,每个层均具有独特的组成和独特的特性。仅为了给出一个实例,合成纳米载体可具有芯/壳结构,其中芯为一个层(例如聚合物芯)而壳为第二层(例如脂质双层或单层)。合成纳米载体可包括多个不同的层。
在一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体可任选地包含一种或更多种脂质。在一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体可包含脂质体。在一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体可包含脂质双层。在一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体可包含脂质单层。在一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体可包含胶束。在一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体可包含由脂质层(例如,脂质双层、脂质单层等)包围的包含聚合物基质的芯。在一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体可包含由脂质层(例如,脂质双层、脂质单层等)包围的非聚合物芯(例如,金属颗粒、量子点、陶瓷颗粒、骨颗粒、病毒颗粒、蛋白质、核酸、碳水化合物等)。
在另一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体可包含金属颗粒、量子点、陶瓷颗粒等。在一些实施方案中,非聚合物合成纳米载体是非聚合物组分的聚集体,例如金属原子(例如,金原子)的聚集体。
在一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体可任选地包含一种或更多种两亲性实体。在一些实施方案中,两亲性实体可促进产生稳定性增加、均匀性提高或黏度增加的合成纳米载体。在一些实施方案中,两亲性实体可与脂质膜(例如,脂质双层、脂质单层等)的内表面相结合。本领域中已知的很多两亲性实体均适用于制备根据本发明的合成纳米载体。这样的两亲性实体包括但不限于:磷酸甘油酯;磷脂酰胆碱;二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱(DPPC);二油烯基磷脂酰乙醇胺(DOPE);二油烯氧基丙基三乙铵(DOTMA);二油酰磷脂酰胆碱;胆固醇;胆固醇酯;二酰甘油;琥珀酸二酰甘油酯;二磷脂酰甘油(DPPG);十六烷醇(hexanedecanol);脂肪醇,例如聚乙二醇(PEG);聚氧乙烯-9-月桂基醚;表面活性脂肪酸,例如棕榈酸或油酸;脂肪酸;脂肪酸单甘油酯;脂肪酸二甘油酯;脂肪酸酰胺;去水山梨糖醇三油酸酯甘氨胆酸盐;去水山梨糖醇单月桂酸酯;聚山梨醇酯20;聚山梨醇酯60;聚山梨醇酯65;聚山梨醇酯80;聚山梨醇酯85;聚氧乙烯单硬脂酸酯;表面活性素;泊洛沙姆;去水山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯,例如去水山梨糖醇三油酸酯;卵磷脂;溶血卵磷脂;磷脂酰丝氨酸;磷脂酰肌醇;鞘磷脂;磷脂酰乙醇胺(脑磷脂);心磷脂;磷脂酸;脑苷脂;磷酸二鲸蜡脂;二棕榈酰磷脂酰甘油;硬脂酰胺;十二烷胺;十六烷胺;乙酰棕榈酸酯;蓖麻醇酸甘油酯;硬脂酸十六烷酯;肉豆蔻酸异丙酯;泰洛沙泊;聚(乙二醇)5000-磷脂酰乙醇胺;聚(乙二醇)400-单硬脂酸酯;磷脂;具有高表面活性剂特性的合成和/或天然洗涤剂;脱氧胆酸盐;环糊精;离液盐;离子配对剂及其组合。两亲性实体组分可以是不同两亲性实体的混合物。本领域技术人员将认识到:这是具有表面活性剂活性之物质的示例性的非全面性列表。任何两亲性实体均可用于产生根据本发明使用的合成纳米载体。
在一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体可任选地包含一种或更多种碳水化合物。碳水化合物可以是天然的或合成的。碳水化合物可以是衍生化的天然碳水化合物。在某些实施方案中,碳水化合物包括单糖或二糖,包括但不限于葡萄糖、果糖、半乳糖、核糖、乳糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、海藻糖、纤维二糖、甘露糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、甘露糖醛酸、葡糖胺、半乳糖胺和神经氨酸。在某些实施方案中,碳水化合物为多糖,包括但不限于:普鲁兰多糖、纤维素、微晶纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)、羟基纤维素(HC)、甲基纤维素(MC)、葡聚糖、环葡聚糖、糖原、羟乙基淀粉、角叉菜胶、糖苷配糖基(glycon)、直链淀粉、壳聚糖、N,O-羧甲基壳聚糖、藻胶和藻酸、淀粉、甲壳质、菊粉、魔芋、葡甘露聚糖、石耳素(pustulan)、肝素、透明质酸、凝胶多糖(curdlan)和黄原胶。在一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体不包含(或者特别排除)碳水化合物,例如多糖。在某些实施方案中,碳水化合物可包含碳水化合物衍生物,例如糖醇,包括但不限于:甘露糖醇、山梨糖醇、木糖醇、赤藓糖醇、麦芽糖醇和乳糖醇。
在一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体可包含一种或更多种聚合物。在一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体包含一种或更多种这样的聚合物,其为非甲氧基封端的普朗尼克聚合物。在一些实施方案中,构成合成纳米载体的至少1%、2%、3%、4%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%、40%、45%、50%、55%、60%、65%、70%、75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、97%或99%(重量/重量)聚合物为非甲氧基封端的普朗尼克聚合物。在一些实施方案中,构成合成纳米载体的所有聚合物均为非甲氧基封端的普朗尼克聚合物。在一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体包含一种或更多种这样的聚合物,其为非甲氧基封端的聚合物。在一些实施方案中,构成合成纳米载体的至少1%、2%、3%、4%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%、40%、45%、50%、55%、60%、65%、70%、75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、97%或99%(重量/重量)聚合物为非甲氧基封端的聚合物。在一些实施方案中,构成合成纳米载体的所有聚合物均为非甲氧基封端的聚合物。在一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体包含一种或更多种不含普朗尼克聚合物的聚合物。在一些实施方案中,构成合成纳米载体的至少1%、2%、3%、4%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%、40%、45%、50%、55%、60%、65%、70%、75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、97%或99%(重量/重量)聚合物不包含普朗尼克聚合物。在一些实施方案中,构成合成纳米载体的所有聚合物均不包含普朗尼克聚合物。在一些实施方案中,这样的聚合物可由包被层(例如,脂质体、脂质单层、胶束等)包围。在一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体中的多种组分可与聚合物连接。
可通过多种方法中的任一种来使免疫抑制剂与合成纳米载体连接。一般来说,连接可以是免疫抑制剂与合成纳米载体之间键合的结果。这种键合可导致免疫抑制剂与合成纳米载体的表面连接和/或包含(包封)在合成纳米载体中。然而,在一些实施方案中,由于合成纳米载体的结构的原因,免疫抑制剂被合成纳米载体包封而不是与合成纳米载体键合。在一些优选实施方案中,合成纳米载体包含本文中提供的聚合物,并且免疫抑制剂与聚合物连接。
当由于免疫抑制剂与合成纳米载体之间的键合而发生连接时,所述连接可经由偶联部分发生。偶联部分可以是免疫抑制剂通过它与合成纳米载体键合的任何部分。这样的部分包括共价键(例如酰胺键或酯键)以及使免疫抑制剂与合成纳米载体(共价或非共价)键合的独立分子。这样的分子包括接头或聚合物或其单元。例如,偶联部分可包含与免疫抑制剂静电结合的带电聚合物。作为另一个实例,偶联部分可包含与其共价键合的聚合物或其单元。
在一些优选实施方案中,合成纳米载体包含本文中提供的聚合物。这些合成纳米载体可以完全是聚合物的或者其可以是聚合物与其他材料的混合物。
在一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体中的聚合物缔合以形成聚合物基质。在这些实施方案中的一些中,组分如免疫抑制剂可与聚合物基质中的一种或更多种聚合物共价缔合。在一些实施方案中,共价缔合由接头介导。在一些实施方案中,组分可与聚合物基质中的一种或更多种聚合物非共价缔合。例如,在一些实施方案中,组分可包封在聚合物基质内、被聚合物基质包围和/或分散在聚合物基质中。作为替代或补充,组分与聚合物基质中的一种或更多种聚合物可通过疏水性相互作用、电荷相互作用、范德华力等缔合。多种聚合物以及用于由其形成聚合物基质的方法均是常规已知的。
聚合物可以是天然聚合物或非天然(合成)聚合物。聚合物可以是含有两个或更多个单体的均聚物或共聚物。就序列而言,共聚物可以是随机的、嵌段的,或者包含随机序列和嵌段序列的组合。通常来说,根据本发明的聚合物是有机聚合物。
在一些实施方案中,聚合物包含聚酯、聚碳酸酯、聚酰胺或聚醚或其单元。在另一些实施方案中,聚合物包含聚(乙二醇)(PEG)、聚丙二醇、聚(乳酸)、聚(乙醇酸)、聚乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物或聚己内酯或其单元。在一些实施方案中,优选地,聚合物是生物可降解的。因此,在这些实施方案中,优选地,如果聚合物包含聚醚(例如聚(乙二醇)或聚丙二醇或其单元),则该聚合物包含聚醚和生物可降解聚合物的嵌段共聚物,使得该聚合物是生物可降解的。在另一些实施方案中,聚合物并不仅仅包含聚醚或其单元,例如聚(乙二醇)或聚丙二醇或其单元。
适用于本发明中的聚合物的其他实例包括但不限于:聚乙烯、聚碳酸酯(例如聚(1,3-二烷-2酮))、聚酐(例如聚(癸二酐))、聚丙基富马酸酯、聚酰胺(例如聚己内酰胺)、聚缩醛、聚醚、聚酯(例如,聚丙交酯、聚乙交酯、聚丙交酯-乙交酯共聚物、聚己内酯、聚羟基酸(例如聚(β-羟基烷酸酯)))、聚(原酸酯)、聚氰基丙烯酸酯、聚乙烯醇、聚氨酯、聚磷腈、聚丙烯酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚脲、聚苯乙烯以及聚胺、聚赖氨酸、聚赖氨酸-PEG共聚物和聚(乙烯亚胺)、聚(乙烯亚胺)-PEG共聚物。
在一些实施方案中,根据本发明的聚合物包括已由美国食品药品管理局(U.S.FoodandDrugAdministration,FDA)根据21C.F.R.§177.2600批准用于人中的聚合物,包括但不限于:聚酯(例如,聚乳酸、聚乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物、聚己内酯、聚戊内酯、聚(1,3-二烷-2酮));聚酐(例如,聚(癸二酐));聚醚(例如,聚乙二醇);聚氨酯;聚甲基丙烯酸酯;聚丙烯酸酯以及聚氰基丙烯酸酯。
在一些实施方案中,聚合物可以是亲水性的。例如,聚合物可包含阴离子基团(例如,磷酸根基团、硫酸根基团、羧酸根基团);阳离子基团(例如,季胺基团);或极性基团(例如,羟基、巯基、胺基)。在一些实施方案中,包含亲水性聚合物基质的合成纳米载体在合成纳米载体内产生亲水性环境。在一些实施方案中,聚合物可以是疏水性的。在一些实施方案中,包含疏水性聚合物基质的合成纳米载体在合成纳米载体内产生疏水性环境。对聚合物之亲水性或疏水性的选择可影响合成纳米载体中掺入(例如连接)的材料的性质。
在一些实施方案中,可用一个或更多个部分和/或官能团对聚合物进行修饰。根据本发明可使用多种部分或官能团。在一些实施方案中,可用聚乙二醇(PEG)、碳水化合物和/或由多糖衍生的无环聚缩醛(Papisov,2001,ACSSymposiumSeries,786:301)对聚合物进行修饰。某些实施方案可使用Gref等的美国专利No.5543158或VonAndrian等的WO公开WO2009/051837的一般性教导来进行。
在一些实施方案中,可用脂质或脂肪酸基团来对聚合物进行修饰。在一些实施方案中,脂肪酸基团可以是以下中的一种或更多种:丁酸、己酸、辛酸、癸酸、月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、花生酸、山嵛酸或二十四烷酸。在一些实施方案中,脂肪酸基团可以是以下中的一种或更多种:棕榈油酸、油酸、异油酸、亚油酸、α-亚油酸、γ-亚油酸、花生四烯酸、鳕油酸、花生四烯酸、二十碳五烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸或芥酸。
在一些实施方案中,聚合物可以是聚酯,包含含有乳酸和乙醇酸单元的共聚物,例如聚乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物和聚丙交酯-乙交酯共聚物,在本文中将其统称为“PLGA”;以及含有乙醇酸单元的均聚物(在本文中称为“PGA”)和含有乳酸单元的均聚物,例如:聚-L-乳酸、聚-D-乳酸、聚-D,L-乳酸、聚-L-丙交酯、聚-D-丙交酯和聚-D,L-丙交酯(在本文中统称为“PLA”)。在一些实施方案中,示例性的聚酯包括,例如:聚羟基酸;PEG共聚物及丙交酯和乙交酯的共聚物(例如,PLA-PEG共聚物、PGA-PEG共聚物、PLGA-PEG共聚物及其衍生物。在一些实施方案中,聚酯包括,例如:聚(己内酯)、聚(己内酯)-PEG共聚物、聚L-丙交酯-L-赖氨酸共聚物、聚(丝氨酸酯)、聚(4-羟基-L-脯氨酸酯)、聚[α-(4-氨基丁基)-L-乙醇酸]及其衍生物。
在一些实施方案中,聚合物可以是PLGA。PLGA是乳酸和乙醇酸的生物相容性的生物可降解共聚物,并且多种PLGA形式通过乳酸:乙醇酸之比来表征。乳酸可以是L-乳酸、D-乳酸或D,L-乳酸。可通过改变乳酸:乙醇酸之比来调节PLGA的降解速率。在一些实施方案中,根据本发明使用的PLGA的特征在于:乳酸∶乙醇酸之比为约85∶15、约75∶25、约60∶40、约50∶50、约40∶60、约25∶75或约15∶85。
在一些实施方案中,聚合物可以是一种或更多种丙烯酸类聚合物。在某些实施方案中,丙烯酸类聚合物包括,例如丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸共聚物、甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物、甲基丙烯酸乙氧基乙酯、甲基丙烯酸氰基乙酯、甲基丙烯酸氨基烷酯共聚物、聚(丙烯酸)、聚(甲基丙烯酸)、甲基丙烯酸烷基酰胺共聚物、聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)、聚(甲基丙烯酸酐)、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)共聚物、聚丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酸氨基烷酯共聚物、甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯共聚物、聚氰基丙烯酸酯以及包含前述聚合物中一种或更多种的组合。丙烯酸类聚合物可包括丙烯酸酯和甲基丙烯酸酯的具有低含量季铵基团的完全聚合的共聚物。
在一些实施方案中,聚合物可以是阳离子聚合物。一般来说,阳离子聚合物能够缩合和/或保护核酸(Zauner等,1998,Adv.DrugDel.Rev.,30:97;和Kabanov等,1995,BioconjugateChem.,6:7)、聚(乙烯亚胺)(PEI;Boussif等,1995,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.,USA,1995,92:7297)和聚(酰胺胺)树状聚体(Kukowska-Latallo等,1996,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.,USA,93:4897;Tang等,1996,BioconjugateChem.,7:703;和Haensler等,1993,BioconjugateChem.,4:372)的带负电链,它们在生理pH下带正电并且与核酸形成离子对。在一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体可不包含(或者可排除)阳离子聚合物。
在一些实施方案中,聚合物可以是携带阳离子侧链的可降解聚酯(Putnam等,1999,Macromolecules,32:3658;Barrera等,1993,J.Am.Chem.Soc.,115:11010;Kwon等,1989,Macromolecules,22:3250;Lim等,1999,J.Am.Chem.Soc.,121:5633;和Zhou等,1990,Macromolecules,23:3399)。这些聚酯的实例包括聚L-丙交酯-L-赖氨酸共聚物(Barrera等,1993,J.Am.Chem.Soc.,115:11010)、聚(丝氨酸酯)(Zhou等,1990,Macromolecules,23:3399)、聚(4-羟基-L-脯氨酸酯)(Putnam等,1999,Macromolecules,32:3658;和Lim等,1999,J.Am.Chem.Soc.,121:5633)和聚(4-羟基-L-脯氨酸酯)(Putnam等,1999,Macromolecules,32:3658;和Lim等,1999,J.Am.Chem.Soc.,121:5633)。
这些和其他聚合物的特性及其制备方法在本领域中是公知的(参见,例如,美国专利6,123,727;5,804,178;5,770,417;5,736,372;5,716,404;6,095,148;5,837,752;5,902,599;5,696,175;5,514,378;5,512,600;5,399,665;5,019,379;5,010,167;4,806,621;4,638,045;和4,946,929;Wang等,2001,J.Am.Chem.Soc.,123:9480;Lim等.,2001,J.Am.Chem.Soc.,123:2460;Langer,2000,Acc.Chem.Res.,33:94;Langer,1999,J.Control.Release,62:7;和Uhrich等,1999,Chem.Rev.,99:3181)。更一般地,用于合成某些合适聚合物的多种方法在以下中进行了描述:ConciseEncyclopediaofPolymerScienceandPolymericAminesandAmmoniumSalts,由Goethals编辑,PergamonPress,1980;PrinciplesofPolymerization,Odian,JohnWiley&Sons,第四版,2004;ContemporaryPolymerChemistry,Allcock等,Prentice-Hall,1981;Deming等,1997,Nature,390:386;以及美国专利6,506,577、6,632,922、6,686,446和6,818,732。
在一些实施方案中,聚合物可以是直链聚合物或支链聚合物。在一些实施方案中,聚合物可以是树状聚体。在一些实施方案中,聚合物可彼此基本交联。在一些实施方案中,聚合物可基本无交联。在一些实施方案中,可根据本发明在不经历交联步骤的情况下使用聚合物。还应当理解的是,合成纳米载体可包含前述及其他聚合物的嵌段共聚物、接枝共聚物、共混物、混合物和/或加合物。本领域技术人员将认识到,本文中所列举的聚合物代表可根据本发明使用之聚合物的示例性的非全面性列表。
在一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体不包含聚合物组分。在一些实施方案中,合成纳米载体可包含金属颗粒、量子点、陶瓷颗粒等。在一些实施方案中,非聚合物合成纳米载体为非聚合物组分的聚集体,例如金属原子(例如,金原子)的聚集体。
根据本发明的组合物可包含与可药用赋形剂(例如防腐剂、缓冲剂、盐水或磷酸缓冲盐水)组合的组分,例如免疫抑制剂。所述组合物可使用常规的药物制备和配合技术制成以实现可用的剂型。在一个实施方案中,将组合物(例如包含合成纳米载体的那些)与防腐剂一起混悬于无菌盐水溶液中以用于注射。
在一些实施方案中,当制备合成纳米载体作为载体时,用于使组分与合成纳米载体连接方法是可用的。如果组分是小分子,有利地可在组装合成纳米载体之前使该组分与聚合物连接。在一些实施方案中,还有利的是,可制备具有表面基团的合成纳米载体,其可用于通过使用这些表面基团来使组分与合成纳米载体连接,而非使组分与聚合物连接并然后在构建合成纳米载体中使用该聚合物缀合物。
在某些实施方案中,可用共价接头进行偶联。在一些实施方案中,根据本发明的免疫抑制剂可与外表面经由1,2,3-三唑接头共价连接,所述接头通过纳米载体之表面上的叠氮基与含有炔基之免疫抑制剂的1,3-偶极环加成反应形成或者通过纳米载体之表面上的炔与含有叠氮基之免疫抑制剂的1,3-偶极环加成反应形成。优选在Cu(I)催化剂以及合适Cu(I)配体和还原剂存在下进行这样的环加成反应以将Cu(II)化合物还原成催化活性的Cu(I)化合物。还可将这种Cu(I)催化的叠氮化物-炔环加成(CuAAC)称为点击反应。
另外,共价偶联可包含共价接头,其包括酰胺接头、二硫接头、腙接头、硫醚接头、酰肼接头、亚胺或肟接头、脲或硫脲接头、脒接头、胺接头和磺酰胺接头。
酰胺接头通过一种组分(例如免疫抑制剂)上的胺与第二组分(例如纳米载体)的羧酸基团之间的酰胺键形成。接头中的酰胺键可使用经适当保护的氨基酸和活化羧酸(例如N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺活化的酯)利用任何常规的酰胺键形成反应形成。
二硫接头通过在形式为例如R1-S-S-R2的两个硫原子之间形成二硫(S-S)键构成。二硫键可通过使含有巯基/硫醇基(-SH)的组分与聚合物或纳米载体上的另一个活化巯基进行巯基交换形成,或者通过使含有巯基/硫醇基的纳米载体与含有活化巯基的组分进行巯基交换形成。
三唑接头,特别是其中R1和R2可以是任何化学实体之形式的1,2,3-三唑,通过与第一组分(例如纳米载体)连接之叠氮化物和与第二组分(例如免疫抑制剂)连接之末端炔的1,3-偶极环加成反应形成。在存在或不存在催化剂,优选Cu(I)催化剂的情况下进行1,3-偶极环加成反应,其通过1,2,3-三唑作用将两种组分连接。Sharpless等,Angew.Chem.Int.第41(14)版,2596,(2002)和Meldal,等,Chem.Rev.,2008,108(8),2952-3015对这一化学过程进行了详细描述,并且通常将其称为“点击”反应或CuAAC。
在一些实施方案中,制备聚合物链末端包含叠氮化物基团或炔基的聚合物。然后,使用这种聚合物以使得多个炔基或叠氮化物基团位于纳米载体之表面的方式制备合成纳米载体。或者,可通过另一途径制备合成纳米载体并随后用炔或叠氮化物基团进行官能化。在炔基(如果聚合物包含叠氮化物)或叠氮化物基团(如果聚合物包含炔基)存在下制备该组分。然后,在催化剂存在或不存在下使该组分与纳米载体经由1,3-偶极环加成反应而反应,所述反应使该组分与颗粒通过1,4-二取代的1,2,3-三唑接头连接。
硫醚接头通过以例如R1-S-R2的形式形成硫-碳(硫醚)键构成。硫醚可通过一种组分上的巯基/硫醇基(-SH)与第二组分上的烷基化基团(例如卤化物或环氧化物)的烷基化形成。硫醚接头还可通过将一种组分上的巯基/硫醇基Michael加成到含有马来酰亚胺基团或乙烯砜基团作为Michael接受体之第二组分上的缺电子烯基团形成。在另一种方式中,硫醚接头可通过一种组分上的巯基/硫醇基与第二组分上的烯基团的自由基巯基-烯反应制备。
腙接头通过使一种组分上的酰肼基团与第二组分上的醛/酮基团反应形成。
酰肼接头通过使一种组分上的肼基团与第二组分上的羧酸基团反应形成。这样的反应一般使用与其中羧酸经活化试剂活化的酰胺键形成类似的化学过程来进行。
亚胺接头或肟接头通过使一种组分上的胺或N-烷氧基胺(或氨基氧基)基团与第二组分上的醛或酮基团反应形成。
脲或硫脲接头通过使一种组分上的胺基团与第二组分上的异腈酸酯或硫代异腈酸酯基团反应制备。
脒接头通过使一种组分上的胺基团与第二组分上的亚氨酸酯基团反应制备。
胺接头通过一种组分上的胺基团与第二组分上的烷基化基团(例如卤化物、环氧化物或磺酸酯基团)的烷基化反应形成。或者,胺接头还可通过使一种组分上的胺基团与第二组分上的醛或酮基团在合适还原剂(例如氰基硼氢化钠或三乙酰氧基硼氢化钠)存在下进行还原胺化形成。
磺酰胺接头通过使一种组分上的胺基团与第二组分上的磺酰卤(例如磺酰氯)基团反应形成。
砜接头通过将亲核体Michael加成到乙烯砜形成。乙烯砜或亲核体可以在纳米载体的表面上或者与组分连接。
还可通过非共价缀合方法将组分与纳米载体缀合。例如,带负电的免疫抑制剂可与带正电的纳米载体通过静电吸附缀合。含有金属配体的组分也可与含有金属复合物的纳米载体经由金属-配体复合物缀合。
在一些实施方案中,可在组装合成纳米载体之前使组分与聚合物(例如聚乳酸-乙二醇嵌段共聚物)连接,或者合成纳米载体可形成为在其表面上具有反应性或可活化基团。在后一种情况下,组分可使用与通过合成纳米载体之表面呈现的连接化学相容的基团制备。在另一些实施方案中,可使用合适的接头使肽组分与VLP或脂质体连接。接头为能够将两个分子偶联在一起的化合物或试剂。在一个实施方案中,接头可以是Hermanson2008中所述的同双功能试剂或异双功能试剂。例如,可在EDC存在下用同双功能接头己二酸二酰肼(adipicdihydrazide,ADH)处理表面上包含羧基的VLP或脂质体合成纳米载体以形成具有ADH接头的相应合成纳米载体。然后,使所得ADH连接的合成纳米载体经由该纳米载体上ADH接头的另一端与含有酸基团的肽组分缀合以产生相应的VLP或脂质体肽缀合物。
有关可用缀合方法的详细描述,参见HermansonGT“BioconjugateTechniques”,第2版,由AcademicPress出版,Inc.,2008。除共价连接之外,组分还可与预先形成的合成纳米载体通过吸附连接或者其可在形成合成纳米载体期间通过包封连接。
本文中提供的任何免疫抑制剂均可用于所提供的方法或组合物中,并且在一些实施方案中可与合成纳米载体连接。免疫抑制剂包括但不限于:他汀类;mTOR抑制剂,例如雷帕霉素或雷帕霉素类似物;TGF-β信号传导剂;TGF-β受体激动剂;组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAC)抑制剂;皮质类固醇;线粒体功能的抑制剂,例如鱼藤酮;P38抑制剂;NF-κβ抑制剂;腺苷受体激动剂;前列腺素E2激动剂;磷酸二酯酶抑制剂,例如磷酸二酯酶4抑制剂;蛋白酶体抑制剂;激酶抑制剂;G蛋白偶联受体激动剂;G蛋白偶联受体拮抗剂;糖皮质激素;类视黄醇;细胞因子抑制剂;细胞因子受体抑制剂;细胞因子受体激活剂;过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体拮抗剂;过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体激动剂;组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂;钙调神经磷酸酶抑制剂;磷酸酶抑制剂和氧化的ATP。免疫抑制剂还包括IDO、维生素D3、环孢素A、芳基烃受体抑制剂、白藜芦醇、硫唑嘌呤、6-巯基嘌呤、阿司匹林、尼氟灭酸、雌三醇、雷公藤内酯、白介素(例如,IL-1、IL-10)、环孢素A、靶向细胞因子或细胞因子受体的siRNA等。
他汀类的实例包括:阿托伐他汀西立伐他汀、氟伐他汀(XL)、洛伐他汀( )、美伐他汀匹伐他汀瑞舒伐他汀( )、瑞舒伐他汀和辛伐他汀
mTOR抑制剂的实例包括雷帕霉素及其类似物(例如,CCL-779、RAD001、AP23573、C20-甲基烯丙基雷帕霉素(C20-Marap)、C16-(S)-丁基磺酰氨基雷帕霉素(C16-Bsrap)、C16-(S)-3-甲基吲哚雷帕霉素(C16-iRap)(Bayle等Chemistry&Biology2006,13:99-107))、AZD8055、BEZ235(NVP-BEZ235)、大黄根酸(大黄酚)、地磷莫司(deforolimus,MK-8669)、依维莫司(RAD0001)、KU-0063794、PI-103、PP242、坦罗莫司和WYE-354(可获自Selleck,Houston,TX,USA)。
TGF-β信号传导剂的实例包括TGF-β配体(例如,活化素A、GDF1、GDF11、骨形态生成蛋白、nodal、TGF-β)及其受体(例如,ACVR1B、ACVR1C、ACVR2A、ACVR2B、BMPR2、BMPR1A、BMPR1B、TGFβRI、TGFβRII)、R-SMADS/co-SMADS(例如,SMAD1、SMAD2、SMAD3、SMAD4、SMAD5、SMAD8)和配体抑制剂(例如,卵泡抑素、头蛋白(noggin)、脊索蛋白(chordin)、DAN、lefty、LTBP1、THBS1、Decorin)。
线粒体功能的抑制剂的实例包括苍术苷(二钾盐)、米醇茵酸(三铵盐)、羰基氰化物间氯苯腙、羧基苍术苷(例如,来自欧苍术(Atractylisgummifera))、CGP-37157、(-)-鱼藤素(例如,来自绢毛萌豆(Munduleasericea))、F16、己糖激酶IIVDAC结合结构域与肽、寡霉素、鱼藤酮、Ru360、SFK1和缬氨霉素(例如,来自极暗黄链霉菌(Streptomycesfulvissimus)(EMD4Biosciences,USA)。
P38抑制剂的实例包括SB-203580(4-(4-氟苯基)-2-(4-甲基亚磺酰基苯基)-5-(4-吡啶基)1H-咪唑)、SB-239063(反式-1-(4羟基环己基)-4-(氟苯基)-5-(2-甲氧基-嘧啶-4-基)咪唑)、SB-220025(5-(2氨基-4-嘧啶基)-4-(4-氟苯基)-1-(4-哌啶基)咪唑))和ARRY-797。
NF(例如,NK-κβ)抑制剂的实例包括IFRD1、2-(1,8-萘啶-2-基)苯酚、5-氨基水杨酸、BAY11-7082、BAY11-7085、CAPE(咖啡酸苯乙酯)、马来酸二乙酯、IKK-2抑制剂IV、IMD0354、乳胞素、MG-132[Z-Leu-Leu-Leu-CHO]、NFκB激活抑制剂III、NF-κB激活抑制剂II、JSH-23、小白菊内酯、氧化苯胂(PAO)、PPM-18、吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸铵盐、QNZ、RO106-9920、楝酰胺、楝酰胺AL、楝酰胺C、楝酰胺I、楝酰胺J、洛克米兰醇(rocaglaol)、(R)-MG-132、水杨酸钠、雷公藤内酯(PG490)和蟛蜞菊内酯(wedelolactone)。
腺苷受体激动剂的实例包括CGS-21680和ATL-146e。
前列腺素E2激动剂的实例包括E-Prostanoid2和E-Prostanoid4。
磷酸二酯酶抑制剂(非选择性和选择性抑制剂)的实例包括咖啡因、氨茶碱、IBMX(3-异丁基-1-甲基黄嘌呤)、副黄嘌呤、己酮可可碱、可可碱、茶碱、甲基化黄嘌呤、长春西汀、EHNA(赤型-9-(2-羟基-3-壬基)腺嘌呤)、阿那格雷、依诺昔酮(PERFANTM)、米立农、左西孟旦、日中花碱(mesembrine)、异丁司特、吡拉米司特、木犀草素、屈他维林、罗氟司特(DAXASTM、DALIRESPTM)、西地那非 他达拉非伐地那非 乌地那非、阿伐那非、淫羊藿苷(icariin)、4-甲基哌嗪和吡唑并嘧啶-7-1。
蛋白酶体抑制剂的实例包括硼替佐米、双硫仑、表没食子儿茶素-3-没食子酸酯和salinosporamideA。
激酶抑制剂的实例包括贝伐单抗、BIBW2992、西妥昔单抗伊马替尼曲妥珠单抗吉非替尼雷珠单抗哌加他尼(Pegaptanib)、索拉非尼、达沙替尼、舒尼替尼、埃罗替尼、尼洛替尼、拉帕替尼、帕尼单抗、凡德他尼、E7080、帕唑帕尼(pazopanib)和木利替尼(mubritinib)。
糖皮质激素的实例包括氢化可的松(皮质醇)、醋酸可的松、泼尼松、泼尼松龙、甲泼尼龙、地塞米松、倍他米松、曲安西龙、倍氯米松、醋酸氟氢可的松、醋酸脱氧皮质酮(DOCA)和醛固酮。
类视黄醇的实例包括视黄醇、视黄醛、维A酸(视黄酸、)、异维A酸阿利维A酸依曲替酯(TEGISONTM)、及其代谢物阿维A他扎罗汀贝沙罗汀和阿达帕林
细胞因子抑制剂的实例包括IL1ra、IL1受体拮抗剂、IGFBP、TNF-BF、尿调节素、α-2-巨球蛋白、环孢素A、喷他眯和己酮可可豆碱
过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体拮抗剂的实例包括GW9662、PPARγ拮抗剂III、G335和T0070907(EMD4Biosciences,USA)。
过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体激动剂的实例包括吡格列酮、环格列酮、氯贝丁酯、GW1929、GW7647、L-165,041、LY171883、PPARγ激活剂、Fmoc-Leu、曲格列酮和WY-14643(EMD4Biosciences,USA)。
组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂的实例包括异羟肟酸(或氧肟酸盐)例如曲古抑菌素A、环四肽(例如trapoxinB)和缩酚酸肽、苯甲酰胺、亲电性酮类、脂族酸化合物(例如苯丁酸和丙戊酸)、异羟肟酸(例如伏立诺他(SAHA)、贝利司他(PXD101)、LAQ824和帕比司他(LBH589))、苯甲酰胺(例如恩替诺特(MS-275)、CI994和mocetinostat(MGCD0103))、烟酰胺、NAD衍生物、二氢香豆素类、萘并吡喃酮类以及2-羟基萘醛。
钙调神经磷酸酶抑制剂的实例包括环孢素、吡美莫司、伏环孢素(voclosporin)和他克莫司。
磷酸酶抑制剂的实例包括BN82002盐酸盐,CP-91149、花萼海绵诱癌素A(calyculinA)、斑蝥酸、斑蝥素、氯氰菊酯、乙基-3,4-迪磷他汀、福司曲星钠盐、MAZ51、甲基-3,4-迪磷他汀、NSC95397、去甲斑蝥素、来自凹形原甲藻(prorocentrumconcavum)的冈田酸铵盐、冈田酸、冈田酸钾盐、冈田酸钠盐、氧化苯胂、多种磷酸酶抑制剂混合物、蛋白质磷酸酶1C、蛋白质磷酸酶2A抑制剂蛋白、蛋白质磷酸酶2A1、蛋白质磷酸酶2A2和正钒酸钠。
非变应原性抗原可以以抗原自身的形式递送或者作为其片段或衍生物递送。非变应原性抗原包括非变应原性治疗性大分子,例如非变应原性治疗性蛋白质或非变应原性治疗性多核苷酸。
治疗性蛋白质包括但不限于:可输注的治疗性蛋白质、酶、酶辅因子、激素、凝血因子、细胞因子和干扰素、生长因子、单克隆抗体和多克隆抗体(例如作为替代治疗施用于对象)以及与庞皮病(Pompe’sdisease)相关的蛋白质(例如,酸性葡糖苷酶α,rhGAA)(例如,Myozyme和Lumizyme(Genzyme))。治疗性蛋白质还包括参与凝血级联的蛋白质。治疗性蛋白质包括但不限于:因子VIII、因子VII、因子IX、因子V、冯·维勒布兰德因子(vonWillebrandFactor)、vonHeldebrant因子、组织纤溶酶原激活物、胰岛素、生长激素、红细胞生成素α、VEGF、血小板生成素、溶菌酶、抗凝血酶等。治疗性蛋白质还包括脂肪素(adipokine),例如瘦素和脂联素。治疗性蛋白质的其他实例如下文及本文中的其他部分所述。
用于患有溶酶体贮积症之对象的酶替代治疗中的治疗性蛋白质的实例包括但不限于:用于治疗戈谢病(Gaucher’sdisease)的伊米苷酶(例如,CEREZYMETM),用于治疗法布里病(Fabrydisease)的a-半乳糖苷酶A(a-galA)(例如,阿加糖酶β、FABRYZYMETM),用于治疗庞皮病的酸性α-葡糖苷酶(GAA(例如,酸性葡糖苷酶α、LUMIZYMETM、MYOZYMETM),用于治疗黏多醣贮积症(Mucopolysaccharidose)的芳基硫酸酯酶B(例如,拉罗尼酶、ALDURAZYMETM、艾杜硫酶、ELAPRASETM、芳基硫酸酯酶B、NAGLAZYMETM),聚乙二醇化重组尿酸酶(pegloticase)(KRYSTEXXA)和聚乙二醇化重组假丝酵母尿酸酶。
酶的实例包括:氧化还原酶、转移酶、水解酶、裂合酶、异构酶、天冬酰胺酶、尿酸酶、糖苷酶、天冬酰胺酶、尿酸酶、蛋白酶、核酸酶、胶原酶、透明质酸酶、肝素酶、类肝素酶、细胞溶素(lysin)和连接酶。
治疗性蛋白质还可包括分离自或来源于细菌、真菌或病毒来源的任何酶、毒素或其他蛋白质或肽。
激素的实例包括:褪黑激素(N-乙酰基-5-甲氧基色胺)、血清素、甲状腺素(或四碘甲腺原氨酸)(甲状腺激素)、三碘甲腺氨酸(甲状腺激素)、肾上腺素(或肾上腺激素)、去甲肾上腺素(或去甲肾上腺激素)、多巴胺(或催乳素抑制激素)、抗米勒管激素(或米勒管抑制因子或激素)、脂连蛋白、促肾上腺皮质激素(或促皮质素)、血管紧张素原和血管紧张素、抗利尿激素(或加压素、精氨酸加压素)、心房钠尿肽(或心钠素)、降钙素、胆囊收缩素、促皮质素释放激素、红细胞生成素、促卵泡激素、胃泌素、生长素释放肽、胰高血糖素、胰高血糖素样肽(GLP-1)、GIP、促性腺素释放激素、生长激素释放激素、人绒毛膜促性腺素、人胎盘催乳素、生长激素、抑制素、胰岛素、胰岛素样生长因子(或生长调节素)、瘦素、黄体化激素、黑素细胞刺激激素、食欲素、催产素、甲状旁腺激素、催乳素、松弛素、分泌素、生长激素抑制素、血小板生成素、甲状腺刺激激素(或促甲状腺素)、促甲状腺素释放激素、皮质醇、醛固酮、睾酮、去氢表雄酮、雄烯二酮、二氢睾酮、雌二醇、雌酮、雌三醇、黄体酮、骨化三醇(1,25-二羟基维生素D3)、骨化二醇(25-羟基维生素D3)、前列腺素类、白三烯类、前列环素、血栓烷类、催乳素释放激素、促脂解素、脑钠尿肽、神经肽Y、组胺、内皮素、胰多肽、肾素和脑啡肽。
血液因子或凝血因子的实例包括因子I(纤维蛋白原)、因子II(凝血酶原)、组织因子、因子V(前加速素,不稳定因子)、因子VII(稳定因子、前转化素)、因子VIII(抗血友病球蛋白)、因子IX(克雷司马斯因子(Christmasfactor)或血浆促凝血酶原激酶组分)、因子X(斯图尔特因子(Stuart-Prowerfactor))、因子Xa、因子XI、因子XII(哈格曼因子(Hagemanfactor))、因子XIII(纤维蛋白稳定因子)、冯·维勒布兰德因子、前激肽释放酶(弗莱彻因子(Fletcherfactor))、高分子量激肽原(HMWK)(菲兹杰拉尔德因子(Fitzgeraldfactor))、纤连蛋白、纤维蛋白、凝血酶、抗凝血酶III、肝素辅因子II、蛋白C、蛋白S、蛋白Z、蛋白Z相关蛋白酶抑制剂(ZPI)、纤溶酶原、α2-抗纤溶酶、组织纤溶酶原激活物(tPA)、尿激酶、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1(PAI1)、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-2(PAI2)、癌促凝物质或阿法依伯汀(Epogen,Procrit)。
细胞因子的实例包括淋巴因子、白介素、以及趋化因子、1型细胞因子(例如IFN-γ、TGF-β)和2型细胞因子(例如IL-4、IL-10和IL-13)。
生长因子的实例包括肾上腺髓质素(AM)、血管生成素(Ang)、自分泌运动因子、骨形态生成蛋白(Bonemorphogeneticprotein,BMP)、脑源性神经营养因子(Brain-derivedneurotrophicfactor,BDNF)、表皮生长因子(Epidermalgrowthfactor,EGF)、红细胞生成素(EPO)、成纤维细胞生长因子(Fibroblastgrowthfactor,FGF)、神经胶质细胞系源性神经营养因子(Glialcellline-derivedneurotrophicfactor,GDNF)、粒细胞集落刺激因子(Granulocytecolony-stimulatingfactor,G-CSF)、粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(Granulocytemacrophagecolony-stimulatingfactor,GM-CSF)、生长分化因子-9(Growthdifferentiationfactor-9,GDF9)、肝细胞生长因子(Hepatocytegrowthfactor,HGF)、肝癌源性生长因子(Hepatoma-derivedgrowthfactor,HDGF)、胰岛素样生长因子(Insulin-likegrowthfactor,IGF)、促移行因子、肌生长抑制素(GDF-8)、神经生长因子(Nervegrowthfactor,NGF)及其他神经营养因子、血小板源性生长因子(Platelet-derivedgrowthfactor,PDGF)、血小板生成素(TPO)、转化生长因子α(Transforminggrowthfactoralpha,TGF-α)、转化生长因子β(Transforminggrowthfactorbeta,TGF-β)、肿瘤坏死因子α(Tumour_necrosis_factor-alpha,TNF-α)、血管内皮生长因子(Vascularendothelialgrowthfactor,VEGF)、Wnt信号传导途径、胎盘生长因子(placentalgrowthfactor,P1GF)、(胎牛促生长素,FoetalBovineSomatotrophin)(FBS)、IL-1、IL-2、IL-3、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6和IL-7。
单克隆抗体的实例包括阿巴伏单抗、阿昔单抗、阿达木单抗、阿德木单抗、阿非莫单抗、阿夫土珠单抗(Afutuzumab)、培化阿珠单抗、ALD、阿仑单抗、阿妥莫单抗喷替酸盐、麻安莫单抗、安芦珠单抗、抗胸腺细胞珠蛋白、阿泊珠单抗、阿西莫单抗、阿塞珠单抗、Atlizumab(托珠单抗)、阿托木单抗、Bapineuzumab、巴利昔单抗、巴维昔单抗、贝妥莫单抗、贝利木单抗、Benralizumab、柏替木单抗、贝索单抗、贝伐单抗、比西单抗、莫比伐珠单抗、Blinatumomab、Brentuximabvedotin、Briakinumab、卡那单抗、莫坎妥珠单抗、卡罗单抗喷地肽、卡妥索单抗、西利珠单抗、赛妥珠单抗、西妥昔单抗、泊西他珠单抗、Cixutumumab、克立昔单抗、Clivatuzumabtetraxetan、Conatumumab、Dacetuzumab、达珠单抗、Daratumumab、狄迪诺塞麦、地莫单抗、阿托度单抗、Dorlixizumab、依美昔单抗、依库珠单抗、埃巴单抗、依决可单抗、依法利珠单抗、依芬古单抗、埃罗妥珠单抗、艾西莫单抗、培戈赖莫单抗、西依匹莫单抗、依帕珠单抗、Erlizumab、厄妥索单抗、Etaracizumab、艾韦单抗、Fanolesomab、法拉莫单抗、Farletuzumab、非维珠单抗、非扎奴单抗、Figitumumab、芳妥珠单抗、Foravirumab、Fresolimumab、Galiximab、Gantenerumab、加维莫单抗、吉妥单抗、GC1008、Girentuximab、Glembatumumabvedotin、戈利木单抗、Gomiliximab、Ibalizumab、替伊莫单抗、伊戈伏单抗、英西单抗、英夫利昔单抗、Intetumumab、伊诺莫单抗、奥英妥珠单抗、依匹木单抗、Iratumumab、凯利昔单抗、拉贝珠单抗、Lebrikizumab、来马索单抗、乐地单抗、来沙木单抗、利韦单抗、林妥珠单抗、Lorvotuzumabmertansine、Lucatumumab、鲁昔单抗、马帕木单抗、马司莫单抗、马妥珠单抗、美泊利单抗、美替木单抗、Milatuzumab、明瑞莫单抗、米妥莫单抗、莫罗木单抗、Motavizumab、鼠单克隆抗体-CD3、他那可单抗、Naptumomabestafenatox、那他珠单抗、奈巴库单抗、Necitumumab、奈瑞莫单抗、尼妥珠单抗、巯诺莫单抗、Ocrelizumab、奥度莫单抗、奥法木单抗、Olaratumab、奥马珠单抗、莫奥珠单抗、奥戈伏单抗、Otelixizumab、Pagibaximab、帕利珠单抗、帕尼单抗、Panobacumab、帕考珠单抗、Pemtumomab、帕妥珠单抗、Pexelizumab、平妥莫单抗、普立昔单抗、Pritumumab、雷韦单抗、雷莫芦单抗、雷珠单抗、Raxibacumab、瑞加韦单抗、瑞利珠单抗、Rilotumumab、利妥昔单抗、Robatumumab、Rontalizumab、罗维珠单抗、鲁利单抗、沙妥莫单抗喷地肽、司韦单抗西罗珠单抗、西法木单抗、Siltuximab、西利珠单抗、Solanezumab、Sonepcizumab、Sontuzumab、Stamulumab、硫索单抗、Tacatuzumabtetraxetan、他度珠单抗、Talizumab、尼珠单抗、帕他普莫单抗、替非珠单抗、阿替莫单抗、Tenatumomab、替奈昔单抗、Teplizumab、Ticilimumab(替西木单抗)、替加珠单抗、托珠单抗(atlizumab)、托利珠单抗、托西莫单抗、曲妥珠单抗、替西木单抗、Tucotuzumabcelmoleukin、妥韦单抗、乌珠单抗、Ustekinumab、伐利昔单抗、维多珠单抗、维妥珠单抗、维帕莫单抗、Visilizumab、伏洛昔单抗、伏妥莫单抗、Zalutumumab、扎木单抗、齐拉木单抗和阿佐莫单抗。单克隆抗体还包括抗-TNF抗体。
输注治疗或可注射的治疗性蛋白质的实例包括例如:托珠单抗α-1抗胰蛋白酶(Kamada/AAT)、(Affymax和Takeda,合成肽)、白蛋白干扰素α-2b(albinterferonalfa-2b)(Novartis/ZalbinTM)、(PharmingGroup,C1抑制剂替代治疗)、替莫瑞林(Theratechnologies/Egrifta,合成生长激素释放因子)、奥瑞珠单抗(Genentech、Roche和Biogen)、贝利木单抗聚乙二醇化重组尿酸酶(pegloticase)(SavientPharmaceuticals/KrystexxaTM)、聚乙二醇化重组假丝酵母尿酸酶、他利苷酶α(Protalix/Uplyso)、阿加糖酶α葡糖脑苷脂酶α(Shire)和钥孔林普贝血蓝蛋白(KeyholeLimpetHemocyanin,KLH)。
另外的治疗性蛋白质包括例如:工程化蛋白质,例如Fc融合蛋白、双特异性抗体、多特异性抗体、纳米体、抗原结合蛋白、抗体片段和蛋白质缀合物,例如抗体药物缀合物。
治疗性多核苷酸包括但不限于:核酸适配体例如哌加他尼(Macugen,一种聚乙二醇化抗VEGF适配体)、反义治疗剂例如反义多核苷酸或反义寡核苷酸(例如,抗病毒药福米韦生,或米泊美生(Mipomersen),靶向载脂蛋白B的信使RNA以降低胆固醇水平的反义治疗剂);小干扰RNA(siRNA)(例如,dicer底物siRNA分子(DsiRNA),其为以极高效力介导RNAi的25-30个碱基对的不对称双链RNA);或经修饰的信使RNA(mmRNA)例如Fougerolles等的美国专利申请2013/0115272和Schrum等的公开的美国专利申请2012/0251618中所述的那些。
可根据本发明的一些方面使用的其他治疗性大分子对本领域技术人员是显而易见的,并且本发明在此方面不受限制。
在一些实施方案中,本文中提供的物质(例如非变应原性抗原或免疫抑制剂)可以是经分离的。“经分离的”指组分与其天然环境分离并且以足够量存在以允许其鉴定或使用。这意味着,例如,组分可(i)通过表达克隆选择性地产生或者(ii)通过色谱或电泳进行纯化。经分离的组分可以但不必需是基本纯的。由于可将经分离的组分与可药用赋形剂一起混合在药物制剂中,所述组分可仅占制剂的小重量百分比。组分仍是经分离的,只要其已与在活系统中与其缔合的物质分离,即与其他脂质或蛋白质分离。本文中提供的任一种组分均可以是经分离的并且以经分离形式包含在组合物中或者用于方法中。
D.用于制备和使用所述方法及相关组合物的方法
本发明的一些方面涉及确定用于本文中提供之伴随施用的方法的方案。可如下确定方案:改变施用免疫抑制剂之组合物和非变应原性抗原的频率、剂量及其他方面并随后基于这些变化评估过敏反应。用于实施本发明的优选方案降低或预防针对非变应原性抗原的过敏反应。
可使用本领域中已知的多种方法来制备合成纳米载体。例如,可通过以下方法及本领域普通技术人员公知的其他方法来形成合成纳米载体:例如,纳米沉淀、使用流体通道的流体聚焦、喷雾干燥、单乳化溶剂蒸发和复乳化溶剂蒸发、溶剂萃取、相分离、研磨、微乳化法、微制造、纳米制造、牺牲层、简单凝聚和复合凝聚。作为替代或补充,用于单分散半导体纳米材料、电导性纳米材料、磁性纳米材料、有机纳米材料及其他纳米材料的水性溶剂和有机溶剂合成已有描述(Pellegrino等,2005,Small,1:48;Murray等,2000,Ann.Rev.Mat.Sci.,30:545;和Trindade等,2001,Chem.Mat.,13:3843)。另外的方法已在以下文献中进行了描述(参见,例如,Doubrow,编辑,“MicrocapsulesandNanoparticlesinMedicineandPharmacy,”CRCPress,BocaRaton,1992;Mathiowitz等,1987,J.Control.Release,5:13;Mathiowitz等,1987,ReactivePolymers,6:275;和Mathiowitz等,1988,J.Appl.PolymerSci.,35:755;美国专利5578325和6007845;P.Paolicelli等,“Surface-modifiedPLGA-basedNanoparticlesthatcanEfficientlyAssociateandDeliverVirus-likeParticles”Nanomedicine.5(6):843-853(2010))。
如果期望的话,可使用多种方法将多种材料包封在合成纳米载体内,所述方法包括但不限于:C.Astete等,“SynthesisandcharacterizationofPLGAnanoparticles”J.Biomater.Sci.PolymerEdn,第17卷,第3期,第247-289页(2006);K.Avgoustakis“PegylatedPoly(Lactide)andPoly(Lactide-Co-Glycolide)Nanoparticles:Preparation,PropertiesandPossibleApplicationsinDrugDelivery”CurrentDrugDelivery1:321-333(2004);C.Reis等,“NanoencapsulationI.Methodsforpreparationofdrug-loadedpolymericnanoparticles”Nanomedicine2:8-21(2006);P.Paolicelli等,“Surface-modifiedPLGA-basedNanoparticlesthatcanEfficientlyAssociateandDeliverVirus-likeParticles”Nanomedicine.5(6):843-853(2010)。也可使用适合将材料包封在合成纳米载体内的其他方法,包括但不限于于2003年10月14日授权之Unger的美国专利6,632,671中所公开的方法。
在某些实施方案中,通过纳米沉淀法或喷雾干燥来制备合成纳米载体。可对用于制备合成纳米载体的条件进行改变以产生具有期望尺寸或特性(例如,疏水性、亲水性、外部形态、“黏性”、形状等)的颗粒。制备合成纳米载体的方法及所使用的条件(例如,溶剂、温度、浓度、空气流速等)可取决于待与合成纳米载体连接的材料和/或聚合物基质的组成。
如果通过上述任一种方法制备的合成纳米载体的尺寸范围在期望范围之外,则可例如使用筛对此类合成纳米载体进行尺寸选择。
合成纳米载体的成分(即,组分)可与全部合成纳米载体例如通过一个或更多个共价键连接,或者可借助一个或更多个接头连接。官能化合成纳米载体的另外方法可改编自Saltzman等的公开的美国专利申请2006/0002852、DeSimone等的公开的美国专利申请2009/0028910或Murthy等的公开的国际专利申请WO/2008/127532A1。
作为替代或补充,合成纳米载体与组分可直接地或间接地经由非共价相互作用连接。在一些非共价实施方案中,非共价连接由非共价相互作用介导,所述非共价相互作用包括但不限于:电荷相互作用、亲和性相互作用、金属配位、物理吸附、主体-客体相互作用、疏水性相互作用、TT堆积相互作用、氢键合相互作用、范德华相互作用、磁性相互作用、静电相互作用、偶极-偶极相互作用和/或其组合。这样的连接可布置成在合成纳米载体的外表面或内表面上。在一些实施方案中,包封和/或吸附是连接的形式。在一些实施方案中,可将合成纳米载体与抗原通过混合在同一载剂或递送系统中而组合。
本文中提供的组合物可包含无机或有机缓冲剂(例如,磷酸、碳酸、醋酸或柠檬酸的钠盐或钾盐)和pH调节剂(例如,盐酸、氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾、柠檬酸或醋酸的盐、氨基酸及其盐)、抗氧化剂(例如,抗坏血酸、α-生育酚)、表面活性剂(例如,聚山梨醇酯20、聚山梨醇酯80、聚氧乙烯9-10壬基苯酚、去氧胆酸钠)、溶液剂和/或冷冻/冻干稳定剂(例如,蔗糖、乳糖、甘露醇、海藻糖)、渗透调节剂(例如,盐或糖)、抗茵剂(例如,苯甲酸、苯酚、庆大霉素)、消泡剂(例如,聚二甲基硅氧烷)、防腐剂(例如,硫柳汞、2-苯氧基乙醇、EDTA)、聚合物稳定剂和黏度调节剂(例如,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、泊洛沙姆488、羧甲基纤维素)和共溶剂(例如甘油、聚乙二醇、乙醇)。
根据本发明的组合物可包含可药用赋形剂。所述组合物可使用常规的药物制备和配合技术制成以实现可用的剂型。适用于实施本发明的技术可见于HandbookofIndustrialMixing:ScienceandPractice,由EdwardL.Paul,VictorA.Atiemo-Obeng和SuzanneM.Kresta编辑,2004JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.;和Pharmaceutics:TheScienceofDosageFormDesign,第2版.由M.E.Auten编辑,2001,ChurchillLivingstone中。在一个实施方案中,组合物与防腐剂一起存在于无菌盐水溶液中以用于注射。
应当理解,本发明的组合物可以以任何合适的方式制备,并且本发明不以任何方式局限于可使用本文中所述的方法制备的组合物。对合适制备方法的选择可需要注意所缔合的具体部分的特性。
在一些实施方案中,组合物是在无菌条件下制备的,或者是经最终灭菌的。这可确保所得组合物是无菌的和非感染性的,从而当与非无菌组合物相比时,安全性提高。这提供了有价值的安全措施,尤其是当接受组合物的对象具有免疫缺陷、患有感染和/或易受感染时。在一些实施方案中,可将组合物冷冻干燥并储存在混悬剂中或者作为冻干粉末储存,这取决于不丧失活性的长期配制策略。
根据本发明的施用可通过多种途径,包括但不限于:皮下、静脉内、腹膜内、肌内、经粘膜、经皮、经皮肤或皮内途径。在一个优选实施方案中,施用经由皮下施用途径。可使用常规方法将本文中提及的组合物配制和制备成用于施用,优选在一些实施方案中用于伴随施用。
可以以有效量(例如本文中其他部分所述的有效量)施用本发明的组合物。根据本发明,剂型的剂量可包含不同量的具有不同量免疫抑制剂和/或非变应原性抗原的群。本发明剂型中存在的免疫抑制剂和/或非变应原性抗原的量可根据以下方面而不同:非变应原性抗原和/或免疫抑制剂的性质、需达到的治疗益处、免疫抑制剂是否与合成纳米载体连接以及其他这样的参数。在一些实施方案中,可进行剂量范围研究以建立剂型中存在之免疫抑制剂和/或非变应原性抗原的量的最佳治疗量。在一些实施方案中,免疫抑制剂和/或非变应原性抗原(当伴随施用时)以在施用于对象时有效产生针对非变应原性抗原的致耐受性免疫应答的量存在于剂型中。优选地,免疫抑制性免疫应答是对针对非变应原性抗原的过敏反应的降低或预防。可使用常规的剂量范围研究和技术来确定在对象中有效产生致耐受性免疫应答的免疫抑制剂和/或非变应原性抗原的量。本发明的剂型可以以多种频率施用。在一个优选实施方案中,利用施用数量来确保药理学上相关的应答。
在一些实施方案中,采取将免疫抑制剂与非变应原性抗原一起施用,例如在后续进一步施用非变应原性抗原之前。在一些示例性实施方案中,在后续进一步施用非变应原性抗原之前,多次施用免疫抑制剂并伴随施用非变应原性抗原。在一些实施方案中,在后续进一步单独施用非变应原性抗原前至少7天、14天或21天的时间,多次施用免疫抑制剂并伴随施用非变应原性抗原。
本公开内容的另一个方面涉及药盒。在一些实施方案中,所述药盒包含免疫抑制剂(在一些实施方案中,与合成纳米载体连接的免疫抑制剂)和非变应原性抗原。免疫抑制剂和非变应原性抗原可包含在药盒中的独立容器中或者包含在药盒中的同一容器中。在一些实施方案中,所述容器为小瓶或安瓿。在一些实施方案中,非变应原性抗原和/或免疫抑制剂包含在与容器分开的溶液中,使得可随后将非变应原性抗原和/或免疫抑制剂添加至容器。在一些实施方案中,非变应原性抗原和/或免疫抑制剂以冻干形式各自存在于独立容器中或同一容器中,使得它们可随后重构。在一些实施方案中,所述药盒还包含用于重构、混合、施用等的说明书。在一些实施方案中,所述说明书包含对本文中所述的方法的说明。说明书可以是任何合适的形式,例如,作为印刷插入物或标签。在一些实施方案中,所述药盒还包含一个或更多个注射器。
实施例
实施例1:用包含免疫抑制剂的合成纳米载体体内评价致耐受性免疫应答
(预示性的)
用于包含雷帕霉素的合成纳米载体的方法
首先制备初级油包水型乳剂。如下制备W1/O1:将0.13M盐酸溶液(0.2mL)、溶液2(0.75mL)、溶液3(0.25mL)和溶液4(0.2mL)合并在小压力管中并使用BransonDigitalSonifier250以50%振幅进行超声处理40秒。然后,如下制备次级乳剂(W1/O1/W2):将溶液5(3.0mL)与初级W1/O1乳剂组合,涡旋10s并使用BransonDigitalSonifier250以30%振幅进行超声处理60秒。
将W1/O1/W2乳剂添加至含有70mMpH8磷酸盐缓冲溶液(30mL)的烧杯并在室温下搅拌2小时以使二氯甲烷蒸发并形成合成纳米载体。将一部分的合成纳米载体经如下洗涤:将合成纳米载体混悬液转移至离心管并在21,000×g和4℃下离心1小时,除去上清液并将沉淀物重悬于磷酸缓冲盐水中。重复洗涤操作并将沉淀物重悬于磷酸缓冲盐水中以获得约10mg/mL的最终合成纳米载体分散体。
通过HPLC分析确定合成纳米载体中雷帕霉素的量。通过重量法确定合成纳米载体总干质量/mL混悬液。
用于测量雷帕霉素载量的方法
收集约3mg的合成纳米载体并离心以使上清液与合成纳米载体沉淀物分离。向沉淀物添加乙腈,将样品超声处理并离心以除去任何不溶性材料。将上清液和沉淀物进样在RP-HPLC上并在278nm下读取吸光度。使用见于沉淀物中的微克数计算捕获的%(载量),使用上清液和沉淀物中的微克数计算回收的总微克数。
IgG的测量
对IgG抗体的水平进行测量。使用PBS中的封闭剂酪蛋白(ThermoFisher,目录#37528)作为稀释剂。使用PBS中的0.05%Tween-20作为洗涤缓冲液,其通过将10mlTween-20((Sigma,目录#P9416-100mL)添加至2升10xPBS贮存液(PBS:10XPBS液体浓缩物,4L,EMDChemicals,目录#6505)和18升去离子水制备而成。
使用贮存液浓度为5mg/ml的钥孔林普贝血蓝蛋白(KLH)作为包被材料。使用1∶1000稀释度至5μg/ml的作为工作浓度。用100μl经稀释OVA/孔包被测定板的每个孔,将板用密封膜(VWR目录#60941-120)密封并在4℃下孵育过夜。使用Costar901796孔平底板作为测定板(Costar9017)。
使用低结合聚丙烯96孔板或管作为在转移至测定板之前在其中制备样品的制备板(set-upplate)。制备板不含任何抗原,因此在制备样品期间血清抗体不与该板结合。如果使用经抗原包被的板来制备样品,使用制备板进行样品制备以最小化在制备或用移液管吸移样品期间可能发生的结合。在于制备板中制备样品之前,将孔用稀释剂覆盖以封闭任何非特异性结合,将板密封并在4℃下孵育过夜。
将测定板用洗涤缓冲液洗涤三次,并在最后一次洗涤之后完全吸出孔中的洗涤缓冲液。在洗涤之后,向测定板的每个孔添加300μl稀释剂以封闭非特异性结合并将板在室温下孵育至少2小时。以合适的起始稀释度在制备板中制备血清样品。有时也使用稀释剂在1.5ml管中制备起始稀释度并随后将其转移至制备板。在可用时,基于之前的数据来确定合适的起始稀释度。当之前的数据不可用时,最低起始稀释度为1∶40。一旦被稀释,将200μl起始稀释度的血清样品从管转移至制备板中的合适孔。
一旦在制备板中制备完所有的样品,将板密封并储存在4℃下,直至测定板的封闭完成。将测定板用洗涤缓冲液洗涤三次,并在最后一次洗涤之后完全吸出洗涤缓冲液。在洗涤之后,向测定板中的孔添加100μL稀释剂。使用移液管将样品从制备板转移至测定板。在转移之前通过将150μl经稀释的血清用移液管上下吸移3次来混合样品。在混合之后,将每份样品中的150μl从制备板转移并添加至各自的测定板。
一旦将起始稀释度的每份样品从制备板转移至测定板,如下在测定板上用移液管吸移连续稀释物:使用移液管取出每份血清样品中的50μl并将其与之前添加的100μl稀释剂混合。在整个板下方重复该步骤。在用移液管吸移最后一排的稀释物之后,从最后一排的孔中取出50μl流体并弃掉,在测定板的每个孔中产生100μl的终体积。一旦在测定板中制备完样品稀释度,将板在室温下孵育至少2小时。
在孵育之后,将板用洗涤缓冲液洗涤三次。在稀释剂中以1∶1500(0.33μg/mL)稀释检测抗体(山羊抗小鼠抗IgG,HRP缀合的)并向每个孔添加100μl经稀释的抗体。将板在室温下孵育1小时并随后用洗涤缓冲液洗涤三次,其中每个洗涤步骤包括至少30秒的浸泡时间。
在洗涤之后,向孔添加检测底物。在即将添加至测定板之前,将等份的底物A和底物B(BDBiosciencesTMBSubstrateReagentSet,目录#555214)合并,向每个孔添加100μl的经混合底物溶液并在暗处孵育10分钟。10分钟后,通过向每个孔添加50μl终止溶液(2NH2SO4)终止反应。在添加终止溶液之后,立即通过450nm下的板读数与570nm下的板读数相减评估孔的光密度(OD)。使用MolecularDevice软件SoftMaxProv5.4进行数据分析。以稀释度为x轴(log刻度)并以OD值为y轴(线性刻度)制作四参数逻辑曲线拟合图(logisticvurve-fitgraph),并确定每份样品的半最大值(EC50)。调整布局顶部的板模板以反映每份样品的稀释度(1/列)。
实施例2:包含聚合物-雷帕霉素缀合物的聚合物纳米载体(预示性的)
制备PLGA-雷帕霉素缀合物:
将具有酸端基的PLGA聚合物(7525DLG1A,酸值0.46mmol/g,LakeshoreBiomaterials;5g,2.3mmol,1.0当量)溶解于30mL二氯甲烷(dichloromethane,DCM)中。添加N,N-二环己基碳二亚胺(1.2当量,2.8mmol,0.57g),之后添加雷帕霉素(1.0当量,2.3mmol,2.1g)和4-二甲基氨基吡啶(4-dimethylaminopyridine,DMAP)(2.0当量,4.6mmol,0.56g)。将混合物在室温下搅拌2天。然后,过滤混合物以除去不溶性二环己基脲。将滤液浓缩至体积为约10mL并添加至100mL异丙醇(isopropylalcohol,IPA)以沉淀出PLGA-雷帕霉素缀合物。移出IPA层并随后用50mLIPA和50mL甲基叔丁基醚(methylt-butylether,MTBE)洗涤聚合物。然后,将聚合物在35℃下真空干燥2天以得到作为白色固体的PLGA-雷帕霉素(约6.5g)。
根据实施例1中所述的操作如下制备包含PLGA-雷帕霉素的纳米载体:
如下制备用于纳米载体形成的溶液:
溶液1:二氯甲烷中的100mg/mLPLGA-雷帕霉素。该溶液通过将PLGA-雷帕霉素溶解于纯二氯甲烷中制备。溶液2:二氯甲烷中的100mg/mLPLA-PEG。该溶液通过将PLA-PEG溶解于纯二氯甲烷中制备。溶液3:100mMpH8磷酸盐缓冲液中的50mg/mL聚乙烯醇。
首先制备初级油包水型乳剂。如下制备W1/O1:将溶液1(0.75mL)和溶液2(0.25mL)合并在小压力管中并使用BransonDigitalSonifier250以50%振幅进行超声处理40秒。然后,如下制备次级乳剂(W1/O1/W2):将溶液3(3.0mL)与初级W1/O1乳剂合并,涡旋10s并使用BransonDigitalSonifier250以30%振幅进行超声处理60秒。将W1/O1/W2乳剂添加至含有70mMpH8磷酸盐缓冲溶液(30mL)的烧杯并在室温下搅拌2小时以使二氯甲烷蒸发并形成纳米载体。将一部分的合成纳米载体经如下洗涤:将合成纳米载体混悬液转移至离心管并在75,600×g和4℃下离心35分钟,除去上清液并将沉淀物重悬于磷酸缓冲盐水中。重复洗涤操作并将沉淀物重悬于磷酸缓冲盐水中以获得约10mg/mL的最终纳米载体分散体。
实施例3:制备包含雷帕霉素的金纳米载体(AuNC)(预示性的)
制备HS-PEG-雷帕霉素:
将PEG酸二硫化物(1.0当量)、雷帕霉素(2.0至2.5当量)、DCC(2.5当量)和DMAP(3.0当量)在无水DMF中的溶液在室温下搅拌过夜。通过过滤除去不溶性二环己基脲并将滤液添加至异丙醇(IPA)以沉淀出PEG-二硫化物-二-雷帕霉素酯,用IPA洗涤并干燥。然后,用DMF中的三(2-羧基乙基)膦盐酸盐处理聚合物以将PEG二硫化物还原成巯基PEG雷帕霉素酯(HS-PEG-雷帕霉素)。通过从IPA中沉淀出回收所得聚合物,如前所述进行干燥并通过HNMR和GPC分析。
金NC(AuNC)的形成:
在剧烈搅拌下,将500mL1mMHAuCl4的水溶液在装备有冷凝器的1L圆底瓶中加热回流10分钟。然后,向搅拌溶液迅速添加50mL40mM柠檬酸三钠的溶液。将所得的深酒红色溶液在回流下保持25分钟至30分钟并撤出热量,将溶液冷却至室温。然后,通过0.8μm膜过滤器过滤溶液以得到AuNC溶液。使用可见光谱和透射电子显微术对AuNC进行表征。经柠檬酸盐包被的AuNC的直径为约20nm,并且在520nm下具有峰吸光度。
具有HS-PEG-雷帕霉素的AuNC缀合物:
向1mL直径为20nm的经柠檬酸盐包被金纳米载体(1.16nM)添加150μlHS-PEG-雷帕霉素(在10mMpH9.0碳酸盐缓冲液中10μM)的溶液以产生巯基:金为2500∶1的摩尔比。将混合物在氩气下在室温下搅拌1小时以使巯基与金纳米载体上的柠檬酸盐完全交换。然后,通过在12,000g下离心30分钟将表面上具有PEG-雷帕霉素的AuNC纯化。将上清液倒出并随后用1xPBS缓冲液洗涤含有AuNC-S-PEG-雷帕霉素的沉淀物。然后,将经纯化的金-PEG-雷帕霉素纳米载体重悬于合适的缓冲液中以进行进一步的分析和生物测定。
实施例4:用于本发明方法中的合成纳米载体及相关组合物
材料
雷帕霉素购自TSZCHEM(185WilsonStreet,Framingham,MA01702;产品目录#R1017)。具有76%丙交酯和24%乙交酯含量并且特性黏度为0.69dL/g的PLGA购自SurModicsPharmaceuticals(756TomMartinDrive,Birmingham,AL35211.产品代码7525DLG7A.)。PEG嵌段为约5,000Da并且PLA嵌段为约40,000Da的PLA-PEG嵌段共聚物购自SurModicsPharmaceuticals(756TomMartinDrive,Birmingham,AL35211;产品代码100DLmPEG50005CE)。聚乙二醇(85%至89%水解的)购自EMDChemicals(型号1.41350.1001)。
方法
如下制备溶液:
溶液1:二氯甲烷中的75mg/mLPLGA和25mg/mLPLA-PEG。该溶液通过将PLGA和PLA-PEG溶解于纯二氯甲烷中制备。
溶液2:二氯甲烷中的100mg/mL雷帕霉素。该溶液通过将雷帕霉素溶解于纯二氯甲烷中制备。
溶液3:100mMpH8磷酸盐缓冲液中的50mg/mL聚乙烯醇。
使用水包油型乳剂制备纳米载体。如下制备O/W乳剂:将溶液1(1mL)、溶液2(0.1mL)和溶液3(3mL)合并在小压力管中并使用BransonDigitalSonifier250以30%振幅进行超声处理60秒。将O/W乳剂添加至含有70mMpH8磷酸盐缓冲溶液(30mL)的烧杯并在室温下搅拌2小时以使二氯甲烷蒸发并形成纳米载体。将一部分的纳米载体经如下洗涤:将纳米载体混悬液转移至离心管并在75,000×g和4℃下离心35分钟,除去上清液并将沉淀物重悬于磷酸缓冲盐水中。重复洗涤操作并将沉淀物重悬于磷酸缓冲盐水中以获得约10mg/mL的最终纳米载体分散体。
通过动态光散射确定纳米载体的尺寸。通过HPLC分析确定纳米载体中雷帕霉素的量。通过重量法确定纳米载体总干质量/mL混悬液。
实施例5:在伴随施用治疗性蛋白质和含有免疫抑制剂的合成纳米载体之
后评价致耐受性免疫应答
针对钥孔林普贝血蓝蛋白的致耐受性应答
对年龄匹配(5周至6周)的雌性C57BL/6静脉内注射200μlPBS中的200μg钥孔林普贝血蓝蛋白(KLH)并根据下述方案施用。在即将注射之前将用于选择组的注射物与合成纳米载体混合。确定抗KLHIgG抗体效价。还确定由重复静脉内注射引起的过敏反应评分。
图1中的结果表明与KLH伴随施用之合成纳米载体的多个剂量有效地降低抗体应答,如在第26天所观察到的。将表现出高抗体应答的动物从后续增强中排除。仅保留具有低或不可检测效价的动物以及对照。这些动物主要由已接受多个剂量合成纳米载体(100μg、50μg和30μg)的动物组成。21天后,所有小鼠接受5次另外的仅KLHi.v.的注射。如图2中所看出的,未经处理小鼠的抗体效价经历显著增强而经合成纳米载体处理的小鼠在第21天至54天期间几乎无抗体提高(黑色符号)。KLHi.v.的注射引起过敏性休克,其可通过观察以下症状评价:0评分表示正常行为,1表示自发性活动降低,2表示活动降低伴随翻倒和自翻正反射丧失,以及3分配为四肢冰凉青紫的垂死小鼠(Liu,E.,等(2002).“Anti-peptideautoantibodiesandfatalanaphylaxisinNODmiceinresponsetoinsulinself-peptidesB:9-23andB:13-23.”JournalofClinicalInvestigation110(7):1021-1027.)。与效价类似,仅在对照动物中观察到过敏反应,而在经合成纳米载体处理的动物中未观察到过敏反应或观察到很少的过敏反应。因此,这表明,本文中提供的组合物当与蛋白质伴随施用一段时间时可降低或预防由于在对象中施用该蛋白质而引起的抗体应答和所致的过敏反应。
实施例6:在OVA-Alum模型中对过敏反应的抑制
材料
雷帕霉素购自TSZCHEM(185WilsonStreet,Framingham,MA01702;产品代码R1017)。丙交酯∶乙交酯比为3∶1并且特性黏度为0.75dL/g的PLGA购自SurModicsPharmaceuticals(756TomMartinDrive,Birmingham,AL35211;产品代码7525DLG7A)。甲基醚封端的PEG嵌段为约5,000Da并且整体特性黏度为0.5DL/g的PLA-PEG-OMe嵌段共聚物购自LakeshoreBiochemicals(756TomMartinDrive,Birmingham,AL35211;产品代码100DLmPEG50005CE)。聚乙烯醇4-88,USP(85%至89%水解的,黏度为3.4mPa·s至4.6mPa·s)购自EMDChemicalsInc.(480SouthDemocratRoadGibbstown,NJ08027.产品代码1.41350)。
方法
如下制备溶液:
溶液1:二氯甲烷中的75mg/mLPLGA、25mg/mLPLA-PEG-OMe和12.5mg/mL的雷帕霉素。该溶液通过将PLGA、PLA-PEG-OMe和雷帕霉素溶解于纯二氯甲烷中制备。溶液2:100mMpH8磷酸盐缓冲液中的50mg/mL聚乙烯醇。
使用水包油型乳剂制备纳米载体。如下制备O/W乳剂:将溶液1(1.0mL)和溶液2(3.0mL)合并在小压力管中并使用BransonDigitalSonifier250以30%振幅进行超声处理60秒。将O/W乳剂添加至含有70mMpH8磷酸盐缓冲溶液的烧杯并在室温下搅拌2小时以使二氯甲烷蒸发并形成纳米载体。将一部分的纳米载体经如下洗涤:将纳米载体混悬液转移至离心管并在75,600×g和4℃下离心50分钟,除去上清液并将沉淀物重悬于磷酸缓冲盐水中。重复洗涤操作并将沉淀物重悬于磷酸缓冲盐水中以获得约10mg/mL的最终纳米载体分散体。
通过动态光散射确定纳米载体的尺寸。通过HPLC分析确定纳米载体中雷帕霉素的量。通过重量法确定纳米载体总干质量/mL混悬液。
使用致耐受性纳米载体抑制静脉内诱导的过敏反应
使对照年龄匹配(5周至6周)的雌性Balb/c小鼠(d0)保持原初状态或者对其腹膜腔内注射5μg全卵清蛋白(Ovalbumin)和40μgAlum(OVA+Alum)两次(i.p.,d0和d5)。其他组接受类似的注射,但在溶液中i.v.注射100μg游离雷帕霉素或者i.p.(与OVA+Alum混合)、胃内(i.g.)、静脉内(i.v.)(尾静脉)或皮下(后肢)注射包含在0.9mg合成纳米载体中的100μg雷帕霉素。15天后,通过推注OVAi.v(25μg)攻击所有的动物。如所预期的,未经免疫的动物均不对OVA输注作出反应,而在未经处理的经免疫动物中记录到强过敏反应,如图3中所示。用游离雷帕霉素或合成纳米载体i.g.处理动物未降低过敏反应,而i.v.、i.p.或s.c.提供合成纳米载体则消除过敏反应。
这些结果表明,本文中提供的组合物当与蛋白质伴随施用时可降低或预防由输注蛋白质引起的过敏反应。过敏反应评分由三个独立的观察者确定,如下:0=无症状,1=嗜睡,2=嗜睡和不能直立,3=垂死。条表示平均值+/-标准误差。
实施例7:在经包封雷帕霉素存在下,针对鸡卵清蛋白的抗原特异性致耐
受性应答
NP[Rapa]材料和方法
材料
雷帕霉素购自TSZCHEM(185WilsonStreet,Framingham,MA01702),产品代码R1017。丙交酯∶乙交酯比为1∶1并且特性黏度为0.24dL/g的PLGA购自LakeshoreBiomaterials(756TomMartinDrive,Birmingham,AL35211),产品代码5050DLG2.5A。甲基醚封端的PEG嵌段为约5,000Da并且整体特性黏度为0.50DL/g的PLA-PEG-OMe嵌段共聚物购自LakeshoreBiomaterials(756TomMartinDrive,Birmingham,AL35211),产品代码100DLmPEG50005CE。聚乙烯醇4-88,USP(85%至89%水解的,黏度为3.4mPa·s至4.6mPa·s)购自EMDChemicalsInc.(480SouthDemocratRoadGibbstown,NJ08027),产品代码1.41350。Cellgro磷酸缓冲盐水1X(PBS1X)购自Corning(9345DiscoveryBlvd.Manassas,VA20109),产品代码21-040-CV。
方法
如下制备溶液:
溶液1:聚合物和雷帕霉素混合物通过将75mg/mLPLGA、25mg/mLPLA-PEG-OMe和12.5mg/mL雷帕霉素溶解于二氯甲烷中制备。溶液2:在100mMpH8磷酸盐缓冲液中以50mg/mL制备聚乙烯醇。
如下制备O/W乳剂:将溶液1(1.0mL)和溶液2(3.0mL)合并在小压力管中并使用BransonDigitalSonifier250以30%振幅进行超声处理60秒。将O/W乳剂添加至含有70mMpH8磷酸盐缓冲溶液(60mL)的敞开烧杯。制备另外三份相同的O/W乳剂,并添加至与第一乳剂相同的烧杯。然后,将这些乳剂在室温下搅拌2小时以使二氯甲烷蒸发并形成纳米载体。将一部分的纳米载体经如下洗涤:将纳米载体混悬液转移至离心管并在75,600×g和4℃下离心35分钟,除去上清液并将沉淀物重悬于PBS1X中。重复洗涤操作并将沉淀物重悬于PBS1X中以获得基于聚合物的标称浓度为10mg/mL的纳米载体混悬液。如上所述在独立烧杯中制备相同的配制物并在洗涤步骤之后与第一配制物合并。使用来自Pall型号4656的1.2μmPES膜注射式过滤器过滤经混合的纳米载体溶液并将其储存在-20℃下。
通过动态光散射确定纳米载体的尺寸。通过HPLC分析确定纳米载体中雷帕霉素的量。通过重量法确定纳米载体总干质量/mL混悬液。
NP[OVA]材料和方法
材料
卵清蛋白购自WorthingtonBiochemicalCorporation(730VassarAvenue,Lakewood,NJ08701),产品代码LS003054)。具有54%丙交酯和46%乙交酯含量并且特性黏度为0.24dL/g的PLGA购自LakeshoreBiomaterials(756TomMartinDrive,Birmingham,AL35211),产品代码5050DLG2.5A)。甲基醚封端的PEG嵌段为约5,000Da并且Mw为28,000Da,特性黏度为0.38dL/g的PLA-PEG嵌段共聚物购自LakeshoreBiomaterials(756TomMartinDrive,Birmingham,AL35211),产品代码100DLmPEG50004CE。聚乙烯醇4-88,USP(85%至89%水解的,黏度为3.4mPa.s至4.6mPa.s)购自EMDChemicalsInc.(480SouthDemocratRoadGibbstown,NJ08027),产品代码1.41350.1001。Cellgro磷酸缓冲盐水1X(PBS1X)购自Corning(9345DiscoveryBlvd.Manassas,VA20109),产品代码21-040-CV。
方法
如下制备溶液:
溶液1:在具有10重量%蔗糖的10mMpH8磷酸盐缓冲液中制备50mg/mL卵清蛋白。溶液2:通过在化学通风橱中以100mg/mL二氯甲烷溶解PLGA来制备PLGA。溶液3:通过在化学通风橱中以100mg/mL二氯甲烷溶解PLA-PEG-OMe来制备PLA-PEG-OMe。溶液4∶100mMpH8磷酸盐缓冲液中的65mg/mL聚乙烯醇。
首先,通过将溶液1至溶液3混合制备初级(W1/O)乳剂。将溶液1(0.2mL)、溶液2(0.75mL)和溶液3(0.25mL)合并在经在冰水浴中预冷却>4分钟的小玻璃压力管中并使用BransonDigitalSonifier250在冰浴上以50%振幅进行超声处理40秒。然后,如下形成次级(W1/O/W2)乳剂:向初级乳剂添加溶液4(3mL),涡旋混合以产生乳状分散体并随后使用BransonDigitalSonifier250在冰浴上以30%振幅进行超声处理60秒。将次级乳剂添加至含有PBS1X(30mL)的敞开50mL烧杯。如上所述制备第二相同的双乳剂配制物并添加至与第一乳剂配制物相同的50mL烧杯。将两份制备物在室温下搅拌2小时以使二氯甲烷蒸发并形成混悬的纳米载体。将一部分的混悬的纳米载体经如下洗涤:将纳米载体混悬液转移至离心管并在75,600rcf下离心50分钟,除去上清液并将沉淀物重悬于PBS1X中。重复洗涤操作并将沉淀物重悬于PBS1X中以获得基于聚合物的标称浓度为10mg/mL的纳米载体混悬液。将混悬液冷冻储存在-20℃下直至使用。
NP[GSK1059615]材料和方法
材料
GSK1059615购自MedChemExpress(11DeerParkDrive,Suite102DMonmouthJunction,NJ08852),产品代码HY-12036。丙交酯∶乙交酯比为1∶1并且特性黏度为0.24dL/g的PLGA购自LakeshoreBiomaterials(756TomMartinDrive,Birmingham,AL35211),产品代码5050DLG2.5A。甲基醚封端的PEG嵌段为约5,000Da并且整体特性黏度为0.26DL/g的PLA-PEG-OMe嵌段共聚物购自LakeshoreBiomaterials(756TomMartinDrive,Birmingham,AL35211;产品代码100DLmPEG50005K-E)。Cellgro磷酸缓冲盐水1XpH7.4(PBS1X)购自Corning(9345DiscoveryBlvd.Manassas,VA20109),产品代码21-040-CV。
方法
如下制备溶液:
溶液1:将PLGA(125mg)和PLA-PEG-OMe(125mg)溶解于10mL丙酮中。溶液2:以1mLN-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)中制备10mgGSK1059615。
如下制备纳米载体:将溶液1(4mL)和溶液2(0.25mL)合并在小玻璃压力管中并在搅拌下将混合物逐滴添加至含有20mL超纯水的250mL圆底瓶。将该瓶安装在旋转式蒸发装置上,并在减压下除去丙酮。将一部分的纳米载体经如下洗涤:将纳米载体混悬液转移至离心管并在75,600rcf和4℃下离心50分钟,除去上清液并将沉淀物重悬于PBS1X中。重复洗涤操作并将沉淀物重悬于PBS1X中以获得基于聚合物的标称浓度为10mg/mL的纳米载体混悬液。然后,使用来自Pall,型号4656的1.2μmPES膜注射式过滤器过滤经洗涤的纳米载体溶液。如上所述制备相同的纳米载体溶液并在过滤步骤之后与第一纳米载体溶液合并。将均质混悬液冷冻储存在-20℃下。
通过动态光散射确定纳米载体的尺寸。通过351nm下的UV吸收确定纳米载体中GSK1059615的量。通过重量法确定纳米载体总干质量/mL混悬液。
在第-21天和第-14天,在尾静脉内对年龄匹配(5至6周)的雌性C57BL/6小鼠静脉内注射盐水(未处理)、与1.2mg含雷帕霉素纳米载体(NP[Rapa])或8mg携带GSK1059615的纳米载体(NP[GSK1059615])组合的1.1mg携带全卵清蛋白的纳米载体(NP[OVA])。
在第0天,在后肢内对所有动物皮下注射与2μgCpG混合的25μg颗粒状OVA(pOVA),随后在第7天和第14天仅注射25μgpOVA。在第21天,对抗体效价进行测量。在不存在任何处理的情况下,动物发生针对OVA的稳健免疫应答,其可通过抗OVAIgG抗体效价进行测量。图4中所示之第21天的抗体效价证明:在相同溶液(NP[OVA]+NP[Rapa]或NP[GSK1059615])中与经包封OVA伴随施用的合成致耐受性纳米载体的2个剂量甚至在单独注射1次OVA+CpG1次和注射2次OVA后有效地降低针对OVA的抗体形成。这些结果表明:经包封的免疫抑制剂(例如,雷帕霉素和GSK1059615)当与蛋白质伴随递送时可在多次攻击和多个时间段内预防针对该蛋白质的抗体形成,这样的效果有助于降低或预防过敏反应的发生。
实施例8:变应原性IgE介导的过敏反应相对于IgG介导的过敏反应(预
示性的)
招募对胶乳具有变态反应的受试者和在输注冯·维勒布兰德因子(“vWF”)之后出现过敏反应的受试者以进行一组药效学研究。在两组受试者中诱导过敏反应并在过敏反应发作之前、期间和之后采血。
针对T细胞IL4R-α表达提高和血液嗜中性粒细胞FcγRIII表达降低对血样进行测定。在胶乳变应原性对象中,T细胞IL4R-α表达提高而血液嗜中性粒细胞FcγRIII表达未降低被表征为指示变应原性IgE介导的过敏反应。在vWF致敏对象中,血液嗜中性粒细胞FcγRIII表达降低而无T细胞IL4R-α表达被表征为指示IgG介导的过敏反应。
实施例9:单克隆抗体引起的过敏反应(预示性的)
使受试者重复暴露于英夫利昔单抗(REMICADE),并且记录受试者中过敏反应的任何表现。在过敏反应发作之前、期间和之后从受试者采血。
针对T细胞IL4R-α表达提高和血液嗜中性粒细胞FcγRIII表达降低对血样进行测定。血液嗜中性粒细胞FcγRIII表达降低而无T细胞IL4R-α表达被表征为指示IgG介导的过敏反应。
实施例10:信使RNA引起的过敏反应(预示性的)
根据deFougerolles等的美国专利申请2013/0115272制备编码红细胞生成素的经修饰mRNA(“mmRNA”)。使受试者重复暴露于mmRNA,并且记录受试者中过敏反应的任何表现。在过敏反应发作之前、期间和之后从受试者采血。
针对T细胞IL4R-α表达提高和血液嗜中性粒细胞FcγRIII表达降低对血样进行测定。血液嗜中性粒细胞FcγRIII表达降低而无T细胞IL4R-α表达被表征为指示IgG介导的过敏反应。
实施例11:针对具有纳米结晶雷帕霉素之鸡卵清蛋白的抗原特异性致耐
受性应答(预示性的)
在第-21天和第-14天,在尾静脉内向年龄匹配(5周至6周)的雌性C57BL/6小鼠静脉内注射盐水(未处理),或者1.1mg全卵清蛋白和1.2mg纳米结晶雷帕霉素。在第0天,在后肢内向所有动物皮下注射与2μgCpG混合的25μg颗粒状OVA(pOVA),随后在第7天和第14天仅注射25μgpOVA。在第21天,对抗体效价进行测量。在不存在任何处理的情况下,动物发生针对OVA的稳健免疫应答,其可通过抗OVAIgG抗体效价进行测量。
在接受OVA与纳米结晶雷帕霉素之组合的动物中OVA特异性IgG抗体减少表明:纳米结晶形式的免疫抑制剂当与抗原伴随递送时可在多次攻击和多个时间段内防止针对该抗原的抗体形成并且可用于降低或预防过敏反应。
实施例12.用纳米载体降低单克隆抗体引起的过敏反应(预示性的)
使受试者重复暴露于英夫利昔单抗(REMICADE)。使对照组保持未处理(无处理)而用与GSK1059615连接的合成纳米载体(NP[GSK])处理另外三个组。在过敏反应发作之前、期间和之后从受试者采血。评估响应于REMICADE之过敏反应的程度并量化动物血液中EMICADE-特异性IgG抗体滴定物的效价。针对T细胞IL4R-α表达提高和血液嗜中性粒细胞FcγRIII表达降低对血样进行测定。
与未接受纳米载体组合物的动物相比,在暴露于REMICADE伴随GSK1059615连接之纳米载体的动物中,过敏反应的症状降低和/或抗REMICADEIgG抗体的效价降低,这表明GSK1059615连接之纳米载体当与抗原(例如REMICADE)伴随递送时能够降低或预防过敏反应。
实施例13:变应原性IgE介导的过敏反应相对于IgG介导的过敏反应(预
示性的)
招募对胶乳具有变应性的受试者和在输注冯·维勒布兰德因子(“vWF”)之后出现过敏反应的受试者以进行一组药效学研究。在存在或不存在纳米结晶雷帕霉素的情况下,在两组受试者中诱导过敏反应并在过敏反应发作之前、期间和之后采血。
针对T细胞IL4R-α表达提高和血液嗜中性粒细胞FcγRIII表达降低对血样进行测定。在胶乳变应原性对象中,T细胞IL4R-α表达提高而血液嗜中性粒细胞FcγRIII表达未降低被表征为指示变应原性IgE介导的过敏反应。在vWF致敏对象中,血液嗜中性粒细胞FcγRIII表达降低而无T细胞IL4R-α表达被表征为指示IgG介导的过敏反应。与未接受纳米结晶雷帕霉素的受试者相比,接受纳米结晶雷帕霉素的受试者中vWF特异性应答降低表明:纳米结晶免疫抑制剂能够降低或预防过敏反应。
实施例14:信使RNA引起的过敏反应(预示性的)
根据deFougerolles等的美国专利申请2013/0115272制备编码红细胞生成素的经修饰mRNA(“mmRNA”)。在存在或不存在纳米结晶雷帕霉素的情况下,使受试者重复暴露于mmRNA,并且记录受试者中过敏反应的任何表现。在过敏反应发作之前、期间和之后从受试者采血。
针对T细胞IL4R-α表达提高和血液嗜中性粒细胞FcγRIII表达降低对血样进行测定。血液嗜中性粒细胞FcγRIII表达降低而无T细胞IL4R-α表达被表征为指示IgG介导的过敏反应。与未接受纳米结晶雷帕霉素的受试者相比,接受纳米结晶雷帕霉素的受试者中mmRNA特异性应答降低表明:纳米结晶免疫抑制剂能够降低或预防过敏反应。
Claims (37)
1.一种用于降低或预防针对非变应原性抗原的过敏反应的方法,其包括:
提供所述非变应原性抗原,所述非变应原性抗原未与合成纳米载体连接;
提供包含与免疫抑制剂连接的合成纳米载体的组合物;以及
将所述组合物与所述非变应原性抗原伴随施用于对象。
2.权利要求1所述的方法,其中向所述对象的伴随施用根据已证明降低或预防过敏反应的方案进行。
3.权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述方法还包括确定所述方案。
4.权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其中所述方法还包括在所述施用之前和/或之后评估所述对象中的所述过敏反应。
5.权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法,其中所述施用通过静脉内、腹膜内或皮下施用进行。
6.权利要求1至5中任一项所述的方法,其中所述方法还包括记录针对所述非变应原性抗原的过敏反应的降低或预防。
7.前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中所述免疫抑制剂包含他汀类、mTOR抑制剂、TGF-β信号传导剂、皮质类固醇、线粒体功能的抑制剂、P38抑制剂、NF-κB抑制剂、腺苷受体激动剂、前列腺素E2激动剂、磷酸二酯酶4抑制剂、HDAC抑制剂或蛋白酶体抑制剂。
8.权利要求7所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中所述mTOR抑制剂是雷帕霉素。
9.前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中所述非变应原性抗原包含治疗性大分子。
10.权利要求9所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中所述治疗性大分子是治疗性蛋白质或治疗性多核苷酸。
11.权利要求10所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中所述治疗性蛋白质用于蛋白质补充治疗的蛋白质替代。
12.权利要求10所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中所述治疗性蛋白质包含可输注或可注射的治疗性蛋白质、酶、酶辅因子、激素、血液因子或凝血因子、细胞因子、干扰素、生长因子、单克隆抗体、多克隆抗体或与庞皮病相关的蛋白质。
13.权利要求12所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中所述可输注或可注射的治疗性蛋白质包含托珠单抗、α-1抗胰蛋白酶、Hematide、白蛋白干扰素α-2b、Thucin、替莫瑞林、奥瑞珠单抗、贝利木单抗、聚乙二醇化重组尿酸酶、他利苷酶α、阿加糖酶α或葡糖脑苷脂酶α。
14.权利要求12所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中所述酶包含氧化还原酶、转移酶、水解酶、裂合酶、异构酶或连接酶。
15.权利要求12所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中所述酶包含用于溶酶体贮积症的酶替代治疗的酶。
16.权利要求15所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中所述用于溶酶体贮积症的替代治疗的酶包含伊米苷酶、a-半乳糖苷酶A(a-galA)、阿加糖酶β、酸性α-葡糖苷酶(GAA)、阿葡糖苷酶α、LUMIZYME、MYOZYME、芳基硫酸酯酶B、拉罗尼酶、ALDURAZYME、艾杜硫酶、ELAPRASE、芳基硫酸酯酶B、聚乙二醇化重组尿酸酶、聚乙二醇化重组假丝酵母尿酸酶或NAGLAZYME。
17.权利要求12所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中所述细胞因子包含淋巴因子、白介素、趋化因子、1型细胞因子或2型细胞因子。
18.权利要求12所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中所述血液因子或凝血因子包含因子I、因子II、组织因子、因子V、因子VII、因子VIII、因子IX、因子X、因子Xa、因子XII、因子XIII、冯·维勒布兰德因子、前激肽释放酶、高分子量激肽原、纤连蛋白、抗凝血酶III、肝素辅因子II、蛋白C、蛋白S、蛋白Z、蛋白Z相关蛋白酶抑制剂(ZPI)、纤溶酶原、α2-抗纤溶酶、组织纤溶酶原激活物(tPA)、尿激酶、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1(PAI1)、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-2(PAI2)、癌促凝物质或阿法依伯汀。
19.前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中基于所述合成纳米载体的平均值,与所述合成纳米载体连接的免疫抑制剂的载量为0.1%至50%。
20.权利要求19所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中所述载量为0.1%至20%。
21.前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中所述合成纳米载体包含脂质纳米颗粒、聚合物纳米颗粒、金属纳米颗粒、基于表面活性剂的乳剂、树状聚体、巴基球、纳米线、病毒样颗粒或者肽或蛋白质颗粒。
22.权利要求21所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中所述合成纳米载体包含脂质纳米颗粒。
23.权利要求21所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中所述合成纳米载体包含脂质体。
24.权利要求21所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中所述合成纳米载体包含金属纳米颗粒。
25.权利要求24所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中所述金属纳米颗粒包含金纳米颗粒。
26.权利要求21所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中所述合成纳米载体包含聚合物纳米颗粒。
27.权利要求26所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中所述聚合物纳米颗粒包含聚合物,所述聚合物为非甲氧基封端的普朗尼克聚合物。
28.权利要求26或27所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中所述聚合物纳米颗粒包含聚酯、与聚醚连接的聚酯、聚氨基酸、聚碳酸酯、聚缩醛、聚缩酮、多糖、聚乙基唑啉或聚乙烯亚胺。
29.权利要求28所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中所述聚酯包含聚(乳酸)、聚(乙醇酸)、聚乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物或聚己内酯。
30.权利要求28或29所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中所述聚合物纳米颗粒包含聚酯和与聚醚连接的聚酯。
31.权利要求28至30中任一项所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中所述聚醚包含聚乙二醇或聚丙二醇。
32.前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中使用所述合成纳米载体的动态光散射获得的颗粒大小分布的平均值为大于100nm的直径。
33.权利要求32所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中所述直径大于150nm。
34.权利要求33所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中所述直径大于200nm。
35.权利要求34所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中所述直径大于250nm。
36.权利要求35所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中所述直径大于300nm。
37.前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法或组合物或药盒,其中所述合成纳米载体的纵横比大于1∶1、1∶1.2、1∶1.5、1∶2、1∶3、1∶5、1∶7或1∶10。
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