AU650404B2 - Production of paper and paper products - Google Patents

Description

n- OPI DATE 30/12/92 AOJP DATE 11/02/93 APPLN. ID 20081/92 PCT NUMBER PCT/US92/04091 1IIIIIII I 1111111111 1 1ll Illl II lI1llI AU9220081 INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PA IENI COOPEKAllUN IKEA IY (PCI) (51) International Patent Classification 5 (11) International Publication Number: WO 92/20862 D21H 17/68, 17/69, 17/45 Al D21H 17/37, 23/18 7/4 A (43) International Publication Date: 26 November 1992 (26.11.92) D21H 17/37, 23/18 (21) International Application Number: PCT/US92/04091 (81) Designated States: AT (European patent), AU, BE (European patent), BR, CA, CH (European patent), DE (Eu- (22) International Filing Date: 15 May 1992 (15.05.92) ropean patent), DK (European patent), ES (European patent), FI, FR (European patent), GB (European patent), GR (European patent), IT (European patent), JP, Priority data: LU (European patent), MC (European patent), NL (Eu- 701,152 17 May 1991 (17.05.91) US ropean patent), NO, RU, SE (European patent).

(71) Applicant: DELTA CHEMICALS, INC. [US/US]; P.O. Published Box 436, Kidders Point Road, Searsport, ME 04794 With international search report.

Before the expiration of the time limit for amending the claims and to be republished in the event of the receipt of (72) Inventors: PEATS, Stephen East Fork Road, Camden, amendments.

ME 04843 BIXLER, Harris, J. R.D. 1, Box 1411, M Belfast, ME 04915 (US).

(74) Agent: BROWN, Scott, Kenyon Kenyon, 1025 Con- -0 necticut Ave., Washington, DC 20036 (US).

(54)Title: PRODUCTION OF PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS (57) Abstract Processes for making paper are disclosed wherein a cationic polymer and an amorphous metal silicate material are added to a paper furnish prior to introduction cf the furnish to the headbox of a paper making apparatus.

1 W0,2/20862 PCT/US92/04091 PRODUCTION OF PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS Field of the Invention This disclosure relates to methods for increasing retention, drainage, formation and other qualities during the production of paper from pulp slurries.

Background of The Invention Process improvements to maximize retention, drainage, formation, and drying are continually being demanded. The introduction of closed loops have increased the complexity in these paper making systems. The desire to maximize all operating parameters simultaneously and the properties of the paper being made, via chemical additives, has proved troublesome.

Currently, many paper makers attempt to maximize filler and pulp fines retention by the addition of a high molecular weight, water soluble polymer, such as derivatized polyacrylamide. The derivatized polyacrylamide used may be cationic or anionic in nature. In general, it has been found that the higher the molecular weight of the material used, the greater has been the retention. On the other hand, as the molecular weight of the polyacrylamide is increased, sheet formation decreases. The same is true for increasing the amount of polyacrylamide used, namely retention increases, but sheet formation suffers.

Britt (Tappi (1980) 63, 5, 105-108) recognized that _c -C L_ rr Il.li.-i- I ii_.l___X_;II WO 92/20862 PCT/US92/04091

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WO 92/20862 PCT/US92/04091 2 if fibrous flocs formed as a result of the addition of polymer are such that they are serious and undesirable, then overflocculation has occurred. Britt also noted, however, that whether a given type or amount of polymer results in overflocculation greatly depends upon the turbulence prevailing during and after the addition of the polymer. Pummer (Papier (1973) 27, 10 417-422) had previously shown that polyacrylamides caused excessive agglomeration of the fines particles and thus lowered the optical qualities of the paper.

The understanding of the interrelationship between energy (such as turbulence or shear) to which the stock is subjected prior to sheet formation, as well as where the necessary additives are introduced, became the focus of increased attention. Luner and Keitaaniemi (Tappi Paper Makers Conference, (1984) 95-106) noted that, for the polyacrylamides tested, first-pass retention increases, reaches a maximum, and then declines with increasing energy input.

Stratton (Tappi (1983) March 141-144) drew a similar conclusion and stated that a compromise is necessary because the polymer must be distributed uniformly prior to adsorption, but once adsorbed it is important to avoid extreme turbulence. The compromise suggested by Stratton was to introduce the polymer at the outlet of a high-shear element fan pump or pressure screen) where turbulence is still adequate for polymer distribution but not so extreme as to educe retention.

A series of papers addressed the subject of the shear associated with the various elements in the paper making process and their effect on retention systems. van de V'en and Mason (Tappi (1981) 64, 9, 171-175) concluded that the forces that pr' tominate are the hydrodynamic forces rather than the colloidal forces.

Tam Doo et. al, Pulp and paper Science (1983) July, J80-J88) estimated the fluid shear rates and maximum shear stress on fiber walls for various components of the WO 92/20862 PCT/US92/04091 3 paper making system and compared these values against those obtained on a standard piece of laboratory equipment (namely a Dynamic Drainage Jar). This comparison allowed a more realistic assessment of polymeric retention systems, with respect to simulating both type of polymer and point of addition.

The relationship between shear and retention was further investigated by Hubbe (Tappi (1986) August 116- 117) who came to the conclusion, somewhat at odds with the teachings of Britt, Stratton and Mason, that polyacrylamide should be added prior to the fan pump to assure efficient mixing. Waech (Tappi Engineering Conference (1982); Tappi (1983), March 137-139), concurred with Hubbe and showed that the addition of the polymer ahead of the fan pump, when compared with the polymer added after the fan pump, gave similar retention and improved formation. These experiments were performed on a system in which all the filler was added after the polymer, a somewhat unrealistic model for actual paper making.

Booth Patent 2,368,635) was the first to utilize bentonite as a retention aid, proposing that the bentonite acted as both a coagulant of finely divided particles and an absorber of contaminating substances.

Pye Patent 3,052,595) utilized a combination of bentonite and anionic or neutral polyacrylamide to achieve much lower turbidity in the white water of a laboratory scale paper making device. The preferred method of addition was to add the bentonite prior to the polyacrylamide.

The use of bentonite was also investigated by Pummer (DE Patent 2262906) who claimed that the addition of aluminum sulphate and bentonite to the stock prior to the addition of polyethyleneimines, polyamide-polyamines or polyetheamines increased the performance of the polymers.

Auhorn (Wochenblatt Fur Papierfabrikation (1979) 13,493-502) also utilized bentonite as an additive, prior WO 92/20862 PCT/US92/04091 4 to the addition of polyethyleneimine, to reduce the amount of oxidizable substances in the paper and also to increase the effect of the polyethyleneimine that was subsequently added to the paper making stock.

Auhorn in later work (Wet End Paper Technology Symposium (1981) March, Munich), enlarged on his earlier work to include both polyethyleneimine and polyacrylamide.

The conclusions on a lab scale were similar to the earlier work, although these improvements were never fully realized on a paper making machine trial.

Langley and Litchfield Patent 4,305,781) proposed a similar system utilizing a bentonite clay and a largely non-ionic, high molecular weight polymer to be used on cellulosic suspensions substantially free of filler. It is suggested that the bentonite is added to thick stock, to the hydropulper or to the re-circulating white-water. The polymer is ideally added after the last point of high shear, typically after the centri-screens and just before the head-box.

Bentonite-polymer systems were not and are not the only example of what are known as "multi-component or microparticulate retention systems." As early as 1975 Arledter (Papier 29, 10a, 32-43) used a combination of polyethylene oxide and melamine formaldehyde resin to improve retention. Addition of the polyethylene oxide at either the machine chest or headbox gave comparable retentions.

Svending Patent 4,385,961 and U.S. Patent 4,388,150) described a retention system that, to some extent, gave both increased retention and drainage without a concomitant decrease in formation. This retention system is comprised of cationic potato starch and a colloidal silicic acid. Little mention is made of where these addition points are relative to the various points of shear except that starch should be added to, and well mixed with, the stock prior to addition of the silica for the best results. This system has been marketed under the ~r"311~-"3111113- a~ IC- WO 92/20862 PCT/US92/04091 name Composil by ProComp, a joint venture of EKA and duPont, Marietta GA. However, the usefulness of the system is limited because it is much less effective in an acid paper making system, and it is an expensive system because both the starch and silica costs are quite high, and significant amounts of both are required.

Anderson in W086/05826 describes modification of the surface of silica with aluminum ions to produce a colloidal silica particle that maintained its efficiency over the whole pH range utilized by paper makers, namely pH 4-8. This aluminum modified silicic acid solution was used in combination with a cationic polyacrylamide. Many examples of drainage and retention improvements are given using standard laboratory practices. In all examples given, the polymer was added prior to the aluminum modified silicic acid solution.

Two publications related to the improvement in sizing of paper (Finnish patents 67735 and 67736) used a combination of a cationic polymer retention agent including polyacrylamide, polyethyleneimine, polyamine, polyamideamine or melamine formaldehyde polymer and an anionic polymeric binding agent including colloidal silicic acid, bentonite, carboxymethylcellulose or anionic polyacrylamide. Although these papers focus on the effect on sizing, it is recognized that the rtfrt-'ion of filler and fine particles also imprc os, Finnish Patents 67735 and 67736 espouse the use of similar chemical additives, the difference being that in 67735 the size is applied to the already formec "'heet of paper and in 67736 the size is applied to the water suspension prior to the formation of the sheet of paper.

However, the definition of the retention mixture and method of application remain unchanged between the patents. Patent 67735 claims the cationic compounds can be present between 0.2 and 40 lbs./ton and the anionic compounds can be present between 0.2 and 12 lbs./ton.

Lorz Patent 4,749,444) suggests that procedures WO 92/20862 PCT/US92/04091 6 outlined by Langley in U.S. Patent 4,305,781 and European Patent 0017353 and by Pye Patent 3,052,595) both suffer from the same defect, namely, over flocculation of the sheet. Lorz outlines a method of adding "bentonite" to the thick stock (consistency 2.5 to 5.0% by weight), followed by agitation and dilution to a thin stock (consistency 0.3 to 2% by weight), followed by addition of a cationic polyelectrolyte and, after thorough mixing, a high molecular weight (1 million to 20 million average molecular weight) anionic or cationically charged polymer is added. Although this process results in improved drainage, no values are given for formation. The examples given are filler-free stock suspensions.

This work by Lorz was an extension of the coagulation-flocculation theory that is now generally accepted. The residual charge on the furnish, as measured by a cationic demand, zeta potential, mobility or colloid titration procedure, should be close to zero to maximize the coagulation process. Effective coagulation results in small, very shear-sensitive, agglomerates but these small agglomerates can be flocculated by the use of high molecular weight polymers. This flocculation is often achieved by the use of cationic polyelectrolytes as described by Lorz. This results in acceptable flocculation parameters, and minimizes the use of the high molecular weight polymer, while maintaining sufficient retention and drainage.

Langley (Tappi (1986) Paper makers Conference) outlined another system utilizing a combination of bentonite and polyacrylamide, where an excess of high molecular weight linear synthetic cationic polymer is added to an aqueous cellulosic suspension before shearing the suspension, and adding bentonite after shearing and then draining the purified suspension. This system is an expensive system because five times as much high molecular weight polymer was used in comparison with conventional polymeric retention aid use levels, and (2)

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WO92/20862 PCT/US92/04091 7 there was the additional expense of the bentonite.

European application 0 373 306 discloses a retention aid composition comprising a water dispersible colloidal siliceous material in int- 'te association with a low molecular weight, water soluble, high charge density organic polymer, such as a polyacrylic acid oz a polyamine, the ionicity of the siliceous material being significantly modified by the charge on the polymer. The ccmposition is produced by reacting the siliceous material and the organic polymer in an aqueous phase system. The composition is said to be suitable for use as a retention/drainage agent in paper production, preferably after the addition of a conventional high molecular wieght flocculating agent.

Summary Of The Invention To provide improved retention in a paper making process, the present invention utilizes colloidal metal silicate materials that are synthetic not naturally occurring) and largely amorphous. The synthetic route allows the control of the properties of the product so as to maximize its effectiveness.

These amorphous metal silicates materials can be produced in a pure form, free of extraneous or contaminating material, and can be produced as a white free-flowing powder. These materials form extremely small particles when fully dispersed in water and, once dispersed, form a clear colloidal dispersion of anionic particles. The magnitude of this anionic charge is largely independent of pH in the range 4-9.

These unique properties make it superior to other products. Colloidal silicic acid preferred in similar applications can only be made as a 15% dispersion. It can never be made dry, and has an anionic charge that is pH dependent. Bentonites in the dry form are brown to tan in color and form dispersions that are opaque and light brown to tan in color. This color reduces the brightness of the WO 92/20862 PCf/US92/04091 8 paper produced when bentonite is used.

Improved production of paper and paper proucts is achieved in accordance with the present invention by adding a cationic polymer and the amorphous metal silicate separately to the furnish with sufficient mixing between additions. The order of addition of these components is not critical, although addition of the polymer prior to the last high shear element and subsequent addition of the amorphous metal silicate before feeding the resultant mixture to a headbox of a paper making machine, without subjecting such mixture to any further substantial shear, is the preferred method.

This combination of ingredients has several advantages, including providing improved retention, drainage and formation while minimizing the amount of polymer and amorphous metal silicate necessary, resulting in reduction of the total cost of the binder composition.

Detailed Description In crystalline metal silicates, metal ions and silicate ions of uniform size and shape are arranged in a regular manner in a solid lattice. However, most solutions of soluble silicates do not contain silicate ions of uniform size, but, instead, a mixture of polysilicate ions. Thus, when polysilicate ions combine with metal ions, the resulting insoluble precipitate is almost always amorphous. In contrast, naturally-occurring silicates are almost always crystalline and highlystructured in nature due to the conditions under which they are formed.

In order for amorphous metal silicates to possess a cation exchange capacity, or anionic charge, it is necessary for a minor portion of the predominant metal cation to be substituted by a cation of lower valency.

For example, this can be conveniently achieved by substituting Mg 2 for the predominant A13+, or Li for the predominant Mg 2 This charge deficiancy is balanced by a

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WO 92/20862 PCT/US92/04091 9 cation outside, but associated with, the amorpohous structure, and is referred to as an exchangeable i-1 which in turn gives rise to the cation exchange capacity.

In synthesizing these amorphous metal silicates, it is then possible to control cation exchange capacity of the resulting product which extends further control to the properties of these materials. These amorphous materials are usually synthesized by reacting the appropriate metal ions with sodium silicate and then raising the pH by the addition of a suitable alkali solution. The resulting precipitate is then simply filtered, washed, and dried.

The selection of metal silicates includes, but is not necessarily restricted to, aluminum, magnesium, and lithium. There can also be introduced into this system fluoride ions by the use of LiF or HF into the reaction mixture. These reactions are routinely carried out at temperatures in the range 95"C-180°C but temperatures as high as 300°C can be used. The lower temperatures, namely, 95"C-100*C allow the reaction to be carried out at atmospheric pressure which permits the use of nonpressurized systems, these systems being less expensive to install and operate.

Some such amorpohous metal silicate materials are commercially available, including "Laponite" (available from Laporte Industries Ltd.) and "DAC 3" (available from Delta Chemicals).

Typically, these amorphous metal silicates -re white free-flowing powders. However, they can also be provided as an aqueous suspension, typically at concentrations of from 1% to 20% by weight. These concentrated solutions must b- further dilited to achieve a working concentration of approximately 0.1 to 0.15% by weight, prior tc addition to the paper furnish, by addition of water followed by moderate agitation. T"he materials should be fully dispersible in water and the resultant colloidal dispersion should preferably possess a cation exchange capacity greater than 40 meg/g and a surface area greater WO 92/20862 PCT/US92/04091 than 200 M 2 /g.

Cationic polymers useful in the present invention are typically those having a molecular weight as characterized by intrinsic viscosity in the range of 5 to 25 dl/g and having a charge density of from 0.01 to 5 equivalents of cationic nitrogen per kg to 50% mole substitution) as measured by polyelectrolyte titration. Such polymers include, in addition to the quaternized Mannich polyacrylamides, polymers such as tertiary amine Mannich polyacrylamides, quaternized and unquaternized copolymers of dimethylamino ethyl (or methyl) acrylate and acrylamide, polyethleneimines, dimethylamineepichlorohydrin polymers, polyadmido-amines, and homo- and co-polymers (with acrylamide) of diallyldimethylammonium chloride. Tertiary amine and quaternary amine derivatives of linear polyacrylamides having intrinsic viscosities in the range 6 to 18 dl/g and with charge densities in the range of 0.5 to 3.5 equivalents cationic nitrogen per kg polymer are preferred in prcticing the present invention.

The polymer and the amorphous metal silicate material are typically employed in weight ratios of from 0.03 to 30:1, preferably in the range 0.5 to 4:1. Typically, amorphous metal silicate will be added in amounts to produce a concentration of amorphous metal silicate in the paper stock in the range 0.2 to 6 lbs/ton dry base sheet, preferably in the range 0.5 to 4 lbs/ton dry base sheet.

The polymer will typically be added in amounts to produce a concentration of 0.5 to 4, preferably 0.6 to lbs/ton of dry base sheet.

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i 30 The methods of the present invention may be used in paper making as a drainage aid in the absence of a filler.

These methods will also frequently be employed in conjunction with fillers (and pigments), such as kaolin, calcium carbonate, talc, titanium dioxide, barium sulfate, bentonite or calcium sulfate in which case it will act as both a drainage aid and binder for the filler. The method of the present invention will also frequently be employed

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WO 92/20862 PCT/US92/04091 11 in conjunction with sizing agents, colorants, optical brighteners and other minor ingredients of commercial paper-making furnishes. The retention aids continue to perform its intended purpose in the presence of the additives.

A charge-bearing starch from 1 to preferably 2 to 10, Ibs/ton of furnish) may also be present as a wet or dry strength additive. That is, amounts that result in a weight ratio of starch to amorphous metal silicate of 0.25 to 150:1, preferably to 8:1, may be employed. Such starch is conveniently a cationic starch having a degree of substitution above 0.03 (0.15 equivalents of nitrogen per kg starch).

Alternatively, however, an amphoteric starch may be used.

Particularly useful starches are potato starch, waxy maize starch, corn starch, wheat starch and rice starch.

Stai-ch is usually added early in the system, typically to the .achine chest, to allow it time to react with the various ingredients of the paper furnish. This system simply requires that starch, if used, be added and sufficiently mixed prior to the addition of the polymer and the amorphous metal silicate. The addition of the amorphous metal silicate and the polymer can be made in either order and at any position as long as the other ingredients in the furnish have been added and well mixed.

The starch-polymer-amorphous metal silicate complex should, however, once formed, not be subjected to excessive shear forces. A convenient way of achieving this is to add the starch at the machine chesc, the polymer prior to the last point of high shear, and the amorphous metal silicate subsequent to the last point of high shear. This allows the starch sufficient time to react, the polymer to be sufficiently well mixed, and the resulting starch-polymer-amorphous metal silicate to be subjected to the minimum amount of shear.

The methods of the present invention can be used with a variety of paper making furnishes including those based WO 92/208 52 PC-T/US92/04091 12 on chemical, thermomechanical and mechanical treated pulps from both hard and softwood sources.

The present invention will be further described in the following examples, which show various application methods, but are not intended to limit the invention prescribed by the appended claims.

EXAMPLE 1 An acid paper furnish containing ground wood was obtained from an operating paper mill having a headbox consistency of 0.46%, a pH of 4.51, a conductivity of 610 pmho.cm 1 and an alum concentration of 160 ppm.

A commercial cationic polyacrylamide retention aid (216A) of medium molecular weight and low charge density and a commercial cationic potato starch from Penford Products (Astro X-101) with medium charge density were used for these tests. The polymer was made up at 0.05% and the starch at 1.0% and were prepared by techniques recommended by the manufacturers. DAC 3, an amorphous metal silicate, available from Delta Chemicals, Searsport, Maine, and used as a 0.15% aqueous colloidal suspension, was also used in these tests.

MixiL j of starch, polymer and colloid with the furnish was carried out in a Britt Dynamic Drainage Jar.

The starch was added to the Britt Jar when the stirring speed was 1000 rpm and was maintained at this speed for seconds. Next the polymer was added while the speed was still at 1000 rpm. This speed was maintained for seconds after the addition of the polymer, then the speed was increased to 2000 rpm for 10 seconds. The speed was then reduced to 1000 rpm and the colloid was added. This speed was maintained for an additional 10 seconds after which a drainage sample was collected, filtered and dried.

This procedure simulated polymer addition before a high shear device such as a fan pump and colloid addition after the last point of high shear in the wet end of a paper machine.

WO 92/20862 PCT/US92/04091 13 Drainage rates were also determined by transferring the furnish as described and prepared above to a drainage tube. The time to drain a set volume was then determined; and, from this a drainage rate was calculated. Results are shown in Table I.

TABLE I STARCH POLYMER COLLOID FINES DRAINAGE TYPE CCNC TYPE CONC TYPE CONC RETENTION RATE (ums/sec) PF X 101 20 27.3 1.16 PF X 101 20 216A 1 45.7 1.74 PF X 101 20 216A 1 DAC 3 1 47.9 2.17 PF X 101 20 216A 1 DAC 3 2 52.1 2.43 PF X 101 20 216A 1 DAC 3 4 64.0 3.70 These data demonstrate that DAC 3 in the presence of starch and polymer shows a distinct performance improvement in both fines retention and drainage rate when compared to polymer and starch alone.

EXAMPLE 2 An acid paper furnish containing ground wood was obtained from an operating paper mill. The headbox consistency of the furnish was 0.43%, the pH was 4.51 and the conductivity was 670 p mho.cm 1 A method similar to that of Example 1 was used.

These experiments were conducted in the absence of any additional starch. The cationic polymer used was CD31HL (available from Allied Colloids, Limited, Bradford, England) and is a medil..m molecular weight polyacrylamide with moderate cationic charge. This material is supplied as a 50% dispersion. 2D5, also supplied by Allied Colloids, is a modified white pigment, a bentonite, and is supplied as a dry powder. The polymer was made at a concentration of 0.05% and the 2D5 and DAC 3 at a concentration of 0.14% for these experiments. The components were mixed as described in Example 1, with the nn; WO 92/20862 PCT/US92/04091 14 exception that no starch was added and the subsequent seconds of mixing at 1000 rpm were omitted. Results are summarized in Table II.

TABLE II POLYMER COLLOID

FINES

TYPE CONC TYPE CONC RETENTION

(X)

22.5 CD31HL 0.5 27.8 CD31HL 1.0 30.1 CD31HL 2.0 33.1 CD31HL 2.0 2D; 0.5 42.5 CD31HL 2.0 2D5 1.0 48.4 CD31HL 2.0 2D5 2.0 59.5 CD31HL 2.0 2D5 4.0 72.5 CD31HL 2.0 DAC 3 0.5 48.7 CD31HL 2.0 DAC 3 1.0 60.9 CD31HL 2.0 DAC 3 2.0 67.9 CD31HL 2.0 DAC 3 4.0 65.9 On the basis of these results, DAC 3 shows a strong interaction in the presence of polymer. The performance, when compared to 2D5, shows DAC 3 to give a significantly better response, particularly at the lower levels. It also demonstrates that DAC 3 can give a performance advantage if starch is absent.

EXAMPLE 3 An acid paper furnish containing ground wood was obtained from an operating paper mill. The headbox consistency of the furnish was 0.40%, the conductivity was 628 pimho.cm' 1 and the pH was 4.00.

A technique similar to that outlined in Example 1 was utilized. The polyacrylamide used was 4240A, supplied by Delta Chemicals, which is a high molecular weight, high cationic charge polyacrylamide and was employed at a concentration of 0.05%. The starch used was Sta-Lok 400 (Staley Manufacturing Company, Decatur, Illinois), a cationic potato starch with a high degree of substitition.

WO 92/20862 PCT/US92/04091 The starch was used as a 1% solution for these experiments. Three different colloids were used: DAC 3 and 2D5 as previously described, and the third was a colloidal silicic acid solution sold as BMA by Procomp, Marietta, Georgia. BMA is sold as a 15% dispersion, but was used, as were the other two colloids, at a concentration of 0.14% for the experiments. The components were mixed as described in Example 1. Results are summarized in Table III.

TABLE III STARCH POLYMER COLLOID FINES DRAINAGE TYPE CONC TYPE CONC TYPE CONC RETENTION RATE

(MLS/SEC)

STA-LOK 400 20 40.5 2.38 STA-LOK 400 20 4240A 0.5 45.2 2.24 STA-LOK 400 20 4240A 1.0 50.3 2.42 STA-LOK 400 20 4240A 2.0 50.4 2.68 STA-LOK 400 20 4240A 4.0 53.4 2.54 STA-LOK 400 20 4240A 2.0 SILICIC ACID 0.5 55.1 3.41 STA-LOK 400 20 4240A 2.0 SILICIC ACID 1.0 56.8 2.94 STA-LOK 400 20 4240A 2.0 SILICIC ACID 2.0 56.1 3.33 STA-LOK 400 20 4240A 2.0 SILICIC ACID 4.0 57.8 3.75 STA-LOK 400 20 4240A 2.0 DAC 3 0.5 54.0 3.33 STA-LOK 400 20 4240A 2.0 DAC 3 1.0 57.8 3.75 STA-LOK 400 20 4240A 2.0 DAC 3 2.0 58.9 3.85 STA-LOK 400 20 4240A 2.0 DAC 3 4.0 69.9 4.41 STA-LOK 400 20 4240A 2.0 2D5 0.5 50.9 STA-LOK 400 20 4240A 2.0 2D5 1.0 51.7 STA-LOK 400 20 4240A 2.0 2D5 2.0 49.7 STA-LOK 400 20 4240A 2.0 2D5 4.0 50.1 These data indicate that DAC 3 proved to be superior to both 2D5 and silicic acid. 2D5 showed a ninimal response in terms of fines retention and was consequently not tested for drainage.

EXAMPLE 4 An acid paper furnish containing ground wood was obtained from an operating mill. The headbox consistency of the furnish was 0.45%, the pH was 4.58 and the conductivity was 649 pmho.cm' The polymer, colloids, and WO 92/20862 WO 9220862PCT/US92/0409 I starch utilized were component were mixed as described as described in Example 3.

in Example 1.

The The results (summarized in Table IV) show that DAC 3 gives the strongest response in the presence of either polyacrylamide alone or polyacrylamide in combination with starch.

TABLE IV S TA R CH PO0L YMHER C0L L 0 1D

TYPE

STA-LOK 400 STA-LOK 400 STA-LOK 400 STA-LOK 400 STA-LOK 400 STA-LOK 400 STA-L0K STA-LOK 400 STA-LOK 400 STA-LOK 400 STA-L')K 400 STA-LOK 400 2 5 STA-LOK 400 CONIC TYPE CONdC 4240A 4240A 4240A 4240A 4240A 4240A 4240A 4240A 4240A 4240A 4240A 4240A 4240A 4240A 4240A 4240A 4240A 4240A 4,!40A 4240A 4240A 4240A

TYPE

DAC 3 DAC 3 DAC 3 205 2D5 2D5 SILl CI C SI LICIC

SILICIC

FINES

CONC RETENTION

MX

ACID ACID ACID 2D5 SILICIC ACID SILICIC ACID SILICIC ACID 3.0 60.8 EXAMPLE An alkaline paper furnish that was ground wood free was obtained from an operating mill. The consistency was 0.76%, the pH was 7.88 and the conductivity was 507 pmho.cm' This furnish was tested using procedures as outlined in Example 1. The polyacrylamide, starch, and colloids were as described in Example 3. Results are summarized in Table V.

WO 92/20862 PCT/US92/04091 17 TABLE V STARCH POLYMER COLLOID

FINES

TYPE CONC TYPE CONC TYPE CONC RETENTION

(X)

STA-LOK 400 20 35.6 STA-LOK 400 20 4240A 2.0 52.9 STA-LOK 400 20 4240A 2.0 DAC 3 0.5 60.6 STA-LOK 400 20 4240A 2.0 DAC 3 1.0 64.1 STA-LOK 400 20 4240A 2.0 DAC 3 2.0 68.5 STA-LOK 400 20 4240A 2.0 DAC 3 3.0 74.3 STA-LOK 400 20 4240A 2.0 2D5 0.5 56.1 STA-LOK 400 20 4240A 2.0 205 1.0 57.5 STA-LOK 400 20 4240A 2.0 205 2.0 59.8 STA-LOK 400 20 4240A 2.0 205 3.0 64.3 These results show that DAC 3 works well in an alkaline furnish and that the performance advantage over 2D5 is maintained.

EXAMPLE 6 A machine trial was run using a cationic polyacrylamide and DAC 3. The cationic polyacrylamide was a medium molecular weight low charge density material (commercially available from Allied Colloids as Percol 292). DAC 3 is as described previously. The polyacrylamide was added prior to the fan pump and screens and the DAC 3 was added after the screens and just before the headbox. Previously, the machine was using no polyacrylamide as the addition of polyacrylamide alone offered no benefits. Results are summarized in Table VI.

WO 92/20862 PCT/US92/040C91 18 TABLE VI BEFORE TRIAL DURING TRIAL Polymer 0 2 DAC 3 0 2 First Pass Retention 63.9 71.3 Drainage Rate (mls/sec) 0.42 1.69 Steam Pressure (psi) 25 14 (to press section) Tear 74 71 Formation 11.2 11.2 The use of polyacrylamide in conjunction with DAC 3 gave them increased first pass retention, faster drainage, and a reduction in steam usage in the press section. The properties of the final sheet of paper were not, however, adversely affected in any significant way.

Claims (10)

1. A process for making paper from a furnish, said process comprising introducing said furnish to the headbox of a paper making apparatus, wherein a cationic polymer and an amorphous metal silicate material are added to said furnish prior to introducing said furnish to said headbox, wherein said furnish is not subjected to any substantial shearing after addition of said cationic polymer and said amorphous metal silicate material to said furnish, wherein the predominant cation of said amorphous metal silicate material is magnesium, wherein said amorphous metal silicate material is present in an amount of from about 0.2 to about 6 "Ibs./ton dry sheet, wherein said cationic polymer hds an intrinsic viscosity of about 5 to about 25 dl/g and a charge density of from about 0.01 to about 5 equivalents of nitrogen per kg polymer, and wherein said cationic polymer and said amorphous metal silicate material are added in a weight ratio of from about 0.03:1 to about 30:1.

2. A process according to claim 1 wherein said cationic polymer is a tertiary or quaternary amine derivative of polyacrylamide.

3. A process according to claim 1 wherein said weight ratio is from about 0.5:1 to about 4:1. 25

4. A process according to claim 1 wherein said amorphous metal silicate material is present in an amount of about 0.5 to about 4 lbs./ton dry sheet.

A process according to claim 1 wherein filler is present in said furnish in an amount of from about to about 300 Ibs/ton dry base sheet.

6. A process according to claim 5 wherein said filler is selected from the group consisting of kaolin, calcium carbonate, talc, titanium dioxide, barium sulfate and calcium sulfate.

A process according to claim 1 wherein a charged starch is present in said furnish-

8. A process according to claim-7 wherein said charged starch is a cationic starch having a degree of substitution in excess of about 0.03.

9. A process according to claim 8 wherein said charged starch is an amphoteric starch. a i 'I I tp.II 'd '0? INTERNATIONAL SEARCH REPORT International Application No PCT/US 92/04091 I. CLASSIFICATION OF SUBJECT MATTER (if several classification symbols apply, indicate all) 6 According to International Patent Classification (IPC) or to both National Classification and IPC Int.C1. 5 D21H17/68; D21H17/69; D21H17/45; D21H17/37 D21H23/18 I. FIELDS SEARCHED Minimum Documentation Searched' Classification System Classification Symbols Int.C1. 5 D21H Documentation Searched other than Minimum Documentation to the Extent that such Documents are Included in the Fields Sr.rched 1 Im. DOCUMENTS CONSIDERED TO BE RELEVANT 9 Category Citation of Document, 1l with indication, where appropriate, of the relevant passages 12 Relevant to Claim No. 13 A WO,A,8 912 661 (DELTA CHEMICALS) 28 December 1-15 1989 see claims 1-22 A EP,A,0 277 728 (CALGON)

10 August 1988 1-15 see claims 1-10 "Special categories of cited documents :10 later document published after the international filing date Sor priority date and not in conflict with the application but document defining the general state of the art which is not cited to understand the principle or theory underlying the considered to be of particular relevance invention earlier document but published on or after the international document of particular relevance; the claimed invention filing date cannot be considered novel or cannot be considered to document which may throw doubts on priority claim(s) or involve an inventive step which is cited to establish the publication date of another document of particular relevance; the claimed invention citation or other special reason (as specified) cannot be considered to Involve an inventive step when the document referring to an oral disclosure, use, exhibition or document is combined with one or more other such docu- other means ments, such combination being obvious to a person skilled document published prior to the international filing date but in the art. later than the priority date claimed document member of the same patent family IV. CERTIFICATION Date of the Actual Completion of the International Search Date of Mailing of this International Search Report 1 16 SEPTEMBER 1992 3 O 09. 92 International Searching Authority el Office EUROPEAN PATENT OFFICE Pe, Pe Fam PCTISA/210 tsecad Lbed) IJ=Xaq 19951 Mrne Iagmar FRANK ANNEX TO THE INTERNATIONAL SEARCH REPORT ON INTERNATIONAL PATENT APPLICATION NO. US SA 9204091 60701:- This annex fists the patent family members relating to the patent documents cited in the above-nmentioned intoinational search report. The members are as contained in the European Patent Office EDP file on The European Patent Office is in no way liable for these particulars which are merely given for the purpose of information. 16/09/92 Patent document Publication Patent family Publicationj cited in search repo rt date member(s) date WO-A-8912661 28-12-89 US-A- 5071512 10-12-91 AU-A- 3859589 12-01-90 EP-A- 0446205 18-09-91 JP-T- 3505899 19-12-91 EP-A-0277728 10-08-88 AU-A- 1093388 04-08-88 0W For more details about this annex :see Official Journal of the Earopean Patent Office, No. 12/82