MX2008013727A - Biofuel composition and method of producing a biofuel. - Google Patents

Abstract

An emulsified biofuel composition comprising: (A) a continuous phase comprising about 50-95 wt% of at least one liquid oil of vegetable or animal origin or mixtures thereof; (B) a water- containing dispersed phase comprising about 1-50 wt% water; (C) about 1-25 wt% of hydroxyl-containing organic compound selected from the group consisting of mono-, di-, tri- and polyhydric alcohols, provided that when a monohydric alcohol is used there is also present at least one of tert-butyl alcohol, at least one C2-C4 alkylene glycol or a mixture of both; (D) about 0.05-10 wt% of at least one emulsifier; wherein the dispersed water-containing droplets have an average particle size of less than about 20 microns. The biofuel is prepared from these components by mixing under high shear conditions, preferably with ultrasonic energy. The emulsifier(s) preferably exhibit a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of about 8.5 to about 18 and the biofuel includes a cetane enhancer and mixture of an alcohol and mono- or poly-alkylene glycol.

Description

COMPOSITION OF BIOFUEL AND METHOD TO PRODUCE A BIOFUEL CROSS REFERENCE The present application claims the benefit of the serial application No. 60 / 795,365, filed on April 27, 2006, entitled "Biofuel Additive and Method of Producing a Biofuel", the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to fuel additives, methods for preparing said additives and fuel compositions employing said additives, wherein the fuel is substantially based on vegetable or animal sources. Efforts to find alternative fuels to petroleum derivatives, such as gasoline and diesel fuel, led to the development of biodiesel fuel. Traditional biodiesel is produced by transesterification of vegetable oils or fats. In said process, a grease or vegetable oil reacts with an esterifying agent, generally an alcohol, for example methanol or ethanol, with or without a catalyst and with the input of additional energy, generally at atmospheric pressure. The reaction time can vary from 0.5 to 8 hours, depending on the temperature. The terms "oils" and "fats" are often considered synonymous, and for the purposes of the present application can be considered chemically interchangeable, where the distinction between these products is that they are merely distinguished on the basis of your physical condition. For example, an "oil" is generally used to describe products that are liquid at room temperature, while the term "fat" is used to describe products that are generally substantially solid at room temperature. However, even such differentiation is quite artificial given that it is subject to the definition of ambient temperature. For example, the same product can be considered a "fat" in a latitude at a given time of year and be considered an "oil" at another latitude or at another time of the year. To avoid confusion with other types of oils (eg essential oils or petroleum-derived oils), these products are identified to the extent possible as "vegetable or animal oils" or "vegetable or animal fats" but unless the context clearly indicate otherwise, a reference to fats and oils should be understood as referring to vegetable or animal oil components useful in the present invention, as opposed to, for example, petroleum oils. In other words, if an oil obtained from petroleum, for example dieseloil, gas oil and the like, is present in the compositions of the present invention at all, it is present as an additive or minor component, in other words, in an amount less than 50% in weigh; for example, less than about 40, 30, 20, 10, 5 or even 3% by weight; such as from greater than about 0% by weight to less than about 5% by weight, or 10% by weight, or 15% by weight or 20% by weight, or 25% by weight.

A fuel derived from common vegetable oil, usually used as a fuel for diesel engines is called "biodiesel." Biodiesel is obtained by using the chemical reaction called transesterification. The process forms two main products, methyl esters of fatty acids (FA E, the chemical name of biodiesel) and glycerin. In this reaction, an oil or vegetable fat reacts with an esterifying agent, usually an alcohol (for example, methanol or ethanol), with or without a catalyst and with additional energy input, usually at atmospheric pressure. The reaction time may vary from about 0.5 to about 8 hours depending on the temperature and whether a catalyst is used or not. A biodiesel fuel generated in this way and used in its pure form (in other words, without being "diluted" with another fuel, be it a fuel based on petroleum or ethanol) at 100% is called "B 100". If it is diluted with another fuel, for example, diesel fuel or gas oil, it is usually identified by the percentage of biodiesel present, for example, B5, B20, B30, etc. The main physical and chemical properties of traditional biodiesel are the following: methyl ester content >; 96.5%; the density at 15 ° C varies from about 0.86 to about 0.90 g / cc; the viscosity at 40 ° C between about 3.5 and about 5.0 mm2 / s; the flash point > 110 ° C; amount of cetans > 51; net heat value equal to approximately 33175 kJ / L (compared to typical diesel fuel No. 2, biodiesel you have approximately 8.65% less heat value expressed as BTU / gal .; that is, 118,296 versus 129,500). In addition, traditional biodiesel fuel exhibits a distillation curve that is different from traditional diesel. This results in a longer and more compact flame profile, due to the higher viscosity and density of biodiesel compared to petroleum-based diesel fuel. Such a flame can create operational problems if the pressure of the volumetric fuel pump is not increased slightly, for example, about 1-1.5 atm. For the same reason, modified fuel nozzles should be used, with a shape more suited to the characteristics of biodiesel; for example, 60 ° nozzles open in the center have better performance. In addition, the use of biodiesel requires other adjustments to the relationship between primary air and secondary air (regulation of the combustion head). However, this introduces other complications, since the increase in secondary air improves the cold performance of the engine, but slightly worsens the combustion balance and vice versa. Another disadvantage of traditional biodiesel originates in the high solvent potential of methyl ester. This can cause damage to incompatible plastics, usually present as coatings and sealants, and can also create problems with diesel fuel tanks inadvertently left in the storage tanks. Consequently, substitution, or at least periodic maintenance of the polymeric components is also required (including, for example, the entry and return, pump compression seals, bending elements, and coatings and sealants). In addition, it is also highly recommended to clean tanks and boilers in order to extract all fossil fuel residues. Traditional biodiesel mixed with lubricating oil can also create a variety of problems due to the increased amount of iodine in the mixture; wherein the amount of iodine is an indicator of organic unsaturation. If the amount of iodine in the oil is greater than about 115, the mixture is susceptible to polymerization, and gummy deposits may form in the lubrication lines that reduce the flow of the engine lubricant. This can result in an unwanted need to replace the lubricating oil. In addition, given that the composition of biodiesel is very different from diesel, sometimes its behavior in terms of emissions of exhaust gas varies markedly from that of diesel, in particular NOx emissions. When traditional biodiesel is used in an engine with fuel injectors, deposits in the injectors tend to form, at least two to three times more than when using diesel fuel. These deposits are generally carbon deposits and tend to wear out over time, particularly in "common rail" type engines. However, deposit problems can be avoided with traditional biodiesel fuel if the injection pressure is increased, for example, up to about 100 bar.

The methanol used in the transesterification process results in a minimal addition of CO2 of fossil origin in the balance of traditional biodiesel. If the source of oil used to produce biodiesel is derived from renewable sources (generally referred to as biomass), then all of the CO2 produced by the combustion of biodiesel is renewable. However, the problem of nitrogen oxides, currently considered among the most unwanted byproducts of combustion, is the weak point of traditional biodiesel fuel. On average, NOx emissions increase 10-13% compared to diesel, due to the high oxygen content of the biofuel. Even mixtures containing less than 100% biodiesel cause an increase in NOx emissions. For example, for B20, the increase is approximately 2-3% on diesel. On the other hand, CO emissions for B100 are on average approximately 40% lower than diesel, while the B20 biodiesel blend emits approximately 15% less CO. Carbon monoxide in the engine area does not generate significant problems and can be considered a minor pollutant. Rather it is an indicator of poor combustion, given that it is the result of lack of oxygen. The particulate emissions from burning biodiesel may be related to the chemical composition of the source used to synthesize biodiesel and may also be indicative of problems related to combustion. The danger associated with these particles varies with their chemical composition and the average particle size. In addition, the particles they can also absorb and / or adsorb a certain amount of aromatic substances that are considered more or less carcinogenic and / or mutagenic. The emission of S02 can be a problem if the biodiesel is not entirely free of sulfur. Obviously, the mixture of diesel and biodiesel leads to an increase in emissions of S02 that is proportional to the fossil fuel content. The use of traditional biofuel in boilers has not yet been studied in depth. For example, the measured amount of particulate emissions, NOx, SO2 and CO, from the pile of a 1750 kWatt boiler fed with biodiesel, compared to those emitted by a boiler that burns diesel containing 0.25% by weight of sulfur, demonstrates that the pollutants emitted by biodiesel are lower than those of diesel, with the exception of NOx, which is higher. Finally, on the basis of raw material costs, biodiesel is significantly more expensive, for example as currently calculated on the basis of European costs, than normal diesel fuel. The final costs "in the pump" can be equivalent, since at present there are governmental incentives to encourage the use of non-petroleum based fuel. Consequently, other improvements in the field of non-petroleum based fuels, especially fuels based on renewable plant sources, would be highly desirable, particularly when such fuels exhibit acceptable performance characteristics.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In one embodiment, an emulsified biofuel composition suitable for use in diesel engines comprises: (A) a continuous phase comprising approximately 50-95% by weight of at least one liquid oil of vegetable or animal origin, or its mixtures; (B) a dispersed phase containing water comprising about 1-50% by weight of water; (C) about 1-25% by weight of hydroxyl-containing organic compound, selected from the group consisting of mono-, di-, tri- and polyhydric alcohols, provided that a monohydric alcohol is also used there is at least one alcohol present terbutilic, at least one of C2-C4 alkylene glycol or a mixture of both; (D) about 0.05-10% by weight of at least one emulsifier; wherein the dispersed droplets containing water have an average particle size of less than about 20 microns. The biofuel is prepared from these components when mixing, under conditions of high cutting effort, preferably with ultrasonic energy. The at least one emulsifier preferably exhibits a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of about 8.5 to about 18 and the biofuel includes a cetane enhancer and a mixture of an alcohol and mono or polyalkylene glycol. In one embodiment, the aqueous phase dispersed in an emulsified fuel comprising a continuous phase of vegetable oil exhibits an average droplet particle size of about 0.01 to about 15 microns and the emulsifier (s) exhibit a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, HLB, from about 8.5 to about 18. In another embodiment, a mixture of emulsified fuel is prepared from the following components: (A) vegetable or animal oil or fat, including mixtures thereof; and B) water; and (C) at least one alcohol selected from the group consisting of Cl to C4 alcohols; and, (D) at least one surfactant or emulsifier and optionally a low viscosity low density supplemental fuel liquid selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbon solvents, paint thinner, terpentine, mineral dye and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the last emulsified fuel mixture can be prepared according to the following method: (I) components (C) and (D) are mixed together to produce an additive and the additive is combined with water (B) to form the mixture (II). The mixture (II) is added with concurrent mixing to the vegetable oil, component (A) at a suitable rate, in order to produce a substantially emulsified mixture. DETAILED DESCRIPTION As used herein, the following terms or phrases have the indicated meanings. The term "emulsion" refers to a mixture or dispersion of two immiscible substances, liquids in the present invention, in which one substance, the dispersed phase, is dispersed in the other substance, the continuous phase. An emulsion is stabilized, in other words, the dispersed phase remains dispersed during the relevant period of time, for example during the deposit and / or immediately before and during use, with the assistance of one or more substances known as emulsifiers. An emulsion may be an emulsion of water in oil or an oil in water according to variables such as the amount of oil (oil type well) and water present, the conditions used to prepare the emulsion, the. type and amount of emulsifier, temperature and combinations of said variables. The size of the particles or droplets of the dispersed phase can vary over a significant range and the emulsion can remain stable, but its properties and suitability for a specific use may vary depending on particle size of the dispersed phase. The particle size is generally expressed in terms of average or average size, since the uniformity of the dispersed phase can also vary according to the variables previously observed. The particle size does not require that the particles necessarily be spherical and that the size of the particles be based on a principal or average dimension of each particle, although in a system comprising a liquid phase dispersed in a continuous liquid phase, the dynamics of fluids suggests that the dispersed particles will tend to be substantially spherical. The term "emulsifier" refers to a compound or mixture of compounds having the ability to promote the formation of an emulsion and / or substantially stabilize an emulsion, at least in the short term, i.e., during the time of practical interest or commercial. An emulsifier provides stability against significant or substantial aggregation or phase coalescence dispersed from an emulsion. An emulsifier is generally considered a surfactant because it is capable of interacting with the dispersed and continuous phases of an emulsion at the interface between the two. For purposes of the present, a "surfactant" and an "emulsifier" are considered equivalent or interchangeable terms. Furthermore, within the generic term surfactant agent are various types of surfactants such as nonionic, ionic or partially ionic, anionic, amphoteric, cationic and zwitterionic surfactants. The term "cetane amount" refers to an ignition characteristic measurement of diesel fuel that is analogous to the octane number of gasoline and, similarly, higher values indicate better performance. A specific test has been developed, accepted by the fuel industry and is defined, for example, by various standards-setting organizations that include ASTM D613, IP 41 and EN ISO 5165. The test method determines the qualification of diesel fuel in terms of an arbitrary scale of the quantity of cetane by means of a diesel engine of standard single cylinder, of cycle of four blows, of variable compression ratio and indirect injection. The scale of cetane number covers the range from zero to 100, but the typical results of tests for diesel fuel and fuels intended for use in diesel applications are generally in the range of cetane from 30 to 65.

The term "flash point" generally refers to the ease with which a substance or composition, usually a fluid, can ignite or burn. The flash point measurement is defined in the test methods that are maintained by standardization bodies such as the UK Energy Institute, ASTM in the US, CEN in Europe and ISO internationally. For example, for diesel fuel the procedure is defined in ASTM D975. The flash point of a fuel is essentially the lowest temperature at which the vapors of the test portion combine with air. to give a flammable mixture and cause a "flash" when an ignition source is applied. Materials with higher flash points are less likely to light than those with low flash points. For example, a flash point of 66 ° C to 93 ° C (150 ° F to 200 ° F) is considered to present a moderately low ignition hazard and a flash point of 38 ° C to 66 ° C (100 ° F to 150 ° F) is considered to present a moderate to high ignition hazard. For reference purposes, diesel fuel has a flash point of approximately 38 ° C to 54 ° C (100 ° F - 130 ° F) and gasoline, a flash point of approximately -40 ° C to -46 ° C (- 40 ° F to -50 ° F). The flash point of a fuel is a property that needs to be considered when determining the adequacy of a fuel composition for practical purposes. The term "mix", when used generically or without a modifier, includes each of the processes described herein to disperse one ingredient in another.

The term "hydrocarbyl substituent" or "hydrocarbyl group" is used in common sense, which is well known to those skilled in the art. Specifically, it refers to a group with a carbon atom directly attached to the rest of the molecule and having predominantly hydrocarbon character. Examples of hydrocarbyl groups include: (1) hydrocarbon substituents, ie, aliphatics (eg, alkyl or alkenyl), alicyclic substituents (eg, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl) and aromatic substituents substituted by aromatic, aliphatic and alicyclic groups, in addition to cyclic substituents wherein the ring is completed by another portion of the molecule (for example, two substituents together form an alicyclic radical); (2) substituted hydrocarbon substituents, i.e., substituents containing non-hydrocarbon groups which, in the context of the present invention, do not alter the predominantly hydrocarbon substituent (eg, halo (especially chloro and fluoro), hydroxy, alkoxy, mercapto, alkylmercapto, nitro, nitroso, and sulfoxy); (3) heterosubstituents, that is, substituents which, while having a predominantly hydrocarbon character, in the context of the present invention contain groups other than carbon in a ring or chain otherwise composed of carbon atoms. The heteroatoms include sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen and include substituents such as pyridyl, furyl, thienyl and imidazolyl. In general, no more than two, preferably no more than one substituent that is not hydrocarbon will be present for each ten carbon atoms in the hydrocarbyl group; generally, there will be no substituents that are not hydrocarbon in the hydrocarbyl group. The term "lower", used in conjunction with terms such as alkyl, alkenyl and alkoxy, is intended to describe groups containing a total of up to 7 carbon atoms. The reference in the following descriptions to "oil" in general refers to vegetable oils, animal derived oils and mixtures of vegetable and animal oils, including their recycled versions. Unless the context of the description requires otherwise, the reference to "vegetable oil" should be understood to include a reference to animal derived oils and mixtures of vegetable and vegetable derived oils. The terms "stability" or "stable", used in reference to an emulsion, refer to the dispersed or hydrophilic phase which remains substantially dispersed in the lipophilic phase (oil and / or vegetable and / or animal fat). In other words, substantially phase separation does not occur, as indicated by visual observation after a period subsequent to the preparation of the emulsion of at least about 24 hours; preferably at least about 48 hours, more preferably at least about 72 hours; for example, substantially no phase separation is observed after about 4 days or more, at ambient temperatures suitable for the use of an emulsified fuel composition in its targeted application, for example use in burners, motor vehicles and the like.

Alternatively, the stability can be characterized by measuring the sediment formation according to the ASTM D96 test method. The compositions of the present invention, characterized for the purposes of the present invention as fuel compositions, and referred to as "biofuel", are suitable for use in internal combustion engines, preferably diesel engines with various configurations, in addition to equipment that they burn fuels to generate heat, such as stoves, boilers, power generating equipment and the like, including gas or combustion turbines. Diesel engines that can be operated with compositions of the present invention include all compression-ignition engines for mobile (including locomotive and marine) and stationary power plants. These include diesel engines of the types of two strokes per cycle and four strokes per cycle. Diesel engines include, without limitations, diesel engines of light and heavy work, and engines on or off route, including new engines and in use. Diesel engines include those used in automobiles, trucks, buses that include city buses, locomotives, stationary generators and the like. For example, regarding the use in burners, the compositions are useful in different types of oil burners for domestic or other heating purposes, including sleeve burners, blast furnaces for natural extraction, blast furnace burners for forced extraction. , rotary wall flame burners and pistol burners atomization of air and atomization of pressure; w this last type of burner is the most common burner for domestic heating, particularly in the United States. In particular, said compositions are useful fuels for diesel engines (new and old generation) and / or boilers and burners of single or multiple stage, also referred to in the art as burners in stages. Various mixing devices well known in the art can be employed to facilitate the formation of an emulsified composition of the present embodiment, in addition to the present invention in general, which includes, for example, mixing emulsifiers which generally use a high speed rotor which operates very close to a stator (such as a type manufactured by Charles Ross &Sons Co., NY), pallet mixers using pallets with various design configurations including, for example, reverse pulse, anchor, blade, portal, finger, double movement, propeller, etc., even batch and online equipment, and the like. Otmixing methods useful in this embodiment, in addition to generally in the present invention, are described below inafter. The processes of various embodiments of the present invention can be carried out at a convenient temperature, including, for example, room temperature, such as about 20 ° C to about 22 ° C or even as high as 25 ° C. The mixing time and temperature can be varied, provided that the desired emulsified composition is achieved and, based on the Subsequent observation and / or test, is adequately stable until use, in addition to during use. Under conditions in which sediment may be formed after mixing the components of the fuel composition, it may be desirable to wait for some time to allow the deposition, if any, of the material to occur and then extract or separate it from the emulsified fuel composition. . Generally, said period is at least about 4 minutes; preferably about 5 minutes; more preferably about 6 minutes or more. The preferred time period can also be easily determined by limited and simple experiments, and said time can be adjusted on the basis, for example, of the type, quality and composition of the vegetable oil employed, in addition to otcomponents of the mixture. , even emulsifier (s). The mixing methods in addition to those described above are suitable for use in the present invention and in some cases are particularly preferred. The mixtures can be prepared by traditional mixing or shaking equipment such as tanks or tanks equipped with motor-driven stirrers having various configurations, for example, paddle, propeller, etc. The mixing performed with said equipment consumes time, often requires more than 10 minutes of mixing, for example about 10 to about 30 minutes, alternatively about 15 to about 20 minutes, in order to obtain a uniform and stable emulsion. Without However, said emulsions contain dispersed particles with an average particle size, for example, an average diameter or dimension in the order of more than about 20 microns; for example about 20 to about 50 microns; alternatively about 20 to about 35 microns. Emulsions with an average particle size of about 20 microns or greater are referred to in as "macroemulsions". A fuel composition having macroemulsion characteristics generally exhibits properties that differ from the same fuel composition with an average particle size that is significantly smaller, in otwords, a microemulsion or one in which the particle size is less than about 20 microns, for example 19 microns or less. For example, a certain composition in the form of a macroemulsion may exhibit higher viscosity, lower flash point and less stability in a process that requires extended recirculation of the fuel composition, in addition to requiring a greater amount of emulsifier, in order to produce a satisfactory and stable emulsion, compared to the same composition in the form of microemulsion. In a preferred method, the fuel mixtures of the present invention are prepared by ultrasonic mixing equipment, wherein the equipment is particularly advantageous for preparing stable emulsions with a small particle size, for example less than about 10 microns, or approximately 0.01 to about 5 microns on average, in other words, in the form of a microemulsion. Preferred devices of this type are commercially available as ultrasonic homogenization system "Sonolator", Sonic Corp., Conn. Such microemulsions can be prepared at room temperature, for example about 22 ° C, and at pressures from about 500 bar to about 1500 bar, although pressures up to 5000 bar can also be used to produce stable microemulsions. The Sonolator system is particularly useful because it can be operated in useful alternative modes, even semicontinuous, continuous, single-feed or multi-feed. In particular, said system operated in multiple feed mode can use feed tanks containing, for example, vegetable oil, water, emulsifier and other components, such as alcohol, cetane improver, alkyl glycol or alkyl glycol derivative, etc. Said system allows feeding one or more of the components simultaneously, in sequence or intermittently in order to obtain a particularly desirable result, which includes but is not limited to a specific emulsion particle size, particle size distribution, time of mixed, etc. As noted above, fuel compositions prepared by ultrasonic emulsification can be obtained by lower concentration of emulsifier for the same concentration of other components, particularly the vegetable oil (s) and water. For example, where a composition prepared without ultrasonic mixing requires approximately 1.0% by weight of emulsifier to obtain a satisfactory emulsion, it may require only less than about 0.5% by weight of emulsifier with the same composition, in order to obtain a satisfactory emulsion, preferably an improved emulsion in that the particle size is smaller, which results in a microemulsion. Generally, the amount of emulsifier is about 10% less than required in the absence of ultrasonic emulsification; preferably about 20% less; more preferably about 30% less; with even greater preference about 40% less; for example, about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or even 90% less than the amount of emulsifier required for a satisfactory emulsion without the use of ultrasonic energy input. For example, an emulsifiable fuel composition that requires 1% by weight of emulsifier to obtain an average emulsion particle size of about 20 microns can be replaced by 0.2% by weight of the same emulsifier in the same composition to obtain an emulsion having an emulsion. particle size of approximately 5 microns. For the purposes of the present, the use of a device that introduces ultrasonic energy to mix and emulsify is referred to as a "high shear stress" method, regardless of the physical processes that may occur on a microscopic or molecular scale. Emulsification with high shear stress such as that imparted by an ultrasonic device results in an emulsion with an average particle or droplet size in the range of about 0.01 microns to less than about 20 microns; such as about 0.01 micron to about 15 microns; or about 0.1 microns to about 10 microns; about 0.1 microns to about 8 microns; about 0.2 microns to about 6 microns; about 0.5 microns to about 5 microns; about 0.5 microns to about 4 microns; about 0.5 microns to about 3 microns; about 0.5 microns to about 3 microns; about 0.1 microns to about 2 microns; approximately 0..1 microns to approximately 1 micron; or about 0.1 micron to about 1 micron or less, for example approximately 0.8 microns. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the dispersed phase or the water-containing phase of the fuel composition comprises drops with a mean diameter, or larger dimension, of 5 microns or less. Accordingly, the emulsification is conducted under conditions sufficient to provide said droplet mean particle size. High shear devices that can be used include, without limitation, the Sonic Corporation Sonolator Homogenization System, in which the pressure can be varied over a wide range, for example about 500 to about 5,000 bar.; IKA Work Dispax, and high shear mixers that include combinations of multiple stages, for example three-stage rotor / stator. The speed of the tip of the rotor / stator generators can be varied by a variable frequency drive that controls the motor. The Silverson two-stage mixer also incorporates a rotor / stator design and the mixer employs high volume pumping characteristics similar to the centrifugal pump. The high-effort inline cutting mixers that employ a rotor-stator emulsification approach (Silverson Corporation); Jet Mixers, mixers by high effort of cut of Venturi style / cavitation; mixers for high cutting effort by microfluidization, mixers for high cutting effort by high pressure homogenization (Microfluidics Inc.); and any other high shear generating mixer available capable of producing the desired microemulsion, including high shear mixers selected from the group consisting of Aquashear mixers (Flow Process Technologies Inc.), static pipe mixers, high effort devices of hydraulic cutting, mixers for high rotational cutting effort, ultrasonic mixers and their combinations. The mixing of the components is preferably conducted under conditions of room temperature, or substantially ambient. It was observed that in some instances mixing to obtain the emulsified fuel composition is accompanied by a slightly exothermic response. The mixing can be satisfactorily conducted at temperatures in the range of about 5 ° C to about 75 ° C; for example about 10 ° C to about 65 ° C; or approximately 15 ° C to approximately 55 ° C; or about 20 ° C to about 45 ° C; such as 22 ° C to about 35 ° C. The water used in the compositions of the present invention can come from any source. The water used to prepare the fuel compositions of the present invention can be deionized, purified by, for example, osmosis or reverse distillation, and / or demineralized and have a low content of dissolved minerals, for example, calcium, sodium and magnesium salts, and similarly will include little or no chlorine and / or fluorine, in addition to being substantially free of undissolved particulate substances. Preferably, the water has been substantially demineralized by methods well known to those skilled in the water treatment art, in order to extract dissolved mineral salts and has also been treated to extract other additives or chemical compounds, including chlorine and fluorine. It is expected that the substantial absence of said materials will lead to improvements in the condition of metallic surfaces in engines and burners, particularly the internal surfaces of cylinders and nozzles. Water may be present in water-vegetable oil fuel emulsions in a concentration of about 1% to about 50% by weight; alternatively about 2% to about 50% by weight; about 3% to about 40% by weight; about 4% to about 35% by weight; and about 5% to about 30% water. The fuels useful in the present invention are based on oils and fats derived from animals in addition to oils and vegetable fats, including their mixtures. Vegetable oils and fats are substances that are present, in varying percentages, in the seeds or in the fruits of various plants. In addition to those generally available in nature, the present invention can also utilize vegetable oils and fats obtained from genetically engineered plants, including algae, and even those that can be grown to obtain particularly high levels of oils and fats, so that they are particularly preferred sources of said materials for use as fuels. Since fats and oils are used in the compositions of the present invention and burned as fuel, it is not necessary that said fats and oils be edible. Nowadays, the most common vegetable oils commercially available, where the oils are particularly useful herein, are obtained from the seeds of peanut, sunflower, soy, sesame, rapeseed (similar in their properties to rapeseed oil, but obtained from the seeds of Brassica campestris, var. oleifera), turnip or cañola, corn and cotton and fruits of palm, olive and coconut. The fatty substance can be obtained by treating the entire fruit (for example, olive oil), the pulp (palm oil), or just the seeds (palm kernel oil). All of these vegetable based or derived oils are examples of oils suitable for use in the present invention. Other vegetable oils that may be useful in the present invention include crambe oil, jatropha oil, flax seed oil, oil tung, in addition to other oilseed crops called juveniles as described in "Inor Oil Crops," FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin No. 94, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 1992, incorporated herein by reference, in wherein said oils generally include: among the minor edible oleaginous crops, argan; avocado; palm tree babassu; balanitos; Borne tallow nut; Brazil nut; caryocar spp; cashew nut; Chinese vegetable suet; palm tree cohune; the family of cucurbits include zucchini, buffalo zucchini, flute squash, and kidney beans; smooth loofah; grape nugget; illipe; kusum; macadam nut; mango seed; Abyssinia walnut; nutmeg; knob; pili nut; rice bran; sachainche; seje; shea nut; and teased. Among the minor inedible oilseed crops are: allanblackia; almond; chaulmoogra; cuphea spp .; jatrofa curgas; karanja seed; nim; papaya; tonka bean; tung; and ucuuba. Vegetable oils are obtained from their vegetable plants, seeds, etc., by methods well known in the art, including mechanical extraction or pressure, in addition to chemical or solvent extraction, and are generally filtered to extract the foreign substances in order to provide a substantially pure product. However, it is included in the scope of the present invention that vegetable oil or fat used from commercial sources can also be used, including for example, food frying operations. In addition, oils and fats useful in the present invention can be obtained from sources derived from animals. Sayings Derived or extracted animal oils include animal tissue extract, fish oil, cod liver oil and shark liver oil, fish oil in general, even oil from a wide variety of fish rich in oil, some of which can be raised for that purpose, including fish oil currently promoted by the fishing industry of Álaska, sebum and their mixtures. For the purposes of the present, sebum refers to fat obtained from parts of cattle, sheep, oxen, horses, chickens and other birds bred for food purposes, and the like, in addition to similar fats, such as those obtained from plants and also called sebum. Large amounts of fats and oils derived from animals can be obtained as by-products of meat processing facilities. Blends of oils and fats obtained from vegetable and animal sources are also useful in the present invention. In addition or as part of the categories of oils and fats derived from vegetables and animals are oils and fats obtained from recycled oil and grease generally from restaurants and food processing plants. These fats and oils can come originally from vegetable or animal sources. It should be understood that oils and fats from these sources can still be useful even when they require some pretreatment, in order to extract food and other particulate substances, in addition to reducing the acidity of free fatty acids or sulfur-containing compounds that may be present. present, by methods well known to those skilled in the art. Surfactants are known to improve the stability of an emulsion. A surfactant according to the present invention may be employed to improve the stability of the fuel-water emulsion, particularly over time. The following table provides examples of surfactants contemplated by the invention, although the useful surfactants are not limited to those in the table. For example, the surfactants described in a broad list of surfactants which can be found in the spectrum database of Bio-Rad Laboratories (www.informatics.bio-rad.com), including infrared spectra and, are also useful. in certain cases, chemical composition and chemical and physical properties, and sources, incorporated herein by reference. The compounds are generally characterized as alcohols, nitrogen-containing compounds, long-chain carboxylic acid esters, hydrocarbons, various esters and salts of long-chain carboxylic acids, sulphated and sulphonated compounds including alkylarylsulfonates, isothionates, lignosulfonates, sulphated and sulphonated alcohols. , amines, amides, carboxylic acids, esters of carboxylic acids, sulfated and sulphonated polyalkoxylated materials such as esters, ethers, nitrogen compounds, aminopolycarboxylic acids such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), in other words acid EDTA, DTPA, NTA and salts, phosphates, silicates and silicones. To the extent that a particular surfactant includes atoms, groups or compounds that may unnecessarily contribute to contamination, for example, sulfur, its use may be limited to the amount necessary to produce and / or maintain a stable emulsion or combustible composition. Particularly preferred surfactants include cetyl alcohol, hydrogenated castor oil and mixtures of cetyl alcohol and hydrogenated castor oil. The following materials, referred to as surfactant herein, may be employed in accordance with the water-fuel composition of the present invention. Table of useful surfactants (A) nonionic surfactants: esters of polyhydric alcohols; alkoxylated amides; polyoxyalkylene, polyoxypropylene and polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene glycols esters; polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers; tertiary acetylenic glycols; and polyoxyethylated alkyl phosphates. (B) anionic surfactants: carboxylic acids and soaps; sulphated esters, amides, alcohols, ethers and carboxylic acids (all salts); sulphonated petroleum, aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, esters, amides, amines, ethers, carboxylic acids, phenols and lignins (all salts); acylated polypeptides (salts); and phosphates.

The following specific compounds are also included. In the following list, the abbreviation "P.O.E." refers to polyoxyethylene (polyethylene glycol) and the abbreviation "P.O.P." refers to polyoxypropylene. (C) Fatty acids: caprylic acid, abietic acid, pelargonic acid, coconut oil fatty acids, capric acid, corn oil fatty acids, lauric acid, cottonseed oil fatty acids, myristic acid, fatty acids, soybean oil, palmitic acid, tallow fatty acids, stearic acid, hydrogenated fish oil fatty acids, behenic acid, tallow oil fatty acids, undecylenic acid, dimeric acids, oleic acid, trimeric acids, · erucic acid, oil of castor, linoleic acid, hydrogenated castor oil, ricinoleic acid, lanolin, naphthenic acid, and lanolin fatty acids. (D) Fatty acid salts: lithium stearate, ammonium oleate, cadmium stearate, sodium caprate, ammonium linoleate, calcium stearate, sodium laureate, ammonium ricinoleate, calcium oleate, sodium myristate, naphthenates ammonium, calcium linoleate, sodium palmitate, ammonium abietate, calcium ricinoleate, sodium stearate, morpholino laureate, calcium naphthenates, sodium undecylenate, morpholino myristate, cobalt stearate, sodium oleate, morpholino palmitate, naphthenates of cobalt, sodium linoleate, morpholino stearate, copper stearate, sodium ricinoleate, morpholino undecylenate, copper oleate, naphthenate sodium, morpholino oleate, copper naphthenate, sodium abietate, morpholino linoleate, iron stearate, polymerized sodium carboxylates, morpholino ricinoleate, iron naphthenate, morpholino naphthenate, lead stearate, sodium salt of tallow oil, morpholine extract, lead oleate, potassium caprate, triethanolamine caprate, lead naphthenate, potassium laureate, triethanolamine laureate, magnesium stearate, potassium myristate, triethanolamine myristate, magnesium oleate, potassium palmitate, potassium stearate, manganese, potassium stearate, triethanolamine palmitate, manganese naphthenate, potassium undecylenate, triethanolamine stearate, nickel oleate, potassium oleate, strontium stearate, potassium linoleate, triethanolamine undecylenate, tin oleate, potassium ricinoleate, zinc laureate, potassium naphthenate, triethanolamine oleate, zinc palmitate, potassium abietate, triethanolamine linoleate, stearate zinc, ammonium caprate, triethanolamine ricinoleate, zinc oleate, ammonium laureate, zinc linoleate, ammonium myristate, triethanolamine naphthenate, zinc naphthenate, zinc palmitate, zinc resinate, ammonium stearate, triethanolamine abietate , ammonium undecylenate, ammonium palmitate, aluminum stearate, aluminum oleate, barium stearate, and barium naphthenate. (E) Olefins: linear Ci4 alpha-olefin, and linear Ci6 alpha-olefin.

(F) Phosphorus and mercaptan compounds: POE octyl phosphate, sodium phosphated castor oil, phosphated ammonium castor oil, sodium salt of 2-ethylhexyl polyphosphate, caprilpolyphosphate sodium salt, sodium di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, lecithin (soy phosphatides), and POE ter-dodecylmercaptoethanol. (G) polyethylene and propylene glycol esters: hydroxyethyl laureate, PEG monooleate, propylene glycol monolaurate, hydroxyethoxyethyl laurate, PEG dioleate, ethylene glycol monoricinoleate, propylene glycol monostearate, hydroxyethoxyethoxyethyl laureate, diethylene glycol monoricinoleate, propylene glycol dilaurate, monolaurate of PEG, PEG monoricinoleate, propylene glycol distearate, PEG dilaurate, diethylene glycol coconate, ethylene glycol monostearate, dipropylene glycol monostearate, coconut POE fatty acid ester, diethylene glycol monostearate, propylene glycol monooleate, POE castor oil, triethylene glycol monostearate, ethylene glycol hydroxystearate, propylene glycol monoricinoleate, PEG monostearate, PEG trihydroxystearate, propylene glycol monoisostearate, ethylene glycol distearate, hydrogenated POE castor oil, propylene glycol monohydroxystearate, PEG distearate, POE tallow oil, monoi PEG sodium stearate, POE abiotic acid, propylene glycol dipelargonate, PEG diisostearate, POE lanolin, hydroxyethyl oleate, acetylated lanolin, lanolin fatty acid isopropylester, hydroxyethoxyethyl oleate, POE acetylated lanolin, methoxy-PEG monooleate, POE-propylene glycol monostearate and hydroxyethoxyethoxyethyl oleate. (H) alcohols, phenols and polyoxyethylene derivatives: stearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, octylphenol, nonylphenol, tert-octylphenoxyethanol, p-dodecylphenol, dinonylphenol, tridecyl alcohol, tetradecyl alcohol, lanolin alcohols, cholesterol, dimethylhexinol, dimethyloctinediol, tetramethyldecyidiol, ether POE-tridecyl phenyl, alcohol-POE-lanolinic ether, POE-cholesterol, POE-n-octylphenol, POE-tert-octylphenol, POE-nonylphenol, POE-dinonylphenol, POE-dodecylphenol, POE-lauryl alcohol ether, ether of POE-cetyl alcohol, POE-stearyl alcohol ether, POE-tetramethyldecyidiol, POE oleyl alcohol alcohol, POP-EtO, POE-isohexadecyl alcohol ether, 2,6,6-trimethyl-4-nonyloxypolyethyleneoxyethanol, block copolymer polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene, alkyl ether of POE / POP, and ether of POE-tridecyl alcohol. (J) glycerol esters: glycerol monocaprylate, glycerol monolaurate, glycerol mono / dicocoate, glycerol dilaurate, glycerol monostearate, distilled glycerol monostearate, glycerol distearate, glycerol monooleate, glycerol dioleate, glycerol trioleate, glycerol monoisostearate, glycerol monoricinoleate, glycerol monohydroxystearate, POE glycerol monostearate, acetylated glycerol monostearate, succinylated glycerol monostearate, dicylated glycerol monostearate tartrate, modified glycerol phthalate resin, triglycerol monostearate, triglycerol monooleate, triglycerol monostearate, decaglycerol tetraoleate, decaglycerol decastearate, pentaerythritol monolaurate, pentaerythritol monostearate, pentaerythritol distearate, pentaerythritol tetrastearate, pentaerythritol monooleate, pentaerythritol dioleate, pentaerythritol trioleate, tetraricinoleate pentaerythritol, sorbitan monolaurate, POE sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monopalmitate, POE sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan monostearate, POE sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan tristearate, POE sorbitan tristearate, sorbitan monooleate, POE sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan sesquioleate , sorbitan trioleate, POE sorbitan trioleate, POE sorbitan hexaoleate, sorbitol POE oleatoleate, POE sorbitol polyoleate, POE sorbitol, beeswax ester, sucrose monolaurate, sucrose cocoate, sucrose monomiristate, sucrose monopalmitate, sucrose dipalmitate, sucrose monostearate, sucrose distearate, sucrose monooleate, sucrose dioleate, lauryl lactate, cetyl lactate, sodium laurillate, stearoyl lactate of sodium, sodium isostearoyl-2-lactylate, sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate, calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate, sodium capryl lactate, lauryl alcohol, and cetyl alcohol. (K) amides and amide derivatives: stearamide, oleamide, erucamide, behenamide, lauric acid monoethanolamide, tallow monoethanolamide, lauric amide POE, Myristic acid diethanolamide, stearic acid diethanolamide, oleic acid diethanolamide, oleic POE amide, coconut acid diethanolamide, POE amide coconut, POE hydrogenated tallow amide, lauric acid monoisopropanolamide, and oleic acid monoisopropanolamide. (L) Sulphates: sodium n-octylsulfate, sodium 2-ethylhexylsulfate, sodium decyl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium tridecyl sulfate, sodium sec-tetradecylsulfate, sodium cetyl sulfate, sodium sec-heptadecyl sulfate, sodium oleyl sulfate, oleyl stearatesulfate of sodium, tridecyl ester of sodium sulfate, potassium lauryl sulfate, magnesium lauryl sulfate, triethanolamine lauryl sulfate, ammonium lauryl sulfate, diethanolamine lauryl sulfate, triethanolammonium lauryl sulfate, sodium salt of POE octylphenol, sodium salt of polyether alkyl alkylsulfate, sodium sulphated sodium salt of POE nonylphenol, sulphonated ammonium salt of tetraethylene glycol nonylphenyl ether, sulphated sodium salt of laurethylether of tetraethylene glycol, laureth monoether of sodium POE sulfate, lauryl ether of sulfate-POE sodium, laureth sulphate of POE ammonium, sulphated sodium salt of oleic acid, salt sulphated sodium of fatty acids of castor oil, sulphated salt of sodium propylleate or, sulphated salt of sodium isopropyl oleate, sulfated salt of sodium butyl oleate, sulfated salt of glycerol monolaurate and sodium, sulfated salt of sodium glycerol trioleate, sulfated sodium salt of castor oil, sulphonated marine oil, sulfated sodium salt of oil of beef leg, sulfated sodium salt of rice oiriti oil, sulphated sodium salt of soy bean oil, sulfated oil of synthetic sperm and sulphated sodium salt of tallow. (M) other surfactant compounds: perfluoro-anionic surfactant, perfluoro-cationic surfactant, disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, tetrasodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, sodium dihydroxyethylglycinate, trisodium nitrilotriacetate, sodium citrate, silicone defoaming oil, silicone defoamer Water dispersible, sodium tetraborate, sodium carbonate, tribasic sodium phosphate, sodium silicate and tetramer of alkylbenzenesulfonic-propylene acid. (N) Sulfonates: sodium toluenesulfonate, sodium xylene sulfonate, sodium cumene sulphonate, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, sodium tridecylbenzenesulfonate, sodium cerylbenzenesulfonate, calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, ammonium xylenesulfonate, triethanolammonium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, alkylammonium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, aliphatic sulphonic hydrocarbon acid , sodium petroleum sulphonate, calcium sulphonate oil, Bryton barium sulfonate, magnesium sulphonate oil, ammonium sulphonate oil, isopropylamine petroleum sulphonate, ethylenediamine sulphonate petroleum, triethanolamine sulfonate oil, sulfonated sodium naphthalene, diisopropylnaphthalene sulfonate, dibutylnaphthalenesulfonate sodium bencilnaftalensulfonato sodium sulfonate naftalenformaldehido condensed sodium alkylnaphthalenesulfonate polymerized sodium alkylnaphthalenesulfonate polymerized potassium dibutylnaphthalenesulfonate ammonium dibutylnaphthalenesulfonate ethanolamine, sulfooleato sodium monobutilfenilfenolmonosulfonato sodium, disodium dibutilfenilfenoldisulfonato, monoetilfenilfenolmonosulfonato potassium monoetilfenilfenolmonosulfonato ammonium, Guanidinium monoethylphenyl pheromonosulfonate, decildiphenyl sodium disulfonate ether, sodium disulfonate dodecyldiphenyl ether, pimerized calcium alkylbenzene sulphonate, polystyrene sulfonate, aliphatic polyester sulfonate, sodium 2-sulfoethylolate, sodium amylsulfoolate, sodium lauryl sulfoacetate, sodium diisobutylsulfosuccinate, sodium diamyl sulfosuccinate, sodium dihexylsulfosuccinate, sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, sodium ditridecyl sulfosuccinate, sodium alkylaryl polyethersulfonate or, and sodium lignosulfonate. (0) Amines and amine derivatives: ter-amine Cn-Ci4, n-dodecylamine, n-tetradecylamine, n-hexadecylamine, n-octadecylamine, C18-C24 amine, oleylamine, cocoamine, hydrogenated tallow amine, tallow amine, POE ter-amine, POE stearylamine, POE oleylamine, C12-C14 tertiary alkylamines, ethoxylated cocoamine POE, POE tallow amine, POE soy amine, POE octadecylamine, Nb-hydroxyethyltearylimidazoline, POE (3) N-tallow-trimethylenediamine, Nb -hydroxyethyl-cocoimidazoline, Nb- hydroxyethyloleimidazoline, n-dodecylamine acetate, hexadecylamine acetate, octadecylamine acetate, oleylamine acetate, coconut amine acetate, hydrogenated tallow amine acetate, tallow amine acetate, soy amine acetate, N-stearyl acetate -N '. N'-diethylethylene diamine, N-oleethylenediamine formate, cocoamidopropyl dimethylamine oxide, lauryldimethylamine oxide, myristyldimethylamine oxide, soy amine, diococoamine, dihydrogenated tallow amine, dimethylhexadecylamine, dimethyloctadecylamine, coconut dimethylamine, soy dimethylamine, N- coco-1, 3-diaminopropane, N-soybean-1,3-diaminopropane, N-tallow-1,3-diaminopropane, N-coco-b-aminobutyric acid, stearamidoethyldiethylamine, N-coco-b-aminopropionate sodium, diacetate of N-sebo-trimethylenediamine, N-tallow-b-imino disodium dipropionate, N-lauryl-b-imino disodium dipropionate, cetylbetaine, coconut betaine, myristamidopropyl betaine, oleylbetaine, coconut amidobetaine, oleylamidobetaine, oil acid ester coconut of sodium isethionate, alkyldimethylamine of coconut amide, alkyldimethylamine of behenic amide, alkyldimethylamine of isostearic amide, alkyldimethylamine of oleic amide, taurate of N-methyl-N-palmitoyl sodium, taurate of N-methyl-N-ol Sodium elate, N-coco-N-methyl acid taurate, N-methyl-N-sodium tallow oil taurate, N-lauryl sarcosine, coconut oil sarcosine, N-oleyl sarcosine, N-lauryl sarcosinate sodium, carboxymethylnonhydroxy Sodium imidazolinium-ethylhydroxide, sodium imidazolinium carboxymethyl-hydrodecylhydroxy-ethylhydroxide, imidazolinium carboxymethylcocohydroxy-ethylhydroxide sodium, sodium imidazolinium carboxy-ethyl-hydroxy-ethylhydroxide, sodium imidazolinium carboxymethylhydroxy-ethylhydroxide, and sodium imidazolinium carboxymethylsodiocarboxy-ethylcocolether. (P) quaternary amine salts: dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride, octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, cetyldimethylethylammonium bromide, cocotrimethylammonium chloride, tallow trimethylammonium chloride, soy trimethylammonium chloride, dimicolammonium chloride of dicoc, dimethyl 80% behenyl-benzylammonium chloride, methyl-bis (2-hydroxyethyl) coco-ammonium chloride, dihydrogenated tallow dimethyl ammonium chloride, methyldodecylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride, n-alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, alkyldimethyl-3,4-dichloro- benzylammonium, octylphenoxyethoxyethyldimethyl-benzylammonium chloride, octylcresoxethoxyethyldimethyl-benzylammonium chloride, cocoamidopropyl PG-dimonium chlorophosphate, 2-hydroxyethylbenzylstearylimidazolinium chloride, 2-hydroxyethylbenzyl-coco-imidazolinium chloride, ethyl bis (poletoxyethanol) alkylammonium chloride, diethylheptadecylimidazolinium ethylsulfate , lauryl dimethyl chloride ncilamonium, stearyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, laurylpyridinium chloride, 1-hexadecylpyridinium chloride, cetylpyridinium bromide, laurylisoquinolinium bromide, and substituted oxazoline.

In one embodiment, the emulsifier or surfactant comprises at least one sorbitan ester. The sorbitan esters include esters of sorbitan fatty acids wherein the fatty acid component of the ester comprises a carboxylic acid of about 10 to about 100 carbon atoms, and in an embodiment about 12 to about 24 carbon atoms. Sorbitano is a mixture of anhydrosorbitols, mainly 1,4-sorbitan and isosorbide (Formulas I and II): (II) isosortide Sorbitol, (also called monoanhydrosorbitol, or sorbitol anhydride) is the generic name of anhydrides derived from sorbitol by removal of a molecule of water. The sorbitan fatty acid esters of the present invention are a mixture of partial esters of sorbitol and its fatty acid anhydrides. These sorbitan esters can be represented by the following structure, which can be any of a monoester, diester, triester, tetraester, or mixtures thereof (Formula III): (III) In the formula (III), each Z denotes independently a hydrogen atom or C (0) R-, and each mutually independent R denotes a hydrocarbyl group of about 9 to about 99 carbon atoms, more preferably about 11 to about 23 carbon atoms. Examples of sorbitan esters include sorbitan stearates and sorbitan oleates, such as sorbitan stearate (i.e., monostearate), sorbitan distearate, sorbitan tristearate, sorbitan monooleate and sorbitan sesquioleate. Sorbitan esters are available commercially under the trade names "Span" and "Arlacel" from ICI. The sorbitan esters also include polyoxyalkylene sorbitan esters wherein the alkylene group has from about 2 to about 30 carbon atoms. These polyoxyalkylene sorbitan esters can be represented by formula IV: (IV) wherein in Formula IV, each R is independently an alkylene group of about 2 to about 30 carbon atoms; R 'is a hydrocarbyl group of about 9 to about 99 carbon atoms, more preferably about 11 to about 23 carbon atoms; and w, x, y and z represent the number of repeats of oxyalkylene units. For example, the ethoxylation of sorbitan fatty acid esters leads to a group of hydrophilic surfactants, which are the result of the hydroxy groups of sorbitan which react with ethylene oxide. A major commercial class of these ethoxylated sorbitan esters comprises those containing about 2 to about 80 ethylene oxide units, and in one embodiment, about 2 to about 30 ethylene oxide units, and in one embodiment, about 4, in one embodiment approximately 5, and in one embodiment approximately 20 units of ethylene oxide. They are available from Calgene Chemical under the trademark "POLYSORBATE" and from ICI under the trademark "TWEEN". Typical examples are polyoxyethylene (hereinafter "POE") (20) sorbitan tristearate (Polysorbate 65; Tween 65), POE (4) sorbitan monostearate (Polysorbate 61; Tween 61), POE (20) sorbitan trioleate (Polysorbate 85).; Tween 85), POE (5) sorbitan monooleate (Polysorbate 81; Tween 81), and POE (80) sorbitan monooleate (Polysorbate 80; Tween 80). As used herein, the amount within the parentheses refers to the amount of ethylene oxide units present in the composition. The following is a list of emulsifiers that can be particularly useful: Product name * Synonym HLB 2,4,7, 9-tetramethyl-5-decin-4, 7- 4.0 Product name * Synonym HLB diol PEG-block-PPG-block-PEG, 4.0 n = 1100 PEG-block-PPG-block-PEG, 4.0 Mn = 2000 PEG-block-PPG-block-PEG, 4.0 Mn = 2800 PEG -block-PPG-block-PEG, 4.0 Mn = 4400 Etilendiamintetrakis (PO-b-EO) 4.0 tetrol, Mn = 3600 Etilendiamintetrakis (EO-b-PO) 4.0 tetrol, Mn = 7200 Etilendiamintetrakis (EO-b-PO) 4.0 tetrol, Mn = 8000 Igepal CA-210 Isooctylphenyl ether of 4.3 polyoxyethylene (2) Span 80 Sorbitan monooleate 4.3 PPG-block-PEG-block-PPG, 4.5 Mn = 3300 Igepal CO-210 4.6 polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether (2) Span 60 Sorbitan monostearate 4.7 Brij 92 Polyoxyethylene oleoyl ether 4.9 Product name * Synonym HLB (2) Brij 72 Stearyl ether 4.9 polyoxyethylene (2) Brij 52 Polyoxyethylene cetyl ether 5.3 (2) Span 40 sorbitan onopalmitate 6.7 erpol A agent Condensate nonionic oxide 6.7 ethylene surfactant Ethoxylate 2 , 4, 7, 9-tetramethyl- 8.0 5-decin-4, 7-diol Triton SP-135 8.0 Span 20 sorbitan monolaurate 8.6 PEG-block-PPG-block-PEG, 9.5 Mn = 5800 PPG-block-PEG-block-PPG, 9.5 n = 2700 Brij 30 Polyoxyethylene lauryl ether 9.7 (4) Igepal CA-520 Isooctylphenyl ether of 10.0 polyoxyethylene (5) Igepal CO-520 Nonylphenilic ether of 10.0 polyoxyethylene (5) Hexaoleate of 10.2 polyoxyethylene sorbitol Product name * Synonym HLB Surfactant 10.5 Merpol SE Tween 85 Trioleate 11.0 polyoxylene sorbitan (20) Propoxylate-block-xylate 11.0 8-ml-l-nonanol Tetraoleate 11.4 polyoxylene sorbitan Triton X-114 Isooctylphenyl r 12.4 polyoxylene (8) Brij 76 Stearyl r 12.4 polyoxylene (10) Brij 97 Polyoxylene oleyl r 12.4 (10) Merpol OJ agent 12.5 Brij surfactant 56 Polyoxylene cetyl r 12.9 (10) Merpol SH agent 12.9 surfactant 2, 4, 7, 9-tetraml-13.0 5-decin xylate -4, 7-diol (5 EO / OH) Triton SP-190 13.0 Igepal CO-630 Nonylphenyl r of 13.0 Product name * Synonym HLB polyoxylene (9) Triton N-101 Nonylphenyl ester of 13.4 polyoxylene branched Triton X-100 Isooctylphenyl r of 13.5 polyoxylene (10) Igepal CO-720 Nonylphenilic r of 14.2 polyoxylene (12) Tridecyl r of 14.5 polyoxylene ( 12) 14.5 polyoxylene tridecyl r (18) Igepal CA-720 14.6 polyoxylene iso-nylphenol r (12) Tween 80 14.9 polyoxylene sorbitan mono-oleate (20) Tween 60 15.0 polyoxylene sorbitan monostearate (20) PEG-block-PPG-block-PEG, 15.0 Mn = 2900 PPG-block-PEG-block-PPG, 15.0 Mn = 2000 Brij 78 Stearyl r of 15.3 polyoxylene (20) Brij 98 Polyoxylene oleoyl r 15.3 Product name * Synonym HLB (20) Merpol HCS agent 15.5 surfactant Tween 40 Mono-palmitate 15.6 polyoxylene sorbitan (20) Brij 58 Polyoxylene cetyl r 15.7 (20) Hexadecyl r 15.7 polyoxylene (20) Polylene-block-16.0 poly (lene glycol) , Mn = 2250 Tween 20 16.7 polyoxylene sorbitan monolaurate (20) Brij 35 Polyoxylene lauryl r 16.9 (23) 2, 4, 7, 9-tetraml-17.0 5-decin-4,7-diol xylate (15 EO / OH ) Igepal CO-890 Polyoxylene 17.8 nonylphenyl r (40) Triton X-405 17.9 polyoxylene isooctylphenylene r (40) Brij 700 18.8 polyoxylene stearailic r (100) Igepal CO-990 Nonylphenilic r 19.0 Product name * Synonym HLB polyoxylene (100) Igepal DM-970 Dinonylphenyl r of 19.0 polyoxylene (150) PEG-block-PPG-block-PEG, 20.5 Mn = 1900 PEG-block-PPG-block-PEG, 24.0 Mn = 8400 tetrakis (PO-b-EO) 24.0 tetrollenediamine, Mn = 15,000 PEG-block-PPG-block-PEG, 27.0 average Mn = ca. 14,600 * Abbreviations: n = average molecular weight in quantity; PEG = polylene glycol; PPG = polypropylene glycol; EO = lene oxide; PO = propylene oxide; HLB = hydrophilic-lipophilic balance.

Useful emulsifiers of the types listed in the table above may be represented generically by the following classes of chemical compounds, the members of which are commercially available and which are suitable as long as they are used in accordance with the teachings herein, so that stable emulsifiable compositions are produced: (a) sorbitol esters of the general formula wherein: the radicals X are identical or different from each other and are each OH or R1COO ", wherein R1 is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon radical optionally substituted by hydroxyls and having from 7 to 22 carbon atoms , provided that at least one of said radicals X is R1COO ", (b) fatty acid esters of the general formula R 'C 0 (? 30 R4 O wherein: R2 is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon radical optionally substituted by hydroxyls and having 7 to 22 carbon atoms, R3 is a linear or branched C3-C10 alkylene, n is an integer greater than or equal to to 6, and R 4 is H, straight or branched C 1 -C 10 alkyl or wherein R5 is as previously defined for R2; Y (c) polyalkoxylated alkylphenol of the general formula wherein: R6 is a linear or branched C1-C10 alkyl, m is an integer greater than or equal to 8, and R7 and R8 are respectively as defined above for R3 and R4 of the formula (II). Emulsifiers of particular utility include compounds that exhibit a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB), which refers to the size and strength of the polar (hydrophilic) and non-polar (lipophilic) groups comprising the emulsifier molecule or surfactant) generally in the range approximately 1 to approximately 40; in another embodiment about 5 to about 20. HLB is a well known parameter used by those skilled in the art for characteristic emulsifiers. It is defined in detail, for example, in the references "Emulsions: Theory and Practice, P. Becher, Reinhold Publishing Corp., ACS Monograph, ed. 1965", in the chapter "The chemistry of emulsifying agents" (pg 232 et seq. sec.); and also in Handbook of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, K. Holmberg (Ed.), "Chapter 11, Surface Chemistry in the Petroleum Industry," J.R. Kanicky et al., 251-267, which also describes a method for calculating HLB values on the basis of chemical structure; these references are incorporated herein by reference to the extent permitted. A well-established empirical procedure for determining HLB values for a given emulsifier can be determined experimentally by the method of W.C. Griffin, J. Soc. Cosmetic Chem., 1, 311 (1949), incorporated herein by reference to the extent permitted. The examples of compounds suitable are included in the above table and are also described in McCutcheon's Emulsifiers and Detergent, 1998, North American Edition (pages 1-235) & International Edition (pages 1-199), incorporated herein by reference for its description of compounds with an HLB in the range of about 1 to about 40; in a mode about 1 to about 30; in a mode approximately 1 to 20; and in another embodiment about 4 to about 18; alternatively, greater than about 8, for example about 8.5 or about 9 to about 18. Various useful compounds include those identified in the above table, including for example, sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (20), and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (20). ). It is also possible to obtain stable fuel compositions emulsified by a combination of emulsifiers. For the purposes of explanation and without limitation, for example instead of a single emulsifier with HLB value of about 12, a fuel composition emulsified with a mixture of emulsifiers, for example a 50/50 mixture of two emulsifiers, one with an HLB value of approximately 16 and the other with an HLB value of approximately 8. Similarly, combinations of three or more emulsifiers may also be used, provided that the HLB value of the mixture exhibits the desired overall value and that the The effect of the mixture is to provide a stable emulsion. For the purposes of a mixed emulsifying composition, the The HLB value of the emulsifier mixture is calculated as a weighted average of the linear sum based on the fraction by weight that each of the emulsifiers represents, compared to the total amount of emulsifier present: HLBm =? [(HLBn) (Pn / Ptot)] Where:? = Sum of the values shown in parentheses HLBm = HLB value of one or a mixture of emulsifiers; n = number of emulsifiers present in the mixture, where any amount of emulsifiers can be used; generally n = 1 to about 5; more generally 1 to about 4; or 1 to about 3; or l to about 2. For example, it is suitable to use mixtures of 2, 3 or 4 emulsifiers to obtain a stable emulsion; HLBn = HLB value of a single emulsifier if n = 1 or the HLB value of each emulsifier in a mixture of emulsifiers; pn = the weight, for example in grams, of each emulsifier in a mixture of emulsifiers; and Ptot = the total weight of all emulsifiers present in a mixture of emulsifiers. In a preferred embodiment, a mixture of two emulsifiers is used wherein an emulsifier has an HLB value equal to or less than about 6, for example about 1 to about 6.0, or about 2 to about 5.9, or about 3 to about 5.5 , or about 4 to about 5.9, and the like; and the second emulsifier has an HLB value greater than about 6, for example about 6 to about 20; or about 6.1 to about 18, or about 6.5 to about 16, or about 7 to about 15, and the like; provided that both emulsifiers do not have an HLB value of 6. Alternatively, an emulsifier comprising a bimodal distribution of chemical species each exhibiting the properties of HLB can be used. The use of multiple emulsifiers in the same emulsified fuel composition can be advantageous in compositions where the total concentration of hydrophilic components is low. For example, compositions wherein the concentration of water is less than about 5% by weight, such as about 1% by weight to about 5% by weight, or about 1% by weight to about 4% by weight, or 1% by weight. weight to about 3% by weight, or 1% by weight to about 2% by weight. Alternatively, the concentrations of various hydrophilic components or substantially hydrophilic components can be added in consideration of the above-mentioned concentrations, including water, hydroxyl-containing component (s) such as one or more alcohols or glycols and the like. In particular, if the ratio of the total amount of said hydrophilic components to the total amount of lipophilic components, wherein the latter includes without limitation animal and vegetable fats and oils, is equal to or less than about 0.25, for example, about 0.05. to about 0.25 or any intermediate specific value, including, for example, about 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.14, 0.16, 0.18, 0.20, 0.22 or 0.24, it is desirable to use a mixture of emulsifiers as described above; in other words, emulsifying mixtures wherein at least one emulsifier has an HLB value equal to or less than about 6 and at least one emulsifier has a HLB value greater than about 6 (subject to the conditions stated above). For example, a composition comprising, in% by weight, 80 vegetable oil, 4 water and 14 ethanol (for example, 95% by weight ethanol containing 5% by weight water and / or denaturizers) resulting in results a calculated ratio of 18/80 = 0.225. To prepare a stable emulsion using such components it is preferable to employ a mixture of emulsifiers, for example, a 50/50 mixture of an emulsifier with an HLB value of, for example, about 4 and one with a HLB value of about 15. In contrast, a stable emulsified composition can be prepared with a single emulsifier in which the lipophilic and hydrophilic components comprise 75% by weight of vegetable oil, 1% by weight of water, and 23% by weight of alcohol. Alternatively, a mixture of emulsifiers can be used even when the calculated ratio is greater than 0.25, particularly if the value is only slightly higher, for example about 5% to about 10% higher. Optionally, a mixture of emulsifiers can be used if desired; particularly if it is foreseen that the user of said fuel composition can subsequently introduce an additive into the composition that can have the effect of changing the calculated ratio. Alcohols useful in the present invention include hydroxyl-containing organic compounds selected from the group consisting of (A) monohydric alcohols (an OH group) characterized as (1) aliphatic, including straight and branched chain, and sub-CHARACTERIZED within this group as paraffinic (for example, ethanol) and olefinic (for example, allyl alcohol); (2) alicyclics (for example, cyclohexanol); (3) aromatics (for example, phenol, benzyl alcohol); (4) heterocyclics (for example, furfuryl alcohol); and (5) polycyclic (e.g., sterols); (B) dihydric (two OH groups), including glycols and their derivatives (eg, diols); (C) trihydric (three OH groups), including glycerol and its derivatives; and (D) polyhydric (polyols), with three or four or more OH groups). In particular, the useful alcohols include alcohols selected from the group consisting of branched and straight chain Cl to C4 monoalcohols, mono and polyalkylene glycols C2 to C4 including ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, mono- and polyalkylene glycols derivatives C2 a C4, provided that the molecular weights of said polyalkylene glycols are suitable for use in the fuel compositions of the present invention, and mixtures thereof. Fuel compositions in which a monoalcohol is preferably included also include at least one of tert-butyl alcohol, at least one of C2-C4 alkylene glycol or a mixture of both. Ethyl alcohol or ethanol and propylene glycol are particularly preferred in the compositions of the present invention. Ethanol is commercially available in the anhydrous form (also referred to as absolute alcohol or 100% ethanol) and as various tests or percentages of ethanol in which the additional component in ethanol is water, where the most common is 190 test or 95% in vol. If ethanol is used for purposes other than beverages, it is denatured by the addition of substances such as methanol, 2-propanol, ethyl acetate, methyl isobutyl ketone, heptane or kerosene, to transform the product not fit for human consumption, but allows its use for industrial, even as a component in a fuel or as a fuel. As noted, ethanol other than absolute ethanol is generally identified by the use of the term "test," when the conversion between test and the ethyl alcohol concentration is such that 2 tests equivalent to 1% by volume, usually measured at 20 °. C, although measurements at other temperatures are also accepted, even for example, 15.6 ° C. While various denaturants capable of generating ethanol (with or without the presence of moisture or water) are available that are unsuitable for human consumption, some of these denaturants may not be suitable for use in connection with fuels, due to their adverse effects on stability of fuel, vehicle engines and fuel systems and emissions. You can find a list of denaturants used in connection with ethyl alcohol for various purposes in The Merck Index, Thirteenth Edition, 2001, entry 3796, page 670, incorporated herein by reference. The physical properties of ethanol can vary depending on whether the ethanol is anhydrous, is mixed with water in various concentrations, and if it is denatured, and the type of denaturant used. Denaturizers that may be unsuitable for use in connection with fuels are known to those skilled in the art and are often specified by various government agencies. For example, the government of India prohibits the use of methanol, pyrrole, terpentine, ketones and tars (products of high molecular weight pyrolysis of fossil or non-fossil plant substances). The standards of ASTM D4806 and ASTM D5798, incorporated herein by reference, describe the amount and types of denaturants generally permitted for use in fuels and also identify others that should not be used in view of their potentially adverse effects, such as It was previously observed. In addition, ASTM D5798 also describes the standards for fuels for use in engines designed to use ethanol as a substitute for petroleum, ie, which include substantially high percentages of ethanol. Absolute ethyl alcohol is generally understood to mean ethyl alcohol containing no more than 0.5 vol% in water, although for the purposes of the present invention, said moisture limitation is of little importance. When used in the vegetable oil emulsion fuel composition the present invention, the alcohol or a mixture of the alcohols identified as useful herein are included in a concentration of about 1% by weight to about 25% by weight based on the total weight of the fuel composition; or about 2% by weight to about 22% by weight, or about 3% by weight to about 20% by weight, about 4% by weight to about 18% by weight; or about 5% by weight to about 20% by weight; or about 1% by weight to about 15% by weight; or about 1% by weight to about 10%. in weigh; or about 1% by weight to about 5% by weight; or about 2% by weight to about 6% by weight; alternatively, about 3% by weight to about 8% by weight. Alternatively, C4 butyl alcohol in the present invention is also useful. When butyl alcohol is used, tert-butyl alcohol is preferably used because it is more readily soluble in water. However, since n-butyl alcohol and sec-butyl alcohol are not completely soluble in water, their use may require greater splicing in the type and amount of emulsifier in the fuel composition, in order to obtain a stable emulsion. Ter-butyl alcohol can be used in place or in combination with ethanol, for example even mixtures wherein the relative amount, by weight, of ethanol relative to tert-butyl alcohol is about 95/5 to 5/95; even useful intermediate amounts such as about 85/15, 80/20, 75/25, 70/30, 65/35, 60/40, 55/45, 50/50, 45/55, 40/60, 35/65, 30/70, 25/75, 20/80, 15/85, and approximately 10/90. Water-vegetable oil fuel emulsions comprise: a continuous phase of combustible vegetable oil; a discontinuous water or aqueous phase comprising aqueous droplets which preferably have a mean diameter of about 10 microns or less, e.g., 5 microns; and an emulsifying amount of at least one emulsifier. The emulsions can be prepared by various stages or addition sequences as described herein, including for example, (1) mixing the vegetable oil, emulsifier and other additives of interest using standard mixing techniques to form an oil mixture. vegetable-emulsifier; and (2) mixing the vegetable oil-emulsifier mixture with water (and optionally additional additives, including for example ethanol, propylene glycol, cetane improver, or mixtures thereof) under emulsifier mixing conditions to form the water-oil emulsion vegetable fuel desired. Optionally, additives can be added to the emulsifier, vegetable oil, water or combinations thereof. The additives include, without limitation, cetane improvers, organic solvents, other fuels such as diesel fuel, glycols, surfactants or emulsifiers, other additives known to be used in fuels and the like. The additives are added to the emulsifier, vegetable oil or water before and as an alternative to the emulsification device (s) according to the solubility or other fluid properties of the additive. The additives generally they are in the range of about 1% to about 40% by weight, in another embodiment about 5% to about 30% by weight, and in another embodiment about 7% to about 25% by weight of the mixed fuel. The fuel vegetable oil emulsifier mixtures contain about 50% to about 95% by weight, in another embodiment about 55% to about 90% by weight; and in another embodiment about 60% to about 85% by weight of combustible vegetable oil, and in addition they contain about 0.05% to about 10%, in another embodiment about 0.1% to about 10%, and in another embodiment about 1% to about 5%. % by weight of at least one emulsifier. Water, which optionally may include, without limitation, one or more alkylene glycol, alcohol, cetane improver or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the water, alcohol and / or alkylene glycol and / or the cetane improver are blended together and fed continuously to the stream of fuel additives. In another embodiment, the water, alcohol and / or alkylene glycol and / or the cetane improver or mixtures thereof flow out of different tanks and / or their combinations into the emulsification device, or are pre-mixed. In one embodiment, the mixture of water, alcohol and / or alkylene glycol and / or the cetane improver is coupled with the vegetable oil additives of fuel mixture immediately before or in the emulsification device.

There are alternative methods to prepare the emulsified fuel of the present invention. For example, the vegetable oil or the vegetable oil mixture and a higher proportion, or the entire desired amount of C1-C4 alcohol, for example ethanol, are mixed together to form a two-phase composition with the alcohol as the upper phase. When the water and the remaining component (s) are added with stirring a stable emulsified composition is produced. Alternatively, the C1-C4 alcohol, or one of its proportions, even a higher proportion, for example, greater than 50% by weight, can be mixed with the components other than water to which the vegetable oil is added, which gives as a result a mixture of two phases with the oil as the upper phase. If a split alcohol addition is used, any convenient fraction can be used, since a two phase mixture is obtained until the water is added. The addition of water to this mixture with stirring produces a stable emulsified composition. If desired, any of the two phase mixtures described can be produced and stored for as long as desired until the water component is added with the additional component (s) if required to form the stable emulsified composition. In addition, the two-phase mixtures can be sent to a desired location prior to the addition of water, in order to reduce the burden of transporting water in the mixture. An optional component of the fuel mixture called complementary fuel liquid can be "paint thinner", turpentine or mineral dye. The materials of this type are generally described in U.S. Patent No. 5,609,678, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Alternatively, the use of this component in the present invention can be characterized as a low viscosity, low density, supplementary fuel liquid additive. Said optional component may be useful for the purpose of modifying one or more properties of the fuel composition, including, for example, the amount of cetane, density and viscosity. Accordingly, the amount and type of said component can be selected on the basis of its combustion properties, measured by the amount of cetane of the obtained fuel composition, by the density of the composition obtained and by its viscosity, in addition to its effects on the phase distribution of the microemulsion in view of the amount and type of surfactant used. In each instance, the quantity of the aggregate liquid can be suitably adjusted to produce a combustible composition with the overall balance of properties suitable for the final use of the fuel product, for example, as fuel for a diesel engine, an oven, etc., or to adjust the properties of the fuel composition for the ambient temperature of the environment in which it is intended to be used, for example, as fuel of a diesel automotive vehicle for use in summer or winter. Liquid complementary fuel additives of the paint thinner type include products identified as naphtha residues subjected to light current cracking hydrotreated (petroleum), also called naphtha, petroleum, heavy hydrotreated and identified as CAS 64742-48-9. This product was also described as a complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained by treating a petroleum fraction with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst. They generally comprise hydrocarbons with carbon amount predominantly in the range of C6 to C13 and boiling in the range of approximately 65 ° C to 230 ° C (149 ° F to 446 ° F). Several of its physical characteristics include the following: boiling point, 155-217 ° C; melting point, 0 ° C; density, 0.76-0.79 g / cm3; Vapor pressure, 0.1-0.3 kPa @ 20 ° C; flash point, 40-62 ° C; autoignition temperature, 255-270 ° C; explosive limits, 0.7-6.0 vol% in air. There is a suitable material in the trade of Italchimica Lazio S.r.l. (Monterotondo Scalo, Italy). A particularly useful product is one treated in such a way that it is described as "odorless", that term is understood in the art. This product has a viscosity of 1.23 mm2 / s (AST D445) and a density of 0.772 kg / DM3 (ASTM D4052). Corresponds to the product used in the following examples. For the purposes of the present invention, it is to be understood that a complementary liquid fuel component useful in the present invention can be generally understood by those skilled in the art to include a wide range of petroleum distillate materials, in addition to complementary fuel liquids. from other sources, for example, sources of plants or vegetables. The utility products they generally boil in the range of about 145 ° C to about 200 ° C. Turpentine is a combustible fluid that can be used. Specifications for "spirit of turpentine" (natural, organic or vegetable based turpentine) have been published by several national bodies including the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM D 13-92) and the Bureau of Indian Standards ( IS 533: 1973). These standards were designed to a large extent for the evaluation of the quality of turpentine intended for use as a solvent, that is, in a complete form, instead of a chemical animal nutrient in which the composition is of essential importance. They usually specify parameters such as relative density or specific gravity, refractive index, distillation residues and evaporation. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which is a worldwide federation of national standards institutes, issued a standard whose main requirements are shown in the following table. An ISO standard text for "turpentine oil, of the Portugal type, Pinus pinaster (1994)" includes physical data very similar to those in the following Table, but with the addition of an optical rotation range (20 ° C) of - 28 ° to -35 °. Also shown are the composition ranges for a number of constituents of turpentine that include alpha-pinene (72-85%) and beta-pinene (12-20%).

Table Physical property requirements for spirit of turpentine (ISO Specification 412-1976) The "turpentine substitute" is a replacement based on "mineral oil" of the vegetable-based turpentine organic solvent and is suitable for use herein. It is a light distillate of hydrotreated oil, which forms a limpid liquid at room temperature. It is a complex mixture of highly refined distilled hydrocarbons, especially in the range of C9-C16. The liquid is highly volatile and the vapors are flammable. It is widely available as a lower cost turpentine substitute. It is commonly used as an organic solvent in paint and decoration for oil paint thinner and cleaning brushes. It is also known as a substitute for terp, mineral turpentine, or simply terp, which can cause confusion with plant-based turpentine. The white solvent, also called Stoddard's solventIt is also suitable for use in the present. It is a limpid transparent liquid derived from paraffin which is a common organic snt used in painting and decoration. It is a mixture of saturated aliphatic and alicyclic C7 to C12 hydrocarbons with a maximum content of 25% aromatic C7 to C12 alkyl hydrocarbons. The white snt is generally used as an extraction snt, as a cleaning snt, as a degreasing snt and as a snt in aerosols, paints, wood preservatives, lacquers, varnishes and asphalt products. In western Europe approximately 60% of the total consumption of white snt is used in paints, lacquers and varnishes. The white snt is the snt most widely used in the paint industry. There are three different types and three different grades of white snt available. The type refers to whether the snt has been subjected to hydrodesulfurization (sulfur removal) alone (Type 1), snt extraction (Type 2) or hydrogenation (Type 3). Each type comprises three different degrees: low flash grade, regular grade and high flash grade. The degree is determined by the crude oil used as the starting material and the distillation conditions. In addition, there is a Type 0, which is called the distillation fraction without further treatment, which comprisespredominantly saturated C9 to C12 hydrocarbons with a boiling range of 140-200 ° C. The physical properties of the three types of white solvent are shown in the following table: TI: T3: T2: Flash flash property Regular low High Initial boiling point 130-144 145-174 175-200 (IBP) (° C) Final boiling point IBP + 21, max. 220 (° C) Average molecular mass 140 150 160 relative Relative density (15 ° C) 0.765 0.780 0.795 Flash point (° C) 21-30 31-54 > 55 Vapor pressure (kPa, 20 1.4 0.6 0.1 ° C) Volatility (n-0.47 0.15 0.04 butyl acetate = l) Autoignition temperature 240 240 230 (° C) Explosion limits (% in 0.6-6.5 0.6-6.5 0.6 -8 volume in air) Vapor density (air = l) 4.5-5 4.5-5 4.5-5 refractive index (at 20 1.41- 1.41- 1.41- TI: T3: T2: Flash flash property Regular low ° C) 1.44 1.44 1.44 0.74- 0.74- 0.74- Viscosity (cps, 25 ° C) 1.65 1.65 1.65 Solubility (% by weight at <0.1 <0.1 <0.01) 0.1 water) Butanol value of Kauri 29-33 29-33 29-33 Aniline point (° C) 60-75 60-75 60-75 reaction with agents Reactivity strongly oxidizing Odor threshold (mg / m3) - 0.5-5 4 The various fluids identified as "mineral spirit" are suitable for use as a supplemental fuel fluid in the present invention. Mineral spirits are commonly used as paint thinner and solvent and are suitable for use herein. In Europe, it is called the spirit of oil. They are especially effective for removing oils, greases, carbon and other metal materials. The mineral spirits are derived from the light distillate fractions during refining of crude oil and comprise compounds C6 to Cll, where most are C9 to Cll. There are many different substances called in general as mineral spirits and each one has generally a different CAS number. A common type is the spirit of mineral oil identified as CAS 64475-85-0. The Stoddard solvent, referred to above is a particular type, subcategory or subgroup of mineral spirits, identified as CAS 8052-41-3 and containing 30-62% by weight of alkanes, 27-40% by weight of cycloalkanes, 0.3-20% by weight of alkylbenzenes, 0.007-0.1% by weight of other benzenes, 0.2% by weight of naphthalenes and 0.3% by weight of acenaphthalenes. Commercial Stoddard solvent products are available under the tradenames Varsol 1 and Texsolve S. Similarly, benzine is another subset of mineral spirits comprising C5 to C9 hydrocarbons and boiling at about 154 ° C to about 204 ° C. . On the other hand, the mineral spirits comprise 20-65% by weight of alkanes, 15-40% by weight of cycloalkanes and 10-30% by weight of aromatics; where the specific amount of each varies according to the particular "mineral spirit" considered. The general properties for mineral spirits include vapor pressure of 2.53 mmHg; API gravity from about 48 to about 51; density of approximately 0.793 at 15 ° C and approximately 0.779 at 20 ° C; kinematic viscosity of 1.43 cSt (or mm2 / s) at 15 ° C and 1.78 cSt at 0 ° C. Another complementary fuel liquid that can be used is kerosene. Kerosene is generally defined as a refined petroleum solvent (predominantly C9-C16 hydrocarbon, which is generally a mixture of 25% normal paraffins, 11% branched paraffins, 30% monocycloparaffins, 12% Dicycloparaffins, 1% tricycloparaffins, 16% mononuclear aromatics and 5% dinuclear aromatics. (NIOSH Pocket Guide, www.cdc.gov) Alternatively, a product called hydrotreated kerosene (CAS No. 64742-47-8) can be used. As its name suggests, it derives from kerosene, or kerosene from direct run, by hydrogenation in order to saturate the double bonds present in various kerosene molecules. Its physical properties are not different from kerosene. The common physical properties and other characteristics are shown in the following table. Physical properties and descriptive information * Property Value CAS number: 8008-20-6 170 (approximately, Cg to C ± e molecular weight: hydrocarbons) melting point: -51 ° C point 175-325 ° C boiling: appearance: colorless to pale yellow density: approximately 0.8g / mL specific gravity 0.95 (30 ° C) viscosity 2.7 cSt (20 ° C) kinematic odor: odorless flash point: 65-85 ° C molecular formula: Cg to Ci6 hydrocarbons and others Property Value kerosene; coal oil; Synonyms: fuel No. l; range of oil solubility: Insoluble in water, miscible in all petroleum solvents composition The composition varies greatly structurally: and includes Cg to Cx¿ hydrocarbons (aliphatic and aromatic) with a boiling range of approximately 175 to 325 ° C Sources: Budavari, S. Ed, The Merck Index, 12th edition Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, N.J., 1997, p 903; MSDS: Brown oil, www. brownoil. com / msdskerosene. htm; www engineeringtoolbox. com / kinematic-viscosity-d_397. html In one embodiment, an additive composition of the present invention comprises at least one alcohol and at least one surfactant or emulsifier and, optionally, a low viscosity, low viscosity complementary liquid fuel, for example a paint thinner in addition to other components described in the present. The various embodiments of the fuel compositions of the present invention are generally prepared according to the methods described herein. In one embodiment, an additive composition is added, the components of which are described herein, gradually to water, or vice versa, in order to prepare a mixture, preferably with mixing during the addition, although the mixing can be carried out after adding the components to each other. Alternatively, each of the components of the additive mixture and the water can be combined in any convenient order, provided a uniform mixture is obtained. Mixing is continued until a satisfactory distribution, dispersion or emulsion of the components is achieved. Generally, the additive composition is used in an amount of about 20% by weight based on the amount of vegetable oil that will be present in the final mixture. The amount of additive used can be varied according to need. In general, about 2% by weight to about 30% by weight is used, based on the weight of the oil present; preferably about 20% by weight to about 28% by weight; more preferably about 10% by weight to about 30% by weight for engines and about 10% by weight to about 20% by weight for burners and boilers. In addition, greater amounts of additive may be used, for example, about 35% by weight or about 40% by weight or up to about 45% by weight, if the cost is taken into account, such that an appropriate amount is used to obtain the desired effect and at a cost consistent with the economic requirements. Alternatively, the utility amounts may include specific concentrations of approximately 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24, 25 26, 27 28, 29 and 30% by weight or more, in addition to the ranges of values based on any two of each of the values cited; for example, 2-30%, 5-25%, etc. In this embodiment, additive is used in an amount sufficient to obtain a substantially complete emulsion of water and oil present in the composition. The mixture comprising water and additive is added to an oil or fat of vegetable origin, for example, rapeseed oil or canola. The weight ratio of water and oil can generally be varied within a range and still be useful in the present invention, for example, from about 4: 1 to about 1: 4; a water to oil ratio of preferably from about 3: 1 to about 1: 3; more preferably about 2: 1 to about 1: 2; with even greater preference approximately 1: 1. The mixing of the water-additive combination with the vegetable oil is continued until a substantially complete or adequate emulsion of the components is obtained. The amount of cetane or CN is to diesel fuel what the octane rating is to gasoline, is a measure of the quality of fuel combustion. Cetane is an alkane molecule, specifically C16H34, which is easily ignited under compression, so it is assigned a number of cetanenes of 100. All other hydrocarbons in diesel fuel, in addition to other fuels intended for use in diesel engines, including biodiesel and Biofuel compositions of the present invention are indexed with cetane as an indicator of the ease with which it is ignited under compression. As a result, the quantity of cetans measures the speed with which the fuel begins to burn (autoignition) under a standardized group of conditions of diesel engines. Typical diesel fuel based on hydrocarbons contains many hydrocarbon compounds and there may be more than one compound in other fuels, including the fuels of the present invention. Since each component will exhibit a different cetane number, the global fuel cetane number is an indicator of the average cetane quality of all components. A fuel with a high number of cetane starts to burn shortly after being injected into the cylinder; It has a short period of ignition delay. On the other hand, a fuel with a low number of cetane resists autoignition and has a longer ignition delay period. A typical diesel engine has acceptable performance with a fuel having a CN between about 45 to about 50. In general, there is no performance or emission advantage when the CN is raised beyond 50; after this point, the fuel efficiency reaches a plateau. It is said that the diesel hydrocarbon fuel sold commercially is available in two CN ranges: 40-46 for common diesel, and 45-50 for the premium. In addition to a larger CN, the premium diesel includes additives to improve the effective CN and fuel lubricity, as well as detergents to clean the fuel injectors and minimize carbon deposits, water dispersants (since the water in diesel hydrocarbon fuel it is considered an objectionable material), and other additives according to geographic and seasonal needs. The quantity of cetane can be determined by tests standardized, including ASTM D613 and EN ISO 5165. The cetane quantity rating of this test compares the performance of diesel fuel in a standard engine with that of a mixture of cetane and alpha-methyl-naphthalene. The amount of cetane is the percentage by volume of cetane in the mixture that has the same performance as the fuel studied. Suitable fuels generally have CN values of at least about 35 to about 55; preferably about 40 to about 50; more preferably about 45 to about 50; for example at least about 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54 or 55. Alternatively, the number of cetane can be estimated by calculating the value according to the procedures set forth in ASTM D976, according to the density of the fuel and its average distillation temperature or ASTM D4737 by means of a four-variable equation. When a quantity of cetane is estimated in this way, it is sometimes called the cetane index to distinguish it from the value determined in accordance with the engine test, as in ASTM 613. It is understood by those skilled in the art that when a cetane index, the value depends on the properties of the fuel and is not affected by additives that can be included to improve the number of cetans. Said additives obviously affect the amount of cetane determined by the use of an engine test, since the overall composition of the fuel has the value measured in said test. The values of the cetane index can also be useful for characterizing a combustible composition of the present invention. When used, an improved additive of cetane amount or mixture in an effective amount can be present to improve the CN of the fuel compositions of the present invention to the desired degree; in other words, up to a level suitable for the particular application or use to be given to the emulsified vegetable fuel. In one embodiment, the concentration of the cetane improver is at a level of up to about 10% by weight; in another embodiment about 0.05 to about 10% by weight; in another embodiment about 0.05 to about 5% by weight; in yet another embodiment about 0.05 to about 1% by weight; alternatively, about 0.1 to about 1% by weight. Several chemical compounds have been identified that have the ability to improve the amount of cetane from diesel fuel. When it is necessary or desired to meet the specific performance requirements in certain applications, one embodiment of the water-fuel emulsion compositions based on vegetable oil of the present invention may optionally include one or more compounds with the ability to improve the amount of cetane. The useful cetane improver includes without limitation one or more of peroxides, nitrates, nitrites, nitrocarbamates, their mixtures and the like. Useful cetane enhancers include, without limitation, nitropropane, dinitropropane, tetranitromethane, 2-nitro-2-methyl-1-butanol, 2- methyl-2-nitro-l-propanol, and the like. Also included are nitrate esters of aliphatic or substituted or unsubstituted cycloaliphatic alcohols which may be monohydric or polyhydric. Such compounds include substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or cycloalkyl nitrates with up to about 10 carbon atoms, and in an embodiment about 2 to about 10 carbon atoms. The alkyl group may be linear or branched, or a mixture of linear or branched alkyl groups. Examples of such compounds include methyl nitrate, ethyl nitrate, n-propyl nitrate, isopropyl nitrate, allyl nitrate, n-butyl nitrate, isobutyl nitrate, sec-butyl nitrate, tert-butyl nitrate, n-amyl nitrate, isoamyl nitrate, 2-amyl nitrate, 3-amyl nitrate, ter-amyl nitrate, n-hexyl nitrate, n-heptyl nitrate, n-octyl nitrate, 2-ethylhexyl nitrate , sec-octyl nitrate, n-nonyl nitrate, n-decyl nitrate, cyclopentyl nitrate, cyclohexyl nitrate, methylcyclohexyl nitrate and isopropylcyclohexyl nitrate. Also useful are the nitrate esters of aliphatic alcohols substituted with alkoxy, such as 2-ethoxyethyl nitrate, 2- (2-ethoxy-ethoxy) ethyl nitrate, 1-methoxypropyl 2-nitrate, 4-ethoxybutyl nitrate, etc. ., in addition to diol nitrate such as 1.6-hexamethylene dinitrate. A useful cetane improver is 2-ethylhexyl nitrate. Organic peroxides may also be useful as cetane improvers in the fuel compositions herein. Generally, compounds such as dialkyl peroxides are useful of the formula R100R2, wherein R1 and R2 are identical or different alkyl groups with 1 to about 10 carbon atoms. The suitable peroxide builder compounds should be soluble in the fuel and thermally stable composition at typical fuel temperatures of the running engines. Peroxides in which R1 and R2 are tertiary alkyl groups with about 4 or about 5 carbon atoms are especially useful. Examples of suitable peroxides include di-tertiary butyl peroxide, di-tertiary amyl peroxide, diethyl peroxide, di-n-propyl peroxide, di-n-butyl peroxide, methylethyl peroxide, methyl-t-butyl peroxide, peroxide ethyl-t-butyl, propyl-t-amyl peroxide, mixtures thereof and the like. Preferred peroxides generally exhibit one or more and preferably most of the following characteristics: good solubility in the fuel, suitable characteristics of partition coefficient in water, good thermal stability and handling characteristics, have no impact on the quality of the fuel or the components of the fuel system, and have low toxicity. A useful peroxide is di-tertiary butyl peroxide, sometimes also called tertiary butyl peroxide. The biofuel of the present invention generally has a density suitable for use as diesel engine fuel and in other applications in which diesel fuel would be useful otherwise, even in furnaces, gas or combustion turbines and other combustion equipment. The density can be measured from according to the standard test method, EN ISO 3675, at 15 ° C and the suitable fuels have a density of approximately 850 kg / m3 to approximately 950 kg / m3; preferably about 860 kg / m3 to about 910 kg / m3; for example about 870 kg / m3 to about 890 kg / m3. Alternatively, in the United States, diesel fuel density is characterized by the standard developed by the American Petroleum Institute, referred to as API gravity. The typical API gravity values for fuels of the present invention useful as diesel engine fuels range from about 25 API to about 40 API, which corresponds to specific gravity values of about 0.904 to about 0.825 (at 60 ° F or 15.6 ° C); preferably about 26 API gravity to about 38 API severity; more preferably | approximately a severity of 27 API to approximately a severity of 37 API; for example, approximately a gravity of 35 API, which corresponds to a specific gravity of approximately 0.850. The accepted formula that relates API gravity with specific gravity is: API = (141.5 / Gr. Esp.) - 131.5 (with the abbreviation Gr.Esp. Which means specific gravity and where it is determined at 60 ° F or 15.6 ° C, as noted above, the biofuel compositions of the present invention generally have a viscosity such that they are suitable for use as fuel in diesel engines and in other applications in which diesel fuel would otherwise be useful, including burners and other combustion equipment. The viscosity can be measured according to the standard test method, EN ISO 3104 (kinematic viscosity at 40 ° C), where typical values can be about 3 mm2 / s to about 60 mm2 / s; alternatively about 3.5 mm2 / s to about 50 mm2 / s; or for example about 3.6 mm2 / s to about 40 mm2 / s; about 3 mm2 / s to about 40 mm2 / s; about 3 mm2 / s to about 30 mm2 / s; about 1 mm2 / s to about 25 mm2 / s; about 2 mm2 / s to about 12 mm2 / s; about 3 mm2 / s to about 10 mm2 / s; about 4 mm2 / s to about 8 mm2 / s; about 2 mm2 / s to about 6 mm2 / s; and include viscosity values which, after being analyzed, are suitable for use in the application or environment of a suitable combustible biocomposition. Other optional suitable ingredients may be included in the compositions of the present invention, as long as they do not substantially adversely affect the performance of the composition and its intended use. Included in the category of said other optional ingredients, for example, thermal and aging stabilizers; coloring agents, dyes and markers, in particular those permitted in the European Union as set out in EN 14214: 2003-5.1; agents for modifying the odor of the mixture in order to prevent inadvertent ingestion, including, for example, alkyd; etc. Alternatively, and if necessary, agents can be added in an appropriate amount, generally in low concentration, which are capable of modifying or masking an unpleasant smell or aroma, if any, of the gas expelled after combustion. Other additives and conventional mixing agents for the fuel compositions of the present invention may be present. For example, the fuels of the present invention may contain conventional amounts of such conventional additives as oxide inhibitors such as alkylated succinic acids and anhydrides, gum inhibitors, metal deactivators, upper cylinder lubricants, friction modifiers, detergents, antioxidants, heat stabilizers, bacteriostatic agents, microbiocides, fungicides and the like. Said conventional additives may be present in the fuel composition in concentrations of up to about 1% by weight based on the total weight of the water-vegetable oil fuel emulsion; for example about 0.01% by weight to about 1% by weight. The practice of the present invention, including in particular the additive composition described above, results in the preparation of a combustible composition on the basis of animal or vegetable fats or oils and water in an emulsion which is stable for a prolonged period and for a period of time. wide range of temperatures, for example about -10 ° C to about +50 ° C. In addition, in a test conducted at -25 ° C, a composition of the present invention, for example compositions as shown in Examples 1 and 2, including paint thinners and 30 grams of cetyl alcohol, does not exhibit evidence of freezing, turbidity or phase separation. The fuel produced according to the compositions and methods of the present invention can be used without modification of the tanks and / or piping systems of the commonly used engines and burners. Accordingly, another advantage of the present invention is that it allows to return at any time to the use of traditional fuels without modification of the systems in which the fuel is used. Other advantages can be realized with certain methods and preferred compositions of the present invention, including: (a) Product and manufacturing costs are low and competitive with other fuels, in particular due to the presence of water in the composition; (b) The present compositions do not exhibit the high solvent power of the methyl esters that occur in traditional biodiesel, which can cause problems with polymeric materials present in the deposit systems, burners and engines, including coatings, packing rings and seals; (c) The fuel of the present invention leaves no deposits in the tank tanks and fuel lines, thereby reducing the need for frequent maintenance; (d) The fuel of the invention is renewable, since it is based on plant products that can be replaced regularly. In addition, not only is the energy source renewable, but also the amount of carbon dioxide emitted during combustion is It corresponds very closely with the amount of carbon dioxide used by the plants when generating the vegetable matter that is the source of oils or fats. This obviously can not happen in the case of petroleum-based fuels; (e) The emission of nitrogen oxides, particularly unwanted pollutants, is reduced with respect to traditional fuels based on biodiesel, especially in view of the mixture of water and additive. In a test using a diesel engine operating at 1500 rpm, the traditional biodiesel produced 196 mg / Nm3, while a composition of the present invention under the same conditions resulted in 160 mg / Nm3, more than 18% reduction (where Nm3 refers to "normal" cubic meters, defined as volume at temperature T = 20.0 ° C (68 ° F), and pressure P = 1.01 bar (14.72 psia); (f) The non-combustible hydrocarbons produced during the combustion of a fuel composition of the present invention are less than those produced by traditional fuels based on biodiesel and it is believed that generally CO emissions are approximately 15% -20% lower In a test of a fuel composition similar to that shown in Example 1 (Even 30 grams of cetyl alcohol, but without paint solvent) in a diesel engine operating at 1500 rpm, reduced CO emissions were observed in 37% by weight (838 versus 1248 mg / Nm3; (g) The chemical composition and the average particle size resulting from the combustion of traditional fuels based on biodiesel from the fuels of the present invention are subject to variability. Limited smoke tests were conducted using the Bacharach scale (values 0 to 9, where 0 indicates the lowest level) and using the Zambelli Emicont 50 test instrument and a 3 meter long outlet pipe connected to a diesel engine. (The Bacharach scale can also refer to an AST D 2156 test method that measures the density of smoke in fluid gases by burning distillate fuels by heating oil). A comparative value of 6 was observed by a fuel composition of the present invention, as described in subparagraph (f) above. While it is believed that the particulate matter generated during the combustion of traditional biodiesel-based fuels has a useful function in absorbing some of the undesirable and polluting aromatic compounds produced during the combustion of said fuel, it is believed that the fuel of the present invention produces very little of said aromatic compound, in the first instance. Further, it was found that the particulate matter produced during the combustion of the fuel of the present invention is up to about 70% less than that produced by petroleum-based fuels and, on average, is greater than those produced by such petroleum-based fuels. In addition, it is generally believed that larger particles are less hazardous, since they are less likely to be retained permanently in the lungs than smaller particles. The particles, measured according to UNICHI 494 (Association for Unification in the Field of the Chemical Industry, a standards setting organization in Italy) resulted in 0.16 mg / Nm3, well below the levels observed with diesel (0.30 mg / Nm3) and biodiesel (0.24 mg / Nm3). (h) The emission of SO2 is not a problem for the fuels of the present invention, since there is no sulfur present in the vegetable oil or fat and the amount and type of other components present can be controlled in order to limit, reduce or eliminate the presence of sulfur (in addition to nitrogen). (j) It was observed that the biofuel compositions of the present invention exhibit antimicrobial, antibacterial and anti-mold characteristics, especially compositions comprising hydrogenated castor oil and / or cetyl alcohol in addition to ethanol. Three different tests were carried out, one against bacteria, spores and molds / fungi, to confirm this activity of the new formulated biofuel of Example 1, which contains 30 grams of hydrogenated castor oil and 500 grams of paint solvent and Example 2, which contains 25 grams of alcohol cetyl The biofuel compositions exhibited successful results in the following tests: Activity test against spores: Successful disinfection occurs according to the British Standard (BS EN 1276) when there is a five log reduction of the number of cells in 5 minutes, which means that the reduction in the number of spores must be at least 95% in a given period. On this basis, analyzed the biofuel composition against germs (spores) of the following strains: Mycobacterium smegmatis and Bacillus Stearothermophilus. Activity test against fungi: The tests against molds and fungi followed the guidelines of the European Standard 1275 that require a minimum of a four log reduction in the number of cells within five minutes. The strain used was Candida albicans, strain ATCC number 10231. The biofuel compositions prepared according to the previously described methods and components include those useful, for example, in new generation multijet diesel engines, in addition to traditional diesel engines. Said compositions may comprise, for example, about 25 to about 30% by weight of water, about 40 to about 60% by weight of vegetable oil and about 15 to about 30% by weight of additive. The following aspects of the invention represent possible alternative embodiments: A mixed fuel prepared from the following components: (A) 1500 parts of vegetable oil or fat; and (B) 900 parts of water; and (C) 400 part denatured ethanol 90% by weight (180 test); and, (D) 30 parts of at least one component selected from the group consisting of (1) hydrogenated castor oil; (2) cetyl alcohol; and (3) a mixture of (1) and (2).

The fuel mixture of aspect 1 also comprises 500 parts of odorless paint solvent. A mixed fuel prepared from the following components: (A) 1500 parts of vegetable oil or fat; and (B) 900 parts of water; and (C) 400 parts of 90% by weight denatured ethanol (180 test); and, (D) 30 parts of at least one component selected from the group consisting of (1) hydrogenated castor oil; (2) cetyl alcohol; and (3) a mixture of (1) and (2) according to the following method: (I) the components (C) and (D) are mixed together to form an additive; (II) the additive is mixed with the component (B) to form a mixture (II); (III) the mixture (II) is added with concurrent mixing, at a rate appropriate to (A) in order to produce a substantially emulsified mixture. A fuel additive comprising a mixture of: (A) 400 parts of 90% by weight denatured ethanol (180 test); and, (B) 30 parts of at least one component selected from the group consisting of (1) hydrogenated castor oil; (2) cetyl alcohol; and (3) a mixture of (1) and (2). The following examples are provided as specific illustrations of embodiments of the claimed invention. However, it should be understood that the invention is not limited to the specific details set forth in the examples. All parts and percentages of the examples, in addition to the specification, are by weight unless otherwise specified. In addition, any range of quantities cited in the memory descriptive or claims, such as those representing a particular group of properties, units of measure, conditions, physical states or percentages, is intended expressly to be incorporated herein by reference or otherwise, any amount falling within said range, including any subgroup of quantities within any range so cited. For example, whenever a numerical range with a lower limit, RL, and an upper limit Ru is described, any amount R that falls within the range is specifically described. In particular, the following R quantities within the range are specifically described: R = RL + k (R0 -RL) r where k is a variable that varies from 1% to 100% with an increase of 1%, for example, k It is 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%. ... 50%, 51%, 52%. ... 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%. In addition, any numerical range represented by any two R values, as previously calculated, is also specifically described. For the purposes of the present invention, unless otherwise defined in respect of a property, characteristic or specific variable, the term "substantially", as applied to any criterion, said property, characteristic or variable is understood to cover the established criteria, in such a way that one skilled in the art will understand that the benefit obtained is covered , or the condition or value of the desired property. Throughout the specification, including the claims, the term "comprises" and its variations, such as "comprising" and "comprising", in addition to "having", "having", "including", " includes "e" included "and its variations, meaning that the named stages, elements or materials referred to are essential, but other stages, elements or materials may be added and still form a construction within the scope of the claim or description When cited in the description of the invention and in a claim, it means that the invention and what is claimed is considered as follows and the following possible.These terms, particularly when applied to claims, are inclusive or open ended. and do not exclude other additional elements, methods or steps As used throughout the specification, even the embodiments described, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" include plural referents unless the context Clearly, otherwise, for example, the reference to "a surfactant" includes a single surfactant plus two or more agents different surfactants in combination, the reference to a "vegetable oil or fat" includes mixtures of two or more vegetable oils or fats, in addition to a single oil or vegetable fat, and the like. The term "approximately" encompasses values higher and lower than those specifically cited, provided that the value of the relevant property or condition facilitates that the technological objective (s) of the present invention is reasonably covered as described. in detail in the specification and the claims. More specifically, the term "approximately" when used as a modifier, or in conjunction with a variable, it is intended to understand that the amounts and ranges described herein are flexible and that the practice of the present invention by those skilled in the art uses, for example, concentrations, amounts, contents, amount of carbons, temperatures , properties such as density, purity, etc., outside the established range or different from a single value, will achieve the desired result, namely, a biofuel composition or additive or a fuel composition or mixture comprising said additive. EXAMPLES Example 1. High generation high pressure injection diesel A fuel mixture is prepared from the following components: 1500 grams of vegetable oil or fat; and 900 grams of water (eg, running water); and 400 grams of 90 ° denatured ethanol (180 test); Y, 30 grams of hydrogenated castor oil (castor oil); alternatively, a mixture is prepared using (b) 30 grams of ketalol (cetyl alcohol, and (c) an alternative mixture is also prepared with (a) + (b) together (30 grams in total), and optionally, 500 grams of odorless paint solvent are also included in one or more of the blends described above.The mixture is suitable for use with a high-generation high pressure injection diesel engine. raw material costs it is estimated that the previous composition costs approximately 204 6 / 1000L (approximately $ 0.94 / gal at current exchange rates). It is expected that the cost to produce the composition on a commercial scale will be lower. For comparative purposes, the cost of commercial biodiesel fuel raw material is approximately € 492 / 1000L (approximately $ 2.26 / gal at current exchange rates). Example 2. Traditional tractor-type low pressure injection diesel A fuel mixture is prepared from the following components: 1100 grams of vegetable oil; and 500 grams of water; and 250 grams ethyl alcohol (180 test); and 25 grams of hydrogenated castor oil; or cetalol (cetyl alcohol); or a mixture of castor oil and ketalol; and 25 grams of paint thinner. The mixture is suitable for use in a traditional tractor-type low pressure injection diesel engine. Based on the current raw material costs, it is estimated that the previous composition costs € 243 / 1000L (approximately $ 1.12 / gal at current exchange rates). It is expected that the cost of producing the composition on a commercial scale will be lower.

Example 3. Traditional modified tractor low pressure injection diesel A fuel mixture is prepared from the following components: 1100 grams of vegetable oil; 900 grams of water; 250 grams of ethyl alcohol (180 test); 25 grams of (a) hydrogenated castor oil; or (b) ketalol or a mixture of (a) and (b); 300 grams of odorless paint thinner. The mixture is suitable for use in a traditional low pressure injection diesel engine of the modified tractor type. Example 4. Fuel for use in oil burners A fuel mixture is prepared from the following components: 900 grams of oil; 500 grams of water; 25 grams of (a) castor oil; or (b) ketalol; or (c) a mixture of (a) and (b); 250 grams of ethyl alcohol. The mixture is suitable for use in oil burners. Example 5. Fuel for use in modified oil burners A fuel mixture is prepared from the following components: 1100 grams of oil; 900 grams of water; 375 grams of ethyl alcohol; 30 grams of (a) hydrogenated castor oil; or (b) ketalol. The mixture is suitable for use in modified oil burners. Example 6. The fuel mixtures of the present invention were prepared as follows: water and ethanol were first mixed together. The vegetable oil is then slowly added to the alcohol-water mixture with stirring and finally the emulsifier or surfactant is added to the mixture containing the oil. For the composition where a cetane improver is used, said component is added to the mixture at the end. The mixtures were all prepared at about room temperature or room temperature, 22 ° C. The corresponding mixtures were prepared by ultrasonic mixing equipment, where the equipment is particularly advantageous for preparing stable emulsions with small particle size, for example less than about 5 microns on average (ultrasonic homogenization system "Sonolator", Sonic Corp., Conn.). The compositions described herein can be used to prepare said emulsions, also referred to herein as microemulsions. Microemulsions can also be prepared at 22 ° C and at pressures from approximately 500 psi to approximately 1500 psi, although pressures of up to 5000 psi also produced stable microemulsions. The components and amount of fuel are shown in the following table: ** Refined soybean oil F HCO = hydrogenated castor oil, 98% pure; Tween 80 2-ethylhexyl nitrate The above mixtures were analyzed for various properties and performance characteristics under different test conditions and by various standard fuels as a comparison. Specifically, biofuel 3 was analyzed in a stationary burner and its performance was compared with diesel, biodiesel and BTZ fuel oil and water emulsion mixture. The descriptions and properties of the reference fuels can be found in a report published under the title "Sperimentazione Combustibili Analisi comparativa di combustibili per uso civile" (Fuel Experimentation, Comparative Fuel Analysis for Civil Use) December 5, 2005, by Stazíone Sperimentale per i Combustibili (SSC) and Consorzio Ingengneria per 1 'Ambiente e lo Sviluppo Sosteniblile (IPASS); and informed at http://www.ssc.it/, incorporated herein by reference. The biofuel 3 was analyzed by means of an experimental thermal plant consisting of a Ravasio Model TRM 150 inverse flame boiler with a nominal thermal capacity of 175 kW and an Elco Klockner Model EK 3.50 S-Z burner for fuel oil. The heat generated is discharged by a heat exchanger to measure the performance and the exhaust gases are also analyzed with respect to the emissions. The following conditions were used: fuel tank temperature of approximately 16 ° C; Burner heating temperature approximately 60 ° C; atomization pressure, 28 bar; fuel feed, 23 kg / h; thermal energy, 160 kW; excess oxygen in the exhaust, 6%. The BTZ fuel oil was mixed with water at 13% by weight and mixed with biodiesel (standard mixture of methyl esters of fatty acids) at 20% by weight. The results of the test are reported in the following table.

Test results Abbreviations and tests: PM = total particulate matter, UNI 13284-1; PM10 = fine particles, < 10μ ?, EPA 201A; NOx, nitrogen oxides, UNI 10878; CO, carbon monoxide, UNI 9969; UHC = unburned hydrocarbons, UNI EN 12619; Organic, SSC test method; combustion efficiency or energy efficiency, UNI 10389.

In other laboratory tests, biofuel 3 exhibited an excellent flow point of -42 ° C (measured according to ISO 3016-94) in addition to viscosity and lower values of heat capacity (ASTM D 240-02) typical of the class of fuel oils. As shown previously, biofuel 3 also resulted in low NOx and other emissions. It was also observed that biofuel 3 exhibits a stable and regular deep yellow flame in the burner. An increase in the density of the recirculated fuel was observed, which response can probably be mitigated by further improvements of the emulsion particle size, in addition to adjustments of the composition, according to the methods described above. The heat capacity and the low temperature characteristics of biofuel 2 and biofuel 3 were measured by standard thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the new modulated differential scanning calorimetry technique (MTDSC). For TGA a heating rate of 10 ° C / min up to 100 ° C was used, and then the sample is heated in isothermal form for one hour; then the same heating rate is summarized up to 1000 ° C, after which the sample is thoroughly degraded. MTDSC superimposes a sinusoidal heating wave (± 0.5 ° C, 60 s period) on the normally linear ramp (5 ° C / min.); temperature range -20 ° C to +250 ° C in an inert nitrogen atmosphere. The heating tests reflected the stability of the emulsifier since the solvents and the water evaporate at 100 ° C. The laboratory test showed that biofuel 1 was stable until 200 ° C while biofuel 2 was stable up to approximately 165 ° C. The heat capacity (J / g * ° C) was approximately 1.6 for biofuel 1 and approximately 1.8 for biofuel 2 ,. similar to diesel. In addition, both biofuel 1 and biofuel 2 did not exhibit thermal effects or freezing at -20 ° C. Other tests were conducted at the "Centro Universitario di Ricerca per lo Sviluppo sostenibile" near Rome, Italy (University Center for Research and Sustainable Development, CIRPS). They analyzed the biofuel 1 and the biofuel 2 were analyzed and compared with traditional diesel fuel for energy performance and emissions with two different automobile engines, Fiat Multiples 1.9 jtd (common rail engines) and Fiat Punto 1.7 td ( engine aspirated, also called Fiat Punto TD 70 ELX). The energy tests were performed with a dynamometer, Cartee LPS 2510, with the following results: Compared to traditional diesel, in the Fiat Múltipla, energy decreased approximately 3% with biofuel 1 and approximately 15% with biofuel 2. At Fiat Punto, energy decreased approximately 4% with biofuel 2 and approximately 11% with biofuel 1 compared to traditional diesel. However, it was also reported that when comparing traditional biodiesel with traditional diesel, energy decreases by approximately 11%. (Energy Information Administration, www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/analysispaper/biodiesel). Emissions tests with biofuel 2 were conducted by the same vehicles according to the different standards and criteria of UNICHIM 422, 467 and 494 methods; regulation UNI 10169; and DM 08/25/00 for measurements of sulfur oxide and nitrogen. The results of the tests are summarized in the following table: Auto / Temp. 02 CO SOx NOx Total Scale Fuel ° C o. ? ppm ppm ppm of carbon Sodium Bachadisperrach index Mg / Nm3 of smoke * Fiat Múltipla Diesel 62 20. 147 51. 35 160.3 6 6 1 Biocombusti 62.5 20. 123 < 1 1 105.7 4 ble 2 6 Fiat Punto Diesel 57 18. 330 57 36 157 6 4 Biocombusti 54.3 18. 313 < 1 33 117 4 ble 2 4 Lower values indicate better performance The results of these tests indicate good performance for biofuel 2 compared to traditional diesel fuel. Example 7 A composition of the present invention, referred to as a biofuel composition, having components that provide a particularly useful composition in stationary burners and boilers; for example, the burners used to generate heat and energy. The components are shown in the following table: Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) The composition represented by 7A biofuel was evaluated in several standard fuel tests. The tests and the results are summarized in the following table: Test Method Result Gravity API @ 60 ° F ASTM D4052 21.04 Deg. API Sulfur ASTM D4294 0.0206% by weight Flash point ASTM D93A 72 ° F Sediment & Water ASTM D1796 0.05% vol.

Viscosity, Kin @ 100 ° F ASTM D445 22.93 cSt 10% Coal Residue ASTM D4530 < 0.05% lower weight ASTM D874 Sulfated Ash < 0.001% by weight Hydrogen ASTM D5291 12.27% by weight Copper Corrosion ASTM D130 Rated Total acidity ASTM D664 0.040 mg KOH / g Stability (BS &W) ASTM D96 < 0.1% Specific Gravity AOCS Ce 10a-25 0.9341 @ 60 ° F / 60 ° F Pump Calorimetry ASTM D240 11, 900 BTU / lb Phosphorus ASTM D1091 3. ppm Sulfur ASTM D129 18 ppm Turbidity point (point EN ISO 6245 -28 ° F gel) Potassium EPA 258.1 < 0.1 ppm Sodium EPA 273.1 < 0.1 ppm EPA Calcium 215.1 3.6 ppm BTü7galy 92, 600 Calculated from density data and pump calorimetry Another biofuel composition particularly useful in vehicles, for example, automobiles, trucks, agricultural equipment, etc., preferably have diesel engines or engines suitable for burning diesel fuel or its equivalent, was also prepared according to the following formula: Mixture: 50% by weight Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) + 50% by weight sorbitan monolaurate (Span 20) ** 2-ethylhexyl nitrate Example 8 Another biofuel composition of the present invention was prepared as follows : water and propylene glycol- were first mixed together. Small amounts of the vegetable oil are then they added slowly to the alcohol-water mixture with stirring after each addition and finally the emulsifier or surfactant was added to the mixture containing the oil. The mixture was prepared at about room temperature, 22 ° C. Alternatively, the mixture was prepared by ultrasonic mixing equipment, also described above. However, by means of said equipment it is possible to add all the ingredients simultaneously and still obtain a stable emulsion, a microemulsion with a small particle size, for example less than about 5 microns on average. As shown, the microemulsion can also be prepared at 22 ° C and pressures from about 500 psi to about 1500 psi, in addition to pressures up to 5000 psi. The fuel composition of the present example used components that are the result of a composition particularly useful in applications requiring a high flash point, compared to the previously identified compositions, including, without limitation, uses as diesel engines for vehicles and burners. The fuel components are shown in the following table: Biofuel 8 Amount, Useful range, Component By weight% By weight% Vegetable oil 66 55-75 Water 23.5 15-30 Propylene glycol 9.5 5-20 Emulsifier * 1 0.1-5 Total 100, 000 100, 000 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) The composition represented by Biofuel 8 was evaluated with various standard fuel tests. The tests and the results are summarized in the following table: Test Method Units Solved Gravity API @ 60 ° F ASTM D4052 15.7 Deg. API Sulfur ASTM D4294 0.0202% by weight Flash point ASTM D93 A 167-205 ° F Sediment & Water ASTM D 1796 1-4% by vol.

Viscosity, Kin @ 100 ° F ASTM D445 11-52.4 cSt Carbon Residue 10% in the ASTM D4530 < 0.05% by weight ASTM D 874 Sulphated Ash < 0.001% by weight Hydrogen ASTM D 5291 12.23% by weight Copper Corrosion ASTM D130 Rating Total acidity ASTM D664 0.039 mg KOH / g It is obvious that the flash point of biofuel 8 is significantly higher than that of biofuel 7A. In addition, mixtures of up to 25% by weight of biofuel 8 can be prepared with traditional diesel fuel, biodiesel fuel and ethanol, and the two fuel mixtures can easily be dispersed among themselves and are stable, in other words not separated in different phases. EXAMPLE 9 In another experiment, the addition of 0.5% by weight of a cetane enhancer, 2-ethylhexyl nitrate to the biofuel composition 8 produced a stable biofuel composition within the scope of the invention and exhibiting an increased amount of Cetans Example 10 Other formulations were prepared and analyzed in order to evaluate the stability of emulsion compositions based on vegetable oil. The formulations are shown in the following table: Example 10 Component,% by weight 1 2 3 Vegetable oil 75.9 80 80 Water 18.5 4 4 Ethyl alcohol (95%) 4.5 14 14 Emulsifier (s) * 0.6 1 0.5 + 0.5 Cetane improver ** 0.5 1 1 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Stability the Emulsion < 0.1 5 Nil% by weight, (ASTM D96) 10-1 and 10-2: polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (20) (Tween 80); 10-3: mixture of Tween 80 and sorbitan monooleate (Span 80) ** 2-ethylhexyl nitrate Based on the amount of sediment that could be separated, Example 10-1 of the above table is characterized as a stable emulsion, while example 10-2 is considered unstable. However, by using a mixture of emulsifiers with effective HLB of 9.6 ((0.5x14.9) + (0.5x4.3)) it is possible to modify the properties of the composition enough so that a stable emulsified fuel can be obtained. While the invention herein was described with reference to particular embodiments, it should be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present invention. Consequently, it must be It should be understood that numerous modifications can be made to the illustrative embodiments and that other arrangements may be designed without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined in the appended claims.

Claims (1)

1. CLAIMS A biofuel composition CHARACTERIZED BECAUSE it comprises an aqueous emulsion with: (A) a continuous phase comprising about 50% by weight to about 95% by weight of at least one liquid oil of vegetable or animal origin, or mixtures thereof; (B) a dispersed phase containing water comprising about 1% by weight to about 50% by weight of water; (C) about 1% by weight to about 25% by weight of a hydroxyl-containing compound selected from the group consisting of monohydric, dihydric, trihydric and polyhydric alcohols, provided that as much as one monohydric alcohol is present there is also at least one of tert-butyl alcohol, at least one C2-C4 alkylene glycol or a mixture of both; (D) about 0.05% by weight to about 10% by weight of at least one emulsifier; wherein the dispersed phase comprises drops containing water with an average particle size of less than about 20 microns and wherein all amounts are expressed on the basis of the total weight of the composition. The biofuel according to claim 1 characterized in that the at least one emulsifier exhibits a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, HLB, from about 8.5 to about 18. The biofuel according to claim 2 characterized in that the at least one emulsifier is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol-polypropylene glycol block copolymers, sorbitan monooleate, monostearate sorbitan, sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate (20), polyethylene sorbitan monooleate (20), polyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (20), and mixtures thereof. The biofuel according to claim 1 characterized in that it also comprises an effective amount of an additive to increase the amount of cetane of the biofuel composition. The biofuel according to claim 4, characterized in that the cetane additive is selected from the group consisting of peroxides, nitrates, nitrites, nitrocarbamates and their mixtures. The biofuel according to claim 5 characterized in that the cetane additive is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched or mixed linear or branched alkyl or cycloalkylitrates with up to about 10 carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof. 7. The biofuel according to claim 5 characterized in that the cetane additive is selected from the group consisting of dialkyl peroxides of the formula R100R2 wherein R1 and R2 are identical or different alkyl groups with 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, and their mixtures 8. The biofuel according to claim 5, characterized in that the cetane additive is selected from the group consisting of 2-ethylhexyl nitrate, di-tertiary butyl peroxide and mixtures thereof. 9. The biofuel according to claim 1, characterized in that the hydroxyl-containing organic compound includes at least one member selected from the group consisting of branched and straight chain monoalcohols Cl a C4, mono and polyalkylene C2 to C4 glycols, mono derivatives and polyalkylene C2 to C4 glycols provided that the molecular weights of said polyalkylene glycols are suitable for use in fuel compositions, and mixtures thereof. 10. The biofuel according to claim 9, characterized in that the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, and mixtures thereof. 11. The biofuel according to claim 1, characterized in that it also comprises a liquid fuel complementary low viscosity and low density selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbon solvents, paint thinner, turpentine, mineral dye and mixtures thereof. A method for preparing an emulsified fuel composition characterized in that it comprises: (A) providing the following components in amounts based on the total weight of the composition: (1) about 50% by weight to about 95% by weight of at least one oil liquid of vegetable or animal origin or its mixtures; (2) water in an amount sufficient to produce a dispersed phase containing water comprising about 1% by weight to about 50% by weight of water; (3) about 1% by weight to about 25% by weight of a hydroxyl-containing organic compound selected from the group consisting of monohydric, dihydric, trihydric and polyhydric alcohols, provided that when a monohydric alcohol is present there is also at least one of tert-butyl alcohol, at least one C2-C4 alkylene glycol or a mixture of both; and (4) about 0.05% by weight to about 10% by weight of at least one emulsifier; (B) mixing the components (A) (l) - (A) (4) together under conditions of high shear stress, so as to produce a dispersed phase comprising drops containing water with an average particle size of less than approximately 20 microns. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that said dispersed phase comprises drops containing water with an average particle size of from about 0.1 to about 10 microns. The method according to claim 13, characterized in that the at least one emulsifier exhibits a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, HLB, from about 8.5 to about 18. The method according to claim 14, characterized in that the at least an emulsifier is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol-polypropylene glycol block copolymers, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate (20) sorbitan trioleate, polyethylene sorbitan monooleate (20), monolaurate of polyethylene sorbitan (20), and their mixtures. The method according to claim 13, characterized in that it also includes providing an effective amount of an additive to increase the amount of cetane of the biofuel composition. 17. The method according to claim 14, characterized in that the cetane additive is selected from the group consisting of peroxides, nitrates, nitrites, nitrocarbamates and their mixtures. 18. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that the hydroxyl-containing organic compound includes at least one element selected from the group consisting of branched and straight chain monoalcohols Cl a C4, mono and polyalkylene C2 to C4 glycols, mono derivatives. and polyalkylene C2 to C4 glycols, provided that the molecular weights of said polyalkylene glycols are suitable for use in fuel compositions, and mixtures thereof. 19. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that the components are supplied and mixed substantially simultaneously. 20. The method according to claim 16, characterized in that the water is premixed with the components other than vegetable oil to produce an aqueous mixture and the aqueous mixture is then mixed with the vegetable oil. 21. The method according to claim 13, characterized in that it uses high shear generator mixing equipment. 22. The method according to claim 21, characterized in that a large cutting effort is generated by means of mixed able to generate and introduce ultrasonic energy into the mixture. 23. The method according to claim 22 characterized in that the amount of emulsifier is from about 20% to about 90% of the amount of emulsifier required to obtain the dispersed particle size in the absence of the use of ultrasonic energy. 24. Emulsified fuel according to claim 1 characterized in that the average particle size of the drop is selected from the group consisting of about 0.01 to about 15 microns; 0.1 to about 10 microns; 0.5 to approximately 5 microns, and their mixtures. 25. Emulsified fuel according to claim 24 characterized in that it also comprises an effective amount of an additive to increase the amount of cetane of the biofuel composition. 26. Emulsified fuel according to claim 25, characterized in that the cetane additive is selected from the group consisting of peroxides, nitrates, nitrites, nitrocarbamates and their mixtures. 27. Emulsified fuel according to claim 1 characterized in that it also comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of thermal stabilizers, aging stabilizers, antioxidants, coloring agents, dyes, markers, odor modifiers, rust inhibitors, inhibitors from rubber formation, metal deactivators, upper cylinder lubricants, friction modifiers, detergents, bacteriostatic agents, fungicides, microbiocides and their mixtures. 28. The emulsified fuel according to claim 25, characterized in that the emulsifier is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol-polypropylene glycol block copolymers, polyethylene glycol-polypropylene glycol, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate (20) sorbitan trioleate, polyethylene sorbitan monooleate (20), polyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (20), and mixtures thereof and wherein the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, and its mixtures. 29. The emulsified fuel according to claim 28, characterized in that it also comprises a low viscosity, low density complementary liquid fuel selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbon solvents, paint thinner, turpentine, mineral dye and mixtures thereof. 30. The biofuel composition according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises oil obtained from the seeds or fruits of plants or their mixtures. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that it comprises oil obtained from the seeds or fruits of plants or their mixtures. The biofuel according to claim 2 characterized in that the at least one emulsifier comprises a mixture of at least two emulsifiers wherein at least one of the two emulsifiers exhibits low value of about 1 to about 6 and at least one of the two emulsifiers exhibits a high HLB value of about 6 to about 20, provided that the low value of HLB and the high value of HLB are not both equal to 6. The biofuel according to claim 32 characterized in that: (I) the sum of ( a) the weight of water and (b) the weight of organic compound containing hydroxyl; divided by (II) the weight of vegetable or animal oil or fat is less than about 0.25. The method according to claim 14 characterized in that the at least one emulsifier comprises a mixture of at least two emulsifiers wherein at least one of the two emulsifiers exhibits a low HLB value of from about 1 to about 6 and at least one of the two emulsifiers exhibits a high HLB value of about 6 to about 20, provided that the low HLB value and the high HLB value are not both equal 35. The method according to claim 34 characterized in that: (I) the sum of (a) the weight of water and (b) the weight of organic compound containing hydroxyl; divided by (II) the weight of vegetable and animal oil and fat is equal to or less than about 0.25. 36. An emulsified fuel mixture characterized in that it is prepared from the following components: (A) 1500 parts of vegetable or animal oil or fat; and (B) 900 parts of water; and (C) 400 parts of 90% by weight denatured ethanol (180 test); (D) 30 parts of at least one component selected from the group consisting of (1) hydrogenated castor oil; (2) cetyl alcohol; and (3) a mixture of (1) and (2); and optionally further comprising 500 parts of a complementary liquid fuel. 37. A method for preparing an emulsified fuel mixture characterized in that it comprises: (I) mixing (A) 400 parts of denatured ethanol containing water at 90% by weight (180 test); and, (B) 30 parts of at least one component selected from the group consisting of (1) hydrogenated castor oil; (2) cetyl alcohol; and (3) a mixture of (1) and (2) to form an additive; (II) mixing the additive with the component (B) 900 parts of water, to form a mixture (II); (III) adding the mixture (II) with concurrent mixing to (D) 1500 part of vegetable or animal oil or fat to produce a substantially emulsified mixture.