Articles by Imran Chowdhury
International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences, 2024
Recently, microstrip patch antennas have become popular. Due to their ubiquity, these antennas ha... more Recently, microstrip patch antennas have become popular. Due to their ubiquity, these antennas have more uses every day. In this research paper, a 2.45 GHz microstrip patch antenna has been reviewed and analyzed. Different substrate materials have been used to make these antennas, and their thickness is different. Various antennas are designed based on the application, such as rectangular, square, triangle, ring, donut, and dipole. Other types of software were used to design the antenna, including CST, HFSS, MATLAB, ADS, and FEKO. Microstrip patch antenna design is a relatively new field of study for wireless applications. Several devices are linked to send or receive radio waves using a single antenna. Antennas designed for 2.45 GHz are used in various wireless communication systems, including television broadcasts, microwave ovens, mobile phones, wireless local area network (WLAN), Bluetooth, global positioning system (GPS), and two-way radios. This article looks at the geometric structures of antennas, including their many parameters and materials and the many different shapes they can take. In addition, the substrate materials, the loss tangent, the thickness, the return loss, the bandwidth, the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), the gain, and the directivity of previous articles will also be discussed.
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Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2024
This article presents a 3.5 GHz rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA) designed, studied, an... more This article presents a 3.5 GHz rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA) designed, studied, and analyzed for wireless LAN applications. Using Fr-4 as substrate material, whose dielectric permittivity is 4.3, patch thickness is 1.65 mm, and loss tangent is 0.025. A feeding line with an impedance of 50 Ω is utilized to supply the antenna with power. Computer simulation technology (CST) software has been used to design the antenna and origin pro software has been used to display the resulting figures from the simulation. The antenna simulation showed that the return loss is-56.82 dB; the directivity gain is 6.02 dBi, the bandwidth is 0.148 GHz, and the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is 1.0028. The paper aims to increase the return loss, develop a standard VSWR, increase the directivity gain of the antenna, and improve the antenna bandwidth. The results of the proposed antenna were much better than previously published papers, which were suitable for wireless applications. This proposed antenna can be used for future wireless LAN applications.
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International Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & Telecommunications, 2021
Rapid depletion of fossil fuel reserves, and concerns over climate change have encouraged power g... more Rapid depletion of fossil fuel reserves, and concerns over climate change have encouraged power generation from sustainable energy based microgrids. And to address the necessity of three-phase inverters in microgrid systems or sustainable-powered households, an Arduino-based three-phase inverter using MOSFET is designed, which converts DC into three-phase AC power. The designed system generates 223V square signals at each phase from a 12V battery through switching of three stages of power MOSFETs using pulse width modulation (PWM) signals at their gates from an Arduino Uno. Each stage of power MOSFETs consists of six transistors making it eighteen in total, which are used to perform the inversion process separately for each three single-phase connections. The system is programmed using an Arduino Uno to generate PWM signals and to keep 120 degrees phase displacement among each phase. Three step-up transformers are coupled at the outputs of MOSFET stages for amplification. The system generates 386.25V of voltage for the three-phase line delivering 0.58A of current using a 60W incandescent bulb at each phase as a load. The design and simulation of the electronic circuit are done by Proteus, and the programming codes are written using Arduino IDE. The designed system is practically contrasted and verified.
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International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), Mar 11, 2021
To address the safety of the home or other facility, a microcontroller-based solar-powered anti-t... more To address the safety of the home or other facility, a microcontroller-based solar-powered anti-theft automated security system is developed with arrays of sensors to detect possible intrusion incidents. The designed system produces three kinds of alarms (Buzzer, bi-color LED, and SMS) with a security breach notification through an LCD, based on the data from its interfaced sensors (Motion Sensor, Fire Sensor, and Glass-break Sensor). The microcontroller used to control all aspects of the system is Atmega8. A Light Depended Resistor (LDR) and a Potentiometer (POT) are used to build the Motion Sensor; Temperature Detector LM35 is used as the Fire Sensor; and a sensitive metal strip is used to build a custom Glass-break Sensor. SIM900 (GSM) is used to design an SMS generating system as one of the alarming methods. The designed system is found to be consumed very low power with a 5V supply since when it is ON, the bi-color LED (0.1watt) requires only 0.98µA and 23.5mA of current, and 4.88mW and 117.5mW of power during its state change; and the Buzzer consumes only 0.49mW of power when it is ON. The system is designed with the consideration of incorporating a double-grid power management system, and a dedicated Sun-tracking solar power system is designed to increase its overall efficiency and sustainability. The whole system is designed and verified using 'Proteus 7.7 Professional' and the core part of the system is physically constructed and tested. The programming of the Atmega8 is done using 'Code Vision AVR version 2.5 Professional'.
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Life sciences Leaflets, Jul 1, 2011
Dependence since the civil historic times on plants for many medicinal purposes, like Piper betle... more Dependence since the civil historic times on plants for many medicinal purposes, like Piper betle (paan or betel leaf) is the interest to improve in this research work. Even now, more than threefourths of the world’s population relies mainly on various plants and plant extracts for healthcare, including betel leaf. This plant is highly dependent on proper sun shading and soil moisture for its growth that is considered here to study carefully and improve. A precision mirror-amplifier, designed for sensing all crucial parameters of natural environment, is applied with high accuracy for this plant. This paper represents the applications in all sizes of betel fields for optimal controlling on environment such as soil moisture and sun shading towards improving the growth i.e. larger betel leaves. Furthermore, additional applications are added in the system that very crucial to prevent damaging effects from hail and windy weather to save these plants. VLSI design using MAGIC CAD tool is done to get the sensor circuit in IC form. Results from PSPICE confirmed the proper performance of the IC and proved to be very applicable in the environment controlling system for maintaining soil moisture and perfect balance of sunlight to the betel field. In this paper the methods and results are presented towards the improvement of betel leaf growth. KEY WORDS: Piper betle; Paan; Precision Sensor; Soil Moisture; Sun Shading; VLSI IC.
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International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP), Apr 14, 2014
Soil and land degradation is considered for slope land such as riverbank or streambank and lands ... more Soil and land degradation is considered for slope land such as riverbank or streambank and lands of high forced water runoff and rainfall causes severe soil erosion is the concern of this work. The major cause of runaway unprotected soil particles due to the natural reasons, thus making uneven soil plain surface scan be remedied by tree plantation or vegetation. A precision mirror-amplifier is designed for primarily sensing soil moisture and pH level to provide eventual environmental conditions needed for irrigation and fertilization for plants to grow healthy, which in turn reduces the soil erosion. Another special sensor designed and employed here that can monitor the degradation due to erosion and the system can determine the soil’s critical limits. To design the system in an IC form, VLSI design MAGIC CAD tool is used to complete. Results from PSPICE has confirmed the proper performance of the IC and proved to be very applicable in the environment controlling systems. In this paper, design methods and results are presented for a sustainable cultivation technology to prevent soil erosion at slope land.
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Proceedings by Imran Chowdhury
Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 2022
Almost any electronic project that requires Bluetooth communication, relies on readymade Bluetoot... more Almost any electronic project that requires Bluetooth communication, relies on readymade Bluetooth Modules. These readymade solutions come with different models which are quite ready to be used with microcontrollers, but they have their tradeoffs depending on the use case. What if there is a way to set up a Bluetooth communication system with less setup time and more reliability while featuring some basic and important features like low cost, easy availability, and bi-directional communication for data transmission? In this paper, an investigative experiment is presented to find the solution for implementing such a Bluetooth communication system for microcontrollers, especially for development-oriented projects. This experimental solution of Bluetooth communication technique has the potential to allow wirelessly perform controlling tasks for other devices using simple interfacing, and fast prototyping for short-range wireless communication with popular platforms like Arduino or Raspberry-Pi, etc. in little to no time hasslefree. In the experiment, an attempt is carried out to replace traditional Bluetooth Modules for microcontrollers by hacking an easily accessible Bluetooth audio dongle. Transmitted 2V (peak-to-peak) sine and square signals from a laptop computer and a mobile phone with 100% media volume received as 3.28V signals by the audio dongle, meaning the experiment works and the system has a maximum gain of 1.64.
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Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 2023
Without proper moisture in the soil, the process of agriculture can fall in danger, which can lea... more Without proper moisture in the soil, the process of agriculture can fall in danger, which can lead to even an economic collapse for a country. However, overirrigation, under irrigation, or improper water distribution can result in crop damage and reduced productivity, which leads to waste of valuable resources including water. To contribute to addressing this issue, a smart soil moisture balancer is developed based on Internet of Things (IoT), with the help of a soil moisture sensor, water pump control, water flow meter, water level indicator, Arduino Uno, and NodeMCU with built-in Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11b Direct Sequence) module. The developed system intelligently controls the irrigation pump's switching based on the data collected from a soil moisture sensor. The water level indicator provides data on water availability in the storage, and the water flow meter provides data on water flow rate, which gets transmitted to the ThingSpeak IoT server that stores the data and generates graphs to help with the analysis and making future decisions. A prototype of the developed system is made, verified, and tested to be working perfectly as designed and programmed. In the experiment with the prototype, it is found that the system saves 36.17% of water in case of sandy soil, 37.08% and 32.90% in case of clay soil and loamy soil, respectively. On average, the system saves 35.38% of the water, which in turn can save other intertwined resources like time and energy, keeping the efficiency of the irrigation system.
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Smart innovation, systems and technologies, Mar 2, 2023
Amid and post-COVID-19 pandemic, the matter of being in touch with patients to monitor their heal... more Amid and post-COVID-19 pandemic, the matter of being in touch with patients to monitor their health matrices became somewhat challenging, especially in the rural areas of countries like Bangladesh and for elderlies. To address this issue, a patient health monitoring system is developed using a Programmable Intelligent Computer (PIC) microcontroller and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) protocol with the help of a pulse sensor, IR sensor, photodiodes, temperature sensor, etc., to measure 3 (three) crucial health matrices such as heartbeat/pulse, oxygen saturation level, and body temperature from a fingertip of the patient in 20 s remotely. Whenever the system measures the health matrices, it sends a short message service (SMS) report to a personal caretaker over GSM automatically. If the system finds any anomaly based on predefined threshold levels for each health parameter, it sends a SMS alert report to the designated doctor automatically as well. A prototype of the developed system is made, verified, and tested to be working perfectly as designed and programmed. In the experiment with the developed system, heart rate ranged from 61 to 105 bmp, body temperature ranged from 95.3 to 99.1 °F, and oxygen saturation was minimum at 97%. According to the set threshold levels, which led to an automatic SMS alert to the caretaker’s mobile phone.
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IEEE 2021 6th International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT), 2021
To address the requirement for three-phase inverters in microgrid systems or sustainable-powered ... more To address the requirement for three-phase inverters in microgrid systems or sustainable-powered industrial facilities, a MOSFET-based three-phase inverter is designed and implemented, which can convert DC power into three-phase AC. The designed system produces 223V square (AC) waves at each phase from a 12V battery (DC) through switching of three stages of power MOSFETs using PWM signals at their gates from an Arduino Uno R3. Each stage of MOSFETs consists of six MOSFETs making it eighteen in total, which are used to perform the inversion process separately for each of three single-phase connections. The system is programmed through the Arduino Uno to generate the PWM signals and to keep 120 degrees phase displacement among each phase. Three center-tapped step-up transformers are used at the outputs of MOSFET stages for signal amplification. Using a 60W incandescent light bulb at each phase as a load, the system produces 386.25V of voltage for three-phase line, delivering 0.58A of current. The design and simulation of the electronic circuit are done by Proteus 8.9 Professional, and the programming codes are written using Arduino IDE. The designed system is practically contrasted and tested.
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IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Computing and Communication Technologies (CONECCT), 2020
Train accidents across the Rail crossings killed many lives as death toll; mainly due to manual g... more Train accidents across the Rail crossings killed many lives as death toll; mainly due to manual gate control and lack of automation. This project presents an intelligent automated railway gate control system which has very High (approx. 100%) accuracy and precision in its operation and demonstrates the necessity for deploying it to counter the accidents across the Rail Crossing Gates (a 100% safety promise). Two IR sensor is used at both far end position to detect the Rail approach toward the Crossing Gate; and, the system is designed to control the gate without any external help or Human intervention. The system required 24 mA and 4.824 A current, and 0.288 W and 58.08 W power, during standby and operating (gate opening or closing) state respectively; and the buzzer consumed only 14.17 mA current as siren and the traffic light signaled the corresponding status to warn traffics on road. 'Proteus ISIS 7.7 professional'-is used for system design and simulation, and 'Code Vision AVR v2.5 professional' to write the program code and burning the microcontroller ATmega16. The built-in oscilloscope is used to plot out the transient response and examining system behavior; which superposed to the objective of this project at very high degree of effectivity.
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International Conference on Advances in Electrical Engineering (ICAEE), 2019
A sustainable powered standalone automatic
Solar Tracking System is designed and successfully sim... more A sustainable powered standalone automatic
Solar Tracking System is designed and successfully simulated to provide the best alignment of solar panel with position of the sun automatically, to extract an increased efficiency by 40 percent. A very low cost (approx. 5 USD), high precision Solar Tacking Sensor has been designed to rotate the solar panel coupled to the stepper motor rotates 25.70 degree at single step and to tracks the whole 180-degree trace in 8 (eight) steps per day with greater accuracy. Microcontroller (ATmega16) is used as main control unit where its ADC ports are used to interface the Sensor unit and ULN2000A motor driver is used to interface the stepper motor to rotate the solar panel at maximum solar energy angle. The results found from the simulation and analysis shows that, the system required 12.04 mA and 37.163 mA current, and 144.48 mW and 445.956 mW power, during standby and panel rotating mode respectively. The maximum current drawn by the Solar Tracking Sensor is less than 0.5 mA. ‘Proteus ISIS 7.7 professional’ is used for design and simulation, and ‘Code Vision AVR v2.5’ is used to write the program code and burning into the ATmega16 for simulation and analysis.
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IEEE/OSA/IAPR International Conference on Informatics, Electronics & Vision (ICIEV), 2012
In this research work the environmental conditions of Piper Betle cultivation are considered to b... more In this research work the environmental conditions of Piper Betle cultivation are considered to be studied carefully and improve using advanced electro-agriculture technology. A mixed-signal precision mirror-amplifier, designed in our previous research work for sensing all crucial parameters of natural environment is taken for farther improvement by designing a complete integrated chip for extensive application, which comprises separate controlling segments for different sensing parameters with necessary drivers. This paper represents the designing of the sensor circuit and the complete chip with packaging according to MOSIS’s specifications with the help of MAGIC CAD tool along with MAGIC extraction tool and PSPICE. Also this paper presents the applications in all sizes of betel fields for optimal controlling on environment such as soil moisture and sun shading towards improving the growth i.e. larger betel leaves. Furthermore, additional applications are added in the system those are very crucial to prevent damaging effects from hail and windy weather to save these plants. The entire system is based on off-grid solar power system with 3V and 12V of voltage levels. Results from PSPICE confirmed the proper performance of the chip and proved to be very applicable in this electro-agricultural controlling system. In this paper the methods and results are presented towards the improvement of betel leaf growth.
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IEEE/OSA/IAPR International Conference on Informatics, Electronics & Vision (ICIEV), 2012
Microcontrollers and their ever growing applications have changed our everyday experience by its ... more Microcontrollers and their ever growing applications have changed our everyday experience by its feature of programmability, data processing speed and with the consequent intelligences. Through this adventure of invention and engineering, the optoelectronic devices especially the light emitting diodes (LEDs) are used in various fields, such as electronic appliances, optical communication, security, navigation, agro-electronics, etc. To implement these scopes, the LEDs are required to be controlled with a higher degree of precision and flexibility, which is the concern of this work. Towards that various control of a bi-color LED is implemented with a built in alarm system and a liquid crystal display (LCD) for information display; which are automatically controlled by the microcontroller Atmega8. A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) and a variable resistor (VAR/POT) is used to provide individual input data for comparison, and produces a pre-programmed output to operate the bi-color LED such as LED ON/OFF, LED blinking, LED color changing and alarming. The developed system of a single bi-color LED (0.1-watt) required 0.98µA and 23.5mA current, and 4.88mW and 117.5mW power, during standby and automated blinking sequences (Yellow-Off-Red) respectively; and the buzzer consumed only 0.49mW power for alarming keeping the supply voltage level of 5V. These very low power consumptions and level of power supply voltage lead it to be very compatible with solar power system, and also applicable in local and remote security application. Proteus ISIS 7.7 is used for system design and simulation by which it is proved to be applicable for security purpose. Code Vision AVR is used to write the program code and for burning the microcontroller ATmega8.
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International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks, 2011
Semiconductor integration has improved over the years by increasing device switching speed and de... more Semiconductor integration has improved over the years by increasing device switching speed and device density, causing increased power consumption and dissipation;
therefore, the issues has been considered and improved here. Previously designed VLSI mirror-amplifier had power dissipation of 8.41 milliwatts in CMOS 0.5µm process. Latter the technique was re-applied in this work to completed characterization of each pin signal functions with biasing steps to determine accuracy at the low power response of the IC in order to improve the total power consumption. Signal pin orientation in the simulation and choosing the correct biasing point in two steps proved to be correct procedure to improve. Supply voltage was considered as 3V for the MOSIS process technology. Latest MAGIC layout CAD tools were used for design, and PSPICE was used for simulation and electrical characterization with the help of MAGIC layout extraction tool. Keeping the process and scaling unchanged at 0.5µm as the previous design, the new VLSI design yielded the power dissipation of 4.39 nanowatts in 2nd step by reducing the dynamic loss. The electrical characterizations also confirmed that the chip precisely senses ultra-high-Z signals at inputs for this application. Multi-die chip placement is done for fabrication and also made the final product less expensive by the in-house custom designed pad-frame. This paper presents details of the key research works, results, completed chip layout and applications of the chip.
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International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks, 2011
Emerging semiconductor VLSI requires improved device density on a single chip solution that many ... more Emerging semiconductor VLSI requires improved device density on a single chip solution that many parameters are becoming vital concern for cost reduction by lowering the chip area, lowering power dissipation, reducing operating voltage, increasing speed etc. A previously designed precision sensor application mirror-amplifier was considered for optimizing in chip area consumption and improves sensing to make it ultra-precise, also this work has reduced the IC to a subcompact die sizes. MAGIC is used as two-dimensional CAD layout tool. Also PSPICE is used for electrical simulation purposes employed by extraction tool. Feature size is taken from mSCN3M_SUBM.30 process for 0.6µm layout and 0.5µm enhanced fabrication process. The improved design has area of 101λX48λ (minimized from 126λX59λ) or 30.3µmX15µm (minimized from 37.8µmX17.7µm) in 0.6µm CMOS design process. For multi-die placement, two sets of chip are designed those are placed on the four sub-dies in a single MOSIS tinychip die. For one set of chip coincidence detector is designed to make the mirror-amplifier ultra precise, buffer stage is designed for another set of chip to drive large load. This paper presents details of the key research works, results, completed chip layout and packaging of the chip.
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International Conference on Engineering Research, Innovation and Education, 2011
Device density in VLSI today enforces the process of chip designing much more complex; whereas MA... more Device density in VLSI today enforces the process of chip designing much more complex; whereas MAGIC CAD tools made the IC design in this work, comparatively easier. Study on various amplifiers for sensor applications showed that their powers ranged from a few milliamperes to a few hundred milliamperes at the submicron fabrication processes by MOSIS, but within the affordable cost. Objectives of lowering the power at least by 1000 times in those fabrication processes engaged this research towards completing a new design, called the mirror-amplifier. This design is verified for precise functional behavior for the sensor and total power consumption, using MAGIC extractor and PSPICE electrical simulation tools. A compact model chip layout made silicon area more efficient for MOSIS tiny-chip fabrication in 0.6µm processes. To make even more economical, a multi-die placement technique was applied to the chip layout for this tiny-chip in silicon area of 1500µmX1500µm. MOSIS design rules for multi-die fabrication was verified for process scribe-lines and die packaging. This paper presents details of the key research works, results, completed chip layout and packaging of the chip.
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International Conference on Engineering Research, Innovation and Education, 2011
In today’s VLSI field the exponentially increasing factor of integration takes the techniques of ... more In today’s VLSI field the exponentially increasing factor of integration takes the techniques of chip designing to be more cared about both switch level (eg. device, logic gate design, etc.) and chip level (eg. pad design, floorplanning, routing, etc.) as size of chip is continually decreasing and power consumption challenge is getting tougher. To design a complete & successful functional chip, pad frame design and floorplanning are also challenging. This study is an attempt to present a VLSI design of pad frame with less power consuming I/O architecture with an efficient way of floorplanning which includes block placement, global routing, detail routing. MAGIC is used as layout designing CAD tool to design the pad frame as it is the easiest and worldwide CAD tool for VLSI layout design, and for simulation purpose PSpice is used. This study presents details of the key research work, results, techniques and efficient way of pad frame design as well as floorplanning.
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International Conference on Engineering Research, Innovation and Education, 2011
Development of VLSI is a unique era in microelectronics, more precisely in integrated circuit ind... more Development of VLSI is a unique era in microelectronics, more precisely in integrated circuit industry. VLSI is the field which involves packing more and more logic devices into smaller areas combining thousands or many more than that of transistors into a single chip. But the design of very large scale integrated circuit is far beyond human ability. Therefore, Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools are heavily involved in the design process. This is highly expensive and technological at the same time. Unfortunately 3rd world countries are lagging far behind in this arena. This study represents a brief demonstration on one of the VLSI designing CAD tools known as MAGIC. The study includes a brief and precise direction from the software installation to the way of IC fabrication with a design of CMOS inverter and its simulation as example. It also includes why MAGIC should be the choice in academic purpose as well as industrial especially in 3rd world countries, along with its limitations and superiority.
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Articles by Imran Chowdhury
Proceedings by Imran Chowdhury
Solar Tracking System is designed and successfully simulated to provide the best alignment of solar panel with position of the sun automatically, to extract an increased efficiency by 40 percent. A very low cost (approx. 5 USD), high precision Solar Tacking Sensor has been designed to rotate the solar panel coupled to the stepper motor rotates 25.70 degree at single step and to tracks the whole 180-degree trace in 8 (eight) steps per day with greater accuracy. Microcontroller (ATmega16) is used as main control unit where its ADC ports are used to interface the Sensor unit and ULN2000A motor driver is used to interface the stepper motor to rotate the solar panel at maximum solar energy angle. The results found from the simulation and analysis shows that, the system required 12.04 mA and 37.163 mA current, and 144.48 mW and 445.956 mW power, during standby and panel rotating mode respectively. The maximum current drawn by the Solar Tracking Sensor is less than 0.5 mA. ‘Proteus ISIS 7.7 professional’ is used for design and simulation, and ‘Code Vision AVR v2.5’ is used to write the program code and burning into the ATmega16 for simulation and analysis.
therefore, the issues has been considered and improved here. Previously designed VLSI mirror-amplifier had power dissipation of 8.41 milliwatts in CMOS 0.5µm process. Latter the technique was re-applied in this work to completed characterization of each pin signal functions with biasing steps to determine accuracy at the low power response of the IC in order to improve the total power consumption. Signal pin orientation in the simulation and choosing the correct biasing point in two steps proved to be correct procedure to improve. Supply voltage was considered as 3V for the MOSIS process technology. Latest MAGIC layout CAD tools were used for design, and PSPICE was used for simulation and electrical characterization with the help of MAGIC layout extraction tool. Keeping the process and scaling unchanged at 0.5µm as the previous design, the new VLSI design yielded the power dissipation of 4.39 nanowatts in 2nd step by reducing the dynamic loss. The electrical characterizations also confirmed that the chip precisely senses ultra-high-Z signals at inputs for this application. Multi-die chip placement is done for fabrication and also made the final product less expensive by the in-house custom designed pad-frame. This paper presents details of the key research works, results, completed chip layout and applications of the chip.
Solar Tracking System is designed and successfully simulated to provide the best alignment of solar panel with position of the sun automatically, to extract an increased efficiency by 40 percent. A very low cost (approx. 5 USD), high precision Solar Tacking Sensor has been designed to rotate the solar panel coupled to the stepper motor rotates 25.70 degree at single step and to tracks the whole 180-degree trace in 8 (eight) steps per day with greater accuracy. Microcontroller (ATmega16) is used as main control unit where its ADC ports are used to interface the Sensor unit and ULN2000A motor driver is used to interface the stepper motor to rotate the solar panel at maximum solar energy angle. The results found from the simulation and analysis shows that, the system required 12.04 mA and 37.163 mA current, and 144.48 mW and 445.956 mW power, during standby and panel rotating mode respectively. The maximum current drawn by the Solar Tracking Sensor is less than 0.5 mA. ‘Proteus ISIS 7.7 professional’ is used for design and simulation, and ‘Code Vision AVR v2.5’ is used to write the program code and burning into the ATmega16 for simulation and analysis.
therefore, the issues has been considered and improved here. Previously designed VLSI mirror-amplifier had power dissipation of 8.41 milliwatts in CMOS 0.5µm process. Latter the technique was re-applied in this work to completed characterization of each pin signal functions with biasing steps to determine accuracy at the low power response of the IC in order to improve the total power consumption. Signal pin orientation in the simulation and choosing the correct biasing point in two steps proved to be correct procedure to improve. Supply voltage was considered as 3V for the MOSIS process technology. Latest MAGIC layout CAD tools were used for design, and PSPICE was used for simulation and electrical characterization with the help of MAGIC layout extraction tool. Keeping the process and scaling unchanged at 0.5µm as the previous design, the new VLSI design yielded the power dissipation of 4.39 nanowatts in 2nd step by reducing the dynamic loss. The electrical characterizations also confirmed that the chip precisely senses ultra-high-Z signals at inputs for this application. Multi-die chip placement is done for fabrication and also made the final product less expensive by the in-house custom designed pad-frame. This paper presents details of the key research works, results, completed chip layout and applications of the chip.