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Design and Prototyping of Sensor-based
Anti-Theft Security System using Microcontroller
Imran Chowdhury
Taslim Ahmed
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
University of Information Technology and Sciences (UITS)
Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Rajshahi Science and Technology University (RSTU)
Natore-6400, Bangladesh
Abstract—To address the safety of the home or other facility, a
microcontroller-based solar-powered anti-theft automated
security system is developed with arrays of sensors to detect
possible intrusion incidents. The designed system produces three
kinds of alarms (Buzzer, bi-color LED, and SMS) with a security
breach notification through an LCD, based on the data from its
interfaced sensors (Motion Sensor, Fire Sensor, and Glass-break
Sensor). The microcontroller used to control all aspects of the
system is Atmega8. A Light Depended Resistor (LDR) and a
Potentiometer (POT) are used to build the Motion Sensor;
Temperature Detector LM35 is used as the Fire Sensor; and a
sensitive metal strip is used to build a custom Glass-break Sensor.
SIM900 (GSM) is used to design an SMS generating system as one
of the alarming methods. The designed system is found to be
consumed very low power with a 5V supply since when it is ON,
the bi-color LED (0.1watt) requires only 0.98µA and 23.5mA of
current, and 4.88mW and 117.5mW of power during its state
change; and the Buzzer consumes only 0.49mW of power when it
is ON. The system is designed with the consideration of
incorporating a double-grid power management system, and a
dedicated Sun-tracking solar power system is designed to increase
its overall efficiency and sustainability. The whole system is
designed and verified using ‘Proteus 7.7 Professional’ and the core
part of the system is physically constructed and tested. The
programming of the Atmega8 is done using ‘Code Vision AVR
version 2.5 Professional’.
Keywords—Microcontroller, Security System, Motion Sensor,
Fire Sensor, Glass-break Sensor, Solar Power.
I.
INTRODUCTION
A security system involves the detection of intrusion,
trespassing, or unauthorized entry into a home or any protected
area and getting alarmed of such unauthorized access to protect
assets and people from being damaged or harmed. Since the
emerging of modern technology, commercial, industrial, and
military properties have been extensively using some sort of
security system for safeguarding against theft, property
damage, or personal harm [1], [2]. In recent years, the
importance and demand for home security systems have been
noticeably rising as well, especially in urban areas. Since
nowadays, people are increasingly keeping them out of home
for works and other purposes, houses are becoming victims of
burglary by means of illegal entry by force, such as breaking a
glass-window or slashing a glass-door or by entering through
an unlocked door or an open window. Studies have pointed out
that burglaries and intrusion-related crimes occur extremely
less in places where a home security system is installed [3].
Not very long ago, home security systems or monitoring
cannot be accomplished without human maneuver. Even today,
IJERTV10IS030019
security guards and trained-up dogs are common practice to
tackle the issue, since it is evident that the crime is not going
away from our society completely. Besides, people are
remaining outside more than ever today, leaving their homes
vulnerable if proper measures are not taken. While human
security guards and trained-up dogs are reliable to a certain
degree, but maintaining them is always costly and they can be
fooled and corrupted. To address these issues, and to keep up
with the rapidly evolving technology, the home security system
needs to be automated with minimum human intervention to
keep it safe, no matter if the home is occupied or empty.
The concept of automated home security systems has been
around since the 1970s. But with the progress and expansion of
technology, both our expectations and the idea of home security
systems have been shifted [4], [5]. Home security systems
involve some critical parameters like gas leakage system,
fire/smoke alarming system, theft, and intruders monitoring
system, etc. Many sophisticated techniques and systems are
now available to serve the purpose. The latest programmable
devices, controllers, sensors, video cameras, and loud buzzers
are used to address the issue. Recently, very comprehensive and
error-free systems are available, which are both accurate and
cost-effective [6]–[8]. Many alarm monitoring services of
today’s home security system now allow users to access their
system via the Internet. Users can check the system status
remotely, and even view real-time video feed if CCTV cameras
are installed. Today’s systems even allow users to change their
security passwords, lockout the security passwords, and arm or
disarm the security system via the Internet [3], [9]. However,
the trend of low cost and low power Microcontroller based
home security system automation is not yet faded, rather still
emerging. Hence, the work in this paper is focused on the very
area.
Any system or device that is required to measure, store,
control, calculate, or display information is an appropriate
candidate for using a microcontroller in it [10]. A
microcontroller is a small electronic device that can be
considered as a single-chip and special-purpose computing
machine dedicated to repetitively accomplishing a specific task.
Similar to a general-purpose computer, a microcontroller
comprises CPU core, memory units (RAM, ROM, Flash), and
I/O ports [11]. Since the device is very small, and it is designed
to control objects, processes, or events; hence the name
microcontroller. Another term used for it is embedded
controller since the microcontroller and its supporting circuitry
are often constructed into, or embedded in, the devices they are
programmed to control [10]. The uses and engineering
application area of the microcontroller is enormous, including
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automatically controlled products like vehicles, engine control
systems, power tools, toys, and office machinery which are
commonly used i.e. photo-copier, printer, and fax machines
[10]. During the 1990s, microcontrollers having EEPROM
(such as flash memory) became available which made projects
like the one described in this paper feasible and efficient, since
these kinds of microcontrollers could be erased and
reprogrammed using only electrical signals [10].
The paper is organized in the following manner. Section 2
describes the components and peripheral devices required for
the work along with the floor-planning of the system. Section 3
represents the design of the electronic circuits/hardware of the
system. Section 4 describes the programming of the
microcontroller. Section 5 represents the results of the work.
Section 6 concludes the paper, and section 7 describes the future
scopes of the work.
II. MATERIALS & METHODS
The designed automated security system mainly involves a
microcontroller (Atmega8) as the brain, three sensors (Motion
sensor, Fire/Temperature sensor, Glass-breaking sensor) for
detecting anomalies at the home or application area, and three
output methods (LED, Buzzer, SMS) for providing the
necessary alarms. As per the focus of this paper, a brief
explanation of Atmega8 and three sensors are provided below,
followed by a detailed list of components, a system flow chart,
and a block diagram.
A. Atmega8
ATmega from Atmel AVR is a family of 8-bit
microprocessors and microcontrollers. From a vast range of
features depending on the model, the following ones are mostly
present in all of their products: 4‒256 kB Flash memory, 28 to
100 pins in SMD or DIP package, a watchdog timer, and up to
20 MHz clock speed. Besides, the Atmega family offers on-chip
Flash, SRAM, and internal EEPROM [12].
in incident light intensity. LDRs are also known as Photo
Resistor, Photo Conductor, Photo Conductive Cell, or just
Photo Cell. They are made out of semiconductors, especially
from the compounds of CdSe, CdS, InSb, or PbS [14]. In the
absence of light, the resistance of an LRD is very high,
sometimes up to 1MΩ. But when the sensor is exposed to light,
its resistance decreases radically, even down to a few Ohms
[15]. LDR is used in this work because they are cheap to get
and simple to handle. The only limitation is that they take a few
seconds to get back to their original position once the light is
absent again [16].
Fig. 2. Light Dependent Resistor [17].
C. Fire/Temperature Sensor (LM35)
The LM35 (Figure 3) is selected as the temperature sensor
for this work, which is a precision temperature sensing IC with
an output voltage linearly proportional to the temperature. A big
advantage of these sensors is that they are calibrated directly in
Celsius (Centigrade), and promise 0.5°C ensured accuracy (at
25°C). The operating voltage of LM35 sensors is 4V to 30V,
and they cover a full −55°C to 150°C temperature range [18].
The one used in this work is Atmega8 in a DIP package,
which is an 8-bit Atmel microcontroller with 8kB in-system
programmable Flash, designed in advanced RISC architecture.
Its operating voltage is 4.5V - 5.5V, and it has 512Bytes
EEPROM and 1kB Internal SRAM [13]. Figure 1 shows the
pin-out diagram of an Atmega8 in the DIP package.
Fig. 3. LM35 Temperature Sensor [18].
Fig. 1. Pin-outs of Atmega8 in the DIP package [13].
B. Motion Sensor (LDR)
Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) (Figure 2) are a type of
nonlinear resistor that can change its value based on the change
IJERTV10IS030019
D. Glass-break Sensor
Glass-break sensors can be built in two different ways based
on the detection method, as per some research and commercial
devices. One way to build is based on vibration and another
based on acoustic sound. For the first way, the detector usually
has a shock sensor mounted on the glass to get sufficient
transmission of the vibration and detect it (Figure 4). For the
second way, the crystal of a piezoelectric sensor is tuned to the
resonance frequency of 40 and 12 kHz to detect the breaking
sound. This sensor also has to be mounted on the glass [19].
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Fig. 4. Glass-break Sensor [20].
In this paper, the proposed method involves placing a tiny
metal strip (current conductor) around the outer periphery of a
glass window or door, so that when the glass breaks the strip
breaks as well which changes the current flow in the controller
to take an action.
E. Components and Peripheral Devices
To ensure sustainability, the power management of the
designed security system is considered to be solar-based. Not
only that, a Sun-tracking system is designed and developed for
higher efficiency of solar intake. So, the entire work presented
in this paper can be divided into two broader parts: (i) Design
and verification of the security system, which involves two
separate circuits; one for motion sensing and glass-breaking
detection, another for fire/temperature detection. And, (ii)
Design and verification of the Sun-tracking solar system. All the
parts and components required to design and develop the whole
system are listed in Table 1.
TABLE I.
Devices
COMPONENTS AND PERIPHERAL DEVICES OF THE SYSTEM.
Reference
Value/Spec
330Ω, 10kΩ, 330Ω, 330Ω, 1kΩ,
100Ω, 100Ω, 10kΩ & 50Ω, 72Ω,
10kΩ.
Capacitor
R1, R2, R3, R4,
R5, R6, R7, R8R19, R34,
POT/VAR
C1-C4, C2
Integrated
Circuit
U1, U2, U3, U4,
U5, U6
Transistor
Diodes
Q1-Q3, Q4-Q5
D1-D7
X-former, LDR0LDR12, Buzzer,
Stepper Motor
(Bipolar)
Resistor
Others
G. Block Diagram of the System
A block diagram is often called a high-level flowchart,
which is very effective in having a high-level view and
understanding of a system quickly. So, to provide an overall
easy visualization of the whole system presented in this paper
including all its peripheral devices a block diagram is provided
in Figure 6. It is to be noted that the power management of the
whole system is considered to be double-grid with a Suntracking Solar System and Grid Control Unit. The design and
verification of the Sun-tracking Solar System are presented in
the following sections.
1000uF, 220uF & 20uF
LM317T (LCD), Atmega8, L293D
(Motor Driver), 7805 (Voltage
Regulator), LM35 (Temerature
Sensor), SIM900 (GSM)
BC337 (3)
1N4007(4), LED (3)
Transformer (220V ac to 12V dc),
Bipolar 4 wire 12V
F. System Flow Chart
The heart of this work is the automated security system, and
to better represent its workflow step-by-step, a logic flowchart
is provided in Figure 5. The core concept is to monitor the
sensor (Motion, Fire, Glass-break) inputs for Real-Time
Voltage (RTV) change and compare them with the predefined
SET Voltage (SV); and then changing the status of the output
modules (LED, Buzzer, SMS) accordingly.
IJERTV10IS030019
Fig. 5. Logic flowchart of the security system.
Fig. 6. Block diagram of the whole system.
III.
ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT / HARDWARE DESIGN
As mentioned before, the design part of the work presented
in this paper can be divided into two parts: (i) Design of the
security system, which involves two separate circuits; one for
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motion sensing and glass-breaking detection, another for
fire/temperature detection. And, (ii) Design of the Sun-tracking
solar system. The design of all the circuits is done by Schematic
Capture of Proteus 7.7 Professional and presented in the
following sub-sections, where the power supply is taken to be
5V dc throughout the system.
A. Design of the Security System
Figure 7 represents the circuit for motion sensing [21] and
glass-breaking detection, where an LED (red) is connected with
the power terminal of +5V dc. A Light Depending Resistor
(LDR) and a voltage dividing series resistor are connected to the
rectifier’s output (+5V), where the divided voltage is interpreted
as a metal strip that encloses the outer periphery of a glass
window or door which is interfaced with the microcontroller
(ATmega8) through ADC (4). The voltage across the
Potentiometer (POT) is considered as the SV, which is
interfaced with the Atmega8 through ADC (3); and the voltage
across R2 is considered as the RTV, which is interfaced with the
Atmega8 through ADC (4). This RTV varies according to the
change in light intensity on the LDR, or the connection of the
metal strip (glass-breaking sensor).
Fig. 7. Designed circuit for security system with Motion Sensor and Glassbreak Sensor.
output device for alarming, through a series NPN transistor as
its driver. When the metal strip is disconnected due to glass
breaking, the RTV<SV, which disconnects R2 from the
Atmega8, and an SMS is sent to a preprogrammed mobile
number as an alert, which is shown in Figure 8. A temperature
sensor circuit using LM35 is also shown in Figure 8 to detect
fire, and the incident will be alerted through SMS as well.
B. Design of the Sun-tracking System
Figure 9 represents the circuit for automatic Sun-tracking
system, where six LDRs are used to track the position of the
Sun based on the solar intensity on them at a given time, and a
stepper motor to rotate the solar panel according to the inputs
from LDRs’ changing voltage level [22]. The positions of the
LDRs corresponding to the rotation angle of the motor to track
the solar position are listed in Table 2. When light intensity on
an LDR increase, its resistance decreases, and the voltage
across it falls; which in turn raises the voltage drop across its
series resistor. This change is read by the ADC port of the
Atmega8 to decide where the solar position is. Then the motor
receives an instruction to rotate in clockwise (CW) or counterclockwise (CCW) direction based on the highest ADC value.
Fig. 9. Designed circuit of an LDR-based precision Sun-tracking system.
TABLE II.
LDR POSITIONS CORRESPONDING TO THE ROTATION ANGLE
OF THE MOTOR.
LDRs
LDR 1
LDR 2
LDR 3
LDR 4
LDR 5
LDR 6
Positions (Angle)
000 degrees
036 degrees
072 degrees
108 degrees
144 degrees
180 degrees
IV.
Fig. 8. Designed circuit with a GSM-based Fire alert SMS system.
As an output device for alarm indicating, a pair of Red and
Yellow LEDs (represents a bi-color LED) with series resistor
R6 and R7 is interfaced with the Atmega8 through two NPN
transistors as their driver. As per the design, when RTV>SV,
LED is OFF and vice versa. A buzzer is also connected as an
IJERTV10IS030019
MICROCONTROLLER PROGRAMMING
Microcontrollers are programmable devices, and their
functions depend on the programming codes written by the
system designer. Atmel AVR uses ‘Language C’ to write codes
for their microcontrollers. To execute the functions of the
designed system presented in this paper, the necessary
programming codes for the Atmega8 are written using Code
Vision AVR version 2.5 Professional. Some fundamental codes
required to run the system are taken care of by the Code Vision
platform itself [23], [24]. The written codes for the Atmega8 to
execute the designed system are provided in Table 3, which
follows the logic flowchart in Figure 5.
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TABLE III.
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
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ATMEGA8 PROGRAMMING CODE FOR THE SECURITY SYSTEM.
while (1)
{adc=read_adc(4)/10;
lcd_clear();
lcd_gotoxy(0,0);
lcd_putsf("UITS Int. LAMP ");
sprintf(lcd,"LDR Voltage=%d%c",adc,37);
lcd_gotoxy(0,1);
lcd_puts(lcd);
delay_ms(500);
if(adc>=(read_adc(3)/10))
{PORTB.1=0;PORTC.1=0;PORTC.2=0;m=0;}
if(adc<(read_adc(3)/10)&&m==0)
{PORTB.1=1;delay_ms(1000);
PORTB.1=0;delay_ms(1000);m=1;}
if(adc<(read_adc(3)/10))
{PORTC.1=0;PORTC.2=1;delay_ms(1000);
PORTC.1=0;PORTC.2=0;delay_ms(1000);
PORTC.1=1;PORTC.2=0;delay_ms(1000);
PORTC.1=0;PORTC.2=0;delay_ms(500);} }
PORTB.0=1;delay_ms(100);
DDRB=0xFF;
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
{PORTB=0x08;delay_ms(5);
PORTB=0x02;delay_ms(5);
PORTB=0x04;delay_ms(5);
PORTB=0x01;delay_ms(5);}
for(i=3;i<4;i++)
{PORTB=0x08;delay_ms(5);}
delay_ms(100);
for(i=4;i>0;i--)
{PORTB=0x01;;delay_ms(5);
PORTB=0x04;delay_ms(5);
PORTB=0x02;delay_ms(5);
PORTB=0x08;delay_ms(5);}
for(i=1;i>0;i--)
{PORTB=0x01;delay_ms(5);}
}
}
V.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
A. Operational Results from Simulation
To verify and investigate the operation and behavior of the
system presented in this paper, the designed circuits are
carefully simulated in Proteus 7.7 Professional. The results are
verified according to the written functional program codes and
their logical working principles, which satisfy the expected
outcomes. The screenshots of the simulations that represent the
operational analysis are provided below in Figures 10 to 12,
which reflect the process of steps 1, 3, and 5 of the flowchart in
Figure 5. Steps 2 and 4 are tested and verified as well.
Fig. 10. RTV (51%) > SV (50%); LED is OFF (step 1).
IJERTV10IS030019
Fig. 11. RTV (51%) < SV (52%); Yellow LED is ON for 1 second (step 3).
Fig. 12. RTV (51%)<SV (52%); Red LED is ON for 1 second (step 5).
As long as the value of SV is greater than or equal to the
value of RTV, the above operations keep continuing repeatedly;
except before blinking of the Red and Yellow LEDs, the buzzer
sounds for once. By changing the value of the POT’s resistance,
the SV can be manipulated. This means a threshold can be set
to change the sensitivity of the system.
B. Transient Responses from Simulation
Besides operational analysis, a system also needs to be
verified for its transient response to make sure the input-output
signal responses are as per the design. The transient responses
of the circuits including the Sun-tracking system are checked
and verified in Proteus by plotting the input and output signals,
and the obtained results are shown in Figures 13 to 16.
Fig. 13. RTV (4.99V) > SV (2.49V); LED is OFF (step1).
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Fig. 14. RTV (2.49V) < SV (2.59V); buzzer is ON for 1s and message sent to
a preset mobile number (steps 2 and 6).
Fig. 15. RTV (2.49V) < SV (2.59V); Red and Yellow LEDs are ON for 1
second each (step 3 and 5).
Fig. 16. Motor rotation in CW or CCW direction for automated Sun tracking.
According to the operational and transient response, the
simulation results can be summarized as follows:
Initially, when the incident light on the LDR is at maximum
intensity, the bi-color LED is OFF.
If the incident light is interrupted, the voltage across R2
decreases and eventually falls below SV, which turns ON
the Buzzer; and the bi-color LED is also turned ON in the
manner of changing color with 1 (one) second of delay. This
indicates that an unwanted intrusion happened.
If the metal strip is torn up, R2 gets disconnected from the
ATmega8, which in turn sends an SMS to a preset GSMbased mobile number. This indicates that the incident of
Glass-breaking happened by an intruder or by any other
means.
TABLE IV.
If the temperature inside the home or building is greater than
the ambient temperature, then also an SMS is generated and
sent. This means an incident of fire occurred by intention or
accident.
Sun-tracking on both CW and CCW is achieved to increase
the efficiency and sustainability of the power management
system, which can improve the grid performance by 40%
[25].
C. Electrical Parameters from Simulation
Table 4 represents the results of various changes in current,
voltage, power, etc. measured with respect to the change in
LDR voltage or light intensity by keeping the SET voltage at
2.5V and the supply voltage at 5V.
CHANGE IN CIRCUIT PARAMETERS WITH RESPECT TO CHANGE IN LDR VOLTAGE OR LIGHT INTENSITY.
LDR SET
IBuzzer
V. (V) V. (V) (A)
ILDR
(A)
ILED
(A)
IT(system)
(A)
PT
(W)
Buzzer
State
LED
State
4.76
3.33
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.50
19 p
19 p
19 p
480 u
340 u
250 u
977.3 u (LED OFF)
834.3 u (LED OFF)
750.9 u (LED OFF)
4.88 m
4.17 m
3.75 m
Alarm OFF
Alarm OFF
Alarm OFF
OFF
OFF
OFF
1.66
2.50
490 u
167 u
1.2 m (Buzzer-ON, LED OFF)
23.5 m (Buzzer-OFF, LED ON)
667.5 u (Buzzer and LED OFF)
6 m (Buzzer ON, LED OFF)
117.5 m (Buzzer OFF, LED ON)
3.34 m (Buzzer and LED OFF)
YellowAlarm ON-1s OFFRed
0.83
2.50
19 p
84 u
23.4 m (LED ON)
504.1 u(LED OFF)
117 m (Buzzer OFF, LED ON)
2.7 m (Buzzer and LED OFF)
Alarm OFF
YellowOFFRed
0.05
2.50
19 p
5u
48 n
48 n
48 n
22.8 m
(LED ON)
48 n
(LED OFF)
22.8 m
(LED ON)
48 n
(LED OFF)
22.8 m
(LED ON)
48 n
(LED OFF)
23.3 m (LED ON)
365.9 u (LED OFF)
116.5 m (Buzzer OFF, LED ON)
1.83 m (Buzzer and LED OFF)
Alarm OFF
YellowOFFRed
IJERTV10IS030019
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Figures 17 and 18 represent the graphs produced from Table
4, which compare different electrical parameters as the system
goes through different steps.
Fig. 17. LDR Voltage vs. LDR Current, Buzzer Current, and LED Current.
Fig. 19. The practical result when the LEDs are ON-Yellow, during low light
intensity, according to step 3 in the system flowchart.
Fig. 18. LDR Voltage vs. Total Current, and Total Power.
D. Prototype & Results
The operations related to step 1 through step 5 of the
flowchart in Figure 5 are practically verified by constructing the
designed circuit on a PCB board, which is shown in Figures 19
and 20. The physical implementation of the whole system is a
work-in-progress.
Fig. 20. The practical result when the LEDs are ON-Red, during low light
intensity, according to step 5 in the system flowchart.
E. Discussion
The work done in this paper including its applicability is
summarized in Figure 21.
Fig. 21. A visual summary of the work done in this paper.
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Since one of the outputs or alarm methods of the security
system is sending an SMS, it can be said that the system is
already applicable remotely by monitoring the security status of
homes or any other facilities through SMS notification, besides
its local control unit. But to make it a full-fledged remotely
controllable and distantly monitoring security system, a
wireless system with a signal transmitter and receiver can be
designed and implemented that is compatible with the security
system. Figure 22 represents the revised block diagram of the
proposed extension of the current work. The remote control unit
can also be powered by solar energy with the Sun-tracking
system designed in this work.
VII. FUTURE SCOPES
Engineering is a continuous process of experimenting,
problem solving, and innovation for different kinds of
applications. Every engineering projects have some sort of
scopes to improve or extend them, and the work presented in
this paper is not an exception. Besides the existing possible
applications of the designed system, the future scopes,
according to the revised block diagram in Figure 22, may
involve: (i) designing the Grid Control Unit to complete the
power management system between Solar and Grid, (ii)
designing a wireless Transmitter and Receiver compatible with
the system to make it true remote-area applicable, and (iii)
physical implementation of the whole system including the
Sun-tracking system.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
Fig. 22. Revised block diagram of the system with remote area applications.
VI.
CONCLUSION
A microcontroller-based Sun-tracking solar-powered antitheft automated security system is designed with three kinds of
incident detection sensors (motion, fire, glass-break) and three
kinds of alarm methods (Buzzer, bi-color LED, SMS). The core
part of the security system is also constructed and tested. The
designed system is verified to be functional and useful in
security protection, which features automatic control of the
LED (color-changing in blinking manner), alarming (when
LED is ON) with Buzzer and SMS, and displaying the
information according to the different scenarios of security
measures. The system operates on 5V dc supply, requiring less
than 1mA of current and 5mW of power during standby
conditions. When the system is ON, during the bi-color LED’s
blinking sequences (Yellow-Off-Red) it consumes less than
25mA of current and 120mW of power. And, the buzzer takes
less than 0.5mW of power while ON, which makes it a very low
power system and suitable for working reliably with solar
energy for a longer duration when grid connection is not
available. To make the system even more efficient and
sustainable a Sun-tracking solar system is also designed. Alert
SMS generation system for Fire and Glass-break detection is
also verified and confirmed to be reliable with the designed
security system. This anti-theft system can be applied in homes
or any kind of facility where security is a concern, and the
control unit can be placed locally or remotely for monitoring.
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