Papers by Krzysztof Kurzyk
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Acta Universitatis Nicolai Copernici Archeologia, 2014
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Trzy jubileusze archeologii akademickiej. 80, 70, 40-, 2022
In the 1970s at the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Nicolaus Copernicus Universit... more In the 1970s at the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, the first underwater archaeology centre in Poland was formed on the ini-tiative of Andrzej Kola and Gerard Wilke. In 1982 the Laboratory of Underwater Archaeo-logy was created, transformed in 1985 into the Department of Underwater Archeology. To date, the most studied objects are the remains of medieval bridge crossings and settlements located close to water from the early Iron Age. Amongst the former should be mentioned the studies on bridges at Ostrów Lednicki in Greater Poland, run with brakes in 1982-1994 (the so-called Gniezno bridge) and from 1986 to the present day (the so-called Poznań bridge). From the mid-1980s, underwater archaeological works were carried out within the relics of settlements and bridges from the early Iron Age, amongst others in Mołtajny on Lake Arklic-kie (1986–1991), Pieczarki on Lake Dgał Wielki (1992–1995), Polanów and Powidz on Lake Powidz (2000–2008). Researchers from the Toruń centre also participated in the study of shipwrecks in the Baltic Sea, Bulgaria, Croatia and Turkey. As part of international coopera-tion, they participated in underwater works on the relics of bridges in Lithuania and Germany, as well as on the sunken remains of ancien ports and cities in Zaton (Croatia) and Olbia (Ukra-ine). New data on early medieval bridge crossings and platforms, as well as relics of settle-ments have been obtained as part of records of underwater archaeological heritage. Further sites were discovered, structures studied earlier were evidenced and – thanks to dendrochro-nological analysis – the absolute chronology of the structures was established.
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Pomorania Antiqua, 2022
In May 2020, Ms Sylwia Ziółkowska donated to the collection of the National Maritime
Museum in G... more In May 2020, Ms Sylwia Ziółkowska donated to the collection of the National Maritime
Museum in Gdańsk an artefact made of antler, which she accidentally discovered
while walking on the beach of Wyspa Sobieszewska in Gdańsk. The artefact probably originally served as a whistle. Dimensions: maximum length 24 cm, maximum diameter at the mouthpiece 2.8 cm, diameter of the inner hole 1.2 cm. After calibration, the radiocarbon dating with a probability of 95.4% is at the maximum in the period 172 BC to 8 AD, i.e. in the younger Pre-Roman period in Poland. The simple form of the artefact is intercultural, and we know similar finds also from other periods and archaeological cultures, e.g. from Denmark, Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Romania, Spain and Portugal. Some researchers criticized the hypotheses about the acoustic purpose of the discussed subjects. Among alternative interpretations, there were often proposals to consider them as basketry tools or, in the case of smaller specimens, as pendants and amulets. Among the alternative interpretations in the literature, there are ones ascribing to the discussed items the role of elements of the horse harness (side pieces). The artefact discovered on Wyspa Sobieszewska in Gdańsk has morphological features typical of stopped edge-blown aerophones. However, the plug closing the blow hole has not survived. Undoubtedly, the collection of these extremely interesting artefacts requires a broader view and further analysis, especially attempts to reconstruct the sound.
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Pomorania Antiqua, 2019
Site 22 in Rakowiec has been discovered in 2003 during rescue excavation on the route of the gas ... more Site 22 in Rakowiec has been discovered in 2003 during rescue excavation on the route of the gas pipeline from Kwidzyn to Gardeja. During the research 2 basin shaped features (features 3 and 5 – fig. 3; 5), 224 fragments of pottery, 1 fragment of stone saddle quern and 3 handstones related to Late Band Pottery culture (post-LBK) have been found.
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II i III Pomorska Sesja Sprawozdawcza za rok 2012 i 2014, 2018
During rescue research carried out at Reformatów Street in the Wejherowo, unexpected discoveries ... more During rescue research carried out at Reformatów Street in the Wejherowo, unexpected discoveries were made. A unique find of a burial from the Early Bronze Age were found. The single skeletal grave discovered in Wejherowo is the first radiocarbon dated and comprehensively studied grave from the Early Bronze Age in the north part of Eastern Pomerania.
Beside artefacts from Early Bronze Age also relicts of ovens from the early Iron Age and two features of the unknown chronology were found.
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Abstract: Site 14 in Kowal (central Poland), a funerary and ritual centre of the Globular amphora... more Abstract: Site 14 in Kowal (central Poland), a funerary and ritual centre of the Globular amphora culture forms the subject of this article. The site includes a sub - megalith, a ritual feature with animal burials and a human burial. The complex can be dated to a period spanning from 3250/3100 to 2400/2150 BC; it was used over a long period, and the rituals carried out were complex. Rituals were performed over many years in certain areas, while individual acts of animal sacrifice and deposition may have been separated by a short interval of just a few years. The fill of some pits shows that the sacred space was carefully organised and it has been possible to distinguish between some utilitarian and ritual deposits within them. Other important information is provided by the study of a human burial discovered at the site. It is possible that a deliberately chosen individual from the tribal ‘aristocracy’ was the victim of a ritual murder. The analysis of the grave goods reveals that they were ritual offerings, and these suggest that animals played a dominant role in the deceased man’s daily life. The study of his bones provides important new insights, including those from a palaeo-serological analysis revealing his blood group, a first in the history of European Neolithic research. The results of DNA analysis constitute the first description of the genetic traits of a representative of the Globular amphora culture, among very few such DNA profiles available for a Neolithic person. Some of the alleles discovered are the oldest examples of particular alleles among those identified in human remains so far. DNA evidence suggests that the individual was lactose intolerant, and it demonstrates a genetic relationship with the Fertile Crescent. The analysis of stable oxygen isotope ratios shows patterns compatible with either residential mobility or weaning age. The analysis of stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios allowed us to reconstruct the individual’s diet; particular attention is drawn to the fact that up to 25 % of his carbohydrate diet consisted of millet. This is the earliest isotopic evidence for the presence of millet in the diet of people living in Central Europe.
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Pomorania Antiqua, 2015
The article presents the latest results of excavations on settlement from the late Neolithic and ... more The article presents the latest results of excavations on settlement from the late Neolithic and the beginning of the Bronze Age on site 17 in Mieścin, Tczew commune, Pomeranian Voivo-deship. Analysis of discovered materials allows to link them with the Iwno culture. These fin-dings correlate also with 2 14C dates, the first ones for this period from the area of East Po-merania. After calibration the dates are circa 2300/2200 BC and 2000/1900 BC and determine two horizons of the Iwno culture. The first, with which is linked the majority of discovered material, corresponds to the early phase of the Iwno culture, while the second, less clearly per-ceptible in sources, is synchronized with the late phase of the Iwno culture. Amongst 21 Iwno culture features the most interesting is a remnant of so-called house with sunken floor measu-ring approx. 12.8 m x 8.3 m. Within the house were recorded 2 hearths, 1 storage pit and a concentration of pottery fragments as well as flint and stone artefacts (3 axes, grinding plate, quern, 2 grinder stones) and 2 amber nuggets, including one with traces of processing. Apart from dwelling the house was also a specialized workshop. From the perspective of the current state of research on the late Neolithic and the beginning of the Bronze Age in East Pomerania, the Iwno culture settlement from Mieścin 17 is one of the most interesting sites located in the area of the Lower Vistula River.
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Acta Universitatis Nicolai Copernici, 2013
The multicultural site 4 in Sztynwag occupies a small section of the second fl uvial terrace of t... more The multicultural site 4 in Sztynwag occupies a small section of the second fl uvial terrace of the Grudziądz Basin mesoregion. The site lies on cambic arenosols which were originally sur-rounded by waterlogged ground (wetlands), most of which has now been drained. An open-plan excavation carried out at this site in 2000 revealed 680 archaeological features and over 8000 pottery sherds, around 70% of which were associated with phase IIIB of the Chełmno group of the Funnel Beaker culture. Four features and 100 ceramic sherds were attributed to the Globular Amphora culture; they represented the remains of a small settlement dated to phases IIIa–IIIb of this culture in the Kuyavia region. The Corded Ware culture was eviden-ced by the presence of three features and 65 potsherds, most of them (58 sherds) produced using a technology that involved the addition of crushed stone temper to the ceramic fabric; only seven of these sherds were tempered with a mixture of sand and grog. Three rim sherds are particularly distinctive: they came from vessels with a fabric tempered with crushed stone and were decorated with a motif of intersecting horizontal and vertical impressions made with a thick two-stranded cord. This type of pottery is currently ascribed to the so-called northeast trend of the Corded Ware culture sphere. It can probably be linked to the late period of this sphere’s development or to the early Bronze Age. The discovered remains provide evidence of multiple though transient use of this site by communities. representing almost every stage of development of the Corded Ware culture (the most intensive use occurring during the earlier phase). Early Bronze Age evidence took the form of nine features and 490 ceramic vessel sherds attributable on stylistic grounds to the Iwno/Trzciniec culture of the Chełmno region. They are generally consistent with the end of the early horizon/beginning of the classic horizon of the Trzciniec cultural sphere in Kuyavia (HT 1-2). The pottery assemblage is from a single stylistic phase and probably represents the remains of a relatively permanent (multi-season?) settlement located on the sandy elevation of a fluvial terrace.The number of features and fi nds dating from the transitional period between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age discovered in Sztynwag indicates that this was an area of relatively intensive occupation, particularly well-evidenced in the early Bronze Age. Rescue excavations carried along the route of the A–1 motorway in the Chełmno region, within the Lower Vistula valley, led to the discovery of several other sites which yielded fi nds dating from the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age which were stylist cally similar to those recovered from Sztynwag (Kamionki Duże, Łysomice Commune, sites 2 and 15; Stare Marzy, Grudziądz Commune, site 5; Ruda,Grudziądz Com-mune, sites 3–6).
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XVII SESJA POMORZOZNAWCZA, 2011
Im Artikel werden die neusten Ergebnisse von vom Institut für Archäologie der Nikolaus-Ko-perniku... more Im Artikel werden die neusten Ergebnisse von vom Institut für Archäologie der Nikolaus-Ko-pernikus-Universität Toruń am Neolithikum und der frühen Bronzezeit im Dobrzyner Land in den 80erJahren des 20. Jh.s durchgeführten Untersuchungen erörtert. Das Dobrzyner Land liegt im Bereich desPolnischen Tieflandes zwischen den drei Flüssen Weichsel/Wisła, Drwęca und Skrwa. Diese Regionrepräsentiert einige Typen des natürlichen Landschaftsbildes, angefangen von flachen oder welligenund waldlosen Ebenen bis hin zu zusammengeballten Stirnmöranenhügeln mit Seen.Bislang wurden im Laufe der im betreffenden Gebiet erfolgten Ausgrabungen keine mit demSiedlungswesen der Bandkeramischen Kulturen verbundenen Fundstellen freigelegt. Vom eher spo-radischen Vorhandensein Bandkeramischer Gemeinschaften im Dobrzyner Land zeugen vereinzelteFundstellen der Linienbandkeramischen Kultur und der späten Bandkeramischen Kultur, die bei derim Rahmen der Archäologischen Aufnahme Polens –AZP- erfolgten Oberflächenprospektion entdecktworden waren.Zu einem intensiveren Siedlungswesen von Ackerbaukulturen kommt es erst mit dem Auf-tauchen der Trichterbecherkultur. Bislang wurden an 13 Fundstellen Ausgrabungen durchgeführt.Dies ist die im Dobrzyner Land derzeit am besten erforschte neolithische Kultur. Bezüglich desTrichterbecherkultur-Materials wurde eine Reihe von Radiokarbondatierungen vorgenommen. Dasälteste Material konnte mit den Phasen I und II der Trichterbecherkultur im Kulmer Land/ZiemiaChełmińska synchronisiert werden. Bei der Keramik der Trichterbecherkultur sind intensive subne-olithische Einflüsse zu sehen.Wesentlich weniger wissen wir zum Thema der Kugelamphorenkultur sowie Schnurkeramik-Kultur. Bis jetzt wurde an drei ausgrabungsmäßig untersuchten Fundstellen Material der Kugelam-phorenkultur freigelegt. Auf die diesbezüglich interessanteste Quelle war man bei Untersuchungenin Skrzypkowo, Gemeinde Obrowo, Fundplatz 13, gestoßen, von dem von der Badener Kultur sowieden Kulturen der Waldzone beeinflusste Keramik der Kugelamphorenkultur bekannt ist. Die Kugelam-phorenkultur taucht im Dobrzyner Land frühestens in Kujawiens Phase II b auf, wobei die Mehrheitder Fundstellen mit der jüngeren Phase III in Verbindung gebracht werden muss.Alle entdeckten Fundstellen der Schnurkeramischen Kultur sind Überreste kleinerer kurzzeitigerSiedlungsplätze. Wenn die stilistisch-technologischen Eigenschaften der nicht allzu großen Kera-miksammlungen (meist um die zwanzig Keramikgefäßfragmente) sowie die zwei vorgenommenenRadiokarbondatierungen in Betracht gezogen werden, muss die Mehrheit der Fundstellen mit demjüngeren Horizont der Schnurkeramischen Kultur in Verbindung gebracht werden.An einigen Fundstellen war man auch auf mit der frühen Bronzezeit verbundene Keramik gesto-ßen. Es handelt sich dabei um sedimentäres Material, das hauptsächlich die sogenannte Grobkeramikder Iwno-Kultur repräsentiert.Angesichts der aktuellen Untersuchungen scheint das Dobrzyner Land bevorzugtes Siedlungs-gebiet der Ackerbaukulturen des Neolithikums und der frühen Bronzezeit gewesen zu sein. Gleich-zeitig beobachten wir ein Eindringen der Ackerbaukulturen in die Welt der Sammler und Jäger, wasinsbesondere bei der Keramik der Trichterbecherkultur und der Kugelamphorenkultur zum Tragenkommt.
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Kurhany i obrządek pogrzebowy w IV-II tysiącleciu p.n.e., 2011
In June 2006 and 2007 there were rescue excavations conducted on site 26 in Żygląd. As a result o... more In June 2006 and 2007 there were rescue excavations conducted on site 26 in Żygląd. As a result of those excavations, among other finds, the remains of a long house of the late Linear Pottery culture, a barrow of the Corded Ware culture (CWC) and cremation graves of the Lu-satian culture were discovered. The site is situated in the Chełmińskie Lake region, on a flat moraine plain elevated by about 90 m above sea level.At the time of the excavations, the mo-und of the CWC barrow could no longer be seen due to its excessive degradation by intensive ploughing. The barrow (features No. 1 and 23) in its north-eastern part cuts across the outline of the upper part of a house belonging to the late Linear Pottery culture.Feature No. 1 was located on a visibly elevated part of the terrain. It is the remnant of a circular ditch running along the entire perimeter, with traces of 65 postholes onthe inside, with the diameter of about 30 cm each, which formed a surrounding palisade. The width of the ditch was on average about 45 cm, and its depth — about 60 cm. The diameter of the circle reached 15 m. In the eastern part, the ditch had a small break — like a causeway — of about 40 cm. In the central part of the circle, on the highest elevation of the terrain, feature No. 23 was unearthed. It was rectangular in cross-section, 2 x 4 m, shaped like an irregular basin, with the thickness of up to 5 cm. Feature No. 23 can be interpreted as the remnant of a destroyed burial chamber, orien-ted on the NW-SE axis, with only the bottom part preserved. Unfortunately, neither the rema-ins of the skeleton nor those of the grave goods are preserved in situ. Two isolated artifacts could be regarded as related to the burial: a stone battle-axe and a flint blade. The flint blade, light grey in colour, 8.4 cm long
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Chapters by Krzysztof Kurzyk
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Papers by Krzysztof Kurzyk
Museum in Gdańsk an artefact made of antler, which she accidentally discovered
while walking on the beach of Wyspa Sobieszewska in Gdańsk. The artefact probably originally served as a whistle. Dimensions: maximum length 24 cm, maximum diameter at the mouthpiece 2.8 cm, diameter of the inner hole 1.2 cm. After calibration, the radiocarbon dating with a probability of 95.4% is at the maximum in the period 172 BC to 8 AD, i.e. in the younger Pre-Roman period in Poland. The simple form of the artefact is intercultural, and we know similar finds also from other periods and archaeological cultures, e.g. from Denmark, Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Romania, Spain and Portugal. Some researchers criticized the hypotheses about the acoustic purpose of the discussed subjects. Among alternative interpretations, there were often proposals to consider them as basketry tools or, in the case of smaller specimens, as pendants and amulets. Among the alternative interpretations in the literature, there are ones ascribing to the discussed items the role of elements of the horse harness (side pieces). The artefact discovered on Wyspa Sobieszewska in Gdańsk has morphological features typical of stopped edge-blown aerophones. However, the plug closing the blow hole has not survived. Undoubtedly, the collection of these extremely interesting artefacts requires a broader view and further analysis, especially attempts to reconstruct the sound.
Beside artefacts from Early Bronze Age also relicts of ovens from the early Iron Age and two features of the unknown chronology were found.
Chapters by Krzysztof Kurzyk
Book chapters by Krzysztof Kurzyk
Museum in Gdańsk an artefact made of antler, which she accidentally discovered
while walking on the beach of Wyspa Sobieszewska in Gdańsk. The artefact probably originally served as a whistle. Dimensions: maximum length 24 cm, maximum diameter at the mouthpiece 2.8 cm, diameter of the inner hole 1.2 cm. After calibration, the radiocarbon dating with a probability of 95.4% is at the maximum in the period 172 BC to 8 AD, i.e. in the younger Pre-Roman period in Poland. The simple form of the artefact is intercultural, and we know similar finds also from other periods and archaeological cultures, e.g. from Denmark, Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Romania, Spain and Portugal. Some researchers criticized the hypotheses about the acoustic purpose of the discussed subjects. Among alternative interpretations, there were often proposals to consider them as basketry tools or, in the case of smaller specimens, as pendants and amulets. Among the alternative interpretations in the literature, there are ones ascribing to the discussed items the role of elements of the horse harness (side pieces). The artefact discovered on Wyspa Sobieszewska in Gdańsk has morphological features typical of stopped edge-blown aerophones. However, the plug closing the blow hole has not survived. Undoubtedly, the collection of these extremely interesting artefacts requires a broader view and further analysis, especially attempts to reconstruct the sound.
Beside artefacts from Early Bronze Age also relicts of ovens from the early Iron Age and two features of the unknown chronology were found.