The book minutely depicts the territorial organization of religions and confessions in the Crown ... more The book minutely depicts the territorial organization of religions and confessions in the Crown part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the second half of the eighteenth century. It focuses on the spatial range and variety of the communities in the region, which was a melting pot of many different religions, confessions and denominations. The picture the book paints owes its depth and detail both to the characterization of the borderlands, and to the heterogeneous and homogeneous zones.
Prof. Michael Müller: "The book represents a methodologically most innovative, and empirically very rich, contribution to at least three fields of study: historical geography, religious history and historical demography. For the first time, we get a full, and reliable, picture of the churches of all Christian denominations and of the synagogues (and of the religious institutions and organizations behind them) that existed in the lands of the Crown prior to the first partition of Poland."
Church and Society of the Little Poland in the second half of the 18th century. Source Materials,... more Church and Society of the Little Poland in the second half of the 18th century. Source Materials, vol. 1: Population and Organization of Cracow Diocese
Geography of Religious and Denominational Structures in the Crown of Polish Kingdom in the second... more Geography of Religious and Denominational Structures in the Crown of Polish Kingdom in the second half of the 18th century.
The main and direct aim of this work is to present the territorial organization of religions and confessions in the Crown part of the old Republic of Poland. Because of the lack of systematic demographic sources for that period, it seems to be the best method to study the actual quantitative (statistical) and spatial (geographical) relations between the followers of all confessions existing in the Crown. The analysis comprised the territory of the Małopolska (Little Poland) and Wielkopolska (Great Poland) provinces within their borders from the second half of the 18th century, which was before the territorial changes caused by the fist partitions of Poland. The areas under lien or fief: Spiš and Drahim starostwo (crown land administered by and official called starosta) as well as the lands of Lębork and Bytow were also taken into consideration. Because both the sources and studies provide different administrative structures of the areas mentioned above, the collective statistics treat them separately, i.e. they were not included within any of the 23 crown voivodships. Warmia, which formally belonged to the Malbork voivodship, was also viewed separately. The total area considered in the present work comprised 424,358 square kilometres, including:
Małopolska province: 304, 390 km2,
- Małopolska: 57, 656 km2 (including Spiš area . 679 km2)
- Crown Ruthenia: 235, 227 km2
- Podlasie: 11,507 km2
Wielkopolska province: 119,968 km2
- Wielkopolska: 59,842 km2 (including Drahim area . 651 km2)
- Crown Prussia: 26, 452 km2 (including Lębork and Bytow areas. 1,857 km2 and Warmia 4,316 km2)
- Mazowsze: 33,674 km2.
As for the scope of the present work, the analysis comprised sacral objects and units of territorial administration of all religions, confessions and liturgies that occurred in the area of the Crown and that created organizational structures considered in the sources. The group of Christian temples included Catholic churches of three liturgies (Latin, Greek and Armenian), Orthodox. Lutheran (Evangelical-Augsburg), Mennonite, Calvinist (Reformed Evangelical) and the Unity of the Brethren (Bohemian Brethren, despite strong unification tendencies with Calvinists were treated separately). Among non-Christian religions, the most space and attention was given to Jewish temples. The number of Muslim mosques and Karaite kenesas was small.
The present work, due to the territorial and material scope, is based mainly on sources and studies providing systematic information on the structures and distribution of sacral objects of religions and confessions. A considerable effort was put into preparing the information and cartographic materials for those confessions wherever such either did not exist (e.g. a map of synagogues and houses of prayer) or they were old (e.g. a map of Protestant churches). The state of knowledge on the centralized and well controlled Latin Church is without any doubt the most complete, mainly thanks to the preserved records of canonical visits, lists of benefices or other types of specifications necessary for efficient administration of the Church. Protestants communities, which systematically prepared descriptions of their organizational state, which was shrinking more and more in the 18th c., were fairly well documented. Knowledge on the organization of Eastern churches presents a slightly worse picture although the key role here is still played by the exploration of sources. The third religious group . considering the number of churches . namely, Jews did not create . or they are not known . systematic descriptions of the state of their property. This results from a completely different organizational structure of those communities which were characterized by much greater decentralization in comparison to Christian religions. The first complete list of Jews' organizations in the Crown and in Lithuania was an effect of the statefs undertaking from the second half of the 18th c. the aim of which was to change the tax system of this group of the population.
The analysis of the distribution of temples of all confessions and religions on a very large area together with strong regional differentiation required introducing an inner division making it easier to present the phenomenon. Narration according to particular confessions did not enable to fully use the comparative method. On the other hand, it was not justified to accept the criterion of the division of the Latin Church structures that comprised the whole territory of the Republic of Poland because the Greek-Catholic Church played a far more important role in the Crown Ruthenia. Unintentionally, it created the danger of comparing other confessions to the Latin Church. Hence, it was considered the most proper to accept the division of the state administration (provinces and voivodships) within which the quantitative, structural and geographical analyses were made of particular confessions (chapter I: Małopolska province, and chapter II: Wielkopolska province). Chapter III (Religious and confessional regionalization of the Crown) is an attempt to exclude from a detailed territorial analysis the moments that identified and were characteristic of the confessional and ethnic space of both provinces. While formulating the main conclusions, a significant role was played by the methods of geostatic analysis. The present work made use of both the base of special data and geographic information systems as a set of instruments for a special analysis of the collected data. Both the method itself and instruments to use it create a chance to make a step further in relation towards the classic methods of cartographic presentations that are binding in historical geography. These are naturally to be found in the present work.
The first two chapters have the character of a systematic geographical and statistical analysis of the religious situation of each voivodship of the Crown. In addition to presenting the statistics and administrative divisions of confessions and religions, problems relating to the creation of borders of territorial administration as well as issues connected with the development and factors affecting the religious situation in particular regions were undertaken. The following elements were brought to the foreground: the range of the first Christianization of the Slav areas, the policy of state authorities and the international situation affecting the changes of not only political but also religious borders. In the modern times, of special importance was the Polish-Lithuanian union and, being the consequence of the latter, the Brest union, which changed the religious picture of the Crown through including the areas where Eastern churches had their structures. The Protestant reformation had a significant influence, especially in Wielkopolska and Royal Prussia. The development of kahal organization related to the processes of external and internal colonization affected the formation of Jewish self-government the central organ of which was the Council of Four Lands. Differentiation in the density of sacral objects was closely connected with the ownership and settlement structure in each voivodship as well as with the inner organizational regulations of churches and religions.
A geostatic analysis was made of totally 15,253 sacral objects, including 8,311 Uniate churches, 5,722 Latin churches, 841 synagogues and houses of prayer, 276 Lutheran churches, 35 Orthodox churches, 22 Catholic churches of Armenian liturgy, 19 Mennonite churches, 14 . Calvinist ones, 10 . belonging to Bohemian Brethren, 3 Karaite kenesas and 2 mosques. Basing on their distribution, an analysis was conducted of the range of confessions and religions, differentiation in their density; besides, religious regionalization of the Crown was performed. Distinction of areas of varying degrees of religious heterogeneity (so-called religious fractionalization) proved especially interesting. In the social perspective, the phenomenon called gmulti-religiousnessh mainly concerned the towns, while in the geographical perspective it referred to the Latin-Uniate, Latin-Lutheran and Uniate-Orthodox borderlands. Viewing the problem in most general terms, the towns lying on the borderlands can be considered the most heterogeneous. There, the Latin Church was losing its dominating position: to the east . for the benefit of the Uniate Church, to the west and north . for the benefit of the Lutheran Church. The conducted geographical-historical analysis points to religious differentiation of the Crown and its division into two parts (Latin and Uniate ones) and three distinct borderlands (Latin-Uniate, Latin-Lutheran and Uniate-Orthodox ones). Considering slight deviations in each province, which were affected by the factors described above, it can be said that in the cross-section of the whole analyzed area the geography of sacral objects adequately presents the religious situation in the Crown.
Law of Patronage in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in early modern period. The Basis and Stru... more Law of Patronage in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in early modern period. The Basis and Structure
Artykuł zawiera charakterystykę treści dotyczących struktur religijnych oraz metod ich prezentacj... more Artykuł zawiera charakterystykę treści dotyczących struktur religijnych oraz metod ich prezentacji w programie „Atlasu historycznego Polski”. Identyfikuje przyczyny oraz opisuje okoliczności zmian w ujmowaniu tematyki wyznaniowej w poszczególnych fazach rozwoju projektu atlasowego. Ukazuje różne ścieżki rozwojowe AHP, kształtowane przez dyskusje wokół roli kartografii historycznej oraz historii społeczno-religijnej, które wpływały na sposób ujęcia problemów religijnych w programie i serii wydawniczej AHP.
Artykuł stanowi głos w sporze historiograficznym na temat przynależności metropolitalnej diecezji... more Artykuł stanowi głos w sporze historiograficznym na temat przynależności metropolitalnej diecezji łuckiej w okresie nowożytnym. Odwołując się do świadectw źródłowych z późnego średniowiecza oraz okresu nowożytnego, wskazuje na korzenie złożonej sytuacji formalno-prawnej diecezji łuckiej. Za rozstrzygające uznaje różne źródła uprawnień arcybiskupów gnieźnieńskich względem diecezji łuckiej. Od XV wieku, kiedy ukształtował się urząd prymasa, arcybiskupi gnieźnieńscy uzyskali jurysdykcję także nad metropolią lwowską. Od tego momentu dość trudno określić, jakie uprawnienia względem sufraganii lwowskich wykonywał arcybiskup gnieźnieński z racji pełnienia urzędu prymasa, a które mogły wynikać ze zwierzchności metropolitalnej. To zespolenie kompetencji obrazuje dobrze uznanie synodów prowincjonalnych gnieźnieńskich za synody prymasowskie i krajowe, których dekrety obowiązywały w obu metropoliach: gnieźnieńskiej i lwowskiej. Także procedury sądowe od początku XVI wieku dawały prymasowi prawo...
When entering information about changes of settlements in time into a database, we are dealing wi... more When entering information about changes of settlements in time into a database, we are dealing with direct facts from historical sources and with interpretations. The source information generally relates to an event or situation at a specific time. This means that we only fill in the parts of the timeline with data objects called (partial) manifestations; however, lack of data does not mean that settlement did not exist. It would take a lot of time to interpret and enter missing information manually. In this article we present a database schema, database procedures and algorithms to generate aggregated settlement unit manifestations in an automated way from their partial manifestations. As a result, it is possible to obtain a continuous history of a given settlement so as to present it on a map.
The Size and Geography of the Royal Patronage in the Chełm Diocese during the Reign of King Sigis... more The Size and Geography of the Royal Patronage in the Chełm Diocese during the Reign of King Sigismund III Vasa The article is an attempt at presenting the size and distribution of the king's patronage in Poland with a special emphasis on the situation in the Chełm diocese. Zygmunt III Vasa (1588-1632) had the right of patronage from which the right of presenting a candidate for benefices (the right of presentation) issued with respect to the most important Church offices in Poland. This first of all concerned the benefices of higher categories that gave a considerable income.<br> Zygmunt III was the patron of all the bishoprics in Poland as well as of the important prebends in cathedral and collegiate chapters. The cathedral chapters in the Lvov province, established mostly in the 14th and 15th centuries are characterized by a considerably higher degree of participation of the king's patronage than the chapters in the old dioceses in the Gniezno province. Also a big pa...
Głównym celem artykułu jest dokonanie krytycznego przeglądu wykorzystania map dawnych w polskich ... more Głównym celem artykułu jest dokonanie krytycznego przeglądu wykorzystania map dawnych w polskich badaniach geograficzno-historycznych. Miejsce dawnej mapy w warsztacie geograficzno-historycznym wynika z przedmiotu badań, który stawia w swoim centrum relacje przestrzenne zjawisk historycznych. Metodyka pracy z dawnymi kartografikami warunkowana jest z kolei relacją czasu powstania mapy do czasu występowania badanego zjawiska oraz związkiem tematycznym między treścią mapy a przedmiotem badań. Stąd odmienne podejście przy wykorzystaniu map dawnych prezentują historycy, geografowie, kartografowie oraz przedstawiciele innych dyscyplin. W artykule omówione zostały najważniejsze sposoby wykorzystania dawnej kartografii w geografii historycznej. Na pierwszym miejscu znalazła się rola dawnych map jako podkładu do prezentacji zjawisk historycznych oraz jako podstawa dla rekonstrukcji położenia, przebiegu, zasięgu oraz kształtów kartowanych zjawisk historycznych. Dawne mapy wzbogacają też char...
Religious Regionalization of the Polish Crown in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century: A Geo... more Religious Regionalization of the Polish Crown in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century: A Geographical-Historical Approach
The aim of the paper is to propose a data model for editing historical records using the example ... more The aim of the paper is to propose a data model for editing historical records using the example of Karol Perthées’ works from the late 18th century. These consist of cartographic sketches, elaborated on the basis of parochial questionnaires and the maps of palatinates of the Crown, which are at a scale of 1:225,000. The model links the advantages of direct source data representation with scalability and flexibility features, which provide analytical possibilities. The sketches are indexed using the INDXR application and the structure of the model reflects the structure of the source. The maps were analyzed in a GIS environment, but no georeferencing was performed. The data collected separately as symbols and annotations were treated independently and were linked via features. The model is illustrated by a preliminary study of materials covering the area of the Zemborzyce parish near Lublin.
Methodology for building spatio-temporal databases of settlement development and territorial divi... more Methodology for building spatio-temporal databases of settlement development and territorial divisions
The book minutely depicts the territorial organization of religions and confessions in the Crown ... more The book minutely depicts the territorial organization of religions and confessions in the Crown part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the second half of the eighteenth century. It focuses on the spatial range and variety of the communities in the region, which was a melting pot of many different religions, confessions and denominations. The picture the book paints owes its depth and detail both to the characterization of the borderlands, and to the heterogeneous and homogeneous zones.
Prof. Michael Müller: "The book represents a methodologically most innovative, and empirically very rich, contribution to at least three fields of study: historical geography, religious history and historical demography. For the first time, we get a full, and reliable, picture of the churches of all Christian denominations and of the synagogues (and of the religious institutions and organizations behind them) that existed in the lands of the Crown prior to the first partition of Poland."
Church and Society of the Little Poland in the second half of the 18th century. Source Materials,... more Church and Society of the Little Poland in the second half of the 18th century. Source Materials, vol. 1: Population and Organization of Cracow Diocese
Geography of Religious and Denominational Structures in the Crown of Polish Kingdom in the second... more Geography of Religious and Denominational Structures in the Crown of Polish Kingdom in the second half of the 18th century.
The main and direct aim of this work is to present the territorial organization of religions and confessions in the Crown part of the old Republic of Poland. Because of the lack of systematic demographic sources for that period, it seems to be the best method to study the actual quantitative (statistical) and spatial (geographical) relations between the followers of all confessions existing in the Crown. The analysis comprised the territory of the Małopolska (Little Poland) and Wielkopolska (Great Poland) provinces within their borders from the second half of the 18th century, which was before the territorial changes caused by the fist partitions of Poland. The areas under lien or fief: Spiš and Drahim starostwo (crown land administered by and official called starosta) as well as the lands of Lębork and Bytow were also taken into consideration. Because both the sources and studies provide different administrative structures of the areas mentioned above, the collective statistics treat them separately, i.e. they were not included within any of the 23 crown voivodships. Warmia, which formally belonged to the Malbork voivodship, was also viewed separately. The total area considered in the present work comprised 424,358 square kilometres, including:
Małopolska province: 304, 390 km2,
- Małopolska: 57, 656 km2 (including Spiš area . 679 km2)
- Crown Ruthenia: 235, 227 km2
- Podlasie: 11,507 km2
Wielkopolska province: 119,968 km2
- Wielkopolska: 59,842 km2 (including Drahim area . 651 km2)
- Crown Prussia: 26, 452 km2 (including Lębork and Bytow areas. 1,857 km2 and Warmia 4,316 km2)
- Mazowsze: 33,674 km2.
As for the scope of the present work, the analysis comprised sacral objects and units of territorial administration of all religions, confessions and liturgies that occurred in the area of the Crown and that created organizational structures considered in the sources. The group of Christian temples included Catholic churches of three liturgies (Latin, Greek and Armenian), Orthodox. Lutheran (Evangelical-Augsburg), Mennonite, Calvinist (Reformed Evangelical) and the Unity of the Brethren (Bohemian Brethren, despite strong unification tendencies with Calvinists were treated separately). Among non-Christian religions, the most space and attention was given to Jewish temples. The number of Muslim mosques and Karaite kenesas was small.
The present work, due to the territorial and material scope, is based mainly on sources and studies providing systematic information on the structures and distribution of sacral objects of religions and confessions. A considerable effort was put into preparing the information and cartographic materials for those confessions wherever such either did not exist (e.g. a map of synagogues and houses of prayer) or they were old (e.g. a map of Protestant churches). The state of knowledge on the centralized and well controlled Latin Church is without any doubt the most complete, mainly thanks to the preserved records of canonical visits, lists of benefices or other types of specifications necessary for efficient administration of the Church. Protestants communities, which systematically prepared descriptions of their organizational state, which was shrinking more and more in the 18th c., were fairly well documented. Knowledge on the organization of Eastern churches presents a slightly worse picture although the key role here is still played by the exploration of sources. The third religious group . considering the number of churches . namely, Jews did not create . or they are not known . systematic descriptions of the state of their property. This results from a completely different organizational structure of those communities which were characterized by much greater decentralization in comparison to Christian religions. The first complete list of Jews' organizations in the Crown and in Lithuania was an effect of the statefs undertaking from the second half of the 18th c. the aim of which was to change the tax system of this group of the population.
The analysis of the distribution of temples of all confessions and religions on a very large area together with strong regional differentiation required introducing an inner division making it easier to present the phenomenon. Narration according to particular confessions did not enable to fully use the comparative method. On the other hand, it was not justified to accept the criterion of the division of the Latin Church structures that comprised the whole territory of the Republic of Poland because the Greek-Catholic Church played a far more important role in the Crown Ruthenia. Unintentionally, it created the danger of comparing other confessions to the Latin Church. Hence, it was considered the most proper to accept the division of the state administration (provinces and voivodships) within which the quantitative, structural and geographical analyses were made of particular confessions (chapter I: Małopolska province, and chapter II: Wielkopolska province). Chapter III (Religious and confessional regionalization of the Crown) is an attempt to exclude from a detailed territorial analysis the moments that identified and were characteristic of the confessional and ethnic space of both provinces. While formulating the main conclusions, a significant role was played by the methods of geostatic analysis. The present work made use of both the base of special data and geographic information systems as a set of instruments for a special analysis of the collected data. Both the method itself and instruments to use it create a chance to make a step further in relation towards the classic methods of cartographic presentations that are binding in historical geography. These are naturally to be found in the present work.
The first two chapters have the character of a systematic geographical and statistical analysis of the religious situation of each voivodship of the Crown. In addition to presenting the statistics and administrative divisions of confessions and religions, problems relating to the creation of borders of territorial administration as well as issues connected with the development and factors affecting the religious situation in particular regions were undertaken. The following elements were brought to the foreground: the range of the first Christianization of the Slav areas, the policy of state authorities and the international situation affecting the changes of not only political but also religious borders. In the modern times, of special importance was the Polish-Lithuanian union and, being the consequence of the latter, the Brest union, which changed the religious picture of the Crown through including the areas where Eastern churches had their structures. The Protestant reformation had a significant influence, especially in Wielkopolska and Royal Prussia. The development of kahal organization related to the processes of external and internal colonization affected the formation of Jewish self-government the central organ of which was the Council of Four Lands. Differentiation in the density of sacral objects was closely connected with the ownership and settlement structure in each voivodship as well as with the inner organizational regulations of churches and religions.
A geostatic analysis was made of totally 15,253 sacral objects, including 8,311 Uniate churches, 5,722 Latin churches, 841 synagogues and houses of prayer, 276 Lutheran churches, 35 Orthodox churches, 22 Catholic churches of Armenian liturgy, 19 Mennonite churches, 14 . Calvinist ones, 10 . belonging to Bohemian Brethren, 3 Karaite kenesas and 2 mosques. Basing on their distribution, an analysis was conducted of the range of confessions and religions, differentiation in their density; besides, religious regionalization of the Crown was performed. Distinction of areas of varying degrees of religious heterogeneity (so-called religious fractionalization) proved especially interesting. In the social perspective, the phenomenon called gmulti-religiousnessh mainly concerned the towns, while in the geographical perspective it referred to the Latin-Uniate, Latin-Lutheran and Uniate-Orthodox borderlands. Viewing the problem in most general terms, the towns lying on the borderlands can be considered the most heterogeneous. There, the Latin Church was losing its dominating position: to the east . for the benefit of the Uniate Church, to the west and north . for the benefit of the Lutheran Church. The conducted geographical-historical analysis points to religious differentiation of the Crown and its division into two parts (Latin and Uniate ones) and three distinct borderlands (Latin-Uniate, Latin-Lutheran and Uniate-Orthodox ones). Considering slight deviations in each province, which were affected by the factors described above, it can be said that in the cross-section of the whole analyzed area the geography of sacral objects adequately presents the religious situation in the Crown.
Law of Patronage in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in early modern period. The Basis and Stru... more Law of Patronage in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in early modern period. The Basis and Structure
Artykuł zawiera charakterystykę treści dotyczących struktur religijnych oraz metod ich prezentacj... more Artykuł zawiera charakterystykę treści dotyczących struktur religijnych oraz metod ich prezentacji w programie „Atlasu historycznego Polski”. Identyfikuje przyczyny oraz opisuje okoliczności zmian w ujmowaniu tematyki wyznaniowej w poszczególnych fazach rozwoju projektu atlasowego. Ukazuje różne ścieżki rozwojowe AHP, kształtowane przez dyskusje wokół roli kartografii historycznej oraz historii społeczno-religijnej, które wpływały na sposób ujęcia problemów religijnych w programie i serii wydawniczej AHP.
Artykuł stanowi głos w sporze historiograficznym na temat przynależności metropolitalnej diecezji... more Artykuł stanowi głos w sporze historiograficznym na temat przynależności metropolitalnej diecezji łuckiej w okresie nowożytnym. Odwołując się do świadectw źródłowych z późnego średniowiecza oraz okresu nowożytnego, wskazuje na korzenie złożonej sytuacji formalno-prawnej diecezji łuckiej. Za rozstrzygające uznaje różne źródła uprawnień arcybiskupów gnieźnieńskich względem diecezji łuckiej. Od XV wieku, kiedy ukształtował się urząd prymasa, arcybiskupi gnieźnieńscy uzyskali jurysdykcję także nad metropolią lwowską. Od tego momentu dość trudno określić, jakie uprawnienia względem sufraganii lwowskich wykonywał arcybiskup gnieźnieński z racji pełnienia urzędu prymasa, a które mogły wynikać ze zwierzchności metropolitalnej. To zespolenie kompetencji obrazuje dobrze uznanie synodów prowincjonalnych gnieźnieńskich za synody prymasowskie i krajowe, których dekrety obowiązywały w obu metropoliach: gnieźnieńskiej i lwowskiej. Także procedury sądowe od początku XVI wieku dawały prymasowi prawo...
When entering information about changes of settlements in time into a database, we are dealing wi... more When entering information about changes of settlements in time into a database, we are dealing with direct facts from historical sources and with interpretations. The source information generally relates to an event or situation at a specific time. This means that we only fill in the parts of the timeline with data objects called (partial) manifestations; however, lack of data does not mean that settlement did not exist. It would take a lot of time to interpret and enter missing information manually. In this article we present a database schema, database procedures and algorithms to generate aggregated settlement unit manifestations in an automated way from their partial manifestations. As a result, it is possible to obtain a continuous history of a given settlement so as to present it on a map.
The Size and Geography of the Royal Patronage in the Chełm Diocese during the Reign of King Sigis... more The Size and Geography of the Royal Patronage in the Chełm Diocese during the Reign of King Sigismund III Vasa The article is an attempt at presenting the size and distribution of the king's patronage in Poland with a special emphasis on the situation in the Chełm diocese. Zygmunt III Vasa (1588-1632) had the right of patronage from which the right of presenting a candidate for benefices (the right of presentation) issued with respect to the most important Church offices in Poland. This first of all concerned the benefices of higher categories that gave a considerable income.<br> Zygmunt III was the patron of all the bishoprics in Poland as well as of the important prebends in cathedral and collegiate chapters. The cathedral chapters in the Lvov province, established mostly in the 14th and 15th centuries are characterized by a considerably higher degree of participation of the king's patronage than the chapters in the old dioceses in the Gniezno province. Also a big pa...
Głównym celem artykułu jest dokonanie krytycznego przeglądu wykorzystania map dawnych w polskich ... more Głównym celem artykułu jest dokonanie krytycznego przeglądu wykorzystania map dawnych w polskich badaniach geograficzno-historycznych. Miejsce dawnej mapy w warsztacie geograficzno-historycznym wynika z przedmiotu badań, który stawia w swoim centrum relacje przestrzenne zjawisk historycznych. Metodyka pracy z dawnymi kartografikami warunkowana jest z kolei relacją czasu powstania mapy do czasu występowania badanego zjawiska oraz związkiem tematycznym między treścią mapy a przedmiotem badań. Stąd odmienne podejście przy wykorzystaniu map dawnych prezentują historycy, geografowie, kartografowie oraz przedstawiciele innych dyscyplin. W artykule omówione zostały najważniejsze sposoby wykorzystania dawnej kartografii w geografii historycznej. Na pierwszym miejscu znalazła się rola dawnych map jako podkładu do prezentacji zjawisk historycznych oraz jako podstawa dla rekonstrukcji położenia, przebiegu, zasięgu oraz kształtów kartowanych zjawisk historycznych. Dawne mapy wzbogacają też char...
Religious Regionalization of the Polish Crown in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century: A Geo... more Religious Regionalization of the Polish Crown in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century: A Geographical-Historical Approach
The aim of the paper is to propose a data model for editing historical records using the example ... more The aim of the paper is to propose a data model for editing historical records using the example of Karol Perthées’ works from the late 18th century. These consist of cartographic sketches, elaborated on the basis of parochial questionnaires and the maps of palatinates of the Crown, which are at a scale of 1:225,000. The model links the advantages of direct source data representation with scalability and flexibility features, which provide analytical possibilities. The sketches are indexed using the INDXR application and the structure of the model reflects the structure of the source. The maps were analyzed in a GIS environment, but no georeferencing was performed. The data collected separately as symbols and annotations were treated independently and were linked via features. The model is illustrated by a preliminary study of materials covering the area of the Zemborzyce parish near Lublin.
Methodology for building spatio-temporal databases of settlement development and territorial divi... more Methodology for building spatio-temporal databases of settlement development and territorial divisions
In this paper, we tackle the problem of determining an identity of a locality evolving with time.... more In this paper, we tackle the problem of determining an identity of a locality evolving with time. Firstly, we discuss origins of this problem, namely how it arises in the everyday research practice of historical geographers. Secondly, we present two contexts of emergence of identities: identities embedded in sources and identities constructed in history. Finally, we discuss how such identities may be captured in information systems with the help of state-of-art technologies regarding ontological modeling and reasoning.
The paper discusses the problem of diachronic criteria of identity for historic localities. We ar... more The paper discusses the problem of diachronic criteria of identity for historic localities. We argue that such criteria are needed not just for the sake of ontological clarity but also are indispensable for database management and maintenance. Our survey of the current research in database management and engineering ontology literature found no satisfactory candidates thereof. Therefore we attempt to search for such criteria in the historic-geographical scholarship by exposing the ontological assumptions the researchers made there and by stating them explicitly. This attempt consisted of us presenting a number of brief scenarios taken from the historical studies whereby localities are claimed to maintain their identity through certain types of change or to be destroyed due to other types of change. Generalising these cases we provide a tentative formulation of the criterion and discuss its limitations.
The paper provides a tentative formulation of the diachronic identity criteria for localities bas... more The paper provides a tentative formulation of the diachronic identity criteria for localities based on a set of paradigmatic case studies of changes they
Historical Atlas of Poland in the 2nd half of the 16th century. Voivodeships of Cracow, Sandomierz, Lublin, Sieradz, Łęczyca, Rawa, Płock and Mazovia, vol. 1: Maps, ed. M. Słoń, Frankfurt am Main 2014
Historical Atlas of Poland in the 2nd half of the 16th century. Voivodeships of Cracow, Sandomierz, Lublin, Sieradz, Łęczyca, Rawa, Płock and Mazovia, vol. 1: Maps, ed. M. Słoń, Frankfurt am Main 2014
Laser Discoverers. Non-invasive examination and documentation of archeological and historical obj... more Laser Discoverers. Non-invasive examination and documentation of archeological and historical objects in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
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Books by Bogumil Szady
Prof. Michael Müller: "The book represents a methodologically most innovative, and empirically very rich, contribution to at least three fields of study: historical geography, religious history and historical demography. For the first time, we get a full, and reliable, picture of the churches of all Christian denominations and of the synagogues (and of the religious institutions and organizations behind them) that existed in the lands of the Crown prior to the first partition of Poland."
The main and direct aim of this work is to present the territorial organization of religions and confessions in the Crown part of the old Republic of Poland. Because of the lack of systematic demographic sources for that period, it seems to be the best method to study the actual quantitative (statistical) and spatial (geographical) relations between the followers of all confessions existing in the Crown. The analysis comprised the territory of the Małopolska (Little Poland) and Wielkopolska (Great Poland) provinces within their borders from the second half of the 18th century, which was before the territorial changes caused by the fist partitions of Poland. The areas under lien or fief: Spiš and Drahim starostwo (crown land administered by and official called starosta) as well as the lands of Lębork and Bytow were also taken into consideration. Because both the sources and studies provide different administrative structures of the areas mentioned above, the collective statistics treat them separately, i.e. they were not included within any of the 23 crown voivodships. Warmia, which formally belonged to the Malbork voivodship, was also viewed separately. The total area considered in the present work comprised 424,358 square kilometres, including:
Małopolska province: 304, 390 km2,
- Małopolska: 57, 656 km2 (including Spiš area . 679 km2)
- Crown Ruthenia: 235, 227 km2
- Podlasie: 11,507 km2
Wielkopolska province: 119,968 km2
- Wielkopolska: 59,842 km2 (including Drahim area . 651 km2)
- Crown Prussia: 26, 452 km2 (including Lębork and Bytow areas. 1,857 km2 and Warmia 4,316 km2)
- Mazowsze: 33,674 km2.
As for the scope of the present work, the analysis comprised sacral objects and units of territorial administration of all religions, confessions and liturgies that occurred in the area of the Crown and that created organizational structures considered in the sources. The group of Christian temples included Catholic churches of three liturgies (Latin, Greek and Armenian), Orthodox. Lutheran (Evangelical-Augsburg), Mennonite, Calvinist (Reformed Evangelical) and the Unity of the Brethren (Bohemian Brethren, despite strong unification tendencies with Calvinists were treated separately). Among non-Christian religions, the most space and attention was given to Jewish temples. The number of Muslim mosques and Karaite kenesas was small.
The present work, due to the territorial and material scope, is based mainly on sources and studies providing systematic information on the structures and distribution of sacral objects of religions and confessions. A considerable effort was put into preparing the information and cartographic materials for those confessions wherever such either did not exist (e.g. a map of synagogues and houses of prayer) or they were old (e.g. a map of Protestant churches). The state of knowledge on the centralized and well controlled Latin Church is without any doubt the most complete, mainly thanks to the preserved records of canonical visits, lists of benefices or other types of specifications necessary for efficient administration of the Church. Protestants communities, which systematically prepared descriptions of their organizational state, which was shrinking more and more in the 18th c., were fairly well documented. Knowledge on the organization of Eastern churches presents a slightly worse picture although the key role here is still played by the exploration of sources. The third religious group . considering the number of churches . namely, Jews did not create . or they are not known . systematic descriptions of the state of their property. This results from a completely different organizational structure of those communities which were characterized by much greater decentralization in comparison to Christian religions. The first complete list of Jews' organizations in the Crown and in Lithuania was an effect of the statefs undertaking from the second half of the 18th c. the aim of which was to change the tax system of this group of the population.
The analysis of the distribution of temples of all confessions and religions on a very large area together with strong regional differentiation required introducing an inner division making it easier to present the phenomenon. Narration according to particular confessions did not enable to fully use the comparative method. On the other hand, it was not justified to accept the criterion of the division of the Latin Church structures that comprised the whole territory of the Republic of Poland because the Greek-Catholic Church played a far more important role in the Crown Ruthenia. Unintentionally, it created the danger of comparing other confessions to the Latin Church. Hence, it was considered the most proper to accept the division of the state administration (provinces and voivodships) within which the quantitative, structural and geographical analyses were made of particular confessions (chapter I: Małopolska province, and chapter II: Wielkopolska province). Chapter III (Religious and confessional regionalization of the Crown) is an attempt to exclude from a detailed territorial analysis the moments that identified and were characteristic of the confessional and ethnic space of both provinces. While formulating the main conclusions, a significant role was played by the methods of geostatic analysis. The present work made use of both the base of special data and geographic information systems as a set of instruments for a special analysis of the collected data. Both the method itself and instruments to use it create a chance to make a step further in relation towards the classic methods of cartographic presentations that are binding in historical geography. These are naturally to be found in the present work.
The first two chapters have the character of a systematic geographical and statistical analysis of the religious situation of each voivodship of the Crown. In addition to presenting the statistics and administrative divisions of confessions and religions, problems relating to the creation of borders of territorial administration as well as issues connected with the development and factors affecting the religious situation in particular regions were undertaken. The following elements were brought to the foreground: the range of the first Christianization of the Slav areas, the policy of state authorities and the international situation affecting the changes of not only political but also religious borders. In the modern times, of special importance was the Polish-Lithuanian union and, being the consequence of the latter, the Brest union, which changed the religious picture of the Crown through including the areas where Eastern churches had their structures. The Protestant reformation had a significant influence, especially in Wielkopolska and Royal Prussia. The development of kahal organization related to the processes of external and internal colonization affected the formation of Jewish self-government the central organ of which was the Council of Four Lands. Differentiation in the density of sacral objects was closely connected with the ownership and settlement structure in each voivodship as well as with the inner organizational regulations of churches and religions.
A geostatic analysis was made of totally 15,253 sacral objects, including 8,311 Uniate churches, 5,722 Latin churches, 841 synagogues and houses of prayer, 276 Lutheran churches, 35 Orthodox churches, 22 Catholic churches of Armenian liturgy, 19 Mennonite churches, 14 . Calvinist ones, 10 . belonging to Bohemian Brethren, 3 Karaite kenesas and 2 mosques. Basing on their distribution, an analysis was conducted of the range of confessions and religions, differentiation in their density; besides, religious regionalization of the Crown was performed. Distinction of areas of varying degrees of religious heterogeneity (so-called religious fractionalization) proved especially interesting. In the social perspective, the phenomenon called gmulti-religiousnessh mainly concerned the towns, while in the geographical perspective it referred to the Latin-Uniate, Latin-Lutheran and Uniate-Orthodox borderlands. Viewing the problem in most general terms, the towns lying on the borderlands can be considered the most heterogeneous. There, the Latin Church was losing its dominating position: to the east . for the benefit of the Uniate Church, to the west and north . for the benefit of the Lutheran Church. The conducted geographical-historical analysis points to religious differentiation of the Crown and its division into two parts (Latin and Uniate ones) and three distinct borderlands (Latin-Uniate, Latin-Lutheran and Uniate-Orthodox ones). Considering slight deviations in each province, which were affected by the factors described above, it can be said that in the cross-section of the whole analyzed area the geography of sacral objects adequately presents the religious situation in the Crown.
Papers by Bogumil Szady
Prof. Michael Müller: "The book represents a methodologically most innovative, and empirically very rich, contribution to at least three fields of study: historical geography, religious history and historical demography. For the first time, we get a full, and reliable, picture of the churches of all Christian denominations and of the synagogues (and of the religious institutions and organizations behind them) that existed in the lands of the Crown prior to the first partition of Poland."
The main and direct aim of this work is to present the territorial organization of religions and confessions in the Crown part of the old Republic of Poland. Because of the lack of systematic demographic sources for that period, it seems to be the best method to study the actual quantitative (statistical) and spatial (geographical) relations between the followers of all confessions existing in the Crown. The analysis comprised the territory of the Małopolska (Little Poland) and Wielkopolska (Great Poland) provinces within their borders from the second half of the 18th century, which was before the territorial changes caused by the fist partitions of Poland. The areas under lien or fief: Spiš and Drahim starostwo (crown land administered by and official called starosta) as well as the lands of Lębork and Bytow were also taken into consideration. Because both the sources and studies provide different administrative structures of the areas mentioned above, the collective statistics treat them separately, i.e. they were not included within any of the 23 crown voivodships. Warmia, which formally belonged to the Malbork voivodship, was also viewed separately. The total area considered in the present work comprised 424,358 square kilometres, including:
Małopolska province: 304, 390 km2,
- Małopolska: 57, 656 km2 (including Spiš area . 679 km2)
- Crown Ruthenia: 235, 227 km2
- Podlasie: 11,507 km2
Wielkopolska province: 119,968 km2
- Wielkopolska: 59,842 km2 (including Drahim area . 651 km2)
- Crown Prussia: 26, 452 km2 (including Lębork and Bytow areas. 1,857 km2 and Warmia 4,316 km2)
- Mazowsze: 33,674 km2.
As for the scope of the present work, the analysis comprised sacral objects and units of territorial administration of all religions, confessions and liturgies that occurred in the area of the Crown and that created organizational structures considered in the sources. The group of Christian temples included Catholic churches of three liturgies (Latin, Greek and Armenian), Orthodox. Lutheran (Evangelical-Augsburg), Mennonite, Calvinist (Reformed Evangelical) and the Unity of the Brethren (Bohemian Brethren, despite strong unification tendencies with Calvinists were treated separately). Among non-Christian religions, the most space and attention was given to Jewish temples. The number of Muslim mosques and Karaite kenesas was small.
The present work, due to the territorial and material scope, is based mainly on sources and studies providing systematic information on the structures and distribution of sacral objects of religions and confessions. A considerable effort was put into preparing the information and cartographic materials for those confessions wherever such either did not exist (e.g. a map of synagogues and houses of prayer) or they were old (e.g. a map of Protestant churches). The state of knowledge on the centralized and well controlled Latin Church is without any doubt the most complete, mainly thanks to the preserved records of canonical visits, lists of benefices or other types of specifications necessary for efficient administration of the Church. Protestants communities, which systematically prepared descriptions of their organizational state, which was shrinking more and more in the 18th c., were fairly well documented. Knowledge on the organization of Eastern churches presents a slightly worse picture although the key role here is still played by the exploration of sources. The third religious group . considering the number of churches . namely, Jews did not create . or they are not known . systematic descriptions of the state of their property. This results from a completely different organizational structure of those communities which were characterized by much greater decentralization in comparison to Christian religions. The first complete list of Jews' organizations in the Crown and in Lithuania was an effect of the statefs undertaking from the second half of the 18th c. the aim of which was to change the tax system of this group of the population.
The analysis of the distribution of temples of all confessions and religions on a very large area together with strong regional differentiation required introducing an inner division making it easier to present the phenomenon. Narration according to particular confessions did not enable to fully use the comparative method. On the other hand, it was not justified to accept the criterion of the division of the Latin Church structures that comprised the whole territory of the Republic of Poland because the Greek-Catholic Church played a far more important role in the Crown Ruthenia. Unintentionally, it created the danger of comparing other confessions to the Latin Church. Hence, it was considered the most proper to accept the division of the state administration (provinces and voivodships) within which the quantitative, structural and geographical analyses were made of particular confessions (chapter I: Małopolska province, and chapter II: Wielkopolska province). Chapter III (Religious and confessional regionalization of the Crown) is an attempt to exclude from a detailed territorial analysis the moments that identified and were characteristic of the confessional and ethnic space of both provinces. While formulating the main conclusions, a significant role was played by the methods of geostatic analysis. The present work made use of both the base of special data and geographic information systems as a set of instruments for a special analysis of the collected data. Both the method itself and instruments to use it create a chance to make a step further in relation towards the classic methods of cartographic presentations that are binding in historical geography. These are naturally to be found in the present work.
The first two chapters have the character of a systematic geographical and statistical analysis of the religious situation of each voivodship of the Crown. In addition to presenting the statistics and administrative divisions of confessions and religions, problems relating to the creation of borders of territorial administration as well as issues connected with the development and factors affecting the religious situation in particular regions were undertaken. The following elements were brought to the foreground: the range of the first Christianization of the Slav areas, the policy of state authorities and the international situation affecting the changes of not only political but also religious borders. In the modern times, of special importance was the Polish-Lithuanian union and, being the consequence of the latter, the Brest union, which changed the religious picture of the Crown through including the areas where Eastern churches had their structures. The Protestant reformation had a significant influence, especially in Wielkopolska and Royal Prussia. The development of kahal organization related to the processes of external and internal colonization affected the formation of Jewish self-government the central organ of which was the Council of Four Lands. Differentiation in the density of sacral objects was closely connected with the ownership and settlement structure in each voivodship as well as with the inner organizational regulations of churches and religions.
A geostatic analysis was made of totally 15,253 sacral objects, including 8,311 Uniate churches, 5,722 Latin churches, 841 synagogues and houses of prayer, 276 Lutheran churches, 35 Orthodox churches, 22 Catholic churches of Armenian liturgy, 19 Mennonite churches, 14 . Calvinist ones, 10 . belonging to Bohemian Brethren, 3 Karaite kenesas and 2 mosques. Basing on their distribution, an analysis was conducted of the range of confessions and religions, differentiation in their density; besides, religious regionalization of the Crown was performed. Distinction of areas of varying degrees of religious heterogeneity (so-called religious fractionalization) proved especially interesting. In the social perspective, the phenomenon called gmulti-religiousnessh mainly concerned the towns, while in the geographical perspective it referred to the Latin-Uniate, Latin-Lutheran and Uniate-Orthodox borderlands. Viewing the problem in most general terms, the towns lying on the borderlands can be considered the most heterogeneous. There, the Latin Church was losing its dominating position: to the east . for the benefit of the Uniate Church, to the west and north . for the benefit of the Lutheran Church. The conducted geographical-historical analysis points to religious differentiation of the Crown and its division into two parts (Latin and Uniate ones) and three distinct borderlands (Latin-Uniate, Latin-Lutheran and Uniate-Orthodox ones). Considering slight deviations in each province, which were affected by the factors described above, it can be said that in the cross-section of the whole analyzed area the geography of sacral objects adequately presents the religious situation in the Crown.