History

This book, a version of my Master thesis, describes the relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and Portugal in the 1960s. During this period, Portugal was a right wing dictatorship and fought colonial wars in Angola, Mozambique and Guinea. On the other hand, the international position of FRG became more «normalized» and it was able to develop a foreign policy on its own. However, the political and military support to its ally in NATO, Portugal, brought some criticism from the Third World countries. When the SPD arrived to power, in 1966, the federal government began to distance itself from the colonialist regime.
Nonetheless, the military support of Bonn was one of the reasons for the lasting Portugueses colonial wars.

Military cooperation was the hallmark of the relations between Portugal and the Federal Republic of Germany between 1958 and 1968. Whereas at the outset military relations were only marginally affected by political constraints, towards the end
of the 1960’s those constraints had grown to dominate the Portuguese-German relationship. In this period, Portugal authorized the use by the German Air Force of an air base (Beja) that would serve for the training of German pilots in peacetime and for strategic and logistic support, should war come upon Europe. As a counter part, Portugal obtained from the Federal Republic armament and military equipment (planes, machine guns, munitions, etc.) indispensable for the military survival of the regime during the colonial wars.

In this article we wish to analyze the German-Portuguese relations in a particular perspective. Through the declarations of some public personalities connected with the Christian Democrats, and therefore closely connected with the German government, we will discuss their position towards the Portuguese colonial policy in the beginning of the 1960s.
The purpose of this article is to understand how the Portuguese regime was seen by this sector of the society and how did this point of view influence Bonn's policy regarding Portugal.
In this sense, and after a short analysis of the political evolution of the Federal Republic, we will describe the context in which the German-Portuguese cooperation evolved. Finally, through the analysis of the public declarations of relevant members of the CDU-CSU, we will illustrate the position of this group on the Portuguese colonial policy.

When the colonial wars erupted in Angola in 1961, Salazar’s regime was already preparing the military reaction to the nationalist movements. In this article, we will show how the diplomatic and political manoeuvres allowed Portugal to embrace in a colonial war that would last for thirteen years, fought in three different territories.
Forced by the anti-colonialism of the United States to seek for new supports, the Estado Novo turned itself into the European powers, France and the Federal Republic of Germany, to obtain the military equipment it needed. This represented a major change in the foreign policy strategy of Portugal. Without this successful diplomatic effort, the Portuguese Armed Forces would never have the minimum conditions to fight the Colonial Wars.

This article analyzes the international dimension of Portuguese transition to democracy, in particular the role played by the West German Social-Democratic Party (SPD) and the Friedrich Ebert Foundation (FES). These two organizations, both at the governmental and the non-governmental level, developed a broad strategy of engagement to help the stabilization of the Portuguese political scenario. Between 1974 and 1976, Portugal lived a period of an intense political struggle, regarding the type of political regime that would follow the dictatorship. With the guidance and support of the Western allies, in particular, the support of West German actors, Portugal did eventually succeed in becoming a pluralist democracy.

Neste artigo procuramos analisar a estratégia pró-democratizadora da Internacional Socialista, organização que congregava os partidos socialistas e sociais-democratas europeus ocidentais, durante a transição portuguesa para a democracia e o impacto que esta teve na actuação posterior da IS em cenários de transição política. Daremos uma parti- cular atenção ao papel do Partido Social- -Democrata alemão (SPD), que, pelos recursos materiais de que dispunha e pela sua influência política internacional, ocupou uma posição liderante no movi- mento social-democrata internacional – papel liderante esse que saiu reforçado com a eleição de Willy Brandt como Presidente da IS em 1976.
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In this article we analyze the pro- -democratizing strategy of the Socialist International, an organiza- tion of the Western European socialist and social democrats parties, during the Portuguese transition to demo- cracy and the impact this has had on subsequent action of SI in scenarios of political transition. We pay special attention to the role of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), which, by the material resources avai- lable to it and its international political influence, occupied a leading position in the international social democratic movement – a role that was strengthe- ned with the election of Willy Brandt as President of IS in 1976.

Este artigo procura apresentar e compreender a dimensão e envolvência que a propaganda de guerra teve em Portugal durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Apesar da declaração de neutralidade, a presença da propaganda de guerra fez com que Portugal se tornasse num Estado colaborante com os beligerantes que, através das suas ações, formaram grupos de influência: Anglófilos e Germanófilos.
Neste artigo pretende-se, em primeiro lugar, dar a conhecer como é que a neutralidade portuguesa lidou com o caso específico dos agentes de propaganda de cada um dos lados beligerantes, dando destaque aos seus movimentos e estratégias. Seguidamente, tomando o caso de duas revistas de carácter propagandístico editadas e distribuídas em Portugal a partir de 1940 – A Esfera (pró-Eixo) e Mundo Gráfico (pró-Aliados) – expõe-se as mensagens e ideias que se procuraram difundir, com base na análise de registos fotográficos aí publicados.
Entre 1940 e 1945 foram vários os momentos de “neutralidade colaborante” realizada em vários aspetos, inclusive na propaganda, permitindo a sua publicação. As revistas A Esfera e Mundo Gráfico defendem interesses específicos e distintos. No entanto, como se poderá ver neste artigo, apresentam os mesmos meios para fazer chegar a sua mensagem.
Palavras-chave: Propaganda de guerra, Segunda Guerra Mundial, Neutralidade Portuguesa, Anglófilos, Germanófilos