Papers by Anthony Ghelfo (Uploader)
Psychology and Aging, 2008
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Two-year-olds frequently fail to use information provided by video to find objects hidden in an a... more Two-year-olds frequently fail to use information provided by video to find objects hidden in an adjacent room. Schmitt and Anderson (2002) hypothesized that they fail to map the 2-dimensional (2D) video image onto the 3D layout of the search space. Two experiments tested whether 2-year-olds can successfully use information from video when the search space is 2D or when the information is provided verbally (by telling the child where the toy is hidden). In both experiments, children performed poorly in the video conditions but performed well in direct live experience comparison conditions, contradicting Schmitt and Anderson’s hypothesis. Performance was above chance on the first trial in the video conditions, suggesting that 2-year-olds do have a memory of the hiding location, albeit one that is easily disrupted by perseverative errors on subsequent trials. Overall, the results are most consistent with the hypothesis that very young children give priority to direct experience over mediated information.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
This experiment tests the hypothesis that background, adult television is a disruptive influence ... more This experiment tests the hypothesis that background, adult television is a disruptive influence on very young children's behavior. Fifty 12-, 24-, and 36-month-olds played with a variety of toys for 1 hr. For half of the hour, a game show played in the background on a monaural TV set. During the other half hour, the TV was off. The children looked at the TV for only a few seconds at a time and less than once per minute. Nevertheless, background TV significantly reduced toy play episode length as well as focused attention during play. Thus, background television disrupts very young children's play behavior even when they pay little overt attention to it. These findings have implications for subsequent cognitive development.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
HUMAN infants can discriminate between different small numbers of items, and can determine numeri... more HUMAN infants can discriminate between different small numbers of items, and can determine numerical equivalence across perceptual modalities. This may indicate the possession of true numerical concepts. Alternatively, purely perceptual discriminations may underlie these abilities8,9. This debate addresses the nature of subitization, the ability to quantify small numbers of items without conscious counting. Subitization may involve the holistic recognition of canonical perceptual patterns that do not reveal ordinal relationships between the numbers12, or may instead be an iterative or 'counting' process that specifies these numerical relationships. Here I show that 5-month-old infants can calculate the results of simple arithmetical operations on small numbers of items. This indicates that infants possess true numerical concepts, and suggests that humans are innately endowed with arithmetical abilities. It also suggests that subitization is a process that encodes ordinal information, not a pattern-recognition process yielding non-numerical percepts.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Early Muslims wrote extensively about human nature and called it Ilm-al Nafsiat or self-knowledge... more Early Muslims wrote extensively about human nature and called it Ilm-al Nafsiat or self-knowledge. In many cases, their works seem to be the original ideas for many modern day
psychological theories and practices. What is interesting however is that a lot of what the early scholars wrote was blended with Islamic philosophy and religious ideas. This paper covers major contributions of prominent early Muslim scholars to psychology and outlines the challenges faced
by today's Muslims in adapting to the Western theories. It also offers a few recommendations on the indigenization of psychology for Muslim societies interested in seeking the Islamic perspective on human behaviors.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
F. Hammer, M. Puech, L. Chemin, H. Flores, and M. D. Lehnert, (2007), « The Milky way, an exceptionally quiet galaxy : implications for the formation of spiral galaxies », dans Astrophysical Journal, 662,1,1 The Milky Way has been generally considered to be representative of the numerous spiral galaxies ... more The Milky Way has been generally considered to be representative of the numerous spiral galaxies inhabiting
the local Universe, thus providing general and perhaps the most detailed constraints on numerical models of
galaxy formation. We compare both the Milky Way and M31 galaxies to local external disk galaxies within
the same mass range, using their locations in the planes drawn by
Vf lat versus
MK (the “Tully-Fisher” relation),
jdisk (angular momentum) and the average Fe abundance, [Fe/H], of stars in the outskirts of the galaxy. These
relations are thought to be the imprints of the dynamical, star-formation, and accretion history of disk galaxies.
We compare the best established Tully-Fisher relations and reconcile their slopes and zero points in the plane MK-Vf lat. We then compare the properties of local spirals from a representative sample to those of the Milky
Way and M31 considering how these two galaxies would appear if observed at larger distances.
We find, for all relationships, that the Milky Way is systematically offset by
∼
1
σ or more from the distribution
of comparable local galaxies: specifically, it shows a too small stellar mass, angular momentum, disk
radius and outskirts stars [Fe/H] ratio at a given
Vf lat, the latter being taken as a proxy for the total mass. In
contrast with the Milky Way, M31 lies well within the mean of the fundamental relationships. On the basis of
their locations in the (MK
,
Vf lat and
R
d) volume, the fraction of spirals like the Milky Way is 7
±1%, while M31
appears to be a “typical” spiral. As with M31, the bulk of local spirals show evidence for a formation history
shaped mainly by merging. The Milky Way appears to have had an exceptionally quiet formation history and
had escaped any significant merger over the last
∼10 Gyrs which may explain why its angular momentum,
stellar mass and [Fe/H](outskirts) are two to three times smaller than those of other local spirals. We conclude
that the standard scenario of secular evolution driven by the accretion of gas and disk instabilities is generally
unable to reproduce the properties of most (if not all) spiral galaxies, which are well represented by M31. However,
the relatively recent proposal explaining the evolution of spiral galaxies through merging (the so-called
“spiral rebuilding” scenario of Hammer et al. 2005) is consistent with the properties of both distant galaxies
(e.g., stellar mass assembly through episodic IR luminous burst phases driven predominately by mergers) as
well as to those of their descendants – the local spirals.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
The recession of distant galaxies, the average density of matter, the age of the chemical element... more The recession of distant galaxies, the average density of matter, the age of the chemical elements and the abundance of deuterium together suggest that the expansion cannot be halted or reversed.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Two experiments were designed to demonstrate the existence of a self-fulfilling prophecy mediated... more Two experiments were designed to demonstrate the existence of a self-fulfilling prophecy mediated by nonverbal behavior in an interracial interaction. The results of Experiment 1, which employed naive, white job interviewers and trained white and black job applicants, demonstrated that black applicants received (a) less immediacy, (b) higher rates of speech errors, and (c) shorter amounts of interview time. Experiment 2 employed naive, white applicants and trained white interviewers. In this experiment subject-applicants received behaviors that approximated those given either the black or white applicants in Experiment 1. The main results indicated that subjects treated like the blacks of Experiment 1 were judged to perform less adequately and to be more nervous in the interview situation than subjects treated like the whites. The former subjects also reciprocated with less proximate positions and rated the interviewers as being less adequate and friendly. The implications of these findings for black unemployment were discussed.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
An experiment was conducted to examine the effect of the manipulation of both teacher and student... more An experiment was conducted to examine the effect of the manipulation of both teacher and student expectancies upon performance. Subjects were students from 6–8th grades participating in a summer enrichment program in Mathematics and English. Teachers were given positive expectancies about the potential of half of the students and no expectancies regarding the other half. In addition, half of the students in each of these groups were told that they would probably perform well in the program while half were given no such expectations. Each student's verbal and mathematics performance was measured by a standardized test before and at the end of the program. Results whowed an interaction between teacher and student expectancies such that, while each positive expectancy by itself yielded an improvement in academic performance, the two positive expectancies in combination did not.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
The 2 goals of this study were to develop and validate a performance measure of personal wisdom (... more The 2 goals of this study were to develop and validate a performance measure of personal wisdom (PW) and to examine age differences. On the basis of the Berlin wisdom paradigm and growth theories of personality, 5 criteria of PW were developed. A sample of 83 younger adults (ages 20 – 40) and 78 older adults (ages 60 – 80) thought aloud about a PW task. Transcribed answers were rated. Validity was established with regard to indicators of personality growth, subjective wellbeing, intelligence, critical life events, and general wisdom. As expected, no age differences were obtained on the basic criteria, and negative age differences were found on the metacriteria indexing PW. Fluid intelligence and openness to new experience partially mediated these differences. It is argued that on average and for current cohorts age-related changes in psychological functioning may act as hindrances on the road to PW.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Stereotype threat is being at risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype a... more Stereotype threat is being at risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one's group. Studies 1 and 2 varied the stereotype vulnerability of Black participants taking a difficult verbal test by varying whether or not their performance was ostensibly diagnostic of ability, and thus, whether or not they were at risk of fulfilling the racial stereotype about their intellectual ability. Reflecting the pressure of this vulnerability, Blacks underperformed in relation to Whites in the ability-diagnostic condition but not in the nondiagnostic condition (with Scholastic Aptitude Tests controlled). Study 3 validated that ability-diagnosticity cognitively activated the racial stereotype in these participants and motivated them not to conform to it, or to be judged by it. Study 4 showed that mere salience of the stereotype could impair Blacks' performance even when the test was not ability diagnostic. The role of stereotype vulnerability in the standardized test performance of ability-stigmatized groups is discussed.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Uploads
Papers by Anthony Ghelfo (Uploader)
psychological theories and practices. What is interesting however is that a lot of what the early scholars wrote was blended with Islamic philosophy and religious ideas. This paper covers major contributions of prominent early Muslim scholars to psychology and outlines the challenges faced
by today's Muslims in adapting to the Western theories. It also offers a few recommendations on the indigenization of psychology for Muslim societies interested in seeking the Islamic perspective on human behaviors.
the local Universe, thus providing general and perhaps the most detailed constraints on numerical models of
galaxy formation. We compare both the Milky Way and M31 galaxies to local external disk galaxies within
the same mass range, using their locations in the planes drawn by
Vf lat versus
MK (the “Tully-Fisher” relation),
jdisk (angular momentum) and the average Fe abundance, [Fe/H], of stars in the outskirts of the galaxy. These
relations are thought to be the imprints of the dynamical, star-formation, and accretion history of disk galaxies.
We compare the best established Tully-Fisher relations and reconcile their slopes and zero points in the plane MK-Vf lat. We then compare the properties of local spirals from a representative sample to those of the Milky
Way and M31 considering how these two galaxies would appear if observed at larger distances.
We find, for all relationships, that the Milky Way is systematically offset by
∼
1
σ or more from the distribution
of comparable local galaxies: specifically, it shows a too small stellar mass, angular momentum, disk
radius and outskirts stars [Fe/H] ratio at a given
Vf lat, the latter being taken as a proxy for the total mass. In
contrast with the Milky Way, M31 lies well within the mean of the fundamental relationships. On the basis of
their locations in the (MK
,
Vf lat and
R
d) volume, the fraction of spirals like the Milky Way is 7
±1%, while M31
appears to be a “typical” spiral. As with M31, the bulk of local spirals show evidence for a formation history
shaped mainly by merging. The Milky Way appears to have had an exceptionally quiet formation history and
had escaped any significant merger over the last
∼10 Gyrs which may explain why its angular momentum,
stellar mass and [Fe/H](outskirts) are two to three times smaller than those of other local spirals. We conclude
that the standard scenario of secular evolution driven by the accretion of gas and disk instabilities is generally
unable to reproduce the properties of most (if not all) spiral galaxies, which are well represented by M31. However,
the relatively recent proposal explaining the evolution of spiral galaxies through merging (the so-called
“spiral rebuilding” scenario of Hammer et al. 2005) is consistent with the properties of both distant galaxies
(e.g., stellar mass assembly through episodic IR luminous burst phases driven predominately by mergers) as
well as to those of their descendants – the local spirals.
psychological theories and practices. What is interesting however is that a lot of what the early scholars wrote was blended with Islamic philosophy and religious ideas. This paper covers major contributions of prominent early Muslim scholars to psychology and outlines the challenges faced
by today's Muslims in adapting to the Western theories. It also offers a few recommendations on the indigenization of psychology for Muslim societies interested in seeking the Islamic perspective on human behaviors.
the local Universe, thus providing general and perhaps the most detailed constraints on numerical models of
galaxy formation. We compare both the Milky Way and M31 galaxies to local external disk galaxies within
the same mass range, using their locations in the planes drawn by
Vf lat versus
MK (the “Tully-Fisher” relation),
jdisk (angular momentum) and the average Fe abundance, [Fe/H], of stars in the outskirts of the galaxy. These
relations are thought to be the imprints of the dynamical, star-formation, and accretion history of disk galaxies.
We compare the best established Tully-Fisher relations and reconcile their slopes and zero points in the plane MK-Vf lat. We then compare the properties of local spirals from a representative sample to those of the Milky
Way and M31 considering how these two galaxies would appear if observed at larger distances.
We find, for all relationships, that the Milky Way is systematically offset by
∼
1
σ or more from the distribution
of comparable local galaxies: specifically, it shows a too small stellar mass, angular momentum, disk
radius and outskirts stars [Fe/H] ratio at a given
Vf lat, the latter being taken as a proxy for the total mass. In
contrast with the Milky Way, M31 lies well within the mean of the fundamental relationships. On the basis of
their locations in the (MK
,
Vf lat and
R
d) volume, the fraction of spirals like the Milky Way is 7
±1%, while M31
appears to be a “typical” spiral. As with M31, the bulk of local spirals show evidence for a formation history
shaped mainly by merging. The Milky Way appears to have had an exceptionally quiet formation history and
had escaped any significant merger over the last
∼10 Gyrs which may explain why its angular momentum,
stellar mass and [Fe/H](outskirts) are two to three times smaller than those of other local spirals. We conclude
that the standard scenario of secular evolution driven by the accretion of gas and disk instabilities is generally
unable to reproduce the properties of most (if not all) spiral galaxies, which are well represented by M31. However,
the relatively recent proposal explaining the evolution of spiral galaxies through merging (the so-called
“spiral rebuilding” scenario of Hammer et al. 2005) is consistent with the properties of both distant galaxies
(e.g., stellar mass assembly through episodic IR luminous burst phases driven predominately by mergers) as
well as to those of their descendants – the local spirals.