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Glass ceiling in research: evidence from a national program in Uruguay

Author

Listed:
  • Daniel Bukstein

    (Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación (Uruguay) / Universidad ORT Uruguay. Facultad de Administración y Ciencias Sociales. Departmento de Economía)

  • Nestor Gandelman

    (Universidad ORT Uruguay. Facultad de Administración y Ciencias Sociales. Departmento de Economía)

Abstract
We present evidence that female researchers have 7.1 percentage points lower probability of being accepted into the largest national research support program in Uruguay compared to males. They also have lower research productivity than their male counterparts. Differences in observable characteristics explain 4.9 of the 7.1 percentage points gap. We show that the gender gap is wider at the higher ranks of the program consistent with the existence of a glass ceiling. The results are robust to issues of bidirectionality (impact of research productivity on the probability of accessing the program and impact of the program on research productivity), joint determination and correlation of variables (e.g. having a Ph.D., publishing and tutoring) and initial productivity effects (positive results at early stages may have long term effects on career development). We present three hypotheses for the gender gap (an original sin in the organization of the system, biases in the composition of evaluation committees, and differences in field of concentration) and find some evidence for each. Glass ceilings are stronger in the fields where females are overrepresented among the applicants to the system: Medical sciences, Natural sciences and Humanities. Finally, we present a counterfactual distribution of the program in the absence of discriminatory treatment of women and discuss the economic costs of the gender gap.

Suggested Citation

  • Daniel Bukstein & Nestor Gandelman, 2016. "Glass ceiling in research: evidence from a national program in Uruguay," Documentos de Investigación 109, Universidad ORT Uruguay. Facultad de Administración y Ciencias Sociales.
    • Handle: RePEc:avs:wpaper:109
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    Cited by:

    1. Madhurima Basu & Anubha Shekhar Sinha, 2021. "The Glass-Ceiling Phenomenon: A Literature Review and Research AgendaAbstract: In a patriarchal society with values that are mostly male-dominated, it is indeed difficult for a woman to secure a deser," Working papers 425, Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode.
    2. Domingo Sifontes & Rosa Morales, 2020. "Gender differences and patenting in Latin America: understanding female participation in commercial science," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 124(3), pages 2009-2036, September.
    3. Verónica Amarante & Marisa Bucheli & María Inés Moraes & Tatiana Pérez, 2021. "Women in Research in Economics in Uruguay," Revista Cuadernos de Economia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, FCE, CID, vol. 40(84), pages 763-790, October.
    4. Chaojiang Wu & Erjia Yan & Yongjun Zhu & Kai Li, 2021. "Gender imbalance in the productivity of funded projects: A study of the outputs of National Institutes of Health R01 grants," Journal of the Association for Information Science & Technology, Association for Information Science & Technology, vol. 72(11), pages 1386-1399, November.
    5. Santiago Burone & Luciana Méndez, 2021. "Are women and men equally happy at work? Evidence from PhD holders working at the university. The case of Uruguay," Documentos de Trabajo (working papers) 21-06, Instituto de Economía - IECON.
    6. Auschra, Carolin & Bartosch, Julia & Lohmeyer, Nora, 2022. "Differences in female representation in leading management and organization journals: Establishing a benchmark," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(3).
    7. Burone, Santiago & Méndez, Luciana, 2022. "Are women and men equally happy at work? Evidence from PhD holders at a public university in Uruguay," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
    8. Fernandes, Mario & Hilber, Simon & Sturm, Jan-Egbert & Walter, Andreas, 2023. "Closing the gender gap in academia? Evidence from an affirmative action program," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 52(9).

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Science and Technology; gender discrimination; glass ceiling; probability; decomposition; Sistema Nacional de Investigadores (SNI); Uruguay;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J4 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Particular Labor Markets
    • J71 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor Discrimination - - - Hiring and Firing

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