Papers by Aleksandra Rzeszotarska Nowakiewicz
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Archaeologia BALTICA, 2016
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Gladius, 2016
En este trabajo se analiza el fragmento de una espada con posible sello de Masuria hallada en el ... more En este trabajo se analiza el fragmento de una espada con posible sello de Masuria hallada en el NE de Polonia. Fue encontrada cerca de una necrópolis romana de la Cultura Bogaczewo. Tipológicamente es una espada romana. Sin embargo, los resultados de los análisis metalográficos sugieren que fue fabricada o bien con un limpio hierro forjado (o hipotéticamente con hierro fundido) o con acero preindustrial (Bessemer, Thomas, Siemens-Martin, etc.). Por otro lado, la composición química de la misma implicaría el empleo de acero pre-industrial. Para concluir, se sugiere, con cautela, que la espada puede ser una espada antigua, pero esta conclusión solo puede verificarse si aparecen hallazgos similares del periodo romano.
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Gladius, 2016
En este trabajo se analiza el fragmento de una espada con posible sello de Masuria hallada en el ... more En este trabajo se analiza el fragmento de una espada con posible sello de Masuria hallada en el NE de Polonia. Fue encontrada cerca de una necrópolis romana de la Cultura Bogaczewo. Tipológicamente es una espada romana. Sin embargo, los resultados de los análisis metalográficos sugieren que fue fabricada o bien con un limpio hierro forjado (o hipotéticamente con hierro fundido) o con acero preindustrial (Bessemer, Thomas, Siemens-Martin, etc.). Por otro lado, la composición química de la misma implicaría el empleo de acero pre-industrial. Para concluir, se sugiere, con cautela, que la espada puede ser una espada antigua, pero esta conclusión solo puede verificarse si aparecen hallazgos similares del periodo romano.
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Interacting Barbarians Contacts, Exchange and Migrations in the First Millennium AD, Neue Studien zur Sachsenforschung 9, 2019
in: Interacting Barbarians Contacts, Exchange and Migrations in the First Millennium AD, A. Cieśl... more in: Interacting Barbarians Contacts, Exchange and Migrations in the First Millennium AD, A. Cieśliński, B. Kontny (eds), Neue Studien zur Sachsenforschung 9, 309-319,
ISBN 978-83-66210-06-6
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Starożytne miejsce ofiarne w dawnym jeziorze Nidajno na Mazurach. Wyniki badań laboratoryjnych wybranych zabytków. Ancient Sacrificial Place in Former Lake Nidajno in Masuria. Results of Laboratory Analyses of Selected Finds., 2016
In: "Starożytne miejsce ofiarne w dawnym jeziorze Nidajno na Mazurach. Wyniki badań laboratoryjny... more In: "Starożytne miejsce ofiarne w dawnym jeziorze Nidajno na Mazurach. Wyniki badań laboratoryjnych wybranych zabytków. Ancient Sacrificial Place in Former Lake Nidajno in Masuria. Results of Laboratory Analyses of Selected Finds", T. Nowakiewicz (ed.), Warszawa/Warsaw 2016. Fundacja Przyjaciół Instytutu Archeologii UW, Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
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Starożytne miejsce ofiarne w jeziorze w Lubanowie (d. Herrn-See) na Pomorzu Zachodnim. Ancient Sacrificial Place in the Lake in Lubanowo (former Herrn-See) in West Pomerania, 2016
Daty radiowęglowe wybranych zabytków z Lubanowa. Radiocarbon Dates of Selected Artefacts from the... more Daty radiowęglowe wybranych zabytków z Lubanowa. Radiocarbon Dates of Selected Artefacts from the Lake in Lubanowo, in. Starożytne miejsce ofiarne w jeziorze w Lubanowie (d. Herrn-See) na Pomorzu Zachodnim. Ancient Sacrificial Place in the Lake in Lubanowo (former Herrn-See) in West Pomerania, ed. Tomasz Nowakiewicz, Warszawa 2016
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Starożytne miejsce ofiarne w jeziorze w Lubanowie (d. Herrn-See) na Pomorzu Zachodnim. Ancient Sacrificial Place in the Lake in Lubanowo (former Herrn-See) in West Pomerania, 2016
in Starożytne miejsce ofiarne w jeziorze w Lubanowie (d. Herrn-See) na Pomorzu Zachodnim. Ancien... more in Starożytne miejsce ofiarne w jeziorze w Lubanowie (d. Herrn-See) na Pomorzu Zachodnim. Ancient Sacrificial Place in the Lake in Lubanowo (former Herrn-See) in West Pomerania, ed. Tomasz Nowakiewicz, Warszawa 2016. Fundacja Przyjaciół Instytutu Archeologii UW, Instytut Archeologii UW
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Starożytne miejsce ofiarne w jeziorze w Lubanowie (d. Herrn-See) na Pomorzu Zachodnim. Ancient Sacrificial Place in the Lake in Lubanowo (former Herrn-See) in West Pomerania, 2016
Zarys archeologicznej historii regionu. The Outline of the Archaeological History of the Region, ... more Zarys archeologicznej historii regionu. The Outline of the Archaeological History of the Region, in Starożytne miejsce ofiarne w jeziorze w Lubanowie (d. Herrn-See) na Pomorzu Zachodnim.Ancient Sacrificial Place in the Lake in Lubanowo (former Herrn-See) in West Pomerania , ed. Tomasz Nowakiewicz, Warszawa 2016
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Bachus z Lubanowa. Bacchus from Lubanowo, 2016
Bachus z Lubanowa. Bacchus from Lubanowo, in Starożytne miejsce ofiarne w jeziorze w Lubanowie (d... more Bachus z Lubanowa. Bacchus from Lubanowo, in Starożytne miejsce ofiarne w jeziorze w Lubanowie (d. Herrn-See) na Pomorzu Zachodnim. Ancient Sacrificial Place in the Lake in Lubanowo (former Herrn-See) in West Pomerania, T. Nowakiewicz ed., 2016 Warszawa
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in: Studia Barbarica. Profesorowi Andrzejowi Kokowskiemu w 65. rocznicę urodzin. For Professor Andrzej Kokowski on His 65th birthday., 2018
Recent years have brought discoveries that shed
new light on the settlement situation in the late... more Recent years have brought discoveries that shed
new light on the settlement situation in the late
migration period in Western Pomerania. Such
an artefact is radiate-headed bow fibula, found
accidentally near Chociwel, in the vicinity of the
Płątkowo village (West Pomeranian Voivodeship,
Poland). The brooch is typologically similar to
group ID – type Pleniţa-Tumiany acc. to J. Werner.
The combination of a pair of ‘bird heads’ with
an openwork lyre-shaped ornament also refer
to the fibulae of group IC acc. to J. Werner (Maros-
Gambaş-Pergamon type), including miniature
specimens. Pleniţa-Tumiany fibulae occur
on a vast area between the Adriatic and the Dnieper
river, mainly in the areas of the Carpathian
Basin and early Slavic sites in Romania. Generally,
they are dated to the second half of the 6th–
mid-7th cc. In the area of origin group IC fibulae
concentrate mainly in the areas of the Carpathian
Basin and on the lower Danube. IC and ID fibulae
are also represented in the materials of the
Olsztyn group, where they are dated from the
last quarter of the 6th to the end of the first half of
the 7th century. The unique way of decorating the
footplate of the Płątkowo brooch was probably
inspired by the buckles with a lyre-shaped ferrule,
so-called Drachenpaarschnallen. Undecorated
buckles of this type are known primarily from
the areas of Avar settlement in the Transdanubia,
between the Danube and the Tisza rivers,
at the central Tisza river, Transylvania and also
in Slovakia. The dating of undecorated variants
of Drachenpaarschnallen extends to the second
and third thirds of the 7th century. Similar feature
of the fibula from Płątkowo suggests that it
belongs to later versions of the radiate-headed
brooches and can be carefully dated to the first
half of the 7th century IC and I D fibulae were
worn by inhabitants of the multi-ethnic territory
of the Avar state and in areas where the Slavs
were mentioned in sources for the first time in
the 6th century. Płątkowo brooch is currently the
second known example of this type in Western
Pomerania. The first one was found in Rów near
Myślibórz. The question arises whether the two
brooches were made on the spot as imitations of
products from the south, or were they brought
to Western Pomerania as a result of far-reaching
contacts with the inhabitants of the Carpathian
Basin? There is an opinion that in Western Pomerania
the end of the settlement associated with
the tradition of late antiquity occurred in the first
decades of the 6th century. The environmental
data show a rapid cooling and lowering of water
levels in the mid-6th century, although some data
indicate settlement activity at the Odra mouth in
5th–6th centuries. Stabilization of natural conditions
took place at the beginning of the 7th century.
From the mid-7th century, as a result of the
expansion of the Slavic settlement, the cultural
pattern in the Western Pomerania changes. For
the sites located west of the lower Odra, this phenomenon
was confirmed by dendrochronological
dates. To the east of the Odra, settlements dated
from the 8th century were located on the Pyrzyce
Plain, in the Mała Ina valley and in the Myślibórz
Lakeland. The Płątkowo brooch is another finding
giving rise to considerations on the character
of the settlement model changes in West Pomerania
from ‘Germanic’ to ‘Slavonic’. It is probable
that before the Slavic expansion, these areas were
not completely abandoned and there were some
‘surviving’ groups of people functioning in connection
with the communication route between
Scandinavia and the Danube areas, which were
absorbed by the Slavic element.
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Inwentarz archeologiczny guberni kowieńskiej Michała Eustachego Brensztejna. Archäologisches Inventar des Gouvernements Kowno von Michał Eustachy Brensztejn. Archeologinis Kauno gubernijos inventorius, parengtas Mykolo Eustachijaus Brenšteino (A. Bitner-Wróblewska, R. Banytė-Rowell (eds), 2016
Inwentarz archeologiczny guberni kowieńskiej Michała Eustachego Brensztejna. Archäologisches Inve... more Inwentarz archeologiczny guberni kowieńskiej Michała Eustachego Brensztejna. Archäologisches Inventar des Gouvernements Kowno von Michał Eustachy Brensztejn. Archeologinis Kauno gubernijos inventorius, parengtas Mykolo Eustachijaus Brenšteino (A. Bitner-Wróblewska, R. Banytė-Rowell (eds), Aestiorum Hereditas III. The Ministry of Culture and National Heritage of Poland, Warsaw 2016
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In October 2014 and June 2015, a team of scholars and students from the Institute of Archaeology,... more In October 2014 and June 2015, a team of scholars and students from the Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw featuring
the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, made an underwater survey in the unnamed
lake (formerly Herrn-See) in the village of Lubanowo (formerly Liebenow) in Western Pomerania. During the underwater
research, weapons, tools and horse harness parts (including chain reins) were found. They are dated mainly to the Roman
Period, but also to the Middle Ages. Some items bear traces of ritual destruction. Parallels may be pointed out with weapons
in Przeworsk culture, and to some extent also in Scandinavia. The site should be attributed to sacrificial military deposits. Its
extraordinary character lies in the fact that so far it is the only site of its type which is still in its ‘lake stage’, i.e. not a marsh
or bog. Most probably it was used by local inhabitants, the people of the Lubusz group.
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The paper discusses a recent stray find of a sword fragment with a possible stamp from Masuria in... more The paper discusses a recent stray find of a sword fragment with a possible stamp from Masuria in NE Poland. It was found close to a Roman Period cemetery of the Bogaczewo Culture. On typological grounds, the sword can be classified as a Roman Period weapon. However, the results of metallographic examinations suggest that the find may have been made either from very clean bloomery steel (or hypoeutectoid crucible steel) or from mass-made Industrial Age steel (Bessemer, Thomas, Siemens-Martin, etc.). On the other hand, the chemical composition of the sword would rather imply a pre-Industrial Period steel. In conclusion, it is carefully suggested that the weapon may be a genuine Ancient sword, although its final recognition as a Roman Period weapon could only be verified by finds made from similar metal in undoubted Roman Period contexts. En este trabajo se analiza el fragmento de una espada con posible sello de Masuria hallada en el NE de Polonia. Fue encontrada cerca de una necrópolis romana de la Cultura Bogaczewo. Tipológicamente es una espada romana. Sin embargo, los resultados de los análisis metalográficos sugieren que fue fabricada o bien con un limpio hierro forjado (o hipotéticamente con hierro fundido) o con acero preindustrial (Bessemer, Thomas, Siemens-Martin, etc.). Por otro lado, la composición química de la misma implicaría el empleo de acero pre-industrial. Para concluir, se sugiere, con cautela, que la espada puede ser una espada antigua, pero esta conclusión solo puede verificarse si aparecen hallazgos similares del periodo romano.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
The paper discusses a recent stray find of a sword fragment with a possible stamp from Masuria in... more The paper discusses a recent stray find of a sword fragment with a possible stamp from Masuria in NE Poland. It was found close to a Roman Period cemetery of the Bogaczewo Culture. On typological grounds, the sword can be classified as a Roman Period weapon. However, the results of metallographic examinations suggest that the find may have been made either from very clean bloomery steel (or hypoeutectoid crucible steel) or from mass-made Industrial Age steel (Bessemer, Thomas, Siemens-Martin, etc.). On the other hand, the chemical composition of the sword would rather imply a pre-Industrial Period steel. In conclusion, it is carefully suggested that the weapon may be a genuine Ancient sword, although its final recognition as a Roman Period weapon could only be verified by finds made from similar metal in undoubted Roman Period contexts
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in: Archeologiczne dziedzictwo Prus Wschodnich w archiwum Feliksa Jakobsona. Das archäologische V... more in: Archeologiczne dziedzictwo Prus Wschodnich w archiwum Feliksa Jakobsona. Das archäologische Vermächtnis Ostpreußens im Archiv des Feliks Jakobson. Austrumprūsijas arheoloģiskais mantojums Feliksa Jakobsona arhīvā, Aestiorum Hereditas II, Ostbalticum, T. Nowakiewicz ed., Warszawa 2011, 58-511
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Uploads
Papers by Aleksandra Rzeszotarska Nowakiewicz
ISBN 978-83-66210-06-6
new light on the settlement situation in the late
migration period in Western Pomerania. Such
an artefact is radiate-headed bow fibula, found
accidentally near Chociwel, in the vicinity of the
Płątkowo village (West Pomeranian Voivodeship,
Poland). The brooch is typologically similar to
group ID – type Pleniţa-Tumiany acc. to J. Werner.
The combination of a pair of ‘bird heads’ with
an openwork lyre-shaped ornament also refer
to the fibulae of group IC acc. to J. Werner (Maros-
Gambaş-Pergamon type), including miniature
specimens. Pleniţa-Tumiany fibulae occur
on a vast area between the Adriatic and the Dnieper
river, mainly in the areas of the Carpathian
Basin and early Slavic sites in Romania. Generally,
they are dated to the second half of the 6th–
mid-7th cc. In the area of origin group IC fibulae
concentrate mainly in the areas of the Carpathian
Basin and on the lower Danube. IC and ID fibulae
are also represented in the materials of the
Olsztyn group, where they are dated from the
last quarter of the 6th to the end of the first half of
the 7th century. The unique way of decorating the
footplate of the Płątkowo brooch was probably
inspired by the buckles with a lyre-shaped ferrule,
so-called Drachenpaarschnallen. Undecorated
buckles of this type are known primarily from
the areas of Avar settlement in the Transdanubia,
between the Danube and the Tisza rivers,
at the central Tisza river, Transylvania and also
in Slovakia. The dating of undecorated variants
of Drachenpaarschnallen extends to the second
and third thirds of the 7th century. Similar feature
of the fibula from Płątkowo suggests that it
belongs to later versions of the radiate-headed
brooches and can be carefully dated to the first
half of the 7th century IC and I D fibulae were
worn by inhabitants of the multi-ethnic territory
of the Avar state and in areas where the Slavs
were mentioned in sources for the first time in
the 6th century. Płątkowo brooch is currently the
second known example of this type in Western
Pomerania. The first one was found in Rów near
Myślibórz. The question arises whether the two
brooches were made on the spot as imitations of
products from the south, or were they brought
to Western Pomerania as a result of far-reaching
contacts with the inhabitants of the Carpathian
Basin? There is an opinion that in Western Pomerania
the end of the settlement associated with
the tradition of late antiquity occurred in the first
decades of the 6th century. The environmental
data show a rapid cooling and lowering of water
levels in the mid-6th century, although some data
indicate settlement activity at the Odra mouth in
5th–6th centuries. Stabilization of natural conditions
took place at the beginning of the 7th century.
From the mid-7th century, as a result of the
expansion of the Slavic settlement, the cultural
pattern in the Western Pomerania changes. For
the sites located west of the lower Odra, this phenomenon
was confirmed by dendrochronological
dates. To the east of the Odra, settlements dated
from the 8th century were located on the Pyrzyce
Plain, in the Mała Ina valley and in the Myślibórz
Lakeland. The Płątkowo brooch is another finding
giving rise to considerations on the character
of the settlement model changes in West Pomerania
from ‘Germanic’ to ‘Slavonic’. It is probable
that before the Slavic expansion, these areas were
not completely abandoned and there were some
‘surviving’ groups of people functioning in connection
with the communication route between
Scandinavia and the Danube areas, which were
absorbed by the Slavic element.
the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, made an underwater survey in the unnamed
lake (formerly Herrn-See) in the village of Lubanowo (formerly Liebenow) in Western Pomerania. During the underwater
research, weapons, tools and horse harness parts (including chain reins) were found. They are dated mainly to the Roman
Period, but also to the Middle Ages. Some items bear traces of ritual destruction. Parallels may be pointed out with weapons
in Przeworsk culture, and to some extent also in Scandinavia. The site should be attributed to sacrificial military deposits. Its
extraordinary character lies in the fact that so far it is the only site of its type which is still in its ‘lake stage’, i.e. not a marsh
or bog. Most probably it was used by local inhabitants, the people of the Lubusz group.
ISBN 978-83-66210-06-6
new light on the settlement situation in the late
migration period in Western Pomerania. Such
an artefact is radiate-headed bow fibula, found
accidentally near Chociwel, in the vicinity of the
Płątkowo village (West Pomeranian Voivodeship,
Poland). The brooch is typologically similar to
group ID – type Pleniţa-Tumiany acc. to J. Werner.
The combination of a pair of ‘bird heads’ with
an openwork lyre-shaped ornament also refer
to the fibulae of group IC acc. to J. Werner (Maros-
Gambaş-Pergamon type), including miniature
specimens. Pleniţa-Tumiany fibulae occur
on a vast area between the Adriatic and the Dnieper
river, mainly in the areas of the Carpathian
Basin and early Slavic sites in Romania. Generally,
they are dated to the second half of the 6th–
mid-7th cc. In the area of origin group IC fibulae
concentrate mainly in the areas of the Carpathian
Basin and on the lower Danube. IC and ID fibulae
are also represented in the materials of the
Olsztyn group, where they are dated from the
last quarter of the 6th to the end of the first half of
the 7th century. The unique way of decorating the
footplate of the Płątkowo brooch was probably
inspired by the buckles with a lyre-shaped ferrule,
so-called Drachenpaarschnallen. Undecorated
buckles of this type are known primarily from
the areas of Avar settlement in the Transdanubia,
between the Danube and the Tisza rivers,
at the central Tisza river, Transylvania and also
in Slovakia. The dating of undecorated variants
of Drachenpaarschnallen extends to the second
and third thirds of the 7th century. Similar feature
of the fibula from Płątkowo suggests that it
belongs to later versions of the radiate-headed
brooches and can be carefully dated to the first
half of the 7th century IC and I D fibulae were
worn by inhabitants of the multi-ethnic territory
of the Avar state and in areas where the Slavs
were mentioned in sources for the first time in
the 6th century. Płątkowo brooch is currently the
second known example of this type in Western
Pomerania. The first one was found in Rów near
Myślibórz. The question arises whether the two
brooches were made on the spot as imitations of
products from the south, or were they brought
to Western Pomerania as a result of far-reaching
contacts with the inhabitants of the Carpathian
Basin? There is an opinion that in Western Pomerania
the end of the settlement associated with
the tradition of late antiquity occurred in the first
decades of the 6th century. The environmental
data show a rapid cooling and lowering of water
levels in the mid-6th century, although some data
indicate settlement activity at the Odra mouth in
5th–6th centuries. Stabilization of natural conditions
took place at the beginning of the 7th century.
From the mid-7th century, as a result of the
expansion of the Slavic settlement, the cultural
pattern in the Western Pomerania changes. For
the sites located west of the lower Odra, this phenomenon
was confirmed by dendrochronological
dates. To the east of the Odra, settlements dated
from the 8th century were located on the Pyrzyce
Plain, in the Mała Ina valley and in the Myślibórz
Lakeland. The Płątkowo brooch is another finding
giving rise to considerations on the character
of the settlement model changes in West Pomerania
from ‘Germanic’ to ‘Slavonic’. It is probable
that before the Slavic expansion, these areas were
not completely abandoned and there were some
‘surviving’ groups of people functioning in connection
with the communication route between
Scandinavia and the Danube areas, which were
absorbed by the Slavic element.
the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, made an underwater survey in the unnamed
lake (formerly Herrn-See) in the village of Lubanowo (formerly Liebenow) in Western Pomerania. During the underwater
research, weapons, tools and horse harness parts (including chain reins) were found. They are dated mainly to the Roman
Period, but also to the Middle Ages. Some items bear traces of ritual destruction. Parallels may be pointed out with weapons
in Przeworsk culture, and to some extent also in Scandinavia. The site should be attributed to sacrificial military deposits. Its
extraordinary character lies in the fact that so far it is the only site of its type which is still in its ‘lake stage’, i.e. not a marsh
or bog. Most probably it was used by local inhabitants, the people of the Lubusz group.
Zdzisław A. Rajewski (1907–1974), scholar of many talents”, Wojciech Brzeziński and Danuta Piotrowska consider one of the most important Polish archaeologists of the 20th century, the research he directed at the famous site of Biskupin and on the beginnings of the Polish state under the Millennium Poloniae program, and also for many years the director of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw. This is followed by a text on the complicated history of an institution. In the article “The Archaeological Museum of the Polish Academy of Learning in Cracow during the Second World War”, one of this volume’s editors, Marzena Woźny presents new information on the history of Polish archaeology in the dramatic times of World War II. In the following insightful text (“Scientific Capital after 1945 in German archaeology – Wilhelm Unverzagt and the archaeology of hillforts”), Susanne Grunwald discusses aspects of the history of German archaeology after 1945. This paper re-examines some current views on this subject, also in the context of the archaeology of defended settlements in the region. In the next text (“European identity and Polish culture – Tomasz Mikocki’s studies on the tradition of ancient art”), Monika Rekowska considers the academic activity of an outstanding Polish researcher on the legacy of Antiquity in European culture. Mikocki studied collections of Greek and Roman antiquities and monuments and their imitations. She summarizes the extensive legacy in these fields of the researcher who died in 2007. The development of Italian medieval archaeology is discussed by Michele Nucciotti and Guido Vannini in their article “Light Archaeology and Territorial Analysis:
Experiences and Perspectives of the Florentine Medievalist School”. The final article in this section (“Archaeology of graves: a contribution to contemporary archaeology in Poland”) by Jolanta Adamek reviews contemporary exhumations and research at the burial sites of victims of World War II and the early post-War period conducted using modern archaeological methods. The volume ends with three more texts. The first is a book review (by Paul Barford) of a work discussing the place of historical patterns of thought in the development of a modern Classical archaeology. This is followed by a report from the conference “Biskupin in the past, today and tomorrow”, which took place in 2009, on the 75th anniversary of the beginning of archaeological research in Biskupin, reported by Kamil Adamczak, Anna Grossman and Wojciech Piotrowski. Since its discovery, the site of Biskupin has been of great importance for archaeology not only because of the nature of the remains that it contained, but also the effect its excavation had on the history of the discipline in the 20th century. The obituary for the archaeologist Gerd Weisgerber by Jacek Lech brings to the attention of the reader some aspects of the work of this outstanding researcher of ancient mining. With the final publication of this volume, the editors hope that the texts that it contains will contribute to the broadening of knowledge about the development of European archaeology at the end of the 19th and the 20th centuries and its place in the contemporary context.
Editor of Volume 4: Aleksandra Rzeszotarska-Nowakiewicz;
ISBN: 978-83-63760-91-5;
Warsaw 2016
As far as Polish archaeology is concerned, the time has clearly come for preparing such a synthesis, since the previous work of this kind (Prahistoria ziem polskich l-V) was published over 25 years ago. The new discoveries, new interpretations, and new research approaches developed by the new generation of scholars studying the material remains of the past urgently require a proper synopsis. [...]
The present volumes are the work of 60 authors formally divided into five teams. In order to curb the "separatist" effects of the traditional systematization of prehistory and protohistory (into the Palaeolithic Era, the Mesolithic Era, the Neolithic Era, the Bronze Age, the Iron Age, and the Early Middle Ages), we employed a strictly chronological criterion: volume one encompasses the period between ca. 500,000 BC and 5,500 BC; volume two - between 5,500 BC and 2,000 BC; volume three - between 2,000 BC and 500 BC; volume four - between 500 BC and 500 AD; and volume five - between 500 AD and 1000 AD. Such an artificial division mitigates the sharpness of the traditional "pivotal moments" and at the same time emphasizes the accelerating nature of socio-cultural changes. [...]
Archaeology of the Slavs. Marek Dulinicz in Memoriam
Pages: 297
PL ISSN 0066-5924
Publisher: The Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences
Editors of the volume: Mateusz Bogucki and Aleksandra Rzeszotarska-Nowakiewicz
Archaeology of Children and Childhood
Pages: 255
PL ISSN 0066-5924
Publisher: The Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences
Editors of the volume: Paulina Romanowicz, Aleksandra Rzeszotarska-Nowakiewicz,
CONTENTS
Editorial
Paulina Romanowicz ...........................................................................................................1
SPECIAL THEME: CHILDHOOD ARCHAEOLOGY
Children in the Bronze Age societies of the Southern Trans-Urals (Sintashta, Petrovka and Alakul’ cultures)
Natalia Berseneva, Elena Kupriyanova ............................................................................ 5
Who are you child? Children from Wielbarkian Site in Cecele
Marta Chmiel-Chrzanowska ............................................................................................21
Selected children’s burials from the Wielbark Culture cemetery at Weklice, site 7,
Elbląg commune, warmińsko-mazurskie voivodeship
Magdalena Natuniewicz-Sekuła, Kalina Skóra ............................................................43
See the Invisible. Archaeologist Notes about the Child and Childhood in the Middle Ages
Anna B. Kowalska ............................................................................................................. 81
A Child with a Bucket. A Study of Grave Goods in Children’s Graves in the Polish lands in the Early Middle Ages
Tomasz Kurasiński ........................................................................................................... 97
The child and childhood in the culture of the Middle Ages, in the light of selected
archaeological sources
Izabela Gomułka ............................................................................................................. 119
Christianization of children’s death in Western Pomerania
Paulina Romanowicz ........................................................................................................133
Children in 14th–16th-century Vilnius – demographics and lifestyle on the basis of urban and burial site data synthesis
Povilas Blaževičius, Šarūnas Jatautis ...........................................................................143
Children burials within the space of a church and a cemetery in 16th–19th centuries in Kuyavia and the Vistula Pomerania
Małgorzata Grupa ............................................................................................................ 163
Grave gowns of children burials from 16th–18th centuries
Dawid Grupa ................................................................................................................... 173
Children of Stanisław Antoni Szczuka among the burials in the crypt of the church
of the Name of the Holy Virgin Mary in Szczuczyn
Tomasz Dudziński .......................................................................................................... 183
Child life perceived by material objects – modern children coffins from archaeological
explorations
Magdalena Majorek ........................................................................................................ 197
Grave wreaths in archaeological research
Marcin Nowak .................................................................................................................. 207
Growing up in Ancient Peru – Stages of childhood according to burial assemblages
and iconography of the Moche culture
Wiesław Więckowski, Janusz Z. Wołoszyn .................................................................219
BOOK REVIEWS
Milan Zápotocký, Marie Zápotocká, Kutná Hora – Denemark. Hradiště řivnáčské kultury (ca 3000-2800 př. Kr.). Kutná Hora – Denemark. Ein Burgwall der Řivnáč-Kultur
(ca. 3000-2800 v. Chr.). Praha 2008
Hanna Kowalewska-Marszałek ....................................................................................... 237
Martin Oliva, Pravěké hornictví v Krumlovském lese. Vznik a vývoj industriálně-sakrální krajiny na jižní Moravě – Prehistoric mining in the ‘Krumlovský les’ (Southern Moravia). Origin and development of an industrial-sacred landscape. Brno 2010
Dagmara H. Werra ........................................................................................................... 245
OBITUARY
Wilfried Menghin, Director, archaeologist, professor (1942–2013)
Heino Neumayer ............................................................................................................... 251
assemblage of finds. Their provenance, workshop and stylistic features, in combination with the placeof their deposition in antiquity, indicate a new type
of relationship linking the area of the classical culture of the Mediterranean with areas of the of the North European Barbaricum, far distant from even the Empire’s northern limes. The material was studied with the application of archaeological comparative analysis, enriched with the necessary stylistic and iconographic studies, covering most of the European barbarian zone and Roman provinces close to them (mainly Danube and Rhine provinces). This allowed the gathering of rarely-used data from the rich legacy of research on the material and spiritual culture of the barbarian communities of a large area of central and northern Europe, together with those relating to the material image of the Roman army (with particular emphasis on the component of soldiers of barbarian origin). In the analysis, research tools from the field of art history were used, allowing an orderly description of these formally and stylistically complex, richly decorated objects with multi-layered iconographic content. As a result, not only an inventory description of the objects was obtained, but also a series of data on the cultural background related to the time of their creation, and also concerning the dissemination of motifs and ornamental themes allowing an insight into the phenomenon of the cultural diffusion that was typical of late antiquity in the territory of the Empire and adjacent regions.
The sacrificial site in the former Nidajno Lake was excavated in 2010–2012 by research teams from the Faculty of Archaeology of the University of Warsaw and the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences. The director of the project was Tomasz Nowakiewicz. The results of this work have already been presented in the literature several times, but these publications were in the form of interim reports, related to methodological issues or presented the results of laboratory analyses of selected artefacts (Nowakiewicz, Rzeszotarska-Nowakiewicz 2012; 2013; 2019; Nowakiewicz 2015; Nowakiewicz ed. 2016). Until the commencement of field work, the site was not known in the scientific literature or conservation documentation. This situation changed in 2010, and since then this place has been protected by law. At the end of the 19th century, in the vicinity of the former Lake Nidajno, drainage works were started, which were continued with varying degrees of success in the 1960s and 1980s. As a result of these works, there was destruction of part of the site, particularly its peripheral part (the edge of the former lake). Trial trenching in 2010 allowed the scale of the damage to be estimated, and also permitted a determination of the type of site and its cognitive value. The work revealed this site to be one that has a unique place in the context of Polish archaeology. The research was continued in two subsequent excavation seasons (2011–2012) that, among other things, allowed the establishment of the nature of the sediments and produced a series of numerous artefacts. The excavations were then suspended for a while to allow the processing of the evidence obtained so far and to allow the gathering of the necessary logistic and financial resources needed to continue work at this. In 2019, large-scale non-invasive exploratory work was undertaken (magnetic geophysical surveys and ground penetrating radar surveys). In the 2019–2020 seasons, this was accompanied by the diagnosis of the local palaeoecological background, taking into account the factor of anthropopressure (through sedimentological and palynological studies). At the same time, work furthering the scientific analysis of the results to date was conducted, one of the effects of which is this publication.
In the light of the data obtained, there is no doubt that the site in Nidajno is the remains of a cult place where in antiquity ceremonies were held related to the deposition of weapons and other prestigious elements of warrior equipment in the water. So far, this phenomenon is represented by a group of over 300 finds from the site. This is evidence that the ceremonial deposition of valuable goods (previously intentionally destroyed) of a clearly military character in an aquatic environment was practiced among the communities of the Balts (in this case the people of the Bogaczewo culture) during the period of Roman influences. The behaviours documented at Nidajno clearly resemble the model known from the Northern European Barbaricum, visible in sacrificial swamps in Jutland, such as Illerup-Ådal, Nydam, Thorsberg, Vimose, Ejsbøl, Porskjær and others. The visible differences (for example, the lack of animal remains) may result from the current, still initial, state of exploration of the site in Nidajno or may be an original regional feature.
The most numerous category in the inventory of finds from Nidajno is a set of military items, most of which are iron spearheads of shafted weapons. There are also fragments of double-edged sword blades (including from pattern-welded blades), a bronze scabbard chape, 20 fragments of chain mail of various sizes, 15 fragments of knives, five fragments of shield bosses, a fragment of an axe, two fragments of iron spurs and three fragments of harness-bits. The elements of personal equipment are relatively sparse: 11 buckles, five bronze fibulae, 20 fibula fragments, two bucket-shaped pendants, a fragment of a comb, a fragment of a stone whetstone with a group of small fragments of objects that are difficult to identify.
Against this background, a group of above-standard valuable and prestigious items stands out: nine richly decorated, silver, gilded and nielloed fittings, a silver, openwork strap divider, a fragment of a silver box-shaped phalera, golden fittings of a sword handguard and the mouth of a scabbard, a silver sword bead, a gilded figurine of a bird and two fragments of a glass vessel of Syrian origin (which was confirmed by the results of laboratory tests). The basis of the presented studies is a series of silver, gilded fittings decorated with niello: a buckle with a buckle plate with the image of a lion and birds (No. 1), a fragment of an analogous buckle with a frame decorated with a bird’s head (No. 2), rectangular fittings with images of: a lion (No. 3), a lion and a bird (No. 4) and a bird (No. 5 – item preserved fragmentarily), a rectangular fitting with a geometric pattern (No. 6), a large rectangular fitting with images of a dolphin, a capricorn, two griffins and a dragon (No. 7), a large palmette fitting with two mythical
beasts and bird heads (No. 8), a rectangular metal pendant with a fish (No. 9) and a silver, openwork strap divider (No. 10). These items are characterized by a clear formal consistency, they are of comparable raw materials (homogeneous metals with
high fineness) and workshop techniques (the same technological features: casting, stamping, engraving, gilding, niello decoration). This allows us to see in them the basic reference set for further research.
This also includes other items from the group of elite finds: a silver, gilded box phalera (No. 15) is included in the analysis of the function of the entire set. Although they lack common stylistic features with the above-mentioned group, the impressive golden sword scabbard fittings (No. 11) and the sword guard (No. 12) as well as a silver, gilded bird figure (No. 14) and a silver buckle (No. 16) were treated as auxiliary material in further research.
In general terms, the assemblage of decorated metalwork from Nidajno is defined by the following features: the expensive raw materials used to make them (gold and silver of the highest quality; cf. Nowakiewicz, ed. 2016); the number of items (a multi-element set of stylistically consistent decorations); advanced manufacturing techniques (amalgams, soldering and gilding techniques, niello, number of stamps; cf.
Nowakiewicz, ed. 2016); an extensive, unconventional and sophisticated set of figural motifs, referring to threads deeply rooted in the heterogeneous tradition of the Roman Empire.