Yarukan Chadi

Yarukan Chadi
Linguistic classification	Afroasiatic (en) Harsunan Chadi
ISO 639-5	cdc
Glottolog	chad1250[1]

Yarukan Chadi suna kafa reshe na dangin yare na Afroasiatic . Ana magana da su a sassan Sahel. Sun haɗa da harsuna 150 da ake magana da su a arewacin Nijeriya, da kudancin Nijar, da kudancin Chadi, da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, da arewacin Kamaru. Harshe Chadic wanda akafi magana da shi shine harshen Hausa, babban harshen tarayyar al'umma na da yawa daga mutanen gabashi da Yammacin Afrika .

Newman shekarar (1977) ya rarraba harsunan zuwa rukunoni huɗu waɗanda aka yarda da su a cikin dukkan wallafe-wallafe masu zuwa. Subarin ƙaddamar da yanki, duk da haka, bai kasance mai ƙarfi ba; Blench (2006), misali, kawai yana karɓar rabe-raben A / B na Gabashin Chadi. ^[2] An kara Kujargé daga Blench (2008), wanda ke ba da shawarar Kujargé na iya rabuwa kafin ɓarnatar da Proto-Chadic sannan daga baya ya sami tasiri daga Gabashin Chadi. ^[3] Aiki na gaba da Lovestrand yayi jayayya da ƙarfi cewa Kujarge memba ne na Gabashin Chadi. Sanya Luri a matsayin farkon raba yankin Yammacin Chadi kuskure ne. Caron (2004) ya nuna cewa wannan yaren shi ne a Kudancin Bauchi kuma da wani ɓangare ne na tarin Polci.

• Yammacin Chadi Rassa biyu, wadanda suka hada da

(A) harsunan Hausa, Ron, Bole, da Angas ; kuma

(B) harsunan Bade, Warji, da Zaar.

• Biu – Mandara (Chadi ta Tsakiya) sassa uku, waɗanda suka haɗa da

(A) yaren Bura, Kamwe, da Bata, a tsakanin sauran rukunoni;

(B) yaren Buduma da Musgu; kuma

(C) Gidar

• Gabashin Chadi sassa biyu, waɗanda suka haɗa da

(A) harsunan Tumak, Nancere, da Kera ; kuma

(B) harsunan Dangaléat, Mukulu, da Sokoro

• Masa
• ? Kujargé

Nazarin kwayar halittar zamani na yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Kamaru masu magana da harshen Chadi sun lura da yawan mitar Y-Chromosome Haplogroup R1b a cikin waɗannan yawan jama'ar (nau'ikan R1b-V88 ^[4] ). Wannan alamar ta uba ta zama gama gari a sassan Yammacin Eurasia, amma in ba haka ba ba safai a Afirka ba. Cruciani et al. (2010) don haka aka gabatar da cewa masu magana da yaren Proto-Chadic a lokacin tsakiyar Holocene (~ shekaru 7,000 da suka gabata) sun yi ƙaura daga Levant zuwa Sahara ta Tsakiya, kuma daga can suka zauna a Tafkin Chadi .

Koyaya, wani bincike na baya-bayan nan a cikin 2018 ya gano cewa haplogroup R1b-V88 ya shiga Chadi sosai kwanan nan yayin "Baggarization" (hijirar Larabawan Baggara zuwa Sahel a cikin ƙarni na 17 AD), ba tare da samun wata hujja ta tsoffin ƙwayar Eurasia ba.

Harsunan Chadi suna ƙunshe da kalmomin aro na Nilo-Sahara da yawa daga ɗayan rassan Songhay ko Maban, suna nuna alaƙar farko tsakanin masu yaren Cadi da Nilo-Saharan yayin da Chadic ke yin ƙaura zuwa yamma.

Kodayake ana magana da harsunan Adamawa kusa da harsunan Chadic, hulɗa tsakanin Chadi da Adamawa tana da iyaka. ^[5]

Karin magana a cikin Proto-Chadic, idan aka kwatanta da karin magana a cikin harsunan Proto-Afroasiatic (Vossen & Dimmendaal 2020: 351): ^[6]

Karin magana	Yarjejeniyar-Chadi	Proto-Afroasiatic
1	*ní	*i ~ *yi
2M	*ka	*ku, *ka
2F	*ki (m)	*kim
3M	*nì	*si, *isi
3F	*ta
1PL	*mun (hada), *na (sama.)	(*-na ~ *-nu ~ *-ni) ?
2PL	*kun	*kuuna
3PL	*rana	*su ~ *usu

Samfurin kalmomin asali a cikin rassa daban daban na Chadi da aka jera daga yamma zuwa gabas, tare da sake gina wasu rassa na Afroasiatic kuma an basu don kwatancen:

Turanci	eye	ear	nose	tooth	tongue	mouth	blood	bone	tree	water	eat	name
Hausa	ido	kunne	hanci	haƙori	harshe	baki	jini	ƙashi	itace; bishiya	ruwa	ci	suna
Proto-Chadic	*ydn	*km/*ɬm	*ntn	*s₃n; *ƙ-d	*ls₃-	*bk	*br	*ƙs₃		*ymn	*hrɗ (hard); *twy (soft)	*s₃m
Proto-Ron		*kumu	**atin	*haŋgor	*liʃ	*fo	ɟɑ̄lɑ̄, tɾɔ̃̄	*kaʃ				*sum
Polci	yiir	kəəm	cin	shen	haƙori	bii	buran; bəran	gooloo	pət	maa	ci	suŋ
Proto-Central Chadic	*hadaj; *tsɨʸ	*ɬɨmɨɗʸ	*hʷɨtsɨnʸ	*ɬɨɗɨnʸ	*ɗɨrɨnɨhʸ; *ɣanaɗʸ; *naɬɨj		*maj	*ɗiɬ; *kɨrakaɬʸ	*hʷɨp	*ɗɨjɨm	*zɨm	*ɬɨmɨɗʸ
Proto-Masa	*ir	*hum	*cin	*s-	*si	*vun	*vuzur	*sok	*gu	*mb-	*ti	*sem
Kujarge[7]	kunɟu	kumayo ~ kime	kaata	kiya	aliŋati	apa	ɪbɪrí	(kaɟeɟa), kàyɛ́ya	kaʃíè	ʃia	(tona), tuye [imp. sg.]; tuwona [imp. pl.]	rúwà
Other Afroasiatic branches
Proto-Cushitic[8]	*ʔil-		*ʔisŋʷ-	*ʔiɬkʷ-	*caanrab-	*ʔaf-/*yaf-		*mikʷ’-; *moc’-			*-aħm-/*-uħm-; *ɬaam-	*sim-/*sum-
Proto-Maji[9]	*ʔaːb	*háːy		*aːç’u		*eːdu		*uːs	*inču	*haːy	*um
Tarifiyt Berber[10]	ŧit’t’	aməžžun, aməz’z’uɣ	ŧinzā	ŧiɣməsŧ	iřəs	aqəmmum	iđammən	iɣəss		aman	šš	isəm
Coptic	ia	ma'aje	ša	šol, najhe	las	ro	snof	kas	šēn	mou	wōm	ran
Proto-Semitic	*ʕayn-	*ʔuḏn-	*ʔanp-	*šinn-	*lišān-		*dam-	*ʕaṯ̣m-	*ʕiṣ̂-	*mā̆y-	*ʔ-k-l	(*šim-)
Proto-Afroasiatic	*ʔǐl-	*-ʔânxʷ-		*sǐn-/*sǎn- 'tip, point'	*-lis’- 'to lick'	*âf-	*dîm-/*dâm-	*k’os-	*ɣǎ	*âm-; *akʷ’-	*-mǎaʕ-; *-iit-; *-kʷ’-̌	*sǔm-/*sǐm-

Kalmomin Proto-Chadic:^[11]

Turanci	Proto-Chadic	Hausa	Hausa (furucci)
sleep	*(w)sn/*swn	yi barci	yí bárcíi
come, go	*b₂-; *l-
night	*bɗ	dare	dárée
seed	*bdr/*bzr	iri	írìi
five	*bɗʸɬ	biyar	bìyár̃
mouth	*bk	baki	bàakíi
hole	*bk	rami	ráamìi
house	*b-n	gida	gídáa
give	*br	ba	báa
blood	*br	jini	jíníi
ashes	*bt-	toka
fall	*d₂-; *g₂ɮ	faɗi	fáaɗì
hear	*d₂gw	ji	jí
sit	*dmn	zauna	záunàa
beat, pound, kill	*dwk
neck	*gɗʸr	wuya	wúyàa
do, make	*gə́n-; *ly; *ɗm
laugh	*gms₂	dariya	dàaríyáa
ten	*gʷm/*gʷ-m	goma	góomà
sand	*gʷsk	yashi; ƙasa	yàashíi; ƙásáa
eat hard things	*hrɗ
burn	*kɗ	ƙone
skin	*k-d; *zm	feɗe	féeɗèe
fly (insect)	*ƙdb
crocodile	*kdm	kara
one	*kɗn	ɗaya	ɗáyá
head	*kɗn	kai	kâi
dog	*kɗn	kare	kàrée
finger	*kl-	yatsa	yátsàa
earth	*ƙɬɗ	kasa
fish	*klp	kifi	kíifíi
ear	*km/*ɬm	kunne	kûnnée
hand	*ƙmn	hannu	hánnúu
three	*knɗ	uku	úkù
bark	*krp; *ɓ-r	ɓawo	ɓáawóo
bone	*ƙs₃	ƙashi	ƙàshíi
rat	*ksm
tail	*kṣr	wutsiya	wútsíyàa
fire	*-kw	wuta	wútáa
cow, buffalo	*ɬ-
root, vein, medicine	*ɬ₂rw
lick	*lkɗ	lasa	làasáa
tongue	*ls₃-	harshe	hárshèe
meat	*ɬw	nama	náamàa
new	*mrb	sabo	sáabóo
man, husband, person	*mtm	mutum
die	*mwt	mutu	mútù
hunger	*my
see	*ngn	gani	gáníi
nose	*ntn	hanci	háncìi
ripen	*nwk
cat	*patu	mage; ƙyanwa	màagée; ƙyânwáa
four	*-pɗ	huɗu	húɗú
flower	*pl	fure	fùrée
sun	*p-t	rana	ráanáa
cut	*pt; *ɬ₂wl	yanke	yánkèe
drink	*s₂w-	sha; abin sha	sháa; àbín shâa
name	*s₃m	suna	súunáa
tooth	*s₃n; *ƙ-d	hakori	hákóoríi
know	*s-n	sani	sánìi
two	*sr	biyu	bíyú
sheep	*tmk	tunkiya	túnkìyáa
spit	*tp	tofa	tóofàa
moon	*t-r	wata	wátàa
eat soft things	*twy
goat	*wk-/*kw-	akwiya	àkwíyàa
stand (up)	*wɬk
open	*wn	buɗe	búuɗèe
full, fill	*wn	cikakke
hair	*yàɗ	gashi	gáashìi
bird	*yɗ	tsuntsu	tsúntsúu
eye	*ydn	ido	ídòo
saliva	*ylk
water	*ymn	ruwa	rúwáa
give birth	*yw/*wy
body	*zk	jiki	jìkíi

Kalmomin Proto-Ron:^[12]

Turanci	Proto-Ron	Hausa	Hausa (furucci)
nose	**atin	hanci	háncìi
crocodile	**haram	kada
navel	**mutuk	cibiya	cíibíyàa
friend	**mwin	aboki; amini	àbóokíi; àmíinìi
land	**nɗoro	ƙasa; sauka	ƙásáa; sàuká
molar	*ɓukum
open (door)	*ɓwali
chest	*cin	ƙirji	ƙìrjíi
mouth	*fo	baki	bàakíi
breast (female)	*fofo	nono
thigh	*for	cinya	cínyàa
blow (mouth)	*fuɗ
fall	*fur	faɗi	fáaɗì
throat	*goroŋ	maƙwagwaro	màƙwágwàróo
tooth	*haŋgor	hakori	hákóoríi
head	*hay	kai	kâi
bone	*kaʃ	ƙashi	ƙàshíi
put	*kin	sa	sâa (2)
elbow	*kukwat	gwiwar hannu	gwíiwàr̃ hánnúu
ear	*kumu	kunne	kûnnée
call (summon)	*lahyal
tongue	*liʃ	harshe	hárshèe
flesh	*lo	nama	náamàa
saliva, spittle	*lyal
person	*naaf	mutum	mùtûm
chin	*njumut	haɓa	háɓàa
urine	*sar
name	*sum	suna	súunáa
meet	*tof	sadu	sàadú
I	*yin	ni	níi

Kalmomin Proto-North Bauchi:^[13]

Turanci	Proto-North Bauchi	Hausa	Hausa (furucci)
grass	*(a)was	ciyawa	cìyáawàa
give	*ča/iy-	ba	báa
ask	*c̣aɣ-
egg	*caḥʷi	ƙwai	ƙwái
stink	*čam-
pull	*c̣am-	ja	jáa (1)
sour	*c̣am-	mai tsami	mài tsáamíi
bitter	*č̣am-	mai ɗaci	mài ɗáacíi
night	*č̣amaz-	dare	dárée
goat	*č̣ang-	akwiya	àkwíyàa
herd	*caQʷ-
rip	*č̣ar-
middle	*cawɣ-	tsakiya	tsákíyàa
sit	*c̣əg-	zauna	záunàa
change	*c̣ək-	sake; canja	sáakèe; cánjàa
cut	*cəḳər-	yanke	yánkèe
swell	*c̣əm-; *puč-
sweat	*cən-; *zukum-
nail	*č̣ərf-	ƙusa	ƙúusàa
wring	*č̣ey-
two	*či/ar-	biyu	bíyú
dig	*ciḳ-	haƙa; tona	háƙàa; tóonàa
sew	*ĉ̣im-	ɗinka	ɗínkàa
send	*čin-; *ǯikʷ-	aika	àikáa
worm	*ĉ̣iy-	tsutsa	tsúutsàa
fish (v.)	*ču
dry	*c̣uf-	a bushe	à bùushé
foot	*cum-	ƙafa	ƙáfàa
swear	*cum-	rantse	rántsèe
stand	*c̣urw-	tashi	táashì
morning	*cuwy-	safe	sáafée
heart	*č̣Vnk-	zuciya	zúucìyáa
urine	*cVpr-
bird	*č̣VT-	tsuntsu	tsúntsúu
head	*ɣ/ḥam-	kai	kâi
hair	*gəz-	gashi	gáashìi
roast	*gəẑ-
fish	*ɣʷad-	kifi	kíifíi
see	*ḥan-	gani	gáníi
fill	*ḥʷan-
mount	*ḥʷum-
build	*ḥʷun-	gina	gínàa
bone	*ḳas-	ƙashi	ƙàshíi
war	*ḳas-
count	*ḳin-	ƙirga	ƙírgàa
bite	*ḳiy-	ciza	cìizáa
nine	*kuč̣-	tara	tár̃à
forge	*ḳuf-	ƙera	ƙéeràa
deep	*ḳulḳul-	mai zurfi	mài zúrfíi
buy	*ḳʷan-	saya	sàyáa
angry	*ḳʷar-
hunt	*le[ḥ]-	farauta	fàráutàa
sell	*məč̣-	sayar da	sáyár̃ dà
chest	*mVc̣-	ƙirji	ƙìrjíi
descend	*pəc̣-
fat	*rəvəz-; *ĉ̣əb-
earth	*riĉ̣-
flower	*riẑ-	fure	fùrée
tooth	*ṭiḥn-	hakori	hákóoríi
kill	*tuḥ-	kashe	káshèe
five	*vaĉ̣-	biyar	bìyár̃
pour	*vʷaḥ-	zub da	zúb dà
throw	*vʷaḥ-	jefa	jéefàa
close	*zaḅʷ-
stab	*zaḳʷ-	soka	sòokáa
beans	*zam-
open	*ẑar-	buɗe	búuɗèe
call	*zar-; *ḳiy-
tremble	*ẑaẑar-
bow	*zaʔ-	baka	bàkáa
stone	*zəḳəy
to skin	*zəl-
body	*zər-	jiki	jìkíi
fowl	*ẑirkiy-	kaza	kàazáa
ground corn	*zu
awaken	*zuḳʷ-
run	*ẑVẑV	gudu	gúdù
rope	*zʸaw-	igiya	ígíyàa
turn	*ǯiKal	mayar da	máyár̃ dà
allow	*ǯu
pound	*ǯu/iw-	doka; kutufo	dòokáa; kùtùfóo
life	*ǯukʷ-	rayuwa	ràayúwáa

Kalmomin Proto-Masa:^[14]

Turanci	Proto-Masa	Hausa	Hausa (furucci)
father	*b-	uba	ùbáa
bat	*babay	jemage	jéemáagèe
vulture	*bak	ungulu	ùngùlúu
mushroom	*bik	naman kaza	náamàn kàazáa
tail	*c--	wutsiya	wútsíyàa
nose	*cin	hanci	háncìi
star	*ciw	tauraro	tàuràaróo
dog	*d-	kare	kàrée
flute	*d-f	sarewa; sarewa	sàareewàa; sàréewàa
penis	*ɗiw	bura; azzakari	bùuráa; àzzákàr̃íi
chin	*d-m	haɓa	háɓàa
mud	*dorɓo	taɓo	tàɓóo
liver	*duk	hanta	hántàa
sun	*fat	rana	ráanáa
four	*fiɗi	huɗu	húɗú
blow	*fo	busa; hura	búusàa; húuràa
navel	*fuk	cibiya	cíibíyàa
flour	*fut	gari	gàaríi
small	*g-	ƙarami	ƙàrámíi
knee	*gif	gwiwa	gwíwàa
heart	*g-l-s	zuciya	zúucìyáa
ten	*gup	goma	góomà
left	*guɾ	hagu	hágú
cold	*hep	mura; mai sanyi; mai ɗari	múr̃àa; mài sányíi; mài ɗáaríi
three	*hindi	uku	úkù
goat	*hu	akwiya	àkwíyàa
ear	*hum	kunne	kûnnée
eye	*ir	ido	ídòo
seed	*ir	iri	írìi
six	*kargi	shida	shídà
year	*kim	sheƙara, shekara	shèeƙáràa, shèekáràa
yesterday	*k-mb-	jiya	jíyà
fish	*k-ɾf-	kifi	kíifíi
fire	*ku	wuta	wútáa
mat	*ɮat	tabarma	tàabármáa
red	*ɬew	ja	jáa (2)
feather	*ɮ-m	gashi	gáashìi
water	*mb-	ruwa	rúwáa
dew	*mb-ɗ-	raɓa	ráaɓáa
milk	*mbir	nono; tatsa	nóonòo; tàatsáa
horn	*mek	ƙaho	ƙàhóo
darkness	*nduvun	duhu	dúhùu
sand	*ŋeɬ	yashi; ƙasa	yàashíi; ƙásáa
hair	*ŋgusa	gashi	gáashìi
breast	*po	nono	nóonòo
pus	*ɾ--	mugunya	múgúnyàa
hunt	*ɾam	farauta	fàráutàa
fly	*raw	ƙuda; tashi	ƙúdáa; táashì
time	*ɾi	lokaci; sa’a	lóokàcíi; sáa'àa
place	*ɾi	wuri; waje	wúríi; wájée
bean	*ɾit	wake	wáakée
tooth	*s-	hakori	hákóoríi
person	*s-	mutum	mùtûm
grass	*-s-	ciyawa	cìyáawàa
broom	*samat	mashari	másháaríi
spear	*sap	mashi	máashìi
egg	*se	ƙwai	ƙwái
name	*sem	suna	súunáa
sleep	*sen	yi barci	yí bárcíi
tongue	*si	harshe	hárshèe
seven	*siɗa	bakwai	bákwài
wind	*simbet	iska	ískàa
field	*sine	gona	góonáa
bone	*sok	ƙashi	ƙàshíi
root	*s-r	jijiya; saiwa	jíijíyàa; sâiwáa
people	*su	jama’a; mutane	jàmá'àa; mútàanée
beer	*sum	giya; burkutu	gíyàa; bùr̃kùtù
sheep	*time	tunkiya	túnkìyáa
moon	*tiɾ	wata	wátàa
brain	*toʔon	ƙwalƙwalwa	ƙwálƙwálwáa
body	*tu	jiki	jìkíi
grave	*us	kabari	kábàr̃íi
five	*vaɬ	biyar	bìyár̃
wasp	*viŋ	zanzaro	zànzáróo
monkey	*vir	biri	bírìi
charcoal	*v-n	gawayi	gáwàyíi
hare	*v-t	zomo	zóomóo
salt	*vu	gishiri	gíshíríi
mouth	*vun	baki	bàakíi
blood	*vuzur	jini	jíníi
girl	*way	yarinya	yáarínyàa
black	*wura	baƙi	báƙíi
rope	*zew	igiya	ígíyàa
hole	*z-ɾ	rami	ráamìi

• Caron, Bernard 2004. Le Luri: quelques notes sur une langue tchadique du Najeriya. A cikin: Pascal Boyeldieu & Pierre Nougayrol (eds. ), Langues et Al'adu: Terrains d'Afrique. Gidaje a Faransa Cloarec-Heiss (Afrique et Langage 7). 193-201. Louvain-Paris: Peeters.
• Lukas, Johannes (1936) 'Halin ilimin harshe a yankin Tafkin Chadi a Afirka ta Tsakiya.' Afirka, 9, 332 – 349.
• Lukas, Johannes. Zentralsudanische Studien, Hamburg 1937;
• Newman, Paul da Ma, Roxana (1966) 'Kwatancen Cadiic: salon magana da kalmomi.' Jaridar Harsunan Afirka, 5, 218 – 251.
• Newman, Paul (1977) 'Tsarin Chadi da sake ginawa.' Harsunan Afroasiatic 5, 1, 1 – 42.
• Newman, Paul (1978) 'Chado-Hamitic' adieu ': sabbin tunani kan rabe-raben harshen Chadi', a Fronzaroli, Pelio (ed. ), Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazionale di Linguistica Camito-Semitica . Florence: Instituto de Linguistica e di Lingue Orientali, Jami'ar di Firenze, 389 – 397.
• Newman, Paul (1980) Theididdigar Chadic a cikin Afroasiatic. Leiden: Jami'ar Pers Leiden.
• Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Kiyoshi Shimizu: Tushen lafazin Chadic. Reimer, Berlin 1981.
• Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Dymitr Ibriszimow: Tushen lafazin Chadic. 2 kundin. Reimer, Berlin 1994
• Schuh, Russell (2003) 'Tsinkayen Chadic', a cikin M. Lionel Bender, Gabor Takacs, da David L. Appleyard (eds. ), Zaba Comparative-Historical Afrasian ilimin harsuna Nazarin a Memory of Igor M. Diakonoff, LINCOM Europa, 55 – 60.

Bayanin bayanai

• Robert Forkel, & Tiago Tresoldi. (2019). lexibank / kraftchadic: Chadic Wordlists (Shafin v3.0) [Saitin bayanai]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3534953

1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/chad1250 |chapterurl= missing title (help). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
2. ↑ Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List (ms)
3. ↑ Blench, Roger. 2008. Links between Cushitic, Omotic, Chadic and the position of Kujarge. 5th International Conference of Cushitic and Omotic languages.
4. ↑ https://yfull.com/tree/R-Y7771/
5. ↑ Blench, Roger. 2012. Linguistic evidence for the chronological stratification of populations South of Lake Chad. Presentation for Mega-Tchad Colloquium in Naples, September 13–15, 2012.
6. ↑ Vossen, Rainer and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.). 2020. The Oxford Handbook of African Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7. ↑ Doornbos, Paul. 1981. Field notes on Kujarge, language metadata, 200-word list plus numerals and pronouns.
8. ↑ Ehret, Christopher. 1987. Proto-Cushitic reconstruction. In Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 8: 7-180. University of Cologne.
9. ↑ Aklilu, Yilma. 2003. Comparative phonology of the Maji languages. Journal of Ethiopian studies 36: 59-88.
10. ↑ Kossmann, Maarten. 2009. Tarifiyt Berber vocabulary. In: Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri (eds.) World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
11. ↑ Jungraithmayr, Herrmann; Ibriszimow, Dymitr. 1994. Chadic Lexical Roots. Tentative reconstruction, grading, distribution and comments. (Sprache und Oralität in Afrika; 20), volume I, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.
12. ↑ Blench, Roger. no date. Ron comparative wordlist.
13. ↑ Takács, Gábor 2004. Comparative dictionary of the Angas-Sura languages. Sprache und Oralität in Afrika (SOA) 23. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.
14. ↑ Shryock, Aaron. 1997. The classification of the Masa group of languages. Studies in African Linguistics 26(1): 29‒62.