Lower Paleolithic

Lower Paleolithic
archaeological period (en)
Bayanai
Bangare na	Paleolithic (en)
Mabiyi	no value
Ta biyo baya	Middle Paleolithic
Lokacin farawa	3,300,000 years BCE, 2,500,000 years BCE, 1,800,000 years BCE da 1,600,000 years BCE
Lokacin gamawa	300,000 years BCE

Lower Paleolithic (ko Lower Palaeolithic) shine farkon ɓangaren Paleolittic ko Tsohon Stone Age. Ya ɗebi tsawon lokaci daga kimanin shekaru miliyan 3.3 da suka gabata lokacin da shaidar farko don samar da kayan aikin dutse da amfani da hominins ya bayyana a cikin rikodin archaeological na yanzu, har zuwa kimanin shekaru 300,000 da suka gabata, ya haɗa da Oldowan ("mode 1") da Acheulean ("mode 2") masana'antun Lithics.^[1]

A cikin ilimin kimiyyar Afirka, lokacin kusan ya dace da Farkon Zamanin Dutse, abubuwan da aka gano na farko da suka fara zuwa shekaru miliyan 3.3 da suka gabata, tare da fasahar kayan aikin dutse na Lomekwian, wanda ya shafi fasahar kayan aiki na dutse na Mode 1, wanda ya fara kusan shekaru miliyan 2.6 da suka gabata kuma ya ƙare tsakanin shekaru 400,000 da 250,000 da suka gabata. ^{[1] [2]}

Tsakiyar Paleolithic ta biyo bayan Lower Paleolittic kuma ta rubuta bayyanar fasahar kayan aiki masu inganci kamar Musterian. Ko farkon ikon wuta ta hominins ya kasance a cikin Lower ko zuwa Middle Paleolithic ya kasance tambaya ce.^[3]

Lower Paleolithic ya fara ne da bayyanar Kayan aikin dutse na farko a duniya. Da farko an haɗa shi da fitowar Homo habilis, wasu shekaru miliyan 2.8 da suka gabata, wannan kwanan wata an tura shi baya sosai ta hanyar binciken da aka samu a farkon shekarun 2000, ^[4] Oldowan ko Mode 1 sararin samaniya, wanda aka dade ana la'akari da tsohuwar nau'in masana'antar lithic, yanzu ana ɗaukarsa ya samo asali ne daga kimanin shekaru miliyan 2.6 da suka gabata na Gelasian (Lower Pleistocene), mai yiwuwa farkon farkon farkon farkon waɗanda kakannin Australopithecine suka yi amfani da su na jinsin Homo (kamar Australopcus garhi).

Koyaya, har ma da tsofaffin kayan aiki daga baya an gano su a shafin Lomekwi 3 a Kenya, a cikin 2015, wanda aka rubuta tun farkon shekaru miliyan 3.3 da suka gabata. Saboda haka, za su riga sun kasance a Pleistocene (Gelasian), kuma su fada cikin marigayi Pliocene (Piacenzian). ^[1]

Mambobin farko na jinsin Homo sun samar da kayan aiki na asali, wanda aka taƙaita a ƙarƙashin masana'antar Oldowan, wanda ya kasance mai rinjaye kusan kusan shekaru miliyan, daga kimanin shekaru 2.5 zuwa 1.7 da suka gabata. An ɗauka cewa Homo habilis ya rayu da farko a kan cinyewa, ta amfani da kayan aiki don yanka nama daga gawawwakin ko kuma ya karya ƙasusuwa don cire kwakwalwa.

Motsawa daga mafi yawan abinci mai cin ganyayyaki ko abinci mai cin abinci na hominin Australopithecus zuwa salon rayuwa Masu cin nama na Homo na farko an bayyana shi ta hanyar sauye-sauyen yanayi a Gabashin Afirka da ke da alaƙa da glaciation na Quaternary. Ragewar yaduwar teku ya haifar da yanayin da ya bushe da fadada Savannah a kan kudin gandun daji. Rage wadatar 'ya'yan itace ya motsa wasu proto-Australopithecines don bincika sabbin hanyoyin abinci da aka samo a cikin yanayin muhalli na savannah. Derek Bickerton (2009) ya sanya zuwa wannan lokacin motsi daga Tsarin sadarwa na dabbobi masu sauƙi da aka samu a cikin dukkan manyan birai zuwa farkon tsarin sadarwa na alama wanda zai iya motsawa (yana nufin abubuwa da ba a halin yanzu a cikin fahimta ba) kuma yana motsawa ta hanyar buƙatar "karɓar" membobin ƙungiyar don cire manyan gawawwakin.

Homo erectus ya koma daga cinyewa zuwa farauta, yana haɓaka salon rayuwa na farauta da tarawa wanda zai kasance mai rinjaye a duk lokacin Paleolithic zuwa Mesolithic.Bude sabon wuri na farauta-tattara abinci ya haifar da wasu canje-canje na halayyar da na ilimin lissafi wanda ya haifar da bayyanar Homo heidelbergensis da wasu shekaru 800,000-600,000 da suka gabata.  Saboda haka, Homo ya tashi zuwa matsayi na masu cin nama (kuma mai yiwuwa ya zama masu cin nama kafin Homo sapiens ya sake canzawa zuwa masu cin nama). A matsayin mafarauta masu aiki, sun zo ne a adawa da wasu, masu cin nama huɗu kuma sun fara rayuwa a cikin manyan kungiyoyi.

Homo erectus ya yi ƙaura daga Afirka kuma ya warwatse a duk faɗin Eurasia. Kayan aikin dutse a Malaysia an sanya su shekaru miliyan 1.83.  Burbushin Peking Man, wanda aka gano a 1929, yana da kimanin shekaru 700,000. 

A Turai, al'adar Olduwan (wanda aka sani a Turai da Abbevillian) ta rabu zuwa al'adu biyu, Clactonian, al'adun flake, da Acheulean, al'ada ta hannu. Hanyar Levallois don yin amfani da dutse ta haɓaka a wannan lokacin.

Nau'in da ke dauke da su daga Afirka zuwa Turai tabbas Homo erectus ne. Wannan nau'in ɗan adam yana da alaƙa da al'adar flake, wanda ya bazu a kudancin Turai ta hanyar Balkans don bayyana sosai a kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Yawancin abubuwan da aka gano a cikin Paleolithic na Tsakiya an yi amfani da su ta amfani da fasahar Levallois, yana nuna cewa Neanderthals sun samo asali ne daga Homo erectus (ko, watakila, Homo heidelbergensis; duba ƙasa).

Monte Poggiolo, kusa da Forlì, Italiya, shine wurin masana'antar Acheulian da ke kusa da ita tun daga shekaru 1.8 zuwa 1.1 da suka gabata.^[5] 

Zuwan fasaha da kuma sadarwa ta baki da wadanda ba ta baki ba saboda sauyawa zuwa farauta da tarawa ya haifar da fadada sassan kwakwalwa da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan, da kuma mafi girman fahimta saboda an haɗa shi da su biyu. Daga baya, daidaitawar halayyar zuwa ci gaba da rayuwar zamantakewa, rarraba abinci mara tabbas (wanda ke haifar da buƙatar samun abinci da kuma tunawa inda za a iya samun shi) da canje-canjen muhalli da Homo ya kawo ya haifar da ci gaba da fadada kwakwalwa a fannonin warware matsalar, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da sauransu, wanda ya haifar da babban sassauci na halayyar Mutum, sadarwa mai inganci, da mamayar muhalli na bil'adama. Kayan halitta na farko na manyan birai da na baya sun ba da damar kwakwalwa ta fadada sau uku a cikin shekaru miliyan 2 zuwa 2.3 na Pleistocene, don mayar da martani ga al'ummomi masu rikitarwa da canza wuraren zama.^[6][7]

Bayyanar Homo heidelbergensis kimanin shekaru 600,000 da suka gabata ya nuna wasu sabbin nau'o'in, kamar Homo rhodesiensis da Homo cepranensis kimanin shekaru 400,000 da suka wuce. Homo heidelbergensis dan takara ne na farko don bunkasa wani nau'i na farko na harshe na alama. Ko kula da wuta da binnewa na farko sun kasance a wannan lokacin ko kuma sun bayyana ne kawai a lokacin Paleolithic na Tsakiya tambaya ce mai budewa.

Har ila yau, a Turai, wani nau'in ɗan adam ya bayyana wanda ya kasance matsakaici tsakanin Homo erectus da Homo sapiens, wani lokacin ana taƙaita shi a ƙarƙashin <i id="mwsA">Homo sapiens</i> na dā, wanda aka kwatanta da burbushin halittu kamar waɗanda aka samo a Swanscombe, Steinheim, Tautavel, da Vertesszollos (Homo palaeohungaricus). Al'adar hannu-axe ta samo asali ne a wannan lokacin. Matsakaicin na iya zama Homo heidelbergensis, wanda ke da alhakin ƙera ingantaccen nau'ikan kayan aikin Acheulean na Mode 2, a Afirka, bayan shekaru 600,000 da suka gabata.  Flakes da axes sun kasance tare a Turai, wani lokacin a wannan shafin. Al'adar gatari, duk da haka, ta bazu zuwa wani yanki daban a gabas. Ya bayyana a Arabiya da Indiya, amma mafi mahimmanci, ba ya bayyana a kudu maso gabashin Asiya.

Daga kimanin shekaru 300,000 da suka gabata, fasaha, tsarin zamantakewa da halayyar sun bayyana sun kara rikitarwa, tare da shirye-shiryen fasaha na lithics, lokuta na farko na binnewa da canje-canje ga tsarin farauta-tattara abinci. Homo sapiens ya fara bayyana kimanin shekaru 300,000 da suka gabata, kamar yadda burbushin da aka samu a Jebel Irhoud a Maroko suka tabbatar.

 

Indiya

Guy Ellcock Pilgrim, masanin ilimin ƙasa na Burtaniya kuma masanin ilimin halittu, ya gano haƙoran ɗan adam na shekaru miliyan 1.5 da kuma wani ɓangare na jaw wanda ke nuna cewa mutane na dā, masu basira masu basira tun daga zamanin Acheulean 1,500,000, ^[8] sun zauna a yankin Pinjore kusa da Chandigarh. An tono kayan aikin Quartzite na ƙaramin lokacin Paleolithic a wannan yankin daga Pinjore a Haryana zuwa Nalagarh (Gundumar Solan a Himachal Pradesh). An ci gaba da zama a ƙasashen Gujarat daga lokacin Lower Paleolithic (c. 200,000 BP). An gano shafuka da yawa na zamanin dutse a cikin kogin Sabarmati, Kogin Mahi da ƙananan kogin Narmada na Gujarat . ^[9]

• Kula da wuta ta hanyar mutane na farko
• Lomekwi, shafin tsoffin kayan aikin da aka gano

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1 1.2} Harmand, Sonia; et al. (21 May 2015). "3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya". Nature. 521 (7552): 310–315. Bibcode:2015Natur.521..310H. doi:10.1038/nature14464. PMID 25993961. S2CID 1207285.
2. ↑ "Early Stone Age Tools". What does it mean to be human?. Smithsonian Institution. 2014-09-29. Retrieved 2014-09-30.
3. ↑ "Lower Paleolithic". Dictionary com. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
4. ↑ Semaw, S.; Rogers, M. J.; Quade, J.; Renne, P. R.; Butler, R. F.; Domínguez-Rodrigo, M.; Stout, D.; Hart, W. S.; Pickering, T.; et al. (2003). "2.6-Million-year-old stone tools and associated bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia". Journal of Human Evolution. 45 (2): 169–177. doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(03)00093-9. PMID 14529651.
5. ↑ Despriée, Jackie; Voinchet, Pierre; Tissoux, Hélène; Bahain, Jean-Jacques; Falguères, Christophe; Courcimault, Gilles; Dépont, Jean; Moncel, Marie-Hélène; Robin, Sophie; Arzarello, Marta; Sala, Robert; Marquer, Laurent; Messager, Erwan; Puaud, Simon; Abdessadok, Salah (June 2011). "Lower and Middle Pleistocene human settlements recorded in fluvial deposits of the middle Loire River Basin, Centre Region, France". Quaternary Science Reviews. 30 (11–12): 1474–1485. Bibcode:2011QSRv...30.1474D. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.02.011.
6. ↑ Bretas, Rafael Vieira; Yamazaki, Yumiko; Iriki, Atsushi (December 2020). "Phase transitions of brain evolution that produced human language and beyond". Neuroscience Research. 161: 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2019.11.010. PMID 31785329. S2CID 208303849.
7. ↑ Henke-von der Malsburg, Johanna; Kappeler, Peter M.; Fichtel, Claudia (December 2020). "Linking ecology and cognition: does ecological specialisation predict cognitive test performance?". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 74 (12): 154. doi:10.1007/s00265-020-02923-z. S2CID 229402432.
8. ↑ Pappu, Shanti; Gunnell, Yanni; Akhilesh, Kumar; Braucher, Régis; Taieb, Maurice; Demory, François; Thouveny, Nicolas (25 March 2011). "Early Pleistocene Presence of Acheulian Hominins in South India". Science. 331 (6024): 1596–1599. Bibcode:2011Sci...331.1596P. doi:10.1126/science.1200183. PMID 21436450. S2CID 206531024.
9. ↑ Patel, Ambika B. (31 August 1999). "4. Archaeology of Early Historic Gujarat". Iron technology in early historic India a case study of Gujarat (Thesis). Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. pp. 72–105. hdl:10603/71979. Retrieved 14 October 2017 – via Shodhganga.