Ilimi a Tunisia

Ilimi a Tunisia
education in country or region (en)
Bayanai
Facet of (en)	karantarwa
Ƙasa	Tunisiya
Wuri
34°N 10°E / 34°N 10°E / 34; 10

Tun lokacin da ta sami 'yancin kai daga Faransa a 1956, gwamnatin Tunisiya ta mayar da hankali kan bunkasa tsarin ilimi wanda ke samar da tushe mai karfi wanda zai iya amsawa ga sauye-sauyen bukatun al'umma mai tasowa. Kokarin sake fasalin tsari tun farkon shekarun 1990, manufofi masu hankali na tattalin arziki, da zurfin haɗin kasuwanci a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya sun haifar da yanayi mai ba da damar ci gaba. Wannan yanayin ya kasance mai kyau don samun nasarori masu kyau a bangaren ilimi wanda ya sanya Tunisia gaba da ƙasashe masu irin wannan matakin samun kudin shiga, kuma a cikin matsayi mai kyau don cimma MDGs.A cewar HDI 2007, Tunisia tana cikin matsayi na 90 daga cikin kasashe 182 kuma tana cikin matsayi ya 4 a yankin MENA a ƙasa da Isra'ila, Lebanon, da Jordan. Ilimi shine fifiko na farko na gwamnatin Tunisia, tare da sama da kashi 20 cikin 100 na kasafin kudin gwamnati da aka ware don ilimi a 2005/06.^[1] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006 kudaden da ake kashewa a ilimi na jama'a a matsayin kashi 7 cikin dari na GDP. ^[2]

An gina tsarin ilimi na Tunisia a kan tsarin Faransanci, sabili da haka, mayar da hankali ga masu gyara ilimi shine Arabiya da tsarin karatu da baiwa a makarantun ƙasa da jami'o'i. Tunisia ta dauki tsarin matakai game da Arabization. Idan aka ba da yawan 'yan ƙasa masu magana da Faransanci da kuma rashin ƙwararrun malamai na Arabiya don koyar da batutuwan kimiyya, masu tsara manufofi Faransanci da Faransaniya a matsayin harshen waje kuma a matsayin matsakaici na koyarwa don lissafi da kimiyya a ilimin firamare. Humanities da zamantakewar al'umma sun kasance Arabiyaci, da farko a firamare sannan daga baya a makarantar sakandare. A cikin shekarun 1970s, an yanke shawarar fadada Arabization ga dukkan batutuwa a cikin ilimin firamare, ban da sana'a, sana'a da fasaha. A matakin jami'a, ana kiyaye Faransanci a matsayin harshen koyarwa a cibiyoyin fasaha da fannonin kimiyya.^[3]Har ila yau, an yi wasu sauye-sauye da yawa tun bayan samun 'yancin kai don inganta tsarin ilimi a dukkan matakan:

1) Ilimi muhimmiyar doka ce da a zahiri ta wuce a shekara ta 1958 ta jaddada ilimin fasaha da sana'a, da kuma horar da sabon nau'in malamai waɗanda suka cancanci koyar da sabon tsarin karatun da ke jaddada harshen Larabci, adabi, tunanin Musulunci da tarihi da yanayin yankin Tunisiya da Arewacin Afirka. ^[4]

2) Sa'an nan kuma an zartar da Dokar Ilimi mafi girma wanda ya sanya dukkan cibiyoyin da gwamnati ta amince da su na ilimi mafi girma da bincike na kimiyya a ƙarƙashin laima na Jami'ar Tunis, cibiyar da aka kafa a cikin 1960, ta hanyar haɗa manyan makarantu da cibiyoyin.^[4]

3) A cikin shekara ta ilimi ta 1990-91, Sabon Dokar Ilimi ta gabatar da karin tsawon koyarwa a matakin firamare da sakandare daga 12 zuwa jimlar shekaru 13. Har ila yau, ya sanya shi wajibi ga ɗalibai masu shekaru tsakanin 6-16 don samun horo na ilimi na asali.^[4]

4) Tunisia ta gabatar da tsarin ƙwarewa a cikin tsarin karatun makaranta a cikin 2000, kuma ta sake duba litattafan daidai da haka.^[3]

5) Dokar Ilimi ta 2002 ta jaddada muhimmancin ICT a bangaren ilimi.^[1]

Shekarar ilimi tana gudana daga Satumba zuwa Yuni kuma ana gudanar da jarrabawa a ƙarshen Yuni ko farkon Yuli.

Gwamnatin Tunisia ta nuna jajircewa mai karfi ga ilimin makarantar sakandare. Za a ba da ilimin makarantar sakandare a cibiyoyi ko wuraren da aka tsara musamman ga yara daga shekaru uku zuwa shida.^[5]A Tunisia ana ba da ilimin makarantar sakandare da farko a cikin saituna uku:

Kindergartens- Waɗannan cibiyoyin zamantakewa ne da ke ƙarƙashin kulawar Ma'aikatar Mata, Iyali, da Yara kuma suna cikin ko dai kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, hukumomin yankin na jama'a ko ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru. An sami ci gaba sosai a cikin ɗaukar makarantun yara daga kashi 7.1 cikin 100 a cikin 1990 zuwa kashi 14 cikin 100 a shekara ta 2000.Amma wannan adadin har yanzu yana da ƙarancin gaske saboda yawancin yara masu shekaru 3 zuwa 6 ba sa halartar makarantar sakandare.^[5]

Kouttabs - Wadannan cibiyoyin addini suna kula da yara tsakanin shekaru 3 zuwa 5. Aikin su shine su fara su cikin koyon Alkur'ani da karatu, rubutu, da lissafi. Suna ƙarƙashin kulawar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Addini. Sauye-sauye sun ba da damar ƙara yawan waɗannan makarantu daga 378 a 1987 zuwa 961 a 2007. Wadannan Kottabs suna karbar bakuncin yara 25,194, 11,138 daga cikinsu 'yan mata ne. Ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar dibs (malamai) daga cikinsu 121 suna da digiri a Kimiyya ta Musulunci, kuma 60 suna da digiri na jami'a. An kaddamar da aikin shugaban kasa, "Gobe Tunisia", don ci gaba da tallafawa Kouttabs don su cika aikin iliminsu na karfafa dabi'un addini.

Shekarar shirye-shirye kuma wani bangare ne na ilimi na asali amma ba tilas ba ne. Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horarwa ce ke kula da shi kuma ana ba da shi a makarantun firamare na jama'a, masu zaman kansu da na jama'ar.Adadin shiga makarantar firamare ya karu sosai tun daga shekara ta 2000 daga kashi 15 zuwa kashi 22 a shekara ta 2003. ^[2]

Enseignement de base ya ƙunshi shekaru tara na ilimin makaranta kuma an raba shi zuwa matakai biyu daban-daban: shekaru 6 na firamare da shekaru 3 na ilimin shirye-shirye (ƙananan sakandare). A ƙarshen shekaru 9 ɗalibai suna zaune don jarrabawar ƙasa ta ƙarshen Études de l'enseignement de base, nasarar da ke kaiwa ga Diplôme de Fin d'Études de l"Enseignement.Digiri na Ƙarshen Nazarin Koyarwa.Ana buƙatar ɗalibai su ci sama da kashi 50 cikin ɗari a ƙarshen aji na shida don ci gaba zuwa matakin sakandare na ƙasa. Kodayake akwai babban kashi na dalibai waɗanda suka kasa muhimman jarrabawar aji 6. Yanzu saboda kokarin gwamnati, yawan daliban da ke buƙatar maimaita aji na 6 yana raguwa. A cikin 1991-92, kashi 26 cikin dari na dalibai dole ne su sake maimaita aji na 6. Amma a cikin 1999-2000 wannan adadin ya sauka zuwa kashi 18.^[6] Adadin raguwa a matakin firamare shine kashi 6 cikin 100 kuma ya ragu daga raguwar kashi 12 cikin 100 a cikin 2000. Yawan shiga a firamare da sakandare ya fi 1 wanda ke nuna cewa 'yan mata da yawa fiye da maza sun shiga cikin waɗannan matakan ilimi guda biyu. Kashi na masu zaman kansu a matakin firamare yana ƙaruwa a hankali daga 0.7 cikin dari a cikin 2000 zuwa 0.9 cikin dari a 2003 kuma a cikin 2007 rabon masu zaman kansu ya kasance 1.4 cikin dari.^[2] Babban adadin shiga a matakin sakandare a shekara ta 2007 ya tsaya a kashi 113, tsalle na kusan kashi 7 daga GER a shekara ta 2006.[2]^[2]

Har ila yau, a farkon shekara ta 2007/208, an ƙaddamar da makarantun sakandare na Pioneer 9 don ba da kulawa da farko ga ɗalibai masu basira wanda zai ba su damar ci gaba da karatunsu a makarantun majagaba a fannonin kimiyya, wallafe-wallafen da fasaha, tare da ƙwararrun malamai.

Shekaru huɗu na ilimin sakandare suna buɗewa ga duk masu riƙe da Diplôme de Fin d'etudes de l'Enseignement de Base inda ɗalibai ke mai da hankali kan shiga matakin jami'a ko shiga ma'aikata bayan kammala. An raba makarantar sakandare ta Enseignement zuwa matakai biyu: ilimi na gaba ɗaya da na musamman.

A cikin ilimin ilimi duk dalibai suna bin tsarin karatu na shekara guda bayan haka suna zaɓar ɗaya daga cikin ƙwarewa biyar daga zane-zane na harshe, kimiyya, da tattalin arziki da gudanarwa idan ɗalibin ya ƙware a kimiyya a ƙarshen shekara ta biyu dole ne ya sake zaɓar amma a wannan lokacin tsakanin lissafi, kimiyyar gwaji, kimiyyyar kwamfuta ko kimiyyar fasaha. Harshen koyarwa a fannonin fasaha, kimiyya da lissafi shine Faransanci. A ƙarshen shekara ta huɗu na karatun sakandare, ɗalibai suna yin jarrabawar National du Baccalauréat . Ana gwada ɗalibai a matsakaici a kan batutuwa shida. Wadanda suka kammala karatun sakandare, amma sun kasa karatun digiri ana ba su takardar shaidar kammalawar da za a iya amfani da ita daga baya don shiga cikin ma'aikata ko don shiga ci gaba da karatu a makarantar masu zaman kansu. A cikin 1995 kashi 42.5 cikin dari na masu karɓar baccalaureate sun ci nasara. Koyaya, Tunisia tana bayyana a cikin TIMSS tun 1999 kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashe masu yin wasan kwaikwayo a yankin Larabawa. A shekara ta 2007, Tunisia ta kasance ta biyu a lissafi kuma ta uku a kimiyya a duk kasashen Larabawa da suka bayyana a TIMSS, a cikin kasa da kasa tare da maki 420 da 445 bi da bi.^[7] Matsakaicin daidaito na jinsi na yawan rajista a matakin sakandare ya kasance kashi 1.1 cikin dari a shekara ta 2006, wanda ke nuna yawan rajistar mata fiye da rajistar maza a matakin sakandaren.^[2]

Ma'aikatar Ayyuka ce ke gudanar da shirye-shiryen sana'a da sana'a, kuma a cikin takamaiman horo ta kowane ma'aikatun kamar noma da yawon bude ido.Dalibai na iya zaɓar yin rajista a cikin shirin sana'a na shekaru biyu wanda ke haifar da kyautar dice Certificat d'Aptitude Professionnelle . Wadannan daliban da suka kammala shekaru biyu na farko na ilimin sakandare na iya yin rajista a cikin shirye-shiryen sana'a na shekaru biyu wanda ke haifar da kyautar Brevet de Technicien Professionnel, wanda hakan ke ba da damar yin amfani da shirye-shirye na Brevet de Technien Supérieur na shekaru biyu.^[4] Shigar da TVET a matakin sakandare ma yana ƙaruwa tun shekara ta 2004.Rashin rajista na yanzu (2007) a cikin TVET kusan kashi 10 ne, tare da mafi girman kashi na maza da suka shiga cikin waɗannan shirye-shiryen.^[2]

Tsarin ilimi mafi girma a Tunisia ya sami fadadawa cikin sauri kuma yawan ɗalibai ya ninka fiye da sau uku a cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata daga kusan 102,000 a 1995 zuwa 365,000 a 2005. Adadin shiga a matakin sakandare a shekara ta 2007 ya kasance kashi 31 cikin dari, tare da daidaitattun jinsi na GER na 1.5. Tsarin jami'o'i masu zaman kansu a Tunisia, wanda ke da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na ɗalibai, ya kasance ƙarami saboda yanayin da ke cikin tsari ba ya ƙarfafa saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje ko amfani da malamai na ɗan lokaci a jami'oʼi masu zaman su.

A Tunisia a cikin 2005-2006, akwai cibiyoyin ilimi na jama'a 178 daga cikinsu akwai jami'o'i 13, manyan cibiyoyin nazarin fasaha 24 da manyan cibiyoyi shida na horar da malamai. Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Sama (HEM) tana kula da cibiyoyi 155 kuma 23 suna ƙarƙashin kulawar HEM da sauran ma'aikatu. Bugu da kari HEM ta amince da cibiyoyin masu zaman kansu na jami'a 20.^[1] Tsarin jami'ar jama'a kusan kyauta ne kuma ba a samun rancen dalibai ga ɗaliban da suka shiga jami'a mai zaman kanta, yana sa ya zama da wahala ga jami'o'i masu zaman kansu su jawo hankalin ɗaliban da ba za su iya biyan kuɗin ba.

A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ban da ƙirƙirar sabbin jami'o'i bakwai, Gwamnatin Tunisia (GOT) ta sami ci gaba a cikin i) wajen inganta ingancin shirye-shirye na ciki da ƙimar wucewa a cikin shirye-shiryen kimiyya da zaɓaɓɓun shirye-shiryin gajeren lokaci kamar a manyan cibiyoyin fasaha (Instituts supérieurs des études technologiques) (ii) gabatar da shirye-shiryoyin ƙwararru na ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da ƙarin dacewa; kuma (iii) ba su damar amsawa ga canjin yanayi da shirye-aikacen ilimi ga bukatun tattalin arziki.

Samun damar samun ilimin gaba da sakandare yana da tabbacin ga duk ɗaliban da ke da takardar shaidar digiri. Ana sarrafa tsarin shiga tsakani ta hanyar tsarin daidaita jami'a na ƙasa. Ko da yake an soki wannan tsari na tsakiya  don taurin kai yayin da yake barin ɗalibai ba su gamsu da lamuran da aka sanya su a ciki. Kuɗin wucewa na Baccalaureate ba shi da yawa a Tunisiya. A matsakaita kashi 60 cikin ɗari na ɗalibai suna faɗuwar baccalaureate kowace shekara. Kwanan nan tun daga 2005-06, gwamnati ta yi ƙoƙarin aiwatar da gyare-gyaren da ya dogara da tsarin Turai mai hawa uku na digiri na farko, na biyu da na digiri. Ana kiran wannan sake fasalin da LCD: lasisi (shekaru uku) master's (shekaru biyu), digiri na uku (shekaru biyar). Sabuwar tsarin sa'o'in kiredit na ilimi yana nufin baiwa ɗalibai ƙarin sassaucin ra'ayi wajen tsara waƙoƙin karatun su, yayin ba su damar samun kuɗi da canja wurin kiredit tsakanin cibiyoyi na cikin gida da na duniya. ^[1]

A matakin jami'a zagaye na farko na karatu a cikin kwararru na ilimi yana da shekaru biyu, wanda ke haifar da kyautar Diploma d'Etudes Universitaires du Premier Cycle . Wannan digiri na farko ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin shiri. Sa'an nan kuma a mafi yawan sauran fannoni, sake zagayowar ta biyu tana haifar da kyautar Maitrise, wanda ake la'akari da digiri na farko a tsarin jami'ar Tunisia. Daga baya ana ba da Diplome d'Etudes Approfondies (DEA) ga masu riƙe da Maitrise bayan ƙarin karatun shekaru biyu da shirye-shirye da kare rubutun. DEA kuma wajibi ne don shiga cikin shirin digiri.^[4]

Duk da wannan ci gaba, duk da haka, ƙalubale da yawa sun kasance, yayin da ake sa ran shigar da ɗalibai a jami'o'in jama'a za su karu da kusan kashi 6.6 cikin dari a kowace shekara, suna kaiwa kusan 470,000 (duk rukunoni) a cikin 2010, yayin da a lokaci guda, inganci da dacewa da ilimi suna buƙatar sabuntawa. A kashi 2 cikin 100 na GDP, kashe kuɗin jama'a a kan ilimi mafi girma ya riga ya fi girma fiye da yawancin ƙasashe a duniya. Rashin aikin yi tsakanin wadanda suka kammala karatun jami'a yana ƙaruwa kuma damar daukar ma'aikata a bangarorin zamani, masu fitarwa ba su da ƙarfi. Hanyoyi da abubuwan da za su karfafawa don inganta inganci a matakin jami'a ba su isa ba kuma jami'o'i ba za su iya cikakken ikon cin gashin kansu wanda zai taimaka musu su amsa canje-canje a cikin kasuwannin aiki da bukatun tattalin arzikin duniya ba. A takaice dai, saboda ƙaruwar da aka tsara a cikin rajista, GOT tana fuskantar ƙalubalen biyan bukatun jama'a don ilimi mafi girma a hanyar da ta dace, da inganta inganci a hanyar da ba ta da tsada, yayin da yake amsawa ga bukatun kasuwar ma'aikata da ke akwai da sabon.

Tunisiya tana samun goyon baya daga kungiyoyin kasa da kasa (misali, Bankin Duniya, Microsoft, da Apple wajen haɗa ICT a duk matakan ilimi. Wadannan kungiyoyi suna ba da tallafi ga gwamnati wajen aiwatar da shirye-shiryen horar da ma'aikatan ICT, tallafawa ci gaban kwararru, samar da damar sadarwar; bincike, haɓaka da kimanta sabbin hanyoyin manufofi wajen kafa kayan aikin ICT a kasar. Wasu daga cikin sabbin ayyukan sun kasance dakunan gwaje-gwaje na wayar hannu da bas din Intanet da aka haɗa da intanet ta hanyar tauraron dan adam don yin niyya ga makarantu a yankunan karkara da yankunan da ke nesa don rage rarrabuwar dijital. Sa'an nan kuma an ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 1999Global. An ƙaddamar da aikin matasa wanda ya haifar da muhawara a cikin aji na duniya a sararin samaniya. Tunisiya kuma ta dauki bakuncin mataki na biyu na taron koli na duniya kan tsarin bayanai. ^[1]

A shekara ta 2004, akwai kwamfuta 22,000 (0.28 kwamfutoci ga kowane aji), amma a shekara ta 2006 akwai kwamfutocin 57,000 (0.71 kwamfutofi ga kowane aji). Kodayake shirin zaben shugaban kasa yana aiki don cimma kwamfuta 1 a kowane aji a shekara ta 2009. An yi hasashen cewa yawan malamai da aka horar za su karu zuwa 80,000 a 2009 daga 60,000 a 2006. Dukkanin cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma suna da alaƙa da intanet ta Cibiyar Lissafi ta El Khawarizmi, wanda shine mai ba da sabis na intanet na jama'a ga cibiyoyin ilimin sama. Haɗin ICT a cikin ilimi ya kara karfafawa ta Tunisian Virtual School da Jami'ar Virtual ta Tunis.

Tunisia na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe na farko a Arewacin Afirka da ƙasashen Larabawa da suka fara aiki a fannin ilimi na nesa da e-learning ta hanyar ƙaddamar da TVS a watan Janairun 2002. Yana ba da darussan hulɗa na kuɗi, tsarin sake dubawa, taimako da horar da ICT.

An kafa shi a matsayin shirin gwamnati a shekara ta 2003, kuma yanzu yana ba da kashi 20 cikin 100 na darussan ta hanyar e-learning. Ba ta rufe dukkan fannoni ba amma tana ba da difloma da takaddun shaida. Akwai nau'ikan 207, wanda ke wakiltar sama da awanni 8,000, waɗanda ke shirye don amfani. Jami'ar a halin yanzu tana da cibiyoyin samun dama 10, kuma a shekara ta 2009 za a sami 200.^[1]

Gwamnatin Tunisia ta gabatar da Shirin Kasa na Karatun Matasa (PNEA) a watan Afrilun 2000. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Jama'a da Haɗin Kai ce ke kula da shi. Don tallafawa wannan shirin kungiyoyin farar hula da kungiyoyin ba da agaji daban-daban sun ba da gudummawa sosai don tabbatar da cewa manya za su iya samun ƙwarewa mai amfani a kasuwar aiki ta yanzu. Misali, a cikin 2006-2007, matasa 5000 da ke ƙasa da shekaru 30, 40 daga cikinsu mata, sun shiga cikin darussan horo na sana'a.

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5} "About infoDev: A World Bank Group Program to Promote Entrepreneurship and Innovation". World Bank. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "auto4" defined multiple times with different content
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5} "edstats (2007)". Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "auto3" defined multiple times with different content
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1} "World Bank(2008), The Road Not Traveled: Education Reform in the Middle East and North Africa". Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "auto1" defined multiple times with different content
4. ↑ ^{4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4} "World Education News and Reviews (2006) April, vol. 19, issue 2". Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "auto2" defined multiple times with different content
5. ↑ ^{5.0 5.1} "UNESCO(2006)" (PDF). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "auto5" defined multiple times with different content
6. ↑ "World Education News and Reviews (2006) April, Vol 19, Issue 2".
7. ↑ "Countries Participating in TIMSS 2007". timss.bc.edu.

• Lissafin Intanet na ilimi a Tunisia daga Laburaren Majalisa
• Jami'ar a Tunisia