Books by Alexander Almazov
There is in the book examining the relations of the Russian garrison
of “military men” in Nizhyn ... more There is in the book examining the relations of the Russian garrison
of “military men” in Nizhyn with the local Ukrainian Cossacks,
burghers and clergy in the 2nd half of the XVII-early XVIII centuries,
as well as its internal situation during this period. The first chapter
covers the background of the entering of the garrison in the Nizhyn
castle (“upper earthen city”) — the Russian-Ukrainian negotiations on
this issue in 1653–1658, and contacts between Cossacks officers of the
Nizhyn Regiment, Nizhyn burghers, local clergy with the command of
the Russian army at the final stage of the conflict between Moscow and
the Zaporizhian Host led by Hetman Ivan Vygovsky (spring-summer
1659), as well as the circumstances of the entering of the garrison into
the castle.
In the second chapter, the features of recruitment and the dynamics
of the number of the Nizhyn garrison are considered, the population of
the city as a whole and the share of “military people” in it are estimated.
The study also focused on the demographic characteristics of the
garrison and the establishment of family ties with the local population.
In addition, the place that the Nizhyn garrison occupied in the city
space was determined.
The third chapter is devoted to the participation of the garrison in
military operations in the period of the Russian-Polish war of 1654–
1667, with the Crimean Tatars in 1666–1668, as well as in the conflict
with the Ukrainian Cossacks during the uprising on the Left Bank of
Ukraine against the Russian tsar in 1668.
Chapter IV focuses on the court: the joint consideration by the
voivode, local Cossack and burgher authorities of conflicts of servitors of
the garrison with the Nizhyn burghers and Cossacks; the participation
of the voivodes in the investigation and trial of cases of state crimes
against Ukrainian Cossacks, burghers and clergy; abuses of the power of the Nizhyn voivodes, as well as the investigation of such court cases;
the judicial and police powers of the Nizhyn voivode in relation to
employees of the garrison and people from Muscovy.
The fifth chapter covers the relationship between the garrison and
the locals in the economic sphere. First of all, it examines providing the
Nizhyn garrison at the expense of taxes from the Nizhyn burghers and
peasants of the city district in 1663–1668. When, after the uprising of
the Ukrainian Cossacks under the leadership of I. M. Bryukhovetsky,
Moscow was forced to abandon taxation in favor of Russian garrisons,
it had to look for other sources of income for the voivode’s treasury. In
Nizhyn, the most important source of revenue was the “drinking profit”
(“piteynaya pribyl’”), therefore, in a separate paragraph of the chapter,
an analysis of the role of income received from the Nizhyn castle
tavern in 1672–1708 in the structure of income and expenses of the
voivode’s administration is presented. After that, there is the chapter
also analyzing other economic relations of the Nizhyn garrison and the
voivodes with Nizhyn burghers and Cossacks.
The sixth chapter describes the relations of the Nizhyn garrison
with the clergy, including the ruzhnoye (i. e. ones who received salaries)
clergy of the Epiphany Castle Church, with the Nizhyn protopop
Simeon Adamovych, with the Locum Tenens of the Metropolitan of
Kiev, Methodius Filimonovych, and other Ukrainian clergy.
The seventh chapter is devoted to the conditions of service and
relations within the Nizhyn garrison. Among other things, there is
considered the process of the appointment to the voivodes’ service took
place, what privileges the Nizhyn voivodes received for their service, and
whether they received regular monetary remuneration. The chapter also
covers the problems of recruitment and remuneration for the service of
employees of the Nizhyn s’yezzhaya (later — prikaznaya) izba (voivode’s
office) and officer personnel of the garrison. Special attention is paid to the
payment of salaries and official duties of servitors, as well as their struggle
for their rights, including during the mutiny against the voivode in 1682.
In the last, eighth, chapter, the everyday life of the Nizhyn garrison
is considered both in peacetime and in wartime. The features of the
casual life of streltsy in a period of war are shown by the example of
those that took place during the siege of the Nizhyn castle in 1668.
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Papers by Alexander Almazov
Торговля, купечество и таможенное дело в России в XVI–XX веках: сборник научных трудов., 2023
The paper is devoted to the consideration of the issue of levying trade and customs duties to the... more The paper is devoted to the consideration of the issue of levying trade and customs duties to the tsar treasury in the Hetmanate from 1666 till 1668. The duties began to be levied during the tax reform provided for by the Moscow Treaty Articles of 1665, and were spent for supplying Russian garrisons in Ukrainian cities until the beginning of the uprising of Ukrainian Cossacks led by Hetman I.M. Bryukhovetsky in early 1668.
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Вестник Московского государственного лингвистического университета. Общественные науки. № 4 (853), 2023
В работе предпринята попытка реконструкции политической борьбы за гетманскую булаву, развернувшей... more В работе предпринята попытка реконструкции политической борьбы за гетманскую булаву, развернувшейся в Войске Запорожском в 1672 году. Для реконструкции предполагаемых старшинских групп, участвовавших в этой борьбе, использована концепция патроната. Кроме того, в статье проанализирована роль Москвы в этих событиях. В результате проведенного исследования удалось установить, что царская власть позволила казацкой старшине самой решить, кто будет гетманом.
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Палеоросия. Древняя Русь: во времени, в личностях, в идеях. № 1 (21) , 2023
After the transfer of the Zaporizhian Host “under the high sovereign’s hand” in 1654, Nizhyn, lik... more After the transfer of the Zaporizhian Host “under the high sovereign’s hand” in 1654, Nizhyn, like other large Ukrainian cities, received from the tsar confirmation of the right to use self-government based on Magdeburg law. Later on, delegations from Nizhyn magistrate repeatedly visited Moscow to bow low, pleading to help with needs of the city. Such visits happened frequently in the late 1650s–1660s because the military-political history of the Left-bank Ukraine was very eventful during this period. The paper discusses agendas of those visits, which makes it possible to draw conclusions regarding the position of the Nizhyn magistrate in the Russian-Ukrainian relations of the period under review and to make an assumption of the reasons that caused all of that.
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Казачество на службе Отечеству : Материалы Международной научно-практической конференции (Ростов-наДону, ЮФУ, 28 ноября 2022) / Отв. ред. Д.В. Сень, М.Е. Шалак. – Ростов-на-Дону ; Таганрог, 2022.
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Ucrainica Mediaevalia, № 4, 2021
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QUAESTIO ROSSICA
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Український археографічний щорічник. Вип. 23/24., 2020
Based on the unpublished sources, the article reconstructs the biography of Ostap
Zolotarenko, wh... more Based on the unpublished sources, the article reconstructs the biography of Ostap
Zolotarenko, who was briefly the colonel of Nizhyn in 1668. Among these sources is
the petition of Ostap Zolotarenko which was filed in the Chancellery of Little Russia
presumably in July 1669. Among the most important issues of his biography that have
been resolved in the paper is the problem of the origin of the Nizhyn colonel. Previous
studies used to assume that Ostap Zolotarenko was the son of Vasyl Zolotarenko, but the
author was able to prove that he was the son of Vasyl’s brother, Ivan Zolotarenko.
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Палеоросия. № 1(11)., 2019
The article is devoted to consideration of the composition, recruitment, functions,
material supp... more The article is devoted to consideration of the composition, recruitment, functions,
material support and position of the clergy of the Epiphany Church of the Nezhin Castle
in the early 1660s — early 1700s The author comes to the conclusion that the financial situation
of the priests and church clerks was quite good for most of the period under consideration.
The work also indicates the presence of difficulties in the relations of the spirituality
of the Church of the Epiphany with the Nezhin burghers. The article also suggested
the jurisdiction of the clergy of the Metropolitan of Kiev since 1685, which is confirmed by
one testimony.
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Русь, Россия: Средневековье и Новое время. Выпуск VI : Шестые чтения памяти академика РАН Л. В. Милова., 2019
There are considered in the paper the question of the stake of income of the Nezhyn’s pothouse fr... more There are considered in the paper the question of the stake of income of the Nezhyn’s pothouse from 1672 to 1700s in the total income and ex-penditure of the voivodes. The author came to the conclusion that tavern profit allowed to reduce the sums which were sent from Moscow.
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Ключевские чтения – 2018. Гражданская война и гражданский мир в исторической судьбе России: Сборник., 2019
The paper is devoted to the study of the action of disobedience of Nezhin Streltsy in the summer ... more The paper is devoted to the study of the action of disobedience of Nezhin Streltsy in the summer of 1682. Despite the fragmentariness of evidences, there is every reason to assert that Nezhin Streltsy were encouraged by the news of the success of the Streltsy uprising in Moscow, and openly, with the use of violence, protested against the abuses of the voivode. The voivode managed later to achieve the punishment of the most active participants of the action of disobedience.
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Література та культура Полісся., 2018
The garrison of the Russian «military people» of Nizhyn in February 1668, after the start of the ... more The garrison of the Russian «military people» of Nizhyn in February 1668, after the start of the revolt under the leadership of Hetman I.M. Briukhovetsky came under siege in the "upper earthen city" (the castle), while the «big city» remained in the hands of the insurgent Cossacks and townspeople. This siege was the longest in the second half of the XVII century for the Russian garrison –it lasted more than 10 months, so the besieged people needed to mobilize sufficient material and human resources to withstand it. During the siege, the way of life of the garrison changed significantly: trade with the Nizhyn townspeople was interrupted, Nizhyn artisans stopped making products on the order of the voivode, the dietary diversity became not sufficient – there was not enough meat and vegetables, wounds, illness and death became part of everyday life. Moreover, the garrison throughout the siege had no a shortage of grain, and in September 1668 its reserves were replenished. The situation was more complicated with salt: in order to avoid its shortage in the households of the besieged people, the voivode had to increase the salt salary. It was urgent need under the siege to provide the medical care to the Strelstsy: they are not only injured during attacks and fending of attacks, but suffered from scurvy and hemeralopia due to a lack of a dietary diversity. This problem was solved due to the fact that the side of the besieged passed "tsyriulik" Stefan Komyshevich. During the siege have also changed the way of life of the Streltsy wives and widows – they participated in excavations and get a salary to offset the remuneration of their husbands. Despite the hardships of the siege life, the besieged people found time for rest and entertainment: continued to take place the wedding ceremony, decreased, but did not stop at all, the use of alcoholic beverages.
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The reply of Boyar Vasilii Vasilievich Golitsyn is devoted to the description of the
Council of K... more The reply of Boyar Vasilii Vasilievich Golitsyn is devoted to the description of the
Council of Kolomak (1687). Scholars used this document previously as a source but, as a
rule, not on the history of the Council of Kolomak. Boyar Golitsyn’s reply contains many
valuable details of the procedure of the oath of the elected Hetman Ivan Mazepa. It also
gives the names of the nobles who were sent to Moscow with news on the results of the
Council of Kolomak. The Kolomak Articles were sent for signing to the Ukrainian Church
hierarchy who were absent at the council.
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The author examines the functions of Russian voivodas in the town of
Nezhin between the mid-17th ... more The author examines the functions of Russian voivodas in the town of
Nezhin between the mid-17th and early 18th centuries and the role the voivoda administration played in the integration of Ukrainian lands into Russia. The author introduces previously unstudied sources, such as Nezhin voivodas’ correspondence with the Little Russia Prikaz and economic documents drawn up in the local office. He demonstrates that, in terms of the Ukrainian population, Nezhin voivodas had neither administrative nor legal power: their functions were limited to the taxation of Nezhin burghers and peasants (between 1666 and 1668). In legal cases where one of the parties was represented by Cossacks
or townspeople and the other by military men of the garrison, voivodas judged them together with Nezhin regimental officers and communal authorities. The author states that only in certain cases could voivodas arrest Ukrainian Cossacks, burghers, and peasants accused of treason against the tsar. The author focuses on voivodas’ functions in the administration of the military garrison: they led the defence of the castle during sieges, prevented service people from escaping the
town, and maintained the town fortifications in peace and wartime. Together with their military duties, voivodas managed the local office, dealt with the return of runaway serfs to their owners, and reported sensitive information that concerned the state of affairs in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Right-bank Ukraine to Moscow. Moreover, the voivodas also had to handle a number of economic issues, like purchasing grain for the garrison, supporting its activity, and controlling the distribution of income received by the tavern.
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Работа представляет собой доклад, прочитанный в рамках семинара «Пути формирования национального ... more Работа представляет собой доклад, прочитанный в рамках семинара «Пути формирования национального самосознания элиты Левобережной Украины в конце XVII в.», состоявшегося 22 февраля 2018 г. в Лаборатории медиевистических исследований НИУ "Высшая школа экономики". С текстом доклада можно также ознакомиться на сайте Лаборатории: https://medieval.hse.ru/news/217235166.html
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The article examines the state of knowledge of the issues
connected to the presence of Russian Wa... more The article examines the state of knowledge of the issues
connected to the presence of Russian Waywodes in
Ukrainian towns during the second half of the XVII c. The
author discusses those specific questions which have not
been resolved in historiographical analysis. The questions
include the order of assignment and shift of the Waywodes,
their areas of responsibilities, their conflicts with local authorities and their service rewards.
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Books by Alexander Almazov
of “military men” in Nizhyn with the local Ukrainian Cossacks,
burghers and clergy in the 2nd half of the XVII-early XVIII centuries,
as well as its internal situation during this period. The first chapter
covers the background of the entering of the garrison in the Nizhyn
castle (“upper earthen city”) — the Russian-Ukrainian negotiations on
this issue in 1653–1658, and contacts between Cossacks officers of the
Nizhyn Regiment, Nizhyn burghers, local clergy with the command of
the Russian army at the final stage of the conflict between Moscow and
the Zaporizhian Host led by Hetman Ivan Vygovsky (spring-summer
1659), as well as the circumstances of the entering of the garrison into
the castle.
In the second chapter, the features of recruitment and the dynamics
of the number of the Nizhyn garrison are considered, the population of
the city as a whole and the share of “military people” in it are estimated.
The study also focused on the demographic characteristics of the
garrison and the establishment of family ties with the local population.
In addition, the place that the Nizhyn garrison occupied in the city
space was determined.
The third chapter is devoted to the participation of the garrison in
military operations in the period of the Russian-Polish war of 1654–
1667, with the Crimean Tatars in 1666–1668, as well as in the conflict
with the Ukrainian Cossacks during the uprising on the Left Bank of
Ukraine against the Russian tsar in 1668.
Chapter IV focuses on the court: the joint consideration by the
voivode, local Cossack and burgher authorities of conflicts of servitors of
the garrison with the Nizhyn burghers and Cossacks; the participation
of the voivodes in the investigation and trial of cases of state crimes
against Ukrainian Cossacks, burghers and clergy; abuses of the power of the Nizhyn voivodes, as well as the investigation of such court cases;
the judicial and police powers of the Nizhyn voivode in relation to
employees of the garrison and people from Muscovy.
The fifth chapter covers the relationship between the garrison and
the locals in the economic sphere. First of all, it examines providing the
Nizhyn garrison at the expense of taxes from the Nizhyn burghers and
peasants of the city district in 1663–1668. When, after the uprising of
the Ukrainian Cossacks under the leadership of I. M. Bryukhovetsky,
Moscow was forced to abandon taxation in favor of Russian garrisons,
it had to look for other sources of income for the voivode’s treasury. In
Nizhyn, the most important source of revenue was the “drinking profit”
(“piteynaya pribyl’”), therefore, in a separate paragraph of the chapter,
an analysis of the role of income received from the Nizhyn castle
tavern in 1672–1708 in the structure of income and expenses of the
voivode’s administration is presented. After that, there is the chapter
also analyzing other economic relations of the Nizhyn garrison and the
voivodes with Nizhyn burghers and Cossacks.
The sixth chapter describes the relations of the Nizhyn garrison
with the clergy, including the ruzhnoye (i. e. ones who received salaries)
clergy of the Epiphany Castle Church, with the Nizhyn protopop
Simeon Adamovych, with the Locum Tenens of the Metropolitan of
Kiev, Methodius Filimonovych, and other Ukrainian clergy.
The seventh chapter is devoted to the conditions of service and
relations within the Nizhyn garrison. Among other things, there is
considered the process of the appointment to the voivodes’ service took
place, what privileges the Nizhyn voivodes received for their service, and
whether they received regular monetary remuneration. The chapter also
covers the problems of recruitment and remuneration for the service of
employees of the Nizhyn s’yezzhaya (later — prikaznaya) izba (voivode’s
office) and officer personnel of the garrison. Special attention is paid to the
payment of salaries and official duties of servitors, as well as their struggle
for their rights, including during the mutiny against the voivode in 1682.
In the last, eighth, chapter, the everyday life of the Nizhyn garrison
is considered both in peacetime and in wartime. The features of the
casual life of streltsy in a period of war are shown by the example of
those that took place during the siege of the Nizhyn castle in 1668.
Papers by Alexander Almazov
Zolotarenko, who was briefly the colonel of Nizhyn in 1668. Among these sources is
the petition of Ostap Zolotarenko which was filed in the Chancellery of Little Russia
presumably in July 1669. Among the most important issues of his biography that have
been resolved in the paper is the problem of the origin of the Nizhyn colonel. Previous
studies used to assume that Ostap Zolotarenko was the son of Vasyl Zolotarenko, but the
author was able to prove that he was the son of Vasyl’s brother, Ivan Zolotarenko.
material support and position of the clergy of the Epiphany Church of the Nezhin Castle
in the early 1660s — early 1700s The author comes to the conclusion that the financial situation
of the priests and church clerks was quite good for most of the period under consideration.
The work also indicates the presence of difficulties in the relations of the spirituality
of the Church of the Epiphany with the Nezhin burghers. The article also suggested
the jurisdiction of the clergy of the Metropolitan of Kiev since 1685, which is confirmed by
one testimony.
Council of Kolomak (1687). Scholars used this document previously as a source but, as a
rule, not on the history of the Council of Kolomak. Boyar Golitsyn’s reply contains many
valuable details of the procedure of the oath of the elected Hetman Ivan Mazepa. It also
gives the names of the nobles who were sent to Moscow with news on the results of the
Council of Kolomak. The Kolomak Articles were sent for signing to the Ukrainian Church
hierarchy who were absent at the council.
Nezhin between the mid-17th and early 18th centuries and the role the voivoda administration played in the integration of Ukrainian lands into Russia. The author introduces previously unstudied sources, such as Nezhin voivodas’ correspondence with the Little Russia Prikaz and economic documents drawn up in the local office. He demonstrates that, in terms of the Ukrainian population, Nezhin voivodas had neither administrative nor legal power: their functions were limited to the taxation of Nezhin burghers and peasants (between 1666 and 1668). In legal cases where one of the parties was represented by Cossacks
or townspeople and the other by military men of the garrison, voivodas judged them together with Nezhin regimental officers and communal authorities. The author states that only in certain cases could voivodas arrest Ukrainian Cossacks, burghers, and peasants accused of treason against the tsar. The author focuses on voivodas’ functions in the administration of the military garrison: they led the defence of the castle during sieges, prevented service people from escaping the
town, and maintained the town fortifications in peace and wartime. Together with their military duties, voivodas managed the local office, dealt with the return of runaway serfs to their owners, and reported sensitive information that concerned the state of affairs in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Right-bank Ukraine to Moscow. Moreover, the voivodas also had to handle a number of economic issues, like purchasing grain for the garrison, supporting its activity, and controlling the distribution of income received by the tavern.
connected to the presence of Russian Waywodes in
Ukrainian towns during the second half of the XVII c. The
author discusses those specific questions which have not
been resolved in historiographical analysis. The questions
include the order of assignment and shift of the Waywodes,
their areas of responsibilities, their conflicts with local authorities and their service rewards.
of “military men” in Nizhyn with the local Ukrainian Cossacks,
burghers and clergy in the 2nd half of the XVII-early XVIII centuries,
as well as its internal situation during this period. The first chapter
covers the background of the entering of the garrison in the Nizhyn
castle (“upper earthen city”) — the Russian-Ukrainian negotiations on
this issue in 1653–1658, and contacts between Cossacks officers of the
Nizhyn Regiment, Nizhyn burghers, local clergy with the command of
the Russian army at the final stage of the conflict between Moscow and
the Zaporizhian Host led by Hetman Ivan Vygovsky (spring-summer
1659), as well as the circumstances of the entering of the garrison into
the castle.
In the second chapter, the features of recruitment and the dynamics
of the number of the Nizhyn garrison are considered, the population of
the city as a whole and the share of “military people” in it are estimated.
The study also focused on the demographic characteristics of the
garrison and the establishment of family ties with the local population.
In addition, the place that the Nizhyn garrison occupied in the city
space was determined.
The third chapter is devoted to the participation of the garrison in
military operations in the period of the Russian-Polish war of 1654–
1667, with the Crimean Tatars in 1666–1668, as well as in the conflict
with the Ukrainian Cossacks during the uprising on the Left Bank of
Ukraine against the Russian tsar in 1668.
Chapter IV focuses on the court: the joint consideration by the
voivode, local Cossack and burgher authorities of conflicts of servitors of
the garrison with the Nizhyn burghers and Cossacks; the participation
of the voivodes in the investigation and trial of cases of state crimes
against Ukrainian Cossacks, burghers and clergy; abuses of the power of the Nizhyn voivodes, as well as the investigation of such court cases;
the judicial and police powers of the Nizhyn voivode in relation to
employees of the garrison and people from Muscovy.
The fifth chapter covers the relationship between the garrison and
the locals in the economic sphere. First of all, it examines providing the
Nizhyn garrison at the expense of taxes from the Nizhyn burghers and
peasants of the city district in 1663–1668. When, after the uprising of
the Ukrainian Cossacks under the leadership of I. M. Bryukhovetsky,
Moscow was forced to abandon taxation in favor of Russian garrisons,
it had to look for other sources of income for the voivode’s treasury. In
Nizhyn, the most important source of revenue was the “drinking profit”
(“piteynaya pribyl’”), therefore, in a separate paragraph of the chapter,
an analysis of the role of income received from the Nizhyn castle
tavern in 1672–1708 in the structure of income and expenses of the
voivode’s administration is presented. After that, there is the chapter
also analyzing other economic relations of the Nizhyn garrison and the
voivodes with Nizhyn burghers and Cossacks.
The sixth chapter describes the relations of the Nizhyn garrison
with the clergy, including the ruzhnoye (i. e. ones who received salaries)
clergy of the Epiphany Castle Church, with the Nizhyn protopop
Simeon Adamovych, with the Locum Tenens of the Metropolitan of
Kiev, Methodius Filimonovych, and other Ukrainian clergy.
The seventh chapter is devoted to the conditions of service and
relations within the Nizhyn garrison. Among other things, there is
considered the process of the appointment to the voivodes’ service took
place, what privileges the Nizhyn voivodes received for their service, and
whether they received regular monetary remuneration. The chapter also
covers the problems of recruitment and remuneration for the service of
employees of the Nizhyn s’yezzhaya (later — prikaznaya) izba (voivode’s
office) and officer personnel of the garrison. Special attention is paid to the
payment of salaries and official duties of servitors, as well as their struggle
for their rights, including during the mutiny against the voivode in 1682.
In the last, eighth, chapter, the everyday life of the Nizhyn garrison
is considered both in peacetime and in wartime. The features of the
casual life of streltsy in a period of war are shown by the example of
those that took place during the siege of the Nizhyn castle in 1668.
Zolotarenko, who was briefly the colonel of Nizhyn in 1668. Among these sources is
the petition of Ostap Zolotarenko which was filed in the Chancellery of Little Russia
presumably in July 1669. Among the most important issues of his biography that have
been resolved in the paper is the problem of the origin of the Nizhyn colonel. Previous
studies used to assume that Ostap Zolotarenko was the son of Vasyl Zolotarenko, but the
author was able to prove that he was the son of Vasyl’s brother, Ivan Zolotarenko.
material support and position of the clergy of the Epiphany Church of the Nezhin Castle
in the early 1660s — early 1700s The author comes to the conclusion that the financial situation
of the priests and church clerks was quite good for most of the period under consideration.
The work also indicates the presence of difficulties in the relations of the spirituality
of the Church of the Epiphany with the Nezhin burghers. The article also suggested
the jurisdiction of the clergy of the Metropolitan of Kiev since 1685, which is confirmed by
one testimony.
Council of Kolomak (1687). Scholars used this document previously as a source but, as a
rule, not on the history of the Council of Kolomak. Boyar Golitsyn’s reply contains many
valuable details of the procedure of the oath of the elected Hetman Ivan Mazepa. It also
gives the names of the nobles who were sent to Moscow with news on the results of the
Council of Kolomak. The Kolomak Articles were sent for signing to the Ukrainian Church
hierarchy who were absent at the council.
Nezhin between the mid-17th and early 18th centuries and the role the voivoda administration played in the integration of Ukrainian lands into Russia. The author introduces previously unstudied sources, such as Nezhin voivodas’ correspondence with the Little Russia Prikaz and economic documents drawn up in the local office. He demonstrates that, in terms of the Ukrainian population, Nezhin voivodas had neither administrative nor legal power: their functions were limited to the taxation of Nezhin burghers and peasants (between 1666 and 1668). In legal cases where one of the parties was represented by Cossacks
or townspeople and the other by military men of the garrison, voivodas judged them together with Nezhin regimental officers and communal authorities. The author states that only in certain cases could voivodas arrest Ukrainian Cossacks, burghers, and peasants accused of treason against the tsar. The author focuses on voivodas’ functions in the administration of the military garrison: they led the defence of the castle during sieges, prevented service people from escaping the
town, and maintained the town fortifications in peace and wartime. Together with their military duties, voivodas managed the local office, dealt with the return of runaway serfs to their owners, and reported sensitive information that concerned the state of affairs in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Right-bank Ukraine to Moscow. Moreover, the voivodas also had to handle a number of economic issues, like purchasing grain for the garrison, supporting its activity, and controlling the distribution of income received by the tavern.
connected to the presence of Russian Waywodes in
Ukrainian towns during the second half of the XVII c. The
author discusses those specific questions which have not
been resolved in historiographical analysis. The questions
include the order of assignment and shift of the Waywodes,
their areas of responsibilities, their conflicts with local authorities and their service rewards.
The analysis of the believability of the information (there was analyzed some examples of evidences) represented in the article let to conclude, that reliable enough information was being gathered by intelligencers using talk with informed persons, the least reliable information was being collected from rumors. Hetman Ivan Samoylovych and his entourage were examining reliability of information which was being gathered by agents. As a result, the hetman had rather true notion of situation in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth that let him to base his position about Russian-Polish relations for Moscow. The I. Samoylovych’s estimation and his advice in that question were overrated by Moscow officials.
The system of the collection and the analysis of agents’ evidences was well-functioned, that was indicated hetman’s showy talents.
[Volodymyr Maslak. New Studies On Hetman Ivan Samoilovych
in Russian Historiography].
медиевистики». М.: Индрик, 2023. 218 с.