Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]

Les Algorithmes de Colonnies de Fourmis

Télécharger au format pdf ou txt
Télécharger au format pdf ou txt
Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 29

Mtaheuristiques

pour loptimisation
difficile
Johann Dro - Alain Ptrowski
Patrick Siarry - ric Taillard
Ouvrage coordonn par Patrick Siarry

ditions Eyrolles, 2003,


ISBN : 2-212-11368-4
& ')(+*-,.0/21 3

4 576 8:9<;>=:?A@CBEDGF 5H6 IJ5 KL=M9<=MNG@<5H6 IJ5

O =MPJ?EF @#6

Q R 3<;@DHKG1
S

 T*
  
"W VX
U  T;T    YTXT  z"#,2  
"XT V} T 2
ZTFTX,&[V$ To"#2ZV#250\T;"&/
T),XT V+"# + #&T6+z"FTF+"#   QXT%8 
+V#32 V# W]b YT
-^TF    "#_V#XT%)  Z/

+"`T V,T' )
,+
"VTXT V$1 )
_T V  'TDJ&+a VbTV3TH'(:%TL+2cV`TL  ZT"#(
&S S_T
)
 Y TbT  0 "#,2)^ - " TM    YTE8  T V$b#3+_TeYn_T  ddb2 [b )
,M 250\T VD /
J`" T V`T)X  T VS(:2 eTS3J ] ) V# SJ
32~5 TSTLY Tb " T (: "  T)X T VDYvYTfe 2$ g
e\hi d#@ < [ T[V ) Z V#y" 2Z T V  #X  T7#
 V#  B +"   Q  TjT ) + +  V  "F_ To"
T)>:+&)"_ T [ T! )
_ T V k( T
-
 T+`" T),Y T)"%   
"_ V#X
U  TT6[ TlVa: + T'YvY T%# V#m:Jc V`T)2  nZ[ 7& V#&6  \o @+z "KY T+"#   QX  T
D(
\  T"%T^ )
,X  T)"$[ T @ 2  S+ W + T)",%T^+"J`" TCTW"&  _ V V$W )
,+& V#_ V#  )-
T
^ + T  V 4  V#&"# V^+z "62 b,& V +
`" TS[& V
W V^ b & T[V!T 
  `" TJ>e    "#_ V#  TC) T
 #+ "$ V% VT4+ 2%[& V&^+"
+VI& [ TZ" V$  % VVT  VTW"&  _ V VC  V"#Q% ) (  ) V-
T9 
+_ V#`" TD #Z VTE m
^  +" T3Y T) " VT),+EY4Z T V  qp - P ['' ",= I + T V  
  ~5 T
#z I/ VT  V[ TF   
"_ V#X  T  "% z % T)  Y T! V#&)`" T VT!X  T[VZV" TjT  + T)"$I
+ T V k( T
2 R  [ T)+ V# T[Vb4 V  V  TE[ TVZV`T9,[& V$  To"#2Z V#205 \T9 k( T H_ T  V#&
"_ T  
  ~5 T
~5 8=  V I+"& T
-< 3 T[ V# gp - r3& "_ V<T J&[V$ 8_ T!+`" T),Y T)"   
"_ V#X  T^T7    Y TFT
 0 "#,2s  TV!~5 T~5 TZ/ T6T3 T6+" + Y TC( " VT 4+ 2 z 6+"& T V ^~5 T)2~5 T
+2Z VTb+0 "LJ& )z (:" "@2  " T9(
"#[& V&E8
 + V$ V# ,+V##  _ T@TM[ Tb    "#_ V#X  T
Y4Z T V# tp - p [ - u0 6[& VyJ v  T ' W V`T3_ T6+"  + T^T    V  4 T)X T V1T'2 L,[& V$  ToJ/
"Z V#2~5 T7 F , T V  gp - TVY TF + T"#
+ T[ V#k( TFT!`" T \ T)"$  T! FY T7J
@  T@Yn T[ V#
p - wV[d-G+"QM  TD    #   "S4 T Z T  _ TD 
+_ V#`" TMYn T[ V# xp z- y[ z 1+"
+ # 
T       "$ +Y T! )
,X  T V& T!+z "
++"   J "FY T7  c T[VSY4Z T V  2p - { [-
|~}#c#c}}c##

O
O\
ghdiVjlknmno qboZrKhs t
umvjlk4gwoZrKo#u\s u{j oZrWo#uz\mvwj r

Q ` S ?7GG3G%1KG[HH<KGG,%10

l< l *CZ
cCUq^fC^
 \ 


2 J Id4 2 n TcVX+\3QT_VX\ \b\_\YT_\_YT V 


C
XTVT VYTT[VT __kYTk7"sTJ\_VYk [ YTVT
k YT@ Y f  f U {
C kVk  VYkTcVl`T`Z <YTT  
 Tf\_kTk
kYk\ki , 4d ^ TXTV
 `k\v\k`TC _V`Tk[VYk\UTV`TYT k
` V`lT2$ \ $  #cV`XTk TY\_Tl`kYTsZ[_ Vs_TlYVTZ
k[VYk\CTV`TkX` V`C0# cV`XTkV_YT^TVY_kV<\TXTV
T#Yk`VYkYk_T` \<`[T\[Tf k
kYk\k
:
TVT`XTvkVj0`YTvvTTX[kX`\T\_U ZYT TV d Z XT`kTZ
UTX V0  0TcVTVk\[VYk `YVYkTxXkVb YkYZ\ VZVTJ[
kT V`_TZV`\V``TkTVTVgZYk_\Tk\s[k\kV`_q`k_T
XTk
\kVZ Tk \Tk_Ts`k_TkY \_T,Zk \kTXTVk`kYs 
cT[VCk\ T\kT#XYT#VTX\a\k`T p Y"sTl`k`Y[Vi@ d4   IZVTsTZV
\ VTYYTl\T k[VcV`YTlk\k` YVC YXk\C _CV3 [e    , 
[V`T`X_T[Tf <YT#YVT`VYkTV`Tf_T#[kXkV`#TfTf# cV`XTk
#\TZVYkf[`\[ YTTcV \TC[kX`TT[XTVYTUkX` V` # ZVXT
_VT Y`TVlTV`TT2kl\YTfXYTkXYT[TkT\#`TV`WVTXTk
 Tke  : kXYT[T<\T_T[kXkV`
T 3XT"lX[TZV Y\T<T\T
T`k_`TjVVTV_\0
[T0ZVYT`[T\fT d#
 n T[VbTZVYkxT
d i 
 U   d , n 
T d# n
d i  e  kVT2[T\gV2YT`_V`V2`Tk[T k[VYkU

\ vT[T\_Tb\kvkX__VYk\[Y__V` VYkUkVkV Tk\TV` T`[V`kV`_\l_
VYkT<kV#k\ YT< kX__\T<YT   n  I
 ZVTTXTVZV`kV<bXYTj Cck
 _ VYk\bTk\kTVT T2V`Tb\[T`\T\ TV[Y_TTVXTV TXT
I
T[Y_ ZVT _v\TXZVj\vXk_VT\fZ\vkV`a_Tb\kfT  n
d i d
i   I
k ckTVCk_ZYT#`akYT<TlcV Y_`VT ZVXTkU``U YkVCkY
TvV`T<\[T`\<Tj`[V`kV`_gZVlTf\Y`` V<k\VTTfX_T
\2_TTtT __kYTtEkXkVTXTV^YjTZVkYtT[XT\`Tt\T
_TYVT`V`_\TV`T0YTb[X` V  #
cV`XTkkVV`kkTVXTVZV`T0T EcT
Tv`T`ZT e b \ $ n TV``k\cTZVjU Yk`V`_\vTV`TY\YY\ T
Y`T0k\ YTk_TY\YY\bTkTVXkX\T
k_Vb\kb_Tg bT2Yk\k
\
TZVZ~~YTvTV`_YkVl\X kTZ[_TfklZV`T#TYk`VYkk_Vl\ lYT
 # Y\[T\   Yk`V`_2TZVlkVTf[TVT_YTXTV T3XTk\ Yk`VYk
TVkTYY`TV`TXTVC kV`TY\YY\kkYTX\k`ZT\k_T# T# [VVC 

V YT[k\` ^T[VVTTYXT_\_YWV`U `\kkTlTlYk`V`_\\klYTYkY
TjXWV`_\<Tj T_`k\TXTV\Tv\kXXTj d0 @
4
d k 
\T2 Y`Tgk YTkV`k\XT`[T\bZV\_\Xkq_b_VT~[k\T[V
I
T`XT[VV` Vv ZVXT<k\ZV_V\# `k\T# Y\Y\ Y`` VT#[\[TZV
Tj`kTjT<`k\_T^V`2kXYT[T<<\2Y\YY2\YT

lw
@:uwVu $w
${  %  $ W        
 

 ! 

#" 

$&%(') p _+*-,  ./ 0 21 4365 78:9 ;=<>\  ?@  A1 21 0
B: =C.
 7  DE   =FHG(=IJ.K A1 L 
  M N1PO  KD/  # N(Q  Q NGRSF TUFWV/ @XY1[ZN  1 \
T] ?=  ^6_U`BbaNFcTd( e@I!^fG4IN1 \ g h/ i
1
VE \ M!
 M H1PO  jMk  ( l ^m4G lI6DEi!U K1PO   @J N?@ ^PG1I/ l   h  
.  Q  =
 F

lkyf
UX/` *  6 DM:(`X.
 61    1 #n (.


^TZV YTk`VZV\TTXIZVXT V` k`kYkVX\ V[\_Y`TXTV_


VT` V`TT V[Y_TXYT   2 , CT\k`T_Tk\kWV``Y`TT
X_T d k ) k\<_Tfk`TjTj V\TkXkVTXTV#T<Y\ZTV`T#[ [T
V`k_\Xk\TVbYYXk `Y\[YTT2 kVk  VYkX`WV`TV [ V`TZ_Yk\g
 i$$ d  2  n _V`_\TgT2Tb# cV`XT _Tbk`k VYkThi i d d ` h   
T[Vs VY_`VYk``TVTT d 0 @ d4   moT!pT[V[Tlk\TVskV\ k#V`_YY
[XT0kV`kVU kkYTTg\T0\p`TVbb, XT0\_XTT[Vb`T[TVT
\ VYTfT#`_[YT#Tf V k`k VYkU

 q  srut  t
ZVYkXT_TlTZV^gT^k\TV^Y\ZTTY[` VYkTCXV` \T`YZVT^T
o
[__TT#k`XY Y_TsTcV`YXTVC[\YTs[kXXTlT W~ XT#TlkXV`_
Z
\k`` V<\ #_Tj <TjX_VYkTv TYTXTV  k2TV#T\[V`T<YT
VTXT1cYV`TkV`_\jZ[ YT__`T[VTaf[`_`T_TX,XTX\XTUUTj\__k
kcV`T\p`T[YTVvZVYkXT`kYTX\ V_V`V`_kT<Tl[TYYT*
\ Y_V`V`_kT XkYYT<`[T\
TYW, XTTZVvTV\Tk"sTTX_TX VYYY`V`_TbgcV`_XT`kYTTcVj[`_Vj \
YTV`_ v v
p  \k \Tvk[TTZVYkXT`kYTjTcVv\T_TlY\YYl\ \kTVT
_k`X VYk\ \k YT^\YkY
V YTbkT^i
U  [TXTVTYlV k`\T^_\ YT $
XkkXY_

 w x  ysz t H { t  z  {


#
\ ZVXT< V` k`kYkYU \kT<TT#Y_b_kT k
mo !p I
Z\_YT k`TT[V k[VYk\v`[~[V`T`X_T T T[VUk\v ZVXTXTV``k_k
`\Ts_\_gTs TZYk e $jTvZTY`kTXTVTVTv[\ Vk
\kX_T`k\_T \ZqT\TYTk tYWVVV``TT# cV`XTXWV`W~ TVkkY
| T`T
}yT`TXY`Tk`T#TXYkYTkkTVj[TVTXTbTY8  _V`T_
TYK}kw YTTU \Tk_T`k_TUT[VVT
_YkT\[TkZV`W[YTY_T0cV`YTd k
_YYTfVT\TbVY_TTlXYTlTkXZV`TXTV#Y\[X_TTk\l\
V`kXTVYT_T\[TT<YvkWV`_UTkV`kkT  XkV`a_T<[TV YYkV
 V XXTV#  :$  jT[V#
d 
   i ~ k\kTkR _m}M}\m:ZVT\ZVTk
k\ YT<T[VYTl\V`_T#Tk#Tv T TfTjYT\kZV`_T S\T[Y_T
k<T[]k[T<lT<`k\_T< \kXYT J

Y {{  t


 t
:t
C V`k`_TT\TTcVUk\TVU`ZfYTV`TXTV TY<\__kYT _Z T Y{{
VYYY[`_`T k`k VYkTY\ZTV`TZ[ UT[VbY\ V[Y_TXTVbT
[__T<Tfk\X\UTk\TVs \[V`k`YTf[`WVl cV`XTj #  YT#`k`Y[V#T
Y T tkYk\k Y`ZTVfY\jtX_\f_Tj`k`_VjTjYkTkYkXkY
#
 YTXTVf cV`XT  Tk[VY_Vk\vYTj_Vj_ YTv_ T\TXTtTVk\vYT]
Y T t_\ U [V` `YTTZV_VT   0\ \f_TTj  #
VTC cV`XTXT
ZT V`TXTVX[T[V  `kTY\YY TV\ TTYk`VYk
8
kTfU _XZV`TT kV`Tk ^T[\[TVlTcVT\T\TZZV`TfkfTY TXh  i d d
`h 
 k\jTYYkk\Yk_`T jT`k\Tk2`TYTXkkTT`kWVfTf cT[VfT 

l{
F @./ .
  %  $ 1        
 

kY` VC\TCTk`T \\TscV`V\T dd   k_`Tk \\Tvhi i d d ` h  [


XcV`\[V`TjTZV#YV`a Vvh d # g\k\T p ` vk[

Heterarchy

 ! 

$%(') p
v *  Q vX
G(=I
HXQQ vX &1 =  >G4IgU1 7 0 j/ Q F
$[\ZV`V`TlTs[Ts[\[TVC`TkTl[T_TskV`a_TlTV``k_ZkXkYC \`ZTY
kVYT&\X YV`_
, \d s
TlZVYkXT_TTT#T\T# V `\_T#[`WVYX
#
\k`kVYT0 cV`XTk *^TT\kV
k\\T0[V` `YTT\TkV`kVVaTgTgkX
 VYk k_V'[V`T0`YT kXV`Tk V` VbZVYkXT_T0T0_T` TYTV`TV`T
Y\YY

l< l ZC l


l cvkulA2
U^^l
UT# Yk_VXTTjkYkYT<TvX#ZV##YXWV`Tf T[\cVVVYkt_T
Y\TV`TvYkTk T[Vj_Tv[_YTTXsT\kZV`YY_T`kYkTVv\V`
`TY_TXTVsT<\_XT<`TVYkTXTVl[X_TTUT#YkYkYZVTkVl[V_kXXTV
YTX# `YkTVlb`kTvkY_TV`_kTXTVlT<\_XT^V`2[\_TT<\
T __U V XXTVv_Tl`k\_TsTb`W_`sT T[Yk_V` VYkTbk[TlT
`_V`Tk
\
UTUk`XYV Yl\kZV`Y `WV` TXY kT kX\T T \ZV` [Tkk
V`_YT T_Te\hi d #  o
C_YT kVV`ZT\_YTl[TU\ZV`k\[TU TY_TUT o _kTV
= 
[TXT<[TVT\`_V<k\YT< V`T\T ^T<Z\\cV \T<kV#\T\ZT^T[V

`_TVvTYkYTvTTUTk`XYT\ TVfZTvTv`kXT tZk kT 
Ttk \TZ_V\Tt\ \0YT2 kXTU^TV0XT2 Y\vT0ZVT0k VT^
`V %V`TfYYT< #YT#[k`Tv\k\T p r[

}
lk
UX/` j *  6 DM:(`X.
 61 K   1 #n (.


$%(') p r*  n(.g f =n?@ H j/ = &1 6/XQ=i.& F


Tk\XV`_YYTVYTZVTtT 
XkTktXk`TYTV`` cT[V
T[TXYTgTV`TgYTgT[VT2k[TgT2k\`WV``Tk
"l\T[__T0TcV Y\<k\ YTgT
`YYk\[TZV Y\k\WV`_\`_T\_\0kVTXYkTX\TZ[TT\_WV`T
%v1 _{M} ~ T=kT7 Ys}/vk\\TXYTfY\YYk_TVTZYk $  2

V cT[V

Nourriture Nourriture

Nid Nid

 !  

$&%('6) p p *, UQ=  A1


@Q  +1  6: X 0 >  &/ ! g  &M 2  A1 jn (.
 2
G(I&A1Q 1 KhO h]Q( = ^cG4I&A AL1 KhO h]Q( = F

lv
F + .
  KMS   1 #n (.
  c i\ C.
&1 L?@@B:=D/ H1 K.
.g ==

o p
T TVkXXTY_Y\ZV`Z\Y\`T p p YTsk\XsYTbY\v`kYTXTVj `YkT
kgYUk<kkY<WV`vXZ[TvTfk``WV`TkVl[T_YT#TX\VTVl_T#T
 `T<YTlY\skVT lY\Y  [   iTf\`kXk\Tj`TV`TlYTY\s[V

V`` cT[VTcV_k`TXTVY\_XZV V`T<T#[TYYT\ZTVT#YT#TXY_T#Y\_\$
\TjcV`TjZTV`kV#\Tj_<`k\Tj[k[TVVYkgT2\`kXk\T^TcVl_#VZV`_ VT
<YT`TY_TbTve d # $k   iY\#k \Tj [ V`TjTX`V`T\b\YZVT[k\ZV`T
x Yk ,[V`T_`Tk[TTx_kTT[V^V`T`T^T`Y_T\kY`k\T

ck`WV`fT<k`XY
  $  n  T\\[
$k\ZV` VT [
YTX`W `T\ vX \YXTb se
V`\V`_YWV`Yk_T *^TT\kV _^TZVY_TU Tk T\_\k \T\ V_VgT
\`kXkT0T0Z\YTk Tf\`k\`T
VXT0 T_WVV`_U[kYk\_T
kZ`ZTvYTj\_\l_\k`k
V`T0T`_T\[T ~ T=kT`1 _m}Ev<kTT V`TT[TtTk\XkV
p
XkV`T0ZCYTfk\XkV \k_TfU T TV\TbTTX_V`kkT \
V``k\X VC\ ^`kZV^Yb_`T[VYk0TsZ[TsTk\`WV``Tk YkYb[kYk\_T
TcVl_ \T_YTfT[Vl_Tf`\TjU V`TjYj#YTfTXYYkTcVlY\< YYTk
~fTZVW][YYTTk V`T Tt`Y_ _T`_V2VZ[kYTT
ZVTTg`kXTk
\kYTVbTxk\[VYk TbTTTVX  k \T2T
X
\k`kX[V`T ^TT V
YTbX[V T`YZVT kV`_X VYkqT2[_YTbTgk`XY
 kYTVCT`k\T#\kZV`_TZ^_Ts\Tsi e d n TZVT^Tl\`kXk\Tk
$ [\cVV`T0 \V`TgTg_TYZVTb kk`TVY\b_TVTXTVT0TgYT
`k_TVsYTsX_TT#`l`T_YTZZTVsTT TV p F \T`YZVTZfYTv 
ZV VCT\_\^U Yk`V`_\CZCYTsYXT\ CTTX_TsTs_k`X VYkZ
Ho p #
_`T[VYk[ CT TV
Y^ V T TZ\_V\T0 YV V_XXY VTgYt[kYk\_T
V`kkT^_TsY\[ZV`TY0kTTvZ[TsTs`_V`TTV WV`TlT0[\[\`T\T
 T^ YV V # 6  ` e  TVTYkXZV`TXTVkm k`T\bTXkXV`T T\TYT#T
kV``k_V`TTlZ\WV\Tl[kYk\_T#T<k`XYl`\VYk [kXV_VYkXkT<U kV`T[
YkYTT[V U\k_ TXT[VcV YTXTV 1[V`TXXTY_YTUT[Vx` TXTVT_VT
M
T\_WV`^TVTV`` \TT VV`ZV k
T`TVZV`TYvYTV`_\ V`TYYT T
V`TY_TfVYkU


Q G))<!G)1 L%J1HH+1*% ;!-!
D 1gS J1
 D%S &W
 #
UTYXTk kkkTvTX[kXXT[T2 kT_Y_\2mk_TZ [`k\_TN
S]jv
J
kWV< k cT[VlTvTX_T_XYXTV`V`_2 2 Yk_VXTTj[__T^TsXYT
lVm: cV`TXlA `
_\  _s}/vUTj\k`` kTvTjYV`kk`Tjb Yk_V\TvTZV

[`TVYkTXTV^[Y_Tvk_`TT[V<YTvYXTgk kkkT^Tj[XT`TsTcV<YT2[
P
TVj[V`\Yk ~TZVjYVT` Vj \kk\_v_TXY\_TTX[TXTX_Tj Yk_VXTb
YTkX`T\TfYTXTTf\V`_TTVvT Yk_VXT#Tb[kYk\_T#TX
~fTb o k\ `TTk_k`WV`XT j`TXY`Tk YjY\TVTsk\TYT
kkTZVg[T_YTYZVTXTVXTt  J
lV2m ZVT YkY\k \0kk\ M
kZCT[`_`TXk\[T[VVTT[VYkUZT[kTXTZVfT0TYVYkY\jXTYYT

v
l 
UX/` j *  6 DM:(`X.
 61 K   1 #n (.


TbX ZXTb[kX\X xk_k`WV`XTbT2[__TT0` TY_T2T[`WV`T


 <YXTV`_ p  `
\
T\_XTXk kkT\jTkXXT[TX[\ZZVTXgV`k\ Tj_TV cT[V_TXY\[k\ZV 

_YYTsk\T`kTYY_T\TT V>[V`TWV`TU TT\_TfYUT\k
T_ V
YXTvTZV<Y\<k\ YTXTV#\kXXTv2k \T[X_VTTVl[T[V+>[
 _T<Y_YT#kV#YT#T\K-
TVl_TV\cTV`#TV`T[T<YY_T_T#k VT&


l < @\c]s

\0 Ykk`_VXT2 \kT_VV`_02![<`kTXL


E:! s [k\ZVYTb`kTTVjk\ZV`_Vv\VcT[VfkXYT[VfT u V` T
kVT u _Tg Y\ CT T\TYT
[
b\kTk`XYTVcT[VTV`TT
_Y_TL T[Vl\Tf_Y_Tg T\2T
I
k<Y_ZVTgTbYY_Tb ZYWV`T
<[\_VX_TXk\ TXTVb`_YTb`\\T
H
\k\ gYbX 0TZVl#YY_T LlPS 
v< YkTZTTXZV` [TXTV`TYTfYY_TXS `  TYT 2   i[ T[VVT_

k`VYkcVV`YTTcVfV`_YZTkfYYkTj_T`\k_TXvkTjTvY_YT
``\TT[Vl_VTlYT<_YYT<V`k2__V YT 

r<Y\ V_VT`kXTT0 k VT`TYYkVYT0TYY_T^ \TYT
   i  S je 2 $  Tj  X[V`Tj[\_Vs VVkV`__Vf T\ VYTf2V`` cTV 
kYk\k#T[V0\ Tx\kT\k`kkT Tk`X TZVTTTZZV`TT
#
XXkYTjkYk\k_Tj cV`XTkkkYTj\ l \TV` Tk

g`_TTk[TXTVkT_T LZ`kYTX YV`kYTTV Z_VYkt`kkVYkT_YT


_T# V`T ~ \ T R _m}M}TZV#XZ\_ V`TX
=YP
n @6   l (m` (


 ` =[
P
p _

[T[VAq kVjT\k`kX[V`TskV`aYkV YXkV`k\[TbTY VYkTbTb   iXTb


m n  @TVvT 2   iP n m kT ZT_T_YYWV`bTY_YTTZV`ZT
cV`Tk
T[kXV`Tj  Yg_YYTY0\_\j``\TbTZVj\`Y_TXg`kT\kcl [V Y`TkkT
UTYTfYTfZVTT\`kXkT^cTV
k_VTf\TZ_TVYkV`k T
 \
 V`` cTV\\kX`kXY#TV`T[TsT2  X[V`T c\ Vvs_Ts[kXZV`TXTV`
T   d$ $ n TV    $ n kkYT[VYk `
p  rTl[Tl`\kWV`TTcVT`k_`Tk
sCVkXYT[V\kTsk`X Tl\Tv[TV`k_\Ts\kV_VvTsXkT
U n @Z  T\TYT^TZf\ [\kV_VT\T^Y    iT^YskYVYk
V`kkT

E(lgd@
` (@6 
p v
E(lJ
gd@

 
s@TcV^_T#V``cTVCT!pT[Vs\kYfk`XsXf _V` VYk+ 6s@f_kTCV
T[V  \  XV`Ts

lvMv
F + .
  KMS   1 #n (.
  c i\ C.
&1 L?@@B:=D/ H1 K.
.g ==

Ykk`_VXT\TXT _Vv\j[X_TVf` \vYT`[T\vi `e d n TjYZVTfT


Mo p
\`kXkT gT TVk^_VTU V`T_kk\^TZ_V`_\Z\ckVYXk_TkYTZV
[T` YTvTjTXT[VV`Tj #ZVXTK k\_YT@YT<  ZTkYVYk\\$[V`T
\T#k\ _VYWV`#TYZVT\ TlY`k\[Tk\ZV`kVT#Tk_T`T =[
V`T
X`kTj_V` VYkU`kYTjTfXZT 6cklT<\YZVT<TcVsk\X

`  j @
] n (@  ` (@ p r

 n (@b  Un @X TV4 TZVYTk`TTX^x\ V_VY_V YTT


\`kXkTfZ#YTl =[V`TTZVlTcV`YV`_2_k`XTf TfTV_VT\kV_VL 
j\k`T p `j
ZTVTlT[TXYTs_XY_\sTs`kYXTlk\ TCTskXXT[T
VYXYv\k Ykk`_VXT>v m0kV#YTv\T\kTsTcV<\ZTVj< k_k`WV`XT p Yk
z \  rut  s_k`WV`XTjTf[_YT<Tvk\X#Tf\kTYT
lVmcV`T

 j E:!@02!
 `kTv`Y E:@
x
 Tf_Y_T 2k` 
 q`\\TvY_YTj\k2Z_VTA
x  TY_YT2\  l_ZVT4S Tl_YYTl`TZV`kVTTYkXk
YT p Y

 k

-{ :t x\T\YZVT Un (@0YTV``!cT[V"gd@[k`XXTVg \
VYk p v

  k
#  C t YT#YZVT#TYk2YT p r

  k

l
l < $
\c^

w U
%'&)(+*-,/.0(214365 {z rt
"lT \TY`T k VT  mZVT T | X0 [V` `kZT  \

7 YkE _m}kw _V`\[VYkbT^k`XYcZYWV`YZVT0 7 \
T[VVT T`YkUYsXTY_YT`T
XTY_Tf\T! p T[VjYTsV``!cTV<_Tj_kV^TTj\kV_VfTvXkT
Y\<`k\Tkk\ kV`YTjU [` V`Tb`k\k_Y_VjT<kV`T^k\X< T[Yk`T
kYVYk2b\_\lXT[VZV`T\Tk

v
l kr
8UX/` j *  6 DM:(`X.
 61 K   1 #n (.


 !  " 

$&%('6) p `[* NM  C=.g 1 ?@BDE 21 +.g.


( +! .
 QLMghO  DM:(`X.
:9HT]^ 0 L  
(  Q0    =   2?=    g 6hO QM h  j1  g<;  > >= : `Q>1
/XQ .& A1Q/ Q= FG(=IJ l ./
1 K < ?= H =`mM# ` (.
 ^c4G I&A1$Q S1 A  ^U(!   =X .
  W  W l/ :Q0 ^PGIg
X =.g & S/ ! s  /`! S =  n:(@Q =  H  S(  ^/G1IfhO Q!?@:  j] (.g s1PO Q  .
  =  H.& 
   `  =F

w
U %'&)(BA!C
7 \T[VZV`Tk VTtT A `_TTT D ck_ YTTcV_\YT Es
_T `Y 4F! %jk TYY E _s}E TT\\ Vl \Tk_YkV`_ `kZV
 Yk_V\T V`TtV`T T[Vk_k`WV`XTU TcVU k_Y_T<Tt  T
2 
+XTfT#kVTU TfkT`_g4@sV _gmcV`T

w
U %'&)(HG:IKJ<IL&M,N*-,/.0(O143
w
6  
C k_k`WV`XT lV QPXlSRWCfV_V`_V^^kXY_T_TCT
_ m cV`T
k` \TfTX_TUk_k`WV`XTT`k\_TT`k\TV Y_YT 7 k`_UTVXW!YYs} y
7 ZTVXW!Y s} cSHR
Yk _ y xTcV#\flT<XWV`_\<A
[ gSWR YV`WV \T>kYT>T>V \_VYk T\kV    X[V`T]\
^\QN  U[\_V#\Tj\ \T  `_ T acb ed W!V bf!gihLb`g VjT gkacb ed W0V bf0g
d "l\T`
g#TfYY_TLCk_\Tf_Y_Tg\ #kYT
t  p  @@  s wvkx
lnm oLprqrs u Q\Ny\
Q\zy\
 \
TZV<\Tj `Yk_Tvk_V`kYT_k`XTVsYZV`YTf |{ :~} T[V LS T
_Y_TZ_TV`_Tfk_V_`TXTV#TYk2Y`k\kY__VX

 s  @  s wv
s ( @6  qrs  @@ ( wv p p

oq\V`_\k`kV`T\_\2TqkXkVTXTVb`ZYYT2Z
\z^\QvYT`WZTlkWV<TsYf+ Ts o kTsk\C k_k`WV`XT>2 T[V_T2ZVXT
`v }#4 Z[}ZQY " Z#c[}

c}c# #

[v p
F + .
  KMS   1 #n (.
  c i C.
&1 L?@@B:=D/ H1 K.
.g ==

V`T\gT TV\T<Tp b`_ T acb ed W!V bf!g  \^\


d  2
_Tj cV`XTsVT\g gkV``k_`Ts T`
\T b`g VT g/acb ed W!V bf!g o !p
T T[V \^\   Yk_V\TT_WV`TY\U YV`_
2
`k_VTj\ #YTf cV`XTkYUTfTVlk#`\kZY#TjV`` cTV#2T[Yk`k !
v# kTcV`_TZVTTcV\kTT T\_kTk \T0XYTgck\Yk_TT[V
\TfXZTckskYk\k_T \kTjX Tj\TfZVT_`lTYXXZTck

n  j  ] ` (@ N  
Y YT

 TZV0Yxk_TY_V YTTYYZVT)`\\T\` Tk_T0kVTWV`T


kkYTV_T\kV_VTg\`kXkTg_XYT[T2^kZT0YkTZ_VYk
\kjYg\ZTT[XVTXTV`` cTV`v\ktT[Yk` !  `kT_V` VYkUgXYT
!p
c#kYk\k_Tf T T[VT[kXXTfT

n  j @
] ` (@ N ` (@
 YTgkVT[=hk\kZV`_TTVgkXT_Y_T0VH^Tt_k\T"eT[Vg 
n @j  ]c[ZT_TvbXTY_YT`TvYZVTjTcV#k\XYTjcTj\kZV`Y_T
TfYV`T\WV`_2\klZ_TVYkTfYXTY_YT\TZ_V`_U

2
r#T cV`XTVY_ZT0\T_ZVT0Tg Y\V` =
T[VVTYYZVTgcV` kTk\`\TY_YT
YT xY\``\Tbkk_T[k`ZTb YZV`k\[TY`` V`T lTk`X#T M

`T`Tt[XVTb\Tk VTkT`T_Y_TbTtTkTY0YcV`T\T[T_YT[~[
w
b ZVT[Yk`T  B
k\VTTVVVT^_T^k VTCkV< Z[V`Z_VT \
0YcV`TXTX \ V`YTXk_ZTbTgTkVYkTYg`kYT p p ZYk TZVv
Y\#``\TjT#YY_T<k2Z_VT#ZT`X`Y_T

w
U_ x+q^5 w
L
`


T[VZV`TX ` V`TbTcVfTX `V`_TV`TYT Y mTVfTXT`T`T_ YTTV T 
r V 7 k`_UTVXW!Y m} 
_ y c[T`T`T^Yk_T^TcV \Tk\kXY_T _TkYVYk\
V`kT<\ #YT`T[Vsk\vYT#`kTTl kV`_Y _Tf_<`T[

w
U r q tr


T[VZV`Ts ` V`TkVT+U2TcVCk\TZC k_k`WV`XT


mXT[V^`TV`TsTT
#p`T\T<kV` \_T mVOV_T"TVW!YYs} ymV2V`YTHTVXW!YYsM ^
[ lmTYTjXTY_YT\Tvk\XUTVsc#TfYZVTTjXkTj
v#T<k_T<T<YZVT#kV#T<\ K T[V
!2!A
r#T<cV`TlZV#Y_V YYT# YT\<Y\ !2!
@
p # sXZT< cTcV`TZT _VT^ o kb`kZV`_TYYTkYT
cV`T
YT
Y\
kVT
V` Vl_<Tk[T<TjYT#Y\k_\_T S

sTfY_V YY`V`_gT<\YZVT<TV
[V`TjTp TV\Tk
T#T_YYT<`_V` V`lZVlkV`T#TXT[VV` V  c#XXTY_YT\TZ_V`_kTvT
d i/T gd T fTf_<T2Y\<kVTfk[`#Tj T[VYkTj k_k`WV`XTk

[ vE
8UX/` j *  6 DM:(`X.
 61 K   1 #n (.


 l sCl k
l <

^ k_k`WV`XT
vmYT^ VT\`C[YTV^TkYTg\Tsfk_T^T _V^T

 _] T\TbYT`_V` Vl\ [TVZVTb YTk_Vv+ XT`TT`k\TsU T


TZVYVYktT0YkT\vtXTY_YTvV`` cT[VvV`k\ ! 7 kV`Tb V0_Y_TXTX\kZV
w
Tg`\Tk`X^TZVV YTXTV`YYT\ bxV`_ Tk_V_`T_k`XTk
k\[\T
U
_ \T[TfYk_ VYkTj2\Y[TXTVlT\kZV#U V# n [V`TfXkV`Tk
o[T SRW
A ( 
k\T`TM Ykk`_VXT YT kVT` [kZT_Y_TV: V`_YYT

4   TcVCYTsk`TsTsY_YTCT[V  fYkT\CU VV`k#


YX[V`TfY\#`Tj YYU
T\k`TTk`XY TcVg \  X[V`TYXkV`kV^\Y`U _\kZV`Y_Tx
2
V`VYkZ_VYkT`Y\[Y\ YTj2 cV`XTkT< V`T<Z\kkTVU V`_YZT# V` V#T
k`XYjTXT_Y_TX T P sfTTTk`Xk\[TZ\vYT`k\_TX
 P
k TfT0[XT`Tk ~TcVY_TT V`_YZTU \TT\_TXk`XUkYf T T[V !p
 XYWV`_0T_kTC#
p TVT^TZV< YkTUT+ TvTYT\k`k_YYYXT
\V``T\Tl k_k`WV`XTkk[Tl\TV^ kT[cV`T#C[TV`k_`k\_T
o kYT
k YTk
YTk_k`WV`XTTkYkYTXT2XZT_TVT2TT\Y_Tt
k Ts\\TTvX

cQ
Q H -
M| !
U~" +M

T Ykk`_VXT^Tj[kYk\_TCTk`XYkVT \k0[V_TTYT^k
T^T[V<YT _VCV`0_bT Y`TY\TYcV`TT \ZVYkTvTsVVT^YT< YV`_\^T[V
k V`TV<[V`j_VT 7 YT<T0`_\_ 0\ X\< \_ VYkt`
YXT LDvW][YYTjT[V\_XTjr\ XTUTV` Y\f Ykk`_VXTvVTT\ V
i
k\<TV`k
`WVV bTVkV`kXTVTVT\_TTk` \T \ V[YY[
TXTV
YVT` VT \ \YT T^ T[V` VYk\` VT p 2 HTVW0Y mM
mV V`YT _ T^\k
YXT T  _VYk =
T _T 'TVXW!Y mM
_ T  kk\\ \TXTV ZTV`_T
k\ TY UT~VXW!Y mE _ tV`kkTTbk\Y_T
\k`TYY UTVXW!Y s}E} Y kt`k
V`kkTv`T ` 7 UTVXW!Y m}
_ {lkkYf \`Zkf[T[VVTXkYYV`_2ZTVYk p  `v
m
TbT`\k_V`T ~
TZVT\Tb__VZV`V`TYXkV`kVTbsV`kV`TvZZV`TTb`kYXT

k T<TjkXXT[TkkYk`YkkTsTj`kT TVV`_2T`T[Tk T[V`V`_0[p p
 YZTkj<_V_YXT\YkT VcVYkT[kV YVTTV`

O
Q L MN~~ ~ + - M~
J+LM 
~+~" ! )
J ~

7 UTVXW!Y m
sTvT`[`_V`__kVTv[V\T k`_ _ r\ \_Tv X\k
YXTkY\V`kYT`s  Tk\ZV`\[VYkt\kZV`_T_YTTYZ_VYkTZVf_\_T T
_TTX`TZV`V_cTXT[VT TvYTfkkV`vYkY\ TTjX[V TZ
VTkXXT gSRXjlV kYk"
V`_XY VYk \ #YTl VT\`


sTX[V`kT\cV`YTTkYkYTXTX`jTZV`T`Z\jcV``kZ
!
VTs[\ZV`Y` VTskYVYk T ckV` VCTCkX` V` XZ_V`_\
\ VYTYYT Ts`T`ZT\T0[kXV`T\TsT`cV`YTs^ _cV \T

[ v0
F V:(.&   2 cM   QQ 61PO 2 D (`X.
&1 &  1 #n.


`kYXTf_TcV`TT#\`kXkT#\ TkV \kXYTTVCk r


!
`T \VT< T`_T\[TfkYTv\k#_T# TV

sTk_ VYkY\v[ZTbTYZVT 7 YkZTVXW!Y m co


_ kr Y_TX\k`ZTb\ jT T aTg d e d i \
VW!V bf!g `k\_T  df se d f VT T g V
[ TkT0T`T[VT f 4 W g/ba W!V bf!g
d k[
S
`k_TTYX[V T`YZVTk C_\YT[\[TV`ZVk_TTVXT[VV`TTk_T
<[kX`TT_TY\_TTj[Tk_k`WV`XT V XXTV#Yb\_VYk2TYZVT
Tb\`kXk\TTV` Vj\TgXi f0b T'W4iW VjW0V b`_ T
d `e UY0T`Z_V `YkkT b`g V T kg acb ed W
V bf!g b`_ T acb d W0V bf0g
d T[V^T\ VY_`VYk0 T d T d /T 2d kT:Y fnd W!YT
h d h ulkV _VkW~ \
#p !
T# TV`sZ cTV`


l <Z f 4 #\ Z
c^

  t  { :t
U   ^ ^
 Lz rt



UT\_XT2TcV`T\ZTV2  TiT af YrV bf0gka \T ~f!gKd V bf!gf <T d V b


k`Z_
\ V<Tj YT<`kTjZ_V`_0TV< >T~DiT df!g V W b`g VT a d 
C cTV`W
TZV#TV`kT
 VY #p
_\ < VckY` VbYTX[V YVTT `TV[VVqYXT2ZV

 kV``Yj[kXXTT0T[TTkX` V` TV V`TTk\[TZV Y\
E
k[ V#TV
V`Tj_jXT#[VV#kV`T#\TfT#kYVYk
7
k\j[T[VVT`T\ZTV` VYkU_Tk`XYj[\ZV`YTVjTjZ_V`_\TtT o kV
^`kT [ A2 
YTCT\^kV^YT^[X` VCT AT[V  T\TYT :  
kTV`TYTkXkV`T | UT<kV``k_V`TgYXTvZV<_XYXTVT<Y`T
V`TXTVC YTkYT
T<\Y[TXTVT
k`XY<k_VTbT ` VYT
XkkTXTV` c
U__TV#YTl[V YVTk_V#T\ YY` V#TvVT_YTlkYVYk\


U  x r 
trt Ht  r 
C\

UTk`XY<T\ TVK V`Tjk`V``YT^[kXXTjTj``TvTf[\ZV`\V`_gZV


\kZVT df!g/a V d ba W g VT^Z_V`_\CZ\CYTl`kT 2O [ Eo 0k\  _Tk`XY
V`TV`TVX  k`TTkYVYk\fkY` YTU Z^T`k_`TkUTYYTTkTV\YT
6[ V`Tlk`[YfT
TkYVYk\Y kYT TkX` V`
TVCYTkT_\T\ TV
ZVT#Tv\`kXkT >XT[VV`kV#TgkT\TvXXkY`Tv VV`_kTv[`_ V< [VV#
2cV`XTsT[VfgTX YT\T`YZVT `T\ZTV`kVv\TYk`VYktg`_Z\vYT
`k\_Tk T\ VfU \Tk[TkV`TTTY_TTk\XS  k TcVfYTkkTVjYT
M
V^Tl [V` V^T0[k\`kTCYZVT^Tl\`kXkTlT[V^fk_TCTs \T`YZVTlTkTV
V`Tj_Tk_VlkgkX` V`k_VlkgkT_\j\k`T p [
\kT#k`XYZTl TsXX_`T#VYYYTlkCZV=k TC_T#V``!cTVCT!pT[V \
V`V__V #TVT[kWV`_\XU k=[
VUTbk\XXT\Y[TVU kbT`_TT
[ZYk`k Y_ZVTv\V`_T<e ba VjT a TTjY YTTi VW!V #Tk`X
TVCT d f!g V W `b g V T a
d
X`kYXTkkU`T< cVC [` VvYfZ_VYkT[`
YTvk`XYvTkTVfXT[VV`TX  ck\vgZVTX_Tb [` Vv02[TYk

k`TZ\kVT lTXYYkYVYkk\ZV`_VTT_YTfT\ TVXT[VV`T S ck\f2YZVT
TfTjT#kX` V`kT#k\T[_\VYYYT \U\Tjk`XUYZT ]o
kgXY_7TfY k[_VfT[\cV`\_`T\TZ_VYk 2YXTk

[vyf
8UX/` j *  6 DM:(`X.
 61 K   1 #n (.


 ! 

$&%('6) p b*b  J4 DM:(`X.


J1 N  J1 bn.
 @^f  g/ = 0 L1 A/XQ=i.& 2U  ?= = 
;
 h M Q  Y./   -G(=I b h  -GI-1 D/ /X (  (Q   i A +  ! C.
Y
(Q 1( F

 `  w ! 
 ^Wt z r { kWt  t
oEY\2TgkYT0`Y`kV0YT[kVTXTV2T0k\XEkV`T`[T\

cTs[k\`j\i _ We f d W!V bf!g T#\YZVTlT`kXTk]o Tp TVX`kTf_VV`_U
Ys YTT \YZVT
T^\`kXkT^TZV
b b`g T
\i [ UTVT#[T[VVT<YYV`_bTcV _VT
T#[kT`kT\[TCV`b`kYT^TVYT\_kTkkTT< k_k`WV`XT\ \TYY_k
\ #TjXTf kYkk`Y` V< T[YkVYk2Tj\kkTYYT<`kYk
mT_2YTlkVT`#2k` YYXT NSR <_TZVl`ZYYTf YXYXTV`T V`T<\k
[T\\[T_V` V\ kV`a_T d T g V !W Y ba
d iT[VX\T0k V [V`TgY`TV`TXTV
T`\kTg\ TbX`[Z\Ytk`TT[T\ TT TU TZV V`T
ZT\TbTtk\kWV YT jTT!pT[VT` Ykl0 kV``YZVT[TV YYTb
B
ZVT 7 TY\ _XYXTV`V`_gTs[T\ W g/g T T a
` TV`T_]_YTXTV<\ \CT
k` YY`V`_0`_k`T\Tk #k2TV k_#U YkVTfTU`[T\

l <
U^^lq CZ
C V`_Y VYkgTv a V b T b T
k d TZV<[ YTsYT< Yk_VXT^TvkYkYTTk
XYTt`W TtYX[V`Tt Y\_TV` VYkET0ZVT2Tt`kXTTcVk
_XZV VkkV`TYYTsXTY_YT\`sZ_V` V` T`WTZVTk \Tf\kZV`_T_Ybk
`_YYWV`T T
d ~e d i a T g VjW0V bf0g Tl TZk[TlT#`TT`Tk`kTlTZTV` VYkk V
#p M
kVTT# o k TVTsU YX_XTV`TCYTYZVT kT[T\_T k_Tl`kYXT
!
k kkkTfTkXXT[T\TYX_XTVVYkxT[][T[kZcV`TVY_T\TZVT
n
[kXXT\T`T\ZTV` VYkT b`g V~i d2 VlTYWV`Ts_Y_T2
T[V&g
TV`TT_Y_T

sTkV`Tl`T`TVV`_X_\_T X_\CT]kTlTV`YT[\YZVT
`f_YYT
0[kZ`T>
n kXXTTb`T\ZTV` VYkTb YV`=[VjTbZ_VT>TV` Vj\TAkXT
_Y_T
oT!pT[V_TZVTT2\`kXkT2YkTV`\Tgk [VVT2Yt`T`\T`T
2 4
T0kYV`_\ YTb cV`XTkYTv kTV`X_\TVvY o kkVvYTb`kYXT V`T
T
d ~e d i aTg V
iT[VsT o 2\ lYTl V`T#kkTV`
T[VZV`TfYV`_gTcVl V` Tv #YTfYkY
TX_VYkT T g/_nb 2f0g/g T T g V
d  sTk`XY\ vTXTbTkXV`_
__`T[VTx^YxZVYkXT`kYTkC Yk`VYkTZV0\cV` kT = TV` YVT\ \YT

[v {
F V:(.&   2 cM   QQ 61PO 2 D (`X.
&1 &  1 #n.


2
cV`XTk[Tf\ XTj[TZV Y\kVT`<[\ZT[Tv`T`Z^[kXXTvTvk`XT
T2i[ f!b THW4iW VjW0V b`_ T
d `e
k_Y  }k{P
Y_ T~VXW0Y_s}{  gr\ X\TTZV= kT
TVsTj\kZV TvTf Yk`VYk2 V`Tj[ YTvk\#_TBZVXT
l < 
C v
c^  :W w 
CU v
cC

UTf`kYXTTf TXYkTY V_Tf`T`Z<T " b`_ T acb d W0V bf0g


d TVs b`g VT gkacb ed W!V bf!g
=
TcV0`k\_TT[V XTTV<[ V< \^[\[TVYk0T[V V`_Y VYkgTX[V T
/
`YZVT <YVT\Z_VYk0TV`T\0 `[e T KY f0b VjW0V bf0g Tv Yk`V`_k`TYTs\
B
YT2 ZVT2 XkXTVXk
YkTZ_VYkTZVk `T Y f W!V bf!g
[V Y`T `e d T
`_\^Tv T\[TjTv`T`\T`Tv_X\kZkWV`TXTV<`YTT2kXV`Tk ~ YT2kkTVY
 kkYTjk_<  cY!cTVT#Tj k_V`kYT! \YTfBZVXTX
TVl\k\ d O b`_ T acb d W0V bf0g
TV 2kXY_TTkYVYk b`g VjT gkacb  d W0V bf0g 
7 k\l_Tlk_k`WV`XT#TVTN bkXXT\ \#_\\ VsTsYTYZVTY
_T o kbT2kTb TXYk#T[TTxkT[VZV`TXTbX[V`kT\cV`YT k
V`_X_
`V`_UC\_\TVTk`ZT\ YTk kTYTT\k`kV`T T[V C^
U
VTXYTVb _ \T[T0TY VYkTTcV`TT\`kXk\TXT[VT _ VYkT\c
U
V`YT C_\sYk_TlT ZT`_T Tk\Y\l b`g VT gkacb ed W!V bf!g ZT`YXkV`kVT\ lY\
]
YTCZVT \V^TsY \\T\TvZ^YTk_T`   _ T`TkY\ ZT`f Y_T
Y\s b`_ T acb ed W0V bf0g
d ZT`XkVTksYTlXl_VTVsYTsZVTUT\  XV`T L

kk_VT o _XYYk_`Tk tWVjk\`TYv_TT  X[V`T#k`_T
T#kTV`

0TV< YTXTVYV`_`TvT^XWV`_\TjYbkTcV`_0T<cV`T<Tv\`

Xk\Tk TTX_T TXYkT^ZVV`kYT^i Y b V ba VT a _TXT_Y_T`T kYVYk\ [V`_\TV
Y\l 0cV`TkkY#TV`_ p r\  v [ 2
 k_k`WV`XT vmgkTv__VZXTCkZTv YVT\W
V`_Uk_`U \TjY_V YY`V`_0Tv T\TYTfT<YZVT^ T T\_` VYk
ZTVYk `v `
p r  k_k`WV`XT D vm
Tk_Y T`_ VYk !p
_V`T\_ VYk2TVv T T[VTsT \_TZV` V\T V
YTtYk\[TXTVTt Ykk`_VXTk^T V`_YY` V2T[k\\ ` [T\Yk`v `kYXTk
k
TX \_TX XYTT `kVjYTX cV`XTYTfXT_Y_Tf`k Tk 2 7 T
k``\TbkVX`_YT0 `YkkT YTb  X[V`Tk  YV`VYkT2k
kTk `T`Z 7 T Yk_V\TkT`k\T2\ VYTZ\ VYYY`V`_T
 kVk `VYkkT<Tg \`TCTkTV K[V`TjY YTVT`\kkTTVlT
\k`kX[V`Tvk V#Y\Y`Tj[XkVTTVl[\_VTXTVs TVs ZVT #p B
YkTk2kYk\k


l <
lU\ ls s c#fcE l l\k2s
UTgX[V TZV\T2T[__TgTk\X2ZVkkTV2_gT[][Tg \
T_YTfZVh k d  cb T a ki kTTjk_k`WV`XTvTX`TT`TYk_T T~[kV`_XZTVf_T
kYVYklV`kkTl\k_Tlk`XYv VvT[TYYTZ TZ_TVVY_ZTk\sXYT

ckfTvZVTfT\`kXkT 7 kYVfTTXTX0`TT`TYk_TVY_ZTfT
k_k`WV`XTTfkYkYT<Tvk\X<k<TTfkYVYk2_\WV`Yk_TjTZV# V` T
Y\YkYTk #p
Tl T\[YT2TX[V T`YZVTT2V T  b b`g V T aa W g VjT
~i d  \
k_k`WV`XT`T_YTXTV
T d W d T 
TZV YTbkkTV  \V`_kT\T^T`T`TY YTk

[ vM}
8UX/` j *  6 DM:(`X.
 61 K   1 #n (.



sTb V`T`_YYWV`f XYYk`Tl_TlTZ [T<TcVv Y cT[VT\T_ !
VYk2T\cV`YTj_<TVYTVTk M
TVl cVlbk YTXTV\2 V#YTkvT0V`T`XTjT
kYY#Z\YXTV YT
~
 Vj V`TjT[TjTt \`TZVfZYX_ YTT\ v T\_U TY_TsV
M
Tj_k`X VYk\jT Vjkf X_Yk`TvTkYVYkUUg`TT`\TbY YTb_T _VT
 o k\_\f_`T[VTX\T T`cV`YT[TT V\TX[TVZVTT\_TTZVjTVZh[
V`TY\
\V``TY_Tj<V`_YZTlT<YV`_\<`Yk`#_Tf`kYXTk

l < U kf@@
Z

lZV`\[V`TC XTT X[V`kT\cV`YT T^kYkYT TCk\X [kXZV`T\k`kW


__T b`g V cb`g/a /T 7
d [ [ Tbk_Tk\ YTkYTZ_V`_\sTkTb\k__VXTTV
`_V`VvT b`g VjT W d V bf!gka
d n 2
Y\YTVT Vks lYT cV`XTkksU t[\ kT
So !p
T[YYWV`T0 \ T T T[V
`\\TXXCT\T\T[kXV`T0T0T_
VYk\l_ YT#TkTY`kTXTV_T#\YZVTlTf\`kXkT` YTZVs\vV`#k[YYT P

T<  Y__ZT \bVT\ Yk_VXT ~TZV_V`T`` VT# V`TT#_T TV``[T\ #p
Tk#\ \lXX[V T`YZVT TkYTkXkVTXTVsT#X\ kkV`_gT[V
_T\[T`\kT[T`
TkTVk_TTV fV`T#_XYXTVT#XkY`T<Y\T\kVT
 V`_YY`V`T#V`kVl_Y`TfTYTlTfXkY`TjkVlYY#kkVl_VT _

l <
t^ U
^U 

TCX[V TZV\TCTkTV &[V`T\T^[XTvT^X_VYk^ \0k_k`WV`XT


Tb\ZT0\TbT`T`Tb YV`kYT T[Vf Ykk`_VXTT YVT` V`T`k\Y[V`T
4W d W g Vb d TbY0kYVYkVY YTTXV`kkTV`a VV \\kYT YklT[kT
kT\[T TT\kVTC[TVk_k`WV`XTTkTTZV^ b W ba iY#k`kVYTTCkkT`kT\[T
U T[YZVTfY\
KV`TvTV` YgTv[k TT\Tv 2k_
mk\<[TV`k_kk0TV<k_YTXTV
_V\TvTv[kYk\_TCTk`XYv U2 v kYT`kYXT
T[TXYTkk_T[VYk
p r\ 
TcV`TTVYTTA[Tf[k[T`Tq[k TT\Tt \A Ykk`_VXT S RX \T[k\Tk
TT\kVYjT[cV`Tt\Tt `YkVTtV2q[kT`kT\[T V`kkT VZ \
E
VZkgEvYT   ~ kTsVXmcV`T ~A [
#p T\[TTV`T2 T[V
 Yk_V\T mTg_VT \_kTkqTgYXYT2cTbZVTT2Tk

U TZV#TXZTjTZUTfXTY_YT`TfkYV`_gTZV<V`k\ Tk]
s[TV`k_\T YT<Tj
`kX[V`TTV[V Vk\Uz \T0 YYTg YT\  k_k`WV`XTV`kkTYtkYVYk
kV`_k_TkT\Tb`k Y__V>  N `sVT> w   w XTZV\V`_
T|[

B
Q &M K c+

7 T VYT2Z[T\[V`0\ bYTX Ykk`_VXTT2kYkYTbT0k`XY


Tgk
`T\T<ZVTs V`T#\T[TYYTTf kVY`VYkkY\V`kYTjkXXT\TV V`TfT[
Yk`T0\ T[TXYTk VYYY`V`_ T2T Ykk`_VXTb TYXT df!g V b`g a
T[V ! g W b ~/T a
k  T\k`T0YT0T w
`TV`_T2TV T2 k_k`WV`XTb \b
Tfb`g VjT Y`Y b T gd T>T g T aa W b TVskTj V`T<X[V`kT\cV`YT

[ M
r
F:d # h] n?= 


l <Z l ZC C^<l

   LWz rt e k 
 j  _

UTV`kT`cV`YTZVX_TZkTVX k`Tk\XT`k\_TbkY\
V`kYT sY
T[cV`TTYTTb\_XTsk\ TVv`T\kV`TTYk_TYTk 
r
\V`_0k cT[V_ TcV d f!g V b`g /TvTV<^YT`T^YTX[V TZV\T^TkTV K[V`Tj \
`k\0Tkv\V`_g\k`_ YTk_VYYT#YY#_k`k\k`TfT
`Yk_TkkT_V\TV` fkkYT[VYkD\ vdC_\YTlVTV` VY Tskk\ V`Ts_T
X[V T`YZVT#T[__T<Tjk`XY#kXk_\TjkV`_kVl \\ `T
o_TX`k\_TXYYTX  V`V`_q TXV` \T`YZVTk_T Ykk
`WV`XTbTg[kYk\_TTk`XYTV [TV`k_xk`T0T0YXTWT
s_\YTb`Y\[Y\ YXTb_TVZ TY[TX _Tbk` YYXT kTT
k\ZV`\V`_gTjXZ_V`_gkX` V\k#kX` V
o 2Tp TV2`kYXTjkV`_
TV  TYk0TZTV`_kTbk_T + `TV`Tv\TbY\\WV`XTXkX` V`_T`
YXTgTk\ZV`\V`_TZVb_]_YTXTVkYYT0k\[T0k \_ VbTb Ykk
`WV`XT Y\_`TVbkT kV``YZVTfU kVk  VYkT[VTXXkY`TT
V`T`TvT<[__T^TsX ` V<Tva V`bk\ZV`\[VYk_V` VY TjTvYkYVYkU
ulkkk\^`TT\v\V`Tvk_k`WV`XTTjkYkYTTk`XY VYXY`V`_
kV`_\T 
bk_k`WV`XTv `YTfk\ V`Yk  TVg
j

 z
_ Hrt xb4x
UT0`TX_TbTg[Tbk_k`WV`XTV`kV\V``TY_TTVbkXX RSR - VY\
sV _ lYk_V Z ~ TVXW!Y s}E
Y`T Y  TVXW!Y s}
` Y y TVXW!Y sM
V Y V`W
YYTXTt `Tb\k_k`WV`XTbTV Ti  _!f YrV bf!gLg W b T
d YT[VYkTT[VYTbT
=
`_\l _V [VTbT ~f ba
d K
T[Yk`TVT[Vv YTV l\Tk\XZ_TVYk\TT
`_ TsTv\\ YYWV`s`kZV`_T_YTsb[k[TVVYk0T0\`kXk\TTj[TVZVT
`_UT^s +XT^ Y`T^T @ 
k\YT r )
lVm ZVT +\TC`YTV`_T`kWV
\TjcV`T YYkVlU \TfYY_Tb\TfkV`TX

/ (@M v @
 @j
n (@M v (@
 TZVj_TXk`TXTX`kYksTVA v (@TcVfVY_kjY\[Y`TT\T`YZVTX[
WT `kYXTkUT#Xl\ VTVsk_`#[TV`TTYkYk2TVTk[TV
TYk0Tf_`T[VYk2`Y_Tj Y V_`TXTVV V#U Tf XY_` VYk0T\V`_gk
cTV_UTZVV`kTkTl\kCTkTXTVCVY_Zs\kjk`X\TV`Ts`kTlk_VYk
TcVsk\j\kj

l 2A6E
   

 TZV_Ts X[V`TlTlYj`_bT\_Tk { } 
k`T#k_V`kYT YT#\k`T
V` V`k _VV`_\jTX Yk_V\TbTV \k`kV`TbTX`T[`kTXTVUm0k`X
0V`kTXTY_YT`TZ_VYkUY2`kYktTZVkTXT o k[TTk[TV`T

 \[TkTXT[VZV`TZ_VYkUTVYgk\XC TVTY\ V`WV`TX\`kXk\TXTX

[ [
r
8UX/` j *  6 DM:(`X.
 61 K   1 #n (.


kYk`kZV`_TYYTXTVf X_YkV`_V`kkTk  ` VYkT ZcV`T #T< _V 


[k`ZTXTV#Tg\V`_ [T][YTV
7 TX_VYkjkVV0 kVTv\k `YT[Vb  `TVXW!Y s}
Y y^
:
XYYk`TUYT Tk` \TUTC k_k`WV`XTYkY\  lY\TY\
Tk`XY ZYk_T m 0
T H 0
bTX ZkYk\k_T <kkV^T[Yk`TC T\kTlTl`TT`\T\k`T
p yk

kTVT_YTXTVT\Y[Tj_Tv`kYkTYVT` V`Tv\kjTXkTY_T`_\
T[Yk`TTg`_\gZVk_TXTV TVT2U  p kkTf \kXTV`TZfk\[\T
XYYkVYkU TZV[kTVT 7 TY\YTX  X[V`T v j_T\kfT`TT`\TXT
k`XY l (OA
TcVs[U\k# TjTj`_0T\_Tk

 ! 

$&%('6) p zy2* SO  DM:(`X.


X8i98m/  ` (.
 SD/   G(IfM  ]  Ug1Q/  .
 m1  f(QhD/ 
=  &  <` (.
  M  &GI
Q!?@   lF

sTX`T[VTTX k_k`WV`XT V` ST~VXW0Y mM _ ^gVX`TTTTX`TYYTjY\
\TTV
+kTsYTv\k`YkXTsTkYkYTTk`XYT[V# \T^YYYkYk
r
kTs Ykk`_VXTskkYVYk YT 0\kYTv Y\\ T[T\_TjTj \ZYkgk\<[_ #p
YXVYk2TjkTY_T<kYk\
TV^ Yk_VXTljVskX\ `l[TV`k_ Yk_VXT[k`ZTT[Vj _VCXkV`TsT

Tk` \TsX kTTf vTv`TXY`TkT`_\TVjXTY_YT`Tf vTjT\_T
kTZYk\


U w tr {
 W Wt Wt


sTC \`TT \_T M V`_YkV
<YTCk`TT^[kYk\_TUTXUT[V
 Ykk`_VXT^k_V`_\k_`T @ :[V`<T^\ _jT[V  UY DT~VXW0Y mEv_ 
T
T<Z\WVV`ZVZY_TkbXkXTV  \Ykk\[T<YY`Tk YT<`_\_ YT<T
[TVZVTjVTvTcV#Tj[\ZT^_T^kZV^TV`TfT0Y\Y\#Z\<\kTjYXT\_
[XT V VT\ VYTf xTXY  YTf`kXTfZVT k_V`_
T#Y\Y\#[V Vl\ZTjT`\kTv\klT#k` VT`<TjVVYkTVlTYTXTV

[ Ev r
F:d # h] n?= 

7 \TV`k__VTTkT[VVTXVTVTVT\TTYTfYTXkZXTbT
k\ZV`\V`_2TjXkYV`_2kX` V<\ l[` V
X[V`T`T`YXTVkXXT[`WV\ \2 k_k`WV`XT v \\T
p 
X o Tvk\Y VYkg[VT\ V 7Y\Y\<TZV<k\`Tv[kXXTgkT[VT#
tYXT\_\ \\T_TV o   TjTvkTV`T#TV#k\> V`Tvk\`v[XTv\
 \ V# YXTV o   TjXZ_V`_gVY YTk YTjTcVl VYYYTl_TfTXY2TV`T

YTYXTV` o   T[V kV-=hX


o
 
k\vZTs\TbYZVTTb\`kXkTbkV
X[k[TVVYkgTcVl V`T L n (@<k2\#TvV`TX\K
UTs V`T<Vsv\TkTZYkYZ
 V`V`_kT!v  YT#\\ YYWV`lTfVV`_
TVfTX[`kZTTVfZVv `YkYT YT\T\ZTXTVjT[Vfk_k`WV`XTU 0kT\[Tb[V
kXY[VTXTV#V`TZVkZT<Tk` \TkVskj cT[VVTlX V`_U !
z\ Hrut 
sk_k`WV`XTvTf[_YT<Tjk`XY< `Tj<YTfk#kV`_

E`\\TlWV`V`_U`\\T#k`XZ_TV`_Tl\Tl YTCY_V YTs\ \C_Tsk`k\T


Tfk_T`#k\V`T<kTv`k\k_Y_VX

n ( @
n (@6    (@
v
lVY_ZTT0V`T0TtVV`_ TVT[`kZTTV2gYT YT\`g\
 kVT\_
\kkTYYT<k_TS

rK@ ckV`T[T k\ T_YT


 YT\` kT^Tk_T`  \Y VT
_T<[` V
o    
p #T<V`_YYTlXTK) kYVYk\#Tfb\kkTYYTjkV`_L
kY_T<Lc V\T`0j
 TT#kYVYk\
E\k\M `kV\k`k`xV`kV`TYT =[ V`T
XT[VZV`THck_TYZVTT
\`kXkTfT#k_T`< \ VT#Tf`kTf[` V< f

n  j 
  @  n
ylm\J
 k\X\kZ_V
 k_Tk\V`T#T<TlkX` V` Yk
dn j \ZYk Un U kT \T[\cV V`TvT[V  Ac V`T`0f T
XZ_V`_0V`kTj\k#YY
 k`XM
{&ofpkT^YT6 YTnkV^_TC_C\k`ZT_V`T\_VTsXkTs ^`\\T
TjTf \ V`


_ z
_ Hrt x"![4x
l0 V`Ts Yk_VXTkZTlk_` VCCYT`Y\[YT^T df > /g bd W!V bf!g
 TC[_YT
Tk\X[V`Ykk`X\ TTkVT`fTT[Vk kT ~C`kZT ck c !
V`Tj `T`Z\sZVYkXT`kTsTs`\kkT > b T d V a
d  Yk`VYk 7 DT~VXW0Y sEv
 _ 
T Y\Y`kVsTT \`T >Z[V` `Tf[`WV`T[TXXTVvk\l

[ rr
8UX/` j *  6 DM:(`X.
 61 K   1 #n (.


v [ E
ZTV`_ p  p s_\Tk` YY`V`_T\ T^ Yk`VYk^TZV\Tsk
Wo !p
VXT2Y\ VYkqTk\ xT[\YVYk qT T[V_<TZVTgY\_T`b o \
`_YTCT# Y`Tl\k`TCTs _k`X VYkTV`TsTXT Y\Y\\kTTXYT
ZWVl sakV`lTfZVTsTf\`kXk\Tfk_Vl\ l\ TlYTV` TV\YsT K
\p
YkVT0 `TV` d W g W! iT dOf > g/bd W0V bf0g
k b `T\ZTV`kV T\TYTgTb k[Vc
VTV \ZVbTg Yk`V`_U 7 qkYVXTgTgTXV` \T`YZVT Y  x
V`k< kV``YZVTY\_\k_Tj _<k`T p {


\ { t$# _T\k`T Y\Y\jXvT ZTk\v \ \kT _k`X VYkUC Yk
VYkXTVC\kTTX_T KV`T<T#\ __XTVjV`T<T o T< _ZYT
V`TT[VlYkTZTXTV

{r t%# B
lT`YZV`k\[T^T^ Yk`VYkb \ YT ZVXT _k`X VYkTV
`TZVT
2
[TZV Y0VTX\s \<YT ZVXTvg V`TfTvV``k\WV`kYT

! : {\ :{ # _T XWV`_\ TkT\`T


\
 VY_`VYk T#[kX VYkU
[V`TjYkYTj_`Tj`V \XY`ZYk
_k`X VYkgTV# `_Tk\YTvVT<k

7 TY\ _ VYk\` V\k \klT[X\YV`_TVYT @\ Y V`T


VkXXT#\ TTX_T#v YTTV kvZ_VYk
U _XZV`T#TYYT#_ VYkX YV`=[
 kYVlTf T\kTjTf`TT`T

Canal Informations
Porte
Mmoire
Intgrit

$&%('6) p { * RP[f1 .


.>   =(   Y Q(  =   1 4 i .
 h @ [1
hO   `:.& LE:Q =^s.
Q.&  K W  QhDE QF
C k_k`WV`XT 'R'&=SR 
k[`k XTk f kV`_\k\ ~V`TkV`_\lV kYkM ZV`_YYT
Tg \kgTfkXV`_

[ #UTk\ ZVYkXT`kT# _V^kTT^kV`CTl\`kXk\TkCZ\C TZ\[T


Tl`TT`Tk\kV 6[V`TlY\CkXkY\CVZV``V`WYTk`XYCkZV`W_T_YT
ZT_g_T#[k[TVVYk^TV#YT<YZV`k\[TT#k`V``YZVT \kZVY
XT`k\TkV2\YTgZYkVT^kVTTcV2kYCVkVT0YT
k`XYjTkTV V`TV`_T_YTXTVT\`TXTkXVT Yk`VYk_ @tgVY__
 VYkTbXX_`T\Y`TbYTjZkV`TYZVTVjZ\v T\[TbTb`TT`TT\
 Yk`VYkkkYTfkTvYTjVTX\lTfYTlkV`#  k`TV Yk`VYk
kVTC\ b V
kV`_TV
YXYYWV`TXTVYsWV`_U bkYV
TV
T[YYWV`TXTV
n
Y YTlTj kXY_` VYkV`kTj\k#Ybk\X Vsv_TZ V

v#UTj \kYTV<TcV#_XYXTVfk^k`Tj \ TvTvXT` TCTV`TjT


k
__\ sTjk\XU V__T_YTj`ZTvTfY_TTjXT` T^`T o \<T[VlTVlT

[ r p
F:d # h] n?= 


Tk kTvT V`Tf`kVTTb[Tbk\ TZVvT`\TbTYTT
X T o k_Vs_TXT` TkYX_`TTZVs_XYXTVTbk\lY\_YTbTXT`kkT
TfYbk\XUXk`YTkT\2 YV`_YU[YTjZ_VYk k_T< \
_VU TZV#\# _VTjk2k<gV`TX\

C k_k`WV`XT<XV`[TZV YT kV``YZVT_V`T`` V`TV`_ V\kZV` TU`_


V`j V` k`kYT#Tjk_k`WV`XTsTkYkYTTbk\X\ V`kXTVjTX[TV`k_\T
 \[_VX_Y_TlTV`T[T\l YV`T\WV`_TVs`[T\lTbY T`_
V`_\k\_TTbk\ T#kX VYk2ZVYkXTYT^TVYTV kVVY_ZT
2 }
T`kYTk#\k\T p l_YY\cV`T[T[kXZV`TXTV U _YY VYk\CTkk\TTcV
`TZV`
w 
 kZVV TTvYZV`YVYk2T YT^T\V`_0 cTV_cg`k\ VZV T 
k`TZ\Tjk \TvZT`Yk0T^k`XY TvTk_T` O b`_ T acb d W0V bf0g
d
k_`XU T YYT YT[k``Tk\ k[V YTTk`kTXTV b`g VT gkacb ed W
V bf!g P
[ ~ VfkVTjT[TXkXkVTXTVjU TZVjkvk\T`kb_`jTX VYYY`V`_ \
 2
Tk\ Y gXkj \T`kYTTV`TjYTlTg \k
TT\ V
YTb`_V` V`T2kVXkX\k`k_T t[Tx`\WV\kb_T V`T
k_k`WV`XTUT^kYkYTTk\XU_T^Xk_\TC[VYUkTT o sTXTYY_T`
`_V`V``\ l V`T<V`kT`cV`YT#kkVT<k<kV`_

14 000

12 000
carttype

10 000

8 000

6 000

4 000
100 120 140 160 180 200

nombre dvaluations

$&%(') p }g* @     m!  ?=Q 0 f # H1 WhO     j?@   1 W1 K@K1 W.
.g  
1 6hO  D : X.
8)( 98dF
T[VZV`Tt `Tk\Y_T 
x\T  VYk kT Yk_V\TT`TT`\T
Y YTTjusTT T 7 ZTVXW!Y s
 Y r "R*=& SRE_
T[VVTjX_VYkgTj Yk_VXT
_\k \TYT ,+'R*&=SRVYYYTk\Tk\ tT0[kX VYkU cVT\T`T[
T`T0Y YTTVT`T`Zf[ZYk\TbcV`\kZVT T0T`_T_VbTZVbY
YXTVg\ b VYYY`V`_T0k\[VYk\bTV TgcV`_Y\ w `\ZT0^TXT[VVTVXT
\YjxZT_T`WjTk[VYkU k\VTXTVjktVY_ZTX\Tb\V`_Y

X T o 6 .-0 2/ 13/4 kVTcV`T#`\k_k\[VYk 2[VV o U \Tvk\X \

[ /
r
8UX/` j *  6 DM:(`X.
 61 K   1 #n (.


ZTY ]
[VTXY\ VZ_VYkkYVb Y \T[YkT[V T0`k\[T 65  k[V_
]  
kVj Y \T_tTXg_X Tk V`_`Tt\k`Tk_V_`T l k\vTcV`YV`_
_k`XTkkkTx`WY_TX l87 o f l z o H
 :2 9 T[V
5   ;>VYTV\ lTTXYTfY\_Tk_2Y\ Y`Tk\C V`_Y VYkTTfVTT
p
k\[VYkgT`XT[V#Tj  \Y< g\  XV kTYYV\kT[TXYTvT2cV`Y\kV
_T<TY#ZT_gTjYk\k`Xk_Tv<V`kV`Tvk\Y VYkU 7 Tf +XTkgTV#XTVZV`TjT
B
k[Tj\k#Tj <\ ZVTjV`#_XYTfU k`TV`Y`kkTvT2 ` V#kYT<YTlZTYY
C k_k`WV`XT=<  TZVl[`WVsZ#bk`T p [ 
\C `V`_2  [kXXTfZ
kTVkTb_Tjk_k`WV`XTvT[kYk\_TvTk`XY  TXj VVT_\TXTv`_V` V`
[  YT
j[T`[\\k V`T
XV` \T`YZVT[\[``TV`T YT\k
YXTl[VY\

Placement alatoire

vaporation

<seuil Choix par seuil >seuil


fourmi

non non
Dtection de spots Existence de messages

oui oui
Vers centre de gravit Vers message
des spots dtects Ajout de bruit

<seuil Choix par seuil >seuil


motivation

<seuil Choix par seuil Recherche locale


1 motivation
>seuil
non oui
Envoi de message Spot visible

Augmenter motivation Renforcement spot


Dpt spot
de % spots visibles Rduction zone vision

Dplacement alatoire Motivation nulle


dans zone visible

$&%('6) p [ N* O  DM:(`X.g )8 ( 98dF


[ i
r
F:d # h] n?= 

 z
 _ Hrt  !
7 k\V\b[Tb Ykk`_VXTkkVT\_XTkV`_\
YTVTXT [kYk\_T

Tj` j TVT\Tf\ # VY_`VYkTfYcV`_XT`kYTj[XTf[T\< ` T
 Yk`VYk
~TZVT[TT\\ V0 Yk_V\Tsk\ V YTs 0CkV`_ k\Xk`TVXW!Y mM_ 
U _ZY`Tv2kXZV`TXTV#T``_X_VY Tj[TjTvkTV#\YT b`g Wi4W `e
V T a
~i Tv TZ[TJ
W d  df0g !!YWW bd W0Y ba
h `e T[V#Tv _V^e kW a kkTvTvkXV`_
Y\YTV`Tj\k<cV`TlTfXkT k_k`WV`XT Jg>&[
7 k\s[T[VVTX[V\T[kXXT[Tf\kl_VYkT#k_V_`TXTVll Tc

\[T0T`TT`TUTfk`XYkVbTk kTk_V_`TXTV f\x`_XV`T
 Tj`f Vb YkvT[Yk`Tf_k_TTVfYT\ >Z_VTT\k`ZT!T Y\ V
Y\_TjkYV` \fYX[V`TkkkYf\k`T p [i[
UgXXTYT
XTYY_TkYVV`kkkCml_`XT T[YkV`_ TkWV`TT`k`ZT2T_YT2V`kkT2\
XTYY_T_V k_`jTY_TT_T\2T_VTk _\kx `j\[TV`k_k`TU T
YkV`_\
TY_T`Y_kV`TZ_VT @ lT2kXYTT_` VYk\TXWV`TT\k`T
V`T`YTUTvk`XYjVY`Tfk\k`t[kX\kTVTtTq[XTTkTVYT
k_`T^YT
k`XY
`T_YT
`kVYT<[XkVTTVT j~V \T`Y@?!Z _T`
XTYY_T`
`_V`V\YlXk`YTV#YTfXTY_YTsT#T2_VTlT\k`ZTUTfY2TcV#\ YTXTV
`Y_V YYZYTT_YYTkYVfV`k \vVTX\k\kUYXkYTTZ_VT
!p
T`<TZV#`TXZTfXT[Vl k_k`WV`XTvT T[VTf\TjkTY_TfWV`VYk

$&%(') p [i[ * SO  DM:(`X.


e9@(Pc >.
QXM1
N1Q=.K( =D/ 2.g` / &  h/ (Q Mf
 h]C 21
n.
 ( .
`n?= FkM 0 C` (.
 G= (  /   I6 h/ :(  c1  S ` 0 f1 jX! l  KG U ` W(Q0 I&1 f
UQ= .gC( KG#D/ 1A= ( lI(c1 > 1 F M  1>  =S1Q/ QW =P .
   ]/  c>.&.g = 1  
(.Q Al `    AG BCX & J  dD/ ! (IF
CED  k } }C " c " ~

[ ryf
8UX/` j *  6 DM:(`X.
 61 K   1 #n (.



U x GF zR  y 
z tZ
r WtHF 
w
XvX _T#TV T k_k`WV`XT\V`TV`k_TVTb _VY\bX_\
 w
`YkTl2k_k`WV`XTsTsV T _VYk\k_`TkTV<U 0V`kZYXTs V`_YkWV<k
YvX[V \k`T fZY\TT[__TT<k`XY 7 \T#XkY`T`k_TYv`T`\T`T
TTZVbT\k`TTVTVbYTbk_k`WV`XTf`WVU kVb\VVT_VYT\YTYT
V\_VT[VTkV0k\kT\k`T2 YXTV0[kXV_V_\k kV V`T
[k`ZT<TjX[V T`YZVT<Y\# T<#_T<`kYXT#kV`_\


l <
t j>B JIl 2
s


sX`kYXT#TZVCWV \ X\T# Y r _ W cb T d  YT<V`TX\k TkkfZ_VYkVY YT
T`ZTk0YT0 +XT2k`V``YZVT VgYTV`TX\2T VYXY`V`_U T
`kYXTlkYkTVsTsW]WV`W\T\ _VU _ Vv `TlkYT
YXTYY_TTZ_VYk d kWE~/T
h \#TvV`TX\
TX_Tj \_ VYkgT<k_k`WV`XTTj[_YTTk\X#T^\_XT
r
\ XT[k[T`\kWVX kV`_X VYk`kV kT2TX`TkT2V TV_ 
\T m`\kT ^T`LK TVXW!Y s}4 _ n
 f k_k`WV`XTX`kZXU kVkjkWV k cT[V r
 [VT^TV<Tv[kX\k`kYkk` k_TYTcV<_][Y_Tj TVY`T<T^T\TYk\TXTV

lTkV`T \_ VYk YTXTVXV`kT2\ WV`TTV0  _VT"T~VXW0Y s}


_ {
~ _TZ[ T~VXW!Y m}E} _ 
fTv`k\_Tv_XYYk_`T l\TXkYYV`_g[V`X[`WV`Tb
Tl`k\_TlT`kV` TfTl`Tk2TfV T  N
~VTTVkkYl\k`T p v\ k_ [v
_V\T lV`ulTV7 `UTVXW!Y m} _ y r
TVZVT0V`kT`cV`YT _V k cT[VbT0_ZYT
[V`\T _s V XXTV 7 UTVXW!Y s}
` Y k{<TVZT_Tk_l`kkfkT]kWV`
Y\ZYT\`<`k\_T^V`TZV`

$&%('6) p [ vA*L,  ./ 61 6Q0  A   @QH/ P  = =PhO  DM:(`X.g 9f MH S)NPO Q)NPRS G=X=  <;
(  Q0    K &   0>:(  Q lIF
\[Ts[T Yk_V\T
V`_YZTkXTVZV`Ts  ckCTV YTT#`kV T\\
Y_cV`TTk\XkT_T_Tl`T T# o k[Ts\T# Y V`_XTVYTVT
ZWVv`T\[TTb\` TTsk`XYvj`kTbT\ Tk_Tbk YTk 7
 kTVvYZV`_\bT[V 2\T[YYTTvk_k`WV`XTTkYkYTTbk`XYvZT_TbV`YT
kkVfXT<`k\_T< \kXYT r

[ rk{
F:d # h] n?= 

l <  T Ufsl\2<lxUuUl6ZjCZ
UTCXV` \T`YZVT^kV^Y\kZV<VTX\^T^TbXi VjW f T a
eh d `kT\ V<T
l\V`TT[V
 V XXTVTCl__kYTkUT Yk_VXTUT^kYkYTTCk`XY kVY\Z
Y`
\ _T#[XkVTTV Y\T[VTZ[ 
TT#kVk
_TT Yk_VXT
KV`T\T [VT^[XkVTTV Y `i~Vh f Y f b ToCT!pT[V VYXY`V`_f\
 3K
T` Y\ V[ Y`TC V[YT<m ` V`_XY VYk oT\kZVTVXW!Y_m [  _TV`_
TcV`ZTv Tj \k_kYTl TlYT[kVTXTV`^kY_TV_Tv\Y[TXTV`U kW

VTY# \ZTk^k\_T\k\<TjY`k\^kg_Tkk< YTkA  _TYZVTv
YTXTVsT#k_k`WV`XTY\Z\_`#T#kXZV`TXTV#Tl TY_YT n YM U V`YEv 

V`kTT\k`TTk_k`WV`XT _\Y`kVbTgTV` Y\kTV`q[kXZV`TXTV
T_\T[VTYkYT2TvT ` V<\k\kkTvT<k`V``YZVT d YW aab /T a T
k_k`WV`XTsTbkYkYTsT`bk_\ TTX_T 7 T k_
TVW0Y mEv
_ ul k Ev
k_\UTjXT[VYk b [ vbT[TjY_`T[
V#kVTjX_`TvTj V_kYTTV
[V`TjTZ`TvU Y\_V`_g_V`T`` V`T
<Xk\TV`_2TjkTY_T<V`kT`cV`YT

l < UbcC Vl rfl l\k2s


UTX[V TZV\Tlk`XTVv\T[k`ZTb Yk_V\T#Yk V`Tk  T \k
Tvk\TV^ZT`T[V`kTV TvV`kYTs kV`Tk 7 TvY\_TC\k`T\TC `YkVT
w \p
 V T k_k`WV`XTkVTs_T`kV`_TTV`T `TVTCXV` \T`YZVT^ZV
\T

lTTX_TbTbT[TXTVsTV`TTXV` \T`YZVTsTZVvk\ sYTVTXT
TcVlV`_YZksY`TjYTfXTTj\V`_TTVT
 Z_V`TY_YkT\[TTT`k_
k_k`WV`XTgT[__TgTX ~ \ T TVW0Y_m}M } <kY2k\`Zj V`T2 Ykk
o T\kZVTVXW!Y_m [ skkYjTV`_ 0
`WV`XTj[XTYTKcT` Ys V[ YT0
\TTYV`_[V Y_YT 7 T \_Tfk\ YTkTjVTXTTf`TjV`kV ZVXT 2
k\ YTXTVlkZV`W_TVVTk``Z V#T#`k`Y[V< V k`k VYk > W
XYYk_`T#[TYYTl_VT#k\#YZTVYk
p  `v [ [
 \kYT#Tf`k\Tv\2\_XT
f\ #YZT_Tv`TjT#_V`Tk[VYk\# 2YkTk2__T

lTfV`TVV`_kTY\l `kTfT`TV`V`_2_\TTZVsk\kT\_TTTY Nc\k
`k VYkEqXXkY`TkkV` VYkT  k_Y T~VXW0Y_s}k{0 _ZTV`_ `
y k#_[Y\ V
kV`kXTVXYTX[__TbTgXkT0T`T`T0V`kk TVX_T Yk_V\Tk
YVYk\\ YT Tg`T_\cV`T0b VYYY`V`_ TXT0Ti[ f!b Td 2k\TkW
k`WV`XT Y\TZj VY_ VYkTXkTv b`g VT gkacb ed W!V bf!g T[VTD b`_ T acb ed W0V bf0g
d
 _lT[VYk `
p  rb#T[VskTV#T#kYkYT#Tv`l V_[YTY_T`[

TVfk `TsY\_TsX[V T`YZVTvTj Ykk`_VXTT[_YT
Tbk\XTVvYkTTXTVTbTX_T \`TTVkT\ Vf0 TZ`_Vv`YTVj
kWVj\TYT Yk_V\TsTbkYkYTsTk`XYsTZVsV`kkTVT]kTsU kT
 `T`Z\T`T`\T`T_k_T kkYgZTV`_ p  p  s_\ \ `
[TZV YkYV2T 
Tk_k`WV`XTvTjkYkYTvT``T`TYTsZV`TXTVlb Ykk`_VXT "XWg2U
| TDTVXW!Y s}/ _ 2Y
 #TTT LE# r6Y
TT lk\kXYT 4# VY TfmT `4`T\T[Z! _
T[VYk b {kTv\Tf\kTfT df0gka V d V bf!g
d \ V[YY`Tk

\} ." ] c " "


c ^ ]
<}`} [^ `} }~

[ E}
r
8UX/` j *  6 DM:(`X.
 61 K   1 #n (.


7 T#Yj+XT# Y`Tk YjX[V\T6 ``choV`2_ YlY\cV`TYb}yY#\_\ZVT_b [


kkY#ZTV`_ - }^ZTvTfTg\kTv kkYk\VYkg \cT2TfT
W!Y W0V f0b T
_i i g i d W g V[T)cT0TTkCVT_
d [\YCYTs` TXTVT\k`kX[V`T
XTY_YT  cTk`\ YT_VV`_UT\[TkTVf[\ZTsTT[VVT
X[V\TsTZV^\`TsTTY_TvT^kYkYTCTsk`XY Y#\_\ZVT_b [  TV`k_V 
YTVl +XTVY_Ts[k0ckYVTTVs[T#TgX[V`T _VZV`T>T~VXW0Y_mEv
TVg YTXTV0Tp TV`T2  \`TTVgkT VYXY`V`_\k0T` Y
\ V[\Yk_`T ` TTr TVXW!Y_m}E
Eo T`\kZVTVW!YYs [ [`_VTZTV`_ TY_Tk\
2
VYYYTb_Tvk\kWV`T cV`XTskVTXTVfcV`YYTYkTlk`k\TTb\ V_
k
[YT\k`k V^ TZ\[TjTv`TT`TkTTj XYTfTjY[TTV#V`T\
_Tk_`TfZTj `T<_T<\TlT#kV`T

s V`Tj \`TTVV`<YVT` V#TVlTv YTf Tv_T# Ykk`_VXT<bTcV`W
VYk T cV`YV`_ #@o
CZVYX VYk 7 YZV`_\VYk l Yk_V\X ba>cgj
``k\ HTVXW!Y mEv
_ [`_V`ZTVYk zy WoqTpTV[Tbk_k`WV`XT:`_kb _
k_VXTXkkYVYk\\ YTX k`__\T H `TZTVZ\_TkWVgU `kT_VV`_U
_Tl_\_\sZ\l T\kTfT`TT`\TfkVlV`_`s YV`kYTXTVsZT_2\T " ba V cb ~rV bf!g
d
[\cV`\WV`Tv\kZV`_#T<[V` V`<TY\Y\<`[TV`mV`YTXTVT_YYT#TZV
fY\YU\_\k \TTZVY#`k\k_Y_VTCV`_jU kV`TY\YY\kj YTV`k
<TT \T T
YT Yk_V\TTV T  SRXxTZV \\ V`T k `\T~VXW0Y s}E} _ 

gTVlk\vk_TXTV YT\g\k`k_YYTsTV`Tjk_k`WV`XTCk_V`_\k_`TvkkY
`\k_V`TrbTV0[kYk\_TXTk`XYT\kX T\_WVVYkTV`_\X  kTV`  
_T`[T\XXk`YTk T\k`T`k\k_YcV`TU YYbVYYYTV TVb YTXTV
XT[VZV`T TVX TkC[T\T\ [TV`k_b\__kcV`TZT_qYTY_T_TX[
kXT2 V` k` \Y`V`_k YTV2 `akYTtD cT\ \gYT2[T\kkYV_
`
k YT TVXW!Y sE
Y <`T`ZkVs Y\YTV#YT#k_k`WV`XTkkYV`_\ Y`T 'd

sTkkT_YTk`T XkY\l_YTb 2V`kT`cV`YT  [\ZZVTk\Y[
Al
T\TX[k`Tb\ V[YY`Tb Yk_VXTT[kYk\_TTk`XYXYT \TYT V
`kk XXYfeZTVY`TkTCTV`TsYTV\k`YTC0kV`a_TskV`_ TVT \T
V` T #`T`TXTV ~ _VV` `@T~VXW0Y_mE
v

qkk_VYTTT\T\ZT_V`Tk[VYk\XT[VT[TTV`TZVTV_T`T[
Y VYk\vTV`T Ykk`_VXTvkkYVYk\\ YT Ykk`_VXTjgkkYV`_TZV`_VYkT[V
[__TjTk`XYfkVfT[TT\fZ]` XXTV\ ` V`T\kTX`k Vj\ YT[
d
XTVv_Tsk`V``YZVT#TskV`T ~ TZVk_]_YTb [V_TYV`kT`cV`YT
Tt[__T0TX0kXXT\ T\TYTkXk\TkCT[VYYV2Tk\`T
[XT\TbYTf\_T\kTTkV`T TT VY` \TTX[V`kT
T[V_T`TTTVf xT\ZT_TT kV``YZVTv YV`T\kV`TV`_kTTVYT
[TfkkYlZTV`_
p CT`TVZV`TV TYk_\T#YX\_VYkU

gih[} "  ]


jEk c#l`}_#

[
p
Fml8 !  

in
Q o + ~
X[V`kT\cV`YTb _ZY VvT[kYk\_TsTk`XY[kXXT[Tb 4[V`TYT
_VTgTVbk`Xk_Tk TZT\_T2Tb`k`Y[VYtYkVbTcV[ [\cV`VYk
!
`k Y_ZVTU \TjkYV`_\ # ckV<Tf[kXkV`k\_Tk` YYXT LSRjT
`YZVTZ\j Y\ZV` [T`k\_TVYYY`V`_ TXk`XTXTXXXkY`T__`T[VTXT[V
2
 TZV`\V``Ts[  YT[T_YTC 0 cV`XTskVk ZTTC_`T[V`YT
k\ZVT V_T Ykk`_VXTsTbkYkYTTk`XYkV\Y`kVT ``kWVs S
YTT[VVTX[V T`YZVTkXXT^\ cV`XT 2 : ba V cb 
d \i#  YT b`g VT W d V bf0gka
d TV`T<[b
kV`#TjkTk\k<YTj #Tf`T`Z\ a V b T b ~/T a
k d T`XT[VVTVsTvk_`TjXT`kT
B
qkXkVTXTV_\ [`TVb`T\\ V_T2 ZVXTgk\ \_T0TgZ\`TTb`
YXT# kVY`VYk_][Y_T
UTv[_YTsTk\XsVV \_TkTbZ[0Tbk`T\_XT
kY\V`kYT
T[VCkXXT\TVC 2V`T#k\ V`TjT\_XT[VY\kC YXkV`k\[T
`\k_g TjT`T`TvY YTTZV#TVZV`TjT2k_T<k\\YTvT# Yk_VXT
kX[V`WV`WkT V`T
X[V`kT\cV`YT
_ \_TT
TVk\ TVY\Z[ YZT
r
T`kYXT \kTTYTV j[V`T<j[YYT#Tlk_T Yk_V\T k\
\TscV`V\TlkVk ZTk[ YTXTV^\ XTYT#\TlYk`VYkXY YT<TZV
kYYTk

[p
Q q c ~~NL- 
~ e 

<sr_k\_T +TVXW!Y m}M


_  T_YTs`T[T\Tl\TvZXT_X`T`_\ VTsTvk ` \T
)
ZXtYkYk_T2Tk`XY sT_\_T2TqtX VY`TkltT o YT`W
Y__VT
n _\TT~VXW0Y_mM C2V`kkTbY\TfTYVYkgV`#kXY[V`TjT#Y\_T#T
2
 V` k`kY`V`_\ \f_T ZVXTf__kTkkX\kkTXTb
TT[T\_T 7 TjTYVYkvTX_TT`TVZV`TVTXkX`T\T
_T\TXTV`<V`T#Tj V` k` \Y`V`_U

~ k\kTk TVXW!Y s}E}_ C T[Vk kT


V _VTTU Yk_VXTTC[__TTXkXXT
2
T0 ZVXTX kV\TkT YV`TY_YkT\[TTT` YTY_`T kZV`YYT
V`ksT[\[TV`#YkYkYTT[V Yk_V\T\ V`kXTV V`klT
i
V`kT`cV`YTTlkYkYTT<k\X lTl`[`T[T#Z\YT Yk_VXT
w
TvV T J
b

7 YkZTVXW!Y m _ kr l`\kWV`Tv[_TXTV#_jkk_k`WV`XT^T<[kYk\_TT


k`XY \Y_`Tk YcV`T^YTX[V T`YZVT kY\`YT<T
_Tf[TV <Y\<`TV

7 YkZTVXW!Y mEv _ lUTvk[VTtT`YTk 2stSYT Yk_V\TsTZ



 \TYYk TT`T`\T`TsYT\_\v`TV`Tvk\YTk YTk
UTfk<ZTvVYTV#V`k\#_T#T2 #T\Y# \T [ }M} {

[ [ p

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi