School Work > Homework">
Nivel Basico Terminado
Nivel Basico Terminado
Nivel Basico Terminado
ALPHABET
Aa ( ei ) Gg ( Mm (em ) Ss ( es ) Yy ( uay ) yi ) Bb ( bi ) Hh ( eich ) Nn ( en ) Tt ( ti ) Zz (zi) Cc ( ci ) Ii ( ai ) Oo ( ou ) Uu ( ou ) Dd ( di ) Jj ( yei ) Pp ( pi ) Vv ( vi ) Ee ( i ) Kk ( key ) Qq ( kiu ) W (dabli) F ( ef ) Ll ( el Rr ( ar ) Xx ( ex ) )
NAME D I A N A di ai ei en ei C R U Z ci ar ou zi
SONG
Artista: Kansas Letras lbum: Point Of KnowReturn Ano: 1977 (Kerry Livgren)Dust In The Wind :
All we do, crumbles to the ground, though we refuse to see Dust in the wind, All we are is dust in the wind Don't hang on, nothing lasts forever but the earth and sky
Pronombres personales (funcin de objeto) Me m You a t, a usted Him a l Her a ella It a ello Us a nosotros You a vosotros, a ustedes Them a ellos
Ejemplos: Where is it [the book]? (Dnde est [el libro]?) What is its [the dog] name? (Cmo se llama [el perro]?) What time is it? (Quhoraes?) It is raining. (Estlloviendo.)
Nota: "It es una particula muy importante en ingls de la que los hablantes de lengua espaola se suelen olvidar.
Function (Funcin)
Dentro de los pronombres personales, el ingls distingue entre pronombres en funcin de sujeto y pronombres personales en funcin de objeto.
1. El pronombre en funcin de sujeto. Este pronombre en ingls, a diferencia del espaol, debe figurar siempre: o I am ill. (Estoyenfermo.) o Subject = I 2. El pronombre en funcin de objeto. Este pronombre se coloca detrs del verbo al que complementa o detrs preposiciones como "for", "to", "with" y "at". o I can help you. (Puedoayudarte.) o Subject = I, Object = you o Can you see him? (Puedesverle?) o Subject = you, Object = him o He is going to the party withus. (Esta yendo a la fiesta con nosotros.) o Subject = he, Object = us o It is [the letter] foryou.(Es [la carta] para ti.) o Subject = it, Object = you
TASK 1
Personal Pronouns.
1. El pronombre en funcin de sujeto.
Personal Pronouns.
EXAMPLE
I am ill. You are tall. Heishandsome Sheispretty Itiscoldtoday We are tired You are angry. They are at the I am veryhapy You are fast He isgood Sheisbeautiful It is a good school We are sorry You are glad Theu are goodpupils.
2. El pronombre en funcin de objeto. EXAMPLE: .Can you helpme? He gives them to me? Do you sometimes help him? He writesher? I makeit? He tellsus?
.Can you seehim? .Giveit to her. .Giveit a kick. .Can you seeus?
. I seeyou.
NeuterForm
Example
Where is it [the book] What is its [the dog] name? Itisraining. What time isit?
TASK 2
PossessivePronouns
Pronombres posesivos (en funcin de determinante del Ejemplo sujeto) My Your His Her Its Our mi, mis tu, tus (de t) / su, sus (de usted) su, sus (de l) su, sus (de ella) su, sus nuestro/a nuestros/as Thisismyhouse. Thisisyourbook. Thisishisbicycle. Thisisherdress. Thisisits (thecat's) home. These are oursuitcases. These are yourseats.
Traduccin ejemplo Esta es mi casa. ste es tu libro. / ste es su libro. sta es su bicicleta. ste es su vestido. sta es su casa. (la casa del gato) stas son nuestras maletas. stos son vuestros asientos. stos son sus asientos.
Their su, sus (de ellos) Pronombres posesivos (en funcin de pronombre) Mine mio/s, ma/s Yours His Hers Its Ours Yours Theirs tuyo/s, tuya/s, suyo/s, suya/s suyo/s, suya/s (de el) suyo/s, suya/s (de ella) su, sus nuestro/s, nuestra/s vuestro/a, vuestros/as, suyo/s, suya/s suyo/a, suyos/as (de ellos)
These are theirbooks. stos son sus libros. Ejemplo Thisbookismine Isthisbook yours? Thisbicycleishis. Thedressishers. Traduccin ejemplo Este libro es mio. Este libro es tuyo? / Este libro es suyo? Esta bicicleta es de l. El vestido es de ella.
Thesuitcases are ours. Las maletas son nuestras. Theseseatsareyours. Thisbookistheirs. Estos asientos son vuestros. Estos asientos son suyos. Este libro es de ellos.
EXAMPLE
Thisismyhouse. Thisisyourbook. Thisishisbicycle. Thisisherdress.This is its (the cat's) home. These are oursuitcases. These are yourseats. These are theirbooks Thisismycar Thisisyourruler. Thisishisbutherfly. ThisishersweaterThis is its (the dog's) home. These are ourmaps. These are yourtables. These are theirtelephones.
Thisbookismine Thisbicycleishis. The dressishers. The suit cases are ours. The seseatsaryours. Thisbookistheirs.
Thisruleris mine Thisisyourtable Thiseraserishis Its shoes is are goog The pencils are ours This pen istheirs.
Function (Funcin)
En funcin de artculo determinativo del sujeto:
EXAMPLE
Her dress... Andreas drees
Washington is he capital of the United States Lima is the capital of the per.
Whereisyourmother? EXAMPLE He is at cars my parents? Whosebooksthis? Question (pregunta): Where is your sister? Whosedogsthis? Windows this? Whose Windows this? Whosepicturethis?
This(Este/a/o) That(Ese/a/o, aqul, aquello/a) These(Estos/as) Those(Esos/as, aqullos/as) Ejemplos: Singular and here (singular y aqu): I likethis car. (Me gusta este coche.) Plural and here (plural y aqu): I like these cars. (Me gustanestoscoches.) Singular and there (singular y all): I like that car. (Me gustaesecoche.) Plural and there (plural y all): I likethose cars. (Me gustan aquellos coches.)
Play Los pronombres demostrativos pueden ir acompaados de un nombre como vemos en los ejemplos anteriores, o pueden ir solos como en los siguientes ejemplos:
Play
Play
2. O cuando no estamos seguros de con quin estamos hablando al otro lado de la lnea o a alguien que no vemos por que estamos en un sitio oscuro o en otra habitacin:
Play
3. "This": Tambin lo podemos utilizar cuando presentamos a personas: o Lucy, this is my friend Jill. (Lucy, esta es mi amiga Jill.)
Play
4. "That": Tambin lo podemos utilizar para referirnos a algo del pasado: o That pizza wasdelicious. (Aquella pizza estaba riqusima.)
Play Nota: Tanto puede ser una pizza que acabamos de comer como una pizza que comimos en las vacaciones del ao pasado.
EXAMPLE I like this car. Plural and here I like these cars.
TASK 4
Pronombres reflexivos (en funcin de pronombre) Myself Yourself Himself Herself Itself
Ejemplo
Traduccin ejemplo Yo mismo lo v. No te quemes! / No se queme! Se hizo dao. Lo hizo ella misma. El gato se rasc.
yo mismo, a mi I sawitformyself. t mismo (a ti), usted mismo (a Don'tburnyourself! usted) l mismo, a si mismo He hurthimself.
vosotros Pintsteis la casa vosotros Didyoupaintthehouseyourselves? mismos? / Pintaron la Yourselves mismos, ustedes mismos casa ustedes mismos? Themselves ellos mismos Theywerespeakingtothemselves. Ellos hablaban consigo mismos.
. I saw it for my self Don'tburnyourself! He hurthimself. She did it her self. Thecatscratcheditself. We made it our selves. Didyoupaintthehouseyourselves? They were speaking ot hem selves. We painted the house our selves I diditmyself
EXAMPLES MY SELF I said for my self I read it form my self I laid it for my self HIM SELF He hurt him self He undergo him self He win him self. He withdraw him self. He put him self. IT SELF The cat scratched it self. The dog tore it self The chiken undergo it self. The bear beat it self. Your self Dont beat your self Dont dug your self Dont hide your self. HER SELF She bear it herself. She beat it her self. She give it her self. She lean it her self. She tear it her self. OUR SELVES We made i tour selves. We begin i tour selves. We beat i tour selves. We know i tour selves.
YOUR SELVES Did you pain the house your selves. Did you sing the song your selves. Did you write the task your selves Did you paint the book your selves. Did you listen the lesson your selves.
THEM SELVES They were speaking to them selves They were listening to them selves They were looked to them selves They were dreamt to them selves They were undergo to them selves
TASK 5
Lo hemos hecho nosotros mismos. Pintsteis la casa vosotros mismos? / Pintaron la casa ustedes mismos?
Ourselves
vosotros mismos, Didyoupaintthehouseyour Yourselves ustedes mismos selves? Themselves ellos mismos
PronounsTable
Pronombres personales (funcin de sujeto) Ejemplo Traduccin ejemplo
I You
yo t, usted
He She It We
l es guapo. Ella es guapa. Hoy hace fro. Nosotros estamos cansados. Vosotros estis enfadados. Ustedes estn enfadados. Ellos estn en el cine.
Traduccin ejemplo
You
They
ellos, ellas
Me
Puedes ayudarme? Puedo ayudarte. / Puedo ayudarse. Le puedes ver? Dselo a ella. Dale una patada. Nos puedes ver? Os veo. / Les veo. Les puede ayudar.
Traduccin ejemplo
I can help you. Can you see him? Giveit to her. Give it a kick. Can you see us? I see you. He can help them.
Ejemplo
mi, mis
Thisis my house.
sta es mi casa. ste es tu libro. / ste es su libro. sta es su bicicleta. ste es su vestido. sta es su casa. (del gato)
tu, tus (de t) / Thisis your book. su, sus (de usted) su, sus (de l) su, sus (de ella) su, sus Thisis his bicycle. Thisis her dress. This is its (the cat's) home.
Our
nuestro/a nuestros/as vuestro/a, vuestros/as, su, sus (de ustedes) su, sus (de ellos)
stas son nuestras maletas. stos son vuestros asientos. stos son sus asientos. stos son sus libros.
Traduccin ejemplo
Your
Their
Mine Yours
mio/s, ma/s tuyo/s, tuya/s, suyo/s, suya/s suyo/s, suya/s (de el) suyo/s, suya/s (de ella) su, sus nuestro/s, nuestra/s vuestro/a, vuestros/as, suyo/s, suya/s suyo/a, suyos/as (de ellos)
Este libro es mo. Este libro es tuyo? / Este libro es suyo? Esta bicicleta es de l. El vestido es de ella.
Las maletas son nuestras. Estos asientos son vuestros. Estos asientos son suyos. Este libro es de ellos.
Traduccin ejemplo
Yours
Theseseats areyours.
Theirs
Thisbookistheirs.
Ejemplo
Myself Yourself
yo mismo, a mi t mismo (a ti), usted mismo (a usted) l mismo, a si mismo ella misma, a si misma l mismo, as mismo nosotros mismos
I sawitformyself. Don'tburnyourself!
Yo mismo lo v. No te quemes! / No se queme! Se hizo dao. Lo hizo ella misma. El gato se rasc. Lo hemos hecho nosotros
He hurt himself. She did it her self. The cat scratched it self. We made it our selves.
Yourselves
Themselves
ellos mismos
EXAMPLES
I
I am speak spanish I am a good student. Iam study the lessson. I am play the guitar. You are beautiful You are good You are bad
YOU
HE
He is fat He is careful. He is administration. He is afectionate. He isagreeable. She is clothier. She is companion. She is compatriot She is competitor Sheisconfident.
SHE
IT
It is airy. It is capacius. It is carcass. It is careles. Itis caricature. We are convicts. We are daintys. We are decisives. We are designer. We are demandigs
WE
YOU
You are chancellor. You are children. You are civilian. You are clerk. You are client They are carefuls They are carelees. They are cookies.
THEY
MY
This is my house. This is my dog. This is my cat. This is your book. This is your ruler.
YOUR
HIS
This is his bicycle. This is his dish. This is his watch. This is his box. This is his potato. This is her dress This is her leave. This is her knife. This is her mouse Thisisherchild
HER
ITS
This is the cats home This is the park This is the clasroom This is the TV This is the chalk
OUR
These are our suit cases These are our tries These are our daugther These are our sister These are our niece
YOUR
These are your seats These are your curtain These are your matress These are your brush These are yourletter
THEIR
These are their books These are their picture These are their mail These are their sweet These are theirorange.
PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS.
MINE
This book is mine This pencil is mine This calculator is mine this computer is mine
YOURS
Is this book yours? Is this screen yours? Is this atlas yours? Isthisdictionary?
HIS
This bycicle is his This videotape is his This information desk is his. Thismagazaneishis. The dress is hers
HERS
ITS
Its house is for you? Its Bookshelf is for you? Its notebook paper is for you? Its graph paper is for you? Its slide projectos is for you?
OURS
The suit cases are ours. The trubtack are ours. The seat are ours. The card catalog are ours. The microfilm are ours.
YOURS
These seats are yours. These bus are yours. These office bulding are yours. These lockes are yours. These Gym are yours.
THEIRS
This book is theirs. This looker roomis theirs. This mailroom is theirs. This copy machine is theirs. Thiscabinetistheirs.
PRONOMBRES INDEFINIDOS
Pronombre
Explicacin
Espaol
Singular
Plural
todo
otro algn, ningn, cualquier alguien, nadie, cualquiera algo, nada, cualquier cualquier lugar ambos/los dos cada, cada uno
da igual cuantos
Play anybody/anyone Play anything Play anywhere Play both Play each Play either Play enough Play every Play everybody/everyone Play everything
cualquiera persona
cualquier cosa
cualquier lugar
una o otra entre dos cualquiera personas o cosas (de 2) suficiente cantidad bastante
cada persona o cosa, cada, todos todos todas las personas todos
todo
Play everywhere Play few Play fewer Play less Play little Play many Play more Play most Play much Play neither Play nobody/no one Play none Play nothing Play nowhere Play one Play other
por todas partes una cantidad pequea (contable) una cantidad reducida una cantidad ms pequea
todos partes X
pocos, unos
menos
menos
una cantidad poco pequea (incontable) una cantidad grande muchos (contable) una cantidad ms grande la mayora, casi todos ms
la mayora
ni una o otra entre ninguno (de X dos personas o cosas 2) ninguna persona nada, ninguna persona o cosa ninguna cosa nadie ningn, nada nada X
ningn lugar X
un, uno
otro
Play others Play several Play some Play somebody/someone Play something Play somewhere Play such Play they Play you
otras personas, no nosotros ms de dos pero no muchas una cantidad no especificada una persona no especificada una cosa no especificada un lugar no especificado de un tipo ya mencionado gente en general una persona no especificada (informal)
otros
algo
algn lugar
tal, tan
ellos
tu
EXAMPLES
ALL The pencil is all the table The people isall the world The children is all the school. The peoples is a ll the hospital
ANOTHER
Maria is anhoter people. The information is anhoter. This is anhoterschoool Thisisanhoterbooks.
ANY
Any dogs and cats. Any to look. Any speak english. Any Listening to music. Any spoke spanish.
ANY BODY
There isnt any body home. There isnt any body school. There isnt any body bocks.
ANYTHING
Is anything good Is anything bad Is anything far from Ecuador. Isanythingdear.
ANYWHERE
I choose any where. I draw any where. He eat any where. Sheanywhereread.
BOTH
Juan both Rosa. The cat and the dog both beautiful. The guitar and maracas both are i instruments musicals.
EACH
The pen and the pencil each 20cents The orange and bananas each 30cent. The shoes and sweater each 50 cents. The ruler and book each 1.20 cents
EIGTHER
The house is cither the river and the mountain. The school is eithers the park and the church.
ENOUGH
I have enough bananas. She have enough potatoes. He had enough task Maria have enough fruits Luis have enough shoes.
EVERY
Every night in my house. Every spring in the park Every summer he sing. Every autumm she is happy.
EVERY BODY
Everyone is here already They have been waiting for you Everyone walk in the park. Everyone eat the fruts. Everyone wash the clothes.
EVERY THING
Every thing naturals are beautiful. Every thing are mine. Every thing of the past Everythingnormals.
EVERY WHERE
Every where exist the animals Every where play childrens. Every where fly the bee. Every where he had sing. Every where exist the poverty.
FEW
Twenty is few The few orange. One hundred is few One few diner in the bank Maria have few of cents.
FEWER
One fewer the diner Rosa and fewer of saving Twenty is fewer the two. Pedro had fewer years. Juan have fewer animals.
LESS
Rosa have less orange He have less of potatoes She had less of the 26pple.
LITTLE
The river havelitlewter. In the world had little wter. I have Little hair. She had Little the books.
MANY
Luis have many Money He had many friends. She had many sisters Jorge had many dogs. Theyhavemanyanimals.
MORE
I have more pencils She have more dogs. He have more tables. One day have more minutes. Juan have more money
MOST
The most of animals are mammal. The most of children play in the house and the school. The most of mans have cars. The most of women are beautiful.
MUCH
I have much Money. He had muchs clients. She have much cars. Pedro had much hauses. He have much animals.
NEITHER
Paty and Nicolas heiters are good. Neither Im like. Neither is bad. Neitheristall.
NOBODY
Nobody wants to work today. Nobody play in the school. Nobody speak in the clasroom. Nobody eat in the restaurant.,
NONE
None children have the task. None father leave the children. None car Im to pleace. None instrument musical is bad.
NOTHING
Nothing father is bad. Nothing children is ugly Nothing friend is good. Nothingtaskisdificult.
NOWHERE
Nowhere park is secure. One car is red.
ONE
Nowhere river is secare. Nowhere city is beautiful. Imnowere city have school.
One children have hunger. One woman dancing. One men play the guitar in the park.
OTHER
Other person dancing. Other men is bad. Other house is beautiful. Other pencil Im have.
OTHERS
Others persons studies. Others animals are bad. Other friends playing. Others childrens to fish.
SEVERAL
Several persons are in the church. Several womens have car Several childrens are students. Severalfatherhavehouse.
SOME
Some cars is in the park. Some animals is in the river. Some people is in the bank. Some friend a have computer.
SOMEBODY
Somebody left their their jacket. Its so cold outside ,Im sure they will be back for it soom. Some body sing in the church.
SOMETHING
There is something on the floor There is something on the nigth There is something on the noon. There is something on the tomorrow.
SOMEWERE
Imsomewere are butherfly. Imsomewere have trees. The rabit live in somewere. The flower is in somewere. Such as person
SUCH
THEY
They people have flowers . They speak english. They drink the wter. They cat some frutts. They are beautifuls. You friend is bad. You friend is tall.
YOU
You mother is my friend. Are you Reading your book. Are you writing a letter.
1
Q1 of 10: Where is David? _____ is at home.
His
She
He
Him
Q2 of 10: Can you help _____?
me
I we they
Q3 of 10: Where is the book? _____ is on the table.
He
It
She -Q4 of 10: _____ house is blue.
You It Yours
Your
Q5 of 10: These seats are _____.
theirs
them they their
Q6 of 10: Whose bike is it? Itis __________.
of Sarah
Q7 of 10: I like _____ book.
this
those these -Q8 of 10: _____ seats are ours.
That
This
-Those
Q9 of 10: Did you paint the house? Yes, we painted the house __________.
each other
2
Q1 of 4: Can you see ...
her
of she
hers
Q3 of 4: Did you paint the house ...
EXAMPLES
Were is Maria?She is at bus Were is Pedro?He is in the school Where is Pablo?He is in the house. Where is Manuel? He is at home You sweater is blue. It is red car. You house is black. She have one dess pink. It pen is the colour red.
Where is the pencil?It is in the table. Where is the car?It is in the park. Were is the eraser? Is on the table. Were is the church? Is oposite the bank These tables are theirs. They have some Money. These seats are theirs They speak english and spanish. Theystudy the lesson.
whose is this? Is of Maria Whose bank is it? Is of Carla. Whose bike is it? Is of Carolina. Whose church is it? Is of Dayana
I like this table. I like this artis. I like this song. I like this fruits.
This shoes are ours. This sweaters are ours. This blouses are ours. This fads are ours.
Did you paint the car? Yes ,we painted car yourselves.
Did you hurt yourselves? when you see yourselves in the mirror when you see yourselves in the mirror did you hurtyourself?
Ejemplos:
MASCULINO/SINGULAR The boy (el nio) The book (el libro) MASCULINO/PLURAL The boys (los nios) The books (los libros) FEMENINO/SINGULAR
The girl (la nia) The table (la mesa) FEMENINO/PLURAL The girls (las nias) The tables (las mesas)
Examples:
The chair The door The seat The hawk The dog The cat The car The ruler The pencil The book Este artculo puede ir precedido de las preposiciones "of" o "to". En ingls no hay contraccin de preposicin y artcula ("Del" = "of the" y "al" = "to the").
Ejemplos:
The days of the week. (Los das de la semana) I am going to the garden. (Me voy al jardn.)
Examples:
The name of my country is Ecuador I like the Catys car
I like the Anabanthas music I like the Angie song I tried to play the guitar The monts of the year I leave to the school The primary colors I leave to the work
Ejemplos:
What is the name of the restaurant? (Cul es el nombre del restaurante?) Do you remember the day we went to New York? (Recuerdas el da que fuimos a Nueva York?) Who is the president of the United States? (Quin es el presidente de los Estados Unidos?) The doctor is very good. (El mdico es muy bueno.)
Examples
What is the name of the city.(Cual es el nombre de la ciudad) Do you remember the day we went to ITALIA? (Recuerdas el da que fuimos a ITALIA?) Who is the president of the ECUADOR? (Quin es el presidente de los ECUADOR?) The architet is very good. (El arquitecto es muy bueno.)
2. Con los nombres de regiones geolgicas, cadenas de montaas, mares, ocanos, grupos de islas, ros y pases en plural.
The costal regin The rocky mountains The white city The islands tortoises The Sierra regin The Oriental regin The haway islands The ecuatorial regin
3. Para hacer referencia a direcciones (right, left, top, bottom) y a los puntos cardinales (north, south, east, west).
Ejemplos:
the south of France (el sur de Francia) the house on the left (la casa de la izquierda) the top of the page (arriba de la pgina/la parte superior de la pgina
Examples:
The north of Ecuador Under the house In the center of the earth To the colombia south The church of the right The park of the center
The north of America The park of to the front The later part of the leaf The southeast of frica The house of up (EL NORTE DE AMERICA) (EL PARQUE DE AL FRENTE) (PARTE POSTERIOR DE LA HOJA) (EL SURESTE DE AFRICA)
Ejemplos:
the tallest building (el edificio ms alto) the strongest man (el hombre ms fuerte) the first time (la primera vez) the second floor (la segunda planta)
The house but high
Examples:
LA CASA MAS ALTA The boy but small The tenth time The first plant The dog but fat The airplane but quick The second time The hole but deep PROFUNDO The river but I release The third plant The fifth time
EL NIO MAS PEQUEO LA DECIMA VEZ LA PRIMERA PLANTA EL PERRO MAS GORDO EL AVION MAS RAPIDO LA SEGUNDA VEZ EL HUECO MAS
The littlest mouse The fourth King The river but big The country but small The man but strong The city but it cleans The first part When Not To Use The Definite Article (Cuando no usamos el artculo determinado) 1. Cuando hablamos de algo en general.
Ejemplos:
I like ice cream. (Me gusta el helado.) Math is difficult. (Las matemticas son difciles.)
Examples:
I like natural science I hate math I like cold places America is big Rusia is the biggest continent.
The life is beautiful The school is pretty It is rich the chocolate The rosy one is a pretty color LINDO LA VIDA ES HERMOSA EL COLEGIO ES LINDO EL CHOCOLATE ES RICO EL ROSADO ES UN COLOR
My dog is brave
The reading is good I like to swim The literature is difficult I like the poetry 2. Nunca utilizaremos "the" cuando nos referimos a la television, o cuando nos referimos a las horas de las comidas, los das de la semana, los meses del ao, las estaciones, los aos o la hora.
Ejemplos:
I do not like to watch television [TV]. (No me gusta ver la televisin [tele].) I have an appointment on Monday. (Tengo una cita el lunes.) We eat breakfast at 9:00. (Comemos el desayuno [Desayunamos] a las 9:00.)
Examples:
I don like to watch american idol I eat my lunch at 14:00 I like arrive at clases at 7:30 I hate Monday days I came at home at wednwsday. I don't like the soccer We converse in recess We eat lunch at 12h o'clock
I don't like to dance 3. Con instituciones y modos de transportacin cuando estamos hablando en general.
Ejemplos:
We like school. (Nos gusta la escuela.) I go to work by train. (Voy a trabajo en tren.) They go to church on Sundays. (Van a la iglesia los domingos.)
We like the song I go to the school in bus They to the park on Saturday I go of walk in bicycle We like to laugh We like to travel They to the zoological one on Fridays I will swim on foot They to the school in taxi 4. No se utiliza el artculo con nombres de ciudades ni nombres de lugares en general, aunque hay algunas excepciones como hemos visto en el apartado anterior. Adems, no se utiliza el artculo con lagos o calles.
Ejemplos:
I went to Lake Titicaca. (Fui al lago Titicaca.) She lives on Flores Street. (Vive en la calle Flores.)
My Examples:
I went to United states last month I like to travell to London I like to know Canada I see an accident in San Gabriel. I live in san Gabriel I went to the city of I Remove The Andes lives in the street I went to the river guayas I went to the new restaurant
Ejemplos:
a book (un libro) a pen (un bolgrafo) a chair (una silla) a girl (una chica)
Examples:
A tree A door A toothpaste A windou A shirt A car A bull A pencil A cow A bicycle 2. "An" se usa con nombres que comienzan por vocal.
Ejemplos:
an animal (un animal) an ice cream (un helado) an example (un ejemplo) an orange (una naranja) an umbrella (un paraguas)
Examples:
An Apple An ancient An opera song An day An angel An pear An oil bowl An house An montain An table Excepciones: Usamos "a" antes de las palabras que comienzan por la letras "u" o "eu" cuando estas son pronunciadas como el sonido figurado "yu".
Ejemplos:
a university (una universidad) a euro (un euro)
Examples:
A universo A dollar A school A orange
A house A market A church A river A cent A statue "An" se usa con palabras que comienzan con una "h", pero slo cuando esta no se pronuncia.
Ejemplos:
an hour (una hora) a hospital (un hospital)
Examples:
a leaf a thread a home an egg a hole a bone a print a tool a horseshoe a hyena
Indefinite
Article
(Usos
del
artculo
Ejemplos:
He has a computer. (El tiene un ordenador.) We work in a school. (Trabajamos en una escuela.) I want an orange. (Quiero una naranja.
My Examples:
I want a book I want a cake I want an orange We work in a project We study in a school We work in a theater He has a computer He has a store He has a business I want a scholarship
Ejemplos:
I want an apple and two oranges. (Quiero una manzana y dos naranjas.) There are a hundred students in the school. (Hay cien estudiantes en la escuela.)
Examples:
There are five schools in the city There are two stores in the neighborhood
I have five rocks You have two doves There are three giraffes I want a chocolate I have a doll There are two hundred cars I want twenty books I have three hundred colors You have two pairs of shoes There are three beds in my house
3. Se usa para referirnos a una cosa por primera vez. La prxima vez que nos referimos a esta cosa, utilizaremos el artculo determinado.
Ejemplo:
I live in an apartment. The apartment is big. (Vivo en un piso. El piso es amplio.)
Examples:
study in a school. The School is big I live in a city. The city is clean I work in a company. The company is pleasant I live with my parents. My parents are good I play in the park. The park is small I live with my friend. My friend is kind I work in the hospital. The hospital is sad I travel in the bus. The bus is slow Slip the museum. The museum is beautiful I study in the school. The school is particular
Ejemplos:
Maria is a doctor. (Mara es mdico.) Juan is an architect. (Juan es arquitecto.) I am a democrat. (Soy demcrata.)
Examples:
Pedro is veterinary Your you are honest He is respectful Mara is a chauffeur Norma is Baker Lola is a nurse. I am a student I am revolutionary Mauricio is painting Sofia is a teacher
muchas de las preposiciones se repiten en los diferentes apartados. Por ello se recomienda hacer ejercicios prcticos que sean variados y que nos ayuden a ver la diferencia entre ellos. En otros casos veremos que habr expresiones que simplemente tendremos que memorizar. Es altamente recomendable que el alumno lea diferentes textos de diferentes fuentes para facilitar el aprendizaje. Son unas de las preposiciones ms comunes que se pueden usar para indicar lugar o tiempo: in,at and on.
IN
Significado: en, dentro, dentro de Uso (lugar): Se usa para indicar tanto espacios cerrados como espacios abiertos. Lo utilizamos para indicar que algo est dentro de una cosa, en un lugar cerrado, o en el interior de algo fsicamente. Sin embargo, como vemos en los ejemplos tambin se utiliza para indicar que se est en un lugar geogrfico. Ejemplos: I live in Brighton. (Vivo en Brighton.) The cat is in the box. (El gato est dentro la caja.) I found your address in the phone book. (He encontrado tu direccin en la gua telefnica.) My parents arrive in France on Monday. (Mis padres llegan a Francia el lunes.) EJEMPLOS: She is in the table. I live in San Gabriel. The dog is in the house. She live in Mexico. The pencil is in the table. The board is in the school. The eraser is in the table. Carlos live in Bogot. Juan live in Macas.
Uso (tiempo): Lo utilizamos con meses, aos, pocas, partes del da, y perodos de tiempo (duracin). Ejemplos: We went to Mexico in May. (Fuimos a Mjico en mayo.) I always run in the mornings. (Siempre corro por las maanas.) I will see him in a week. (Le ver en una semana.) She was born in 1976. (Naci en 1976.)
EXAMPLES. We went to Canada in September. You went to Esmeraldas in December. He went to Ibarra in May. She went to Tulcn. Carlos was born in 1827. I always arrive the afternoon. I will see you in one month. Juan died in 1966. Carlos lives in medellin. He died in September of 1991.
AT
Significado: en, a, al, cerca de, tocando Uso (lugar): Se usa delante de edificios como casas, aeropuertos, universidades (para indicar que estamos dentro), antes de "top" (parte superior), "bottom" (parte inferior), "the end of" (al final de), para indicar acontecimientos como reuniones, fiestas, conciertos, deportes, etc..., detrs de "arrive" (llegar) cuando nos referimos a lugares que no sean ciudades o pases. Ejemplos: He is at home. (l est en casa.) I always visit my sister at work. (Siempre visito a mi hermana en el trabajo.) We eat at the table. (Comemos en la mesa.) I will see him at the theatre. (Le ver en el teatro.) Her name is at the bottom of the page. (Su nombre est en la parte inferior de la pgina.) When did you arrive at the airport? (Cundo llegaste al aeropuerto?) Play Uso (tiempo): Lo utilizamos delante de la hora y de fiestas. Ejemplos: He runs every morning at 6. (l corre cada maana a las 6.) I will see them at Christmas. (Les ver en Navidad.) Mara eats in the morning at 5 o'clock Salome walks in the afternoon at 6:30 o'clock. We eat in the house. They walk in the park. He is in the church. Pedro this in the park. Rosa works in the market. We study in the afternoon We read in the night.
ON
Significado: sobre, encima de algo, tocando Uso (lugar): Se coloca delante de nombres de lugares con base como mesas, suelos, etc, cuando nos referimos a lugares de una habitacin como techo o pared y para indicar que alguien est dentro de un transporte pblico o en una planta de un edificio. Ejemplos: The pen is on the table. (El bolgrafo est sobre la mesa.) They have a photograph of Paris on the wall. (Tienen una foto de Pars en la pared.) I am on the bus. (Estoy en el autobs.) Her apartment is on the second floor. (Su piso est en la segunda planta.) EXAMPLES. The pizarrn is in the wall. And l clock is in the wall. Tita this in the bus. Juan is in the moto. My house this in the second floor. Carlos lives in the third floor. The draft is in the table The handbag is in the seat The computer is in the table.
Uso (tiempo): Lo utilizamos con das de la semana, fechas y fiestas. Ejemplos: We went to Mexico on the first of May. (Fuimos a Mjico a primeros de mayo.) He runs on Mondays and Fridays. (l corre los lunes y los viernes.) I will see Luis on his birthday. (Ver a Luis en su cumpleaos.)
Examples: Carlos went to machala in December. Lisa went to Spain in September. He walks on Thursdays and on Saturdays. She studies on Sundays in the afternoon. I will see Martha in their marriage. I will see to luis in their party. Pedro eats in the restaurant on Mondays and on Saturdays. Juan attended the church on Tuesdays and on Fridays. He writes a book on Thursdays and on Sundays.io
Las preposiciones de lugar se colocan detrs del verbo principal, que suele ser el verbo "to be" (estar, ser) en cualquiera de los tiempos pasados, presentes o futuros y en sus formas tanto simples como compuestas.
NEXT TO (BESIDE)
Significado: al lado de, junto a Uso: Tanto "next to" como "beside" se pueden utilizar indistintamente. Utilizar una forma u otra depender del hablante y del contexto. Ejemplos: The supermarket is next to (beside) the bank. (El supermercado est junto al banco.) Sit next to (beside) me. (Sintate a mi lado.) EXAMPLES: The church this next to the park. The office this next to Mara's house. The market this next to the butcher shop. My house this next to the church. The park this next to the office. The bank this next to Juan's house. Police's station this next to the Pan-American one. The radio this next to the central market. The market of clothes this next to the theater.
BY
Significado: cerca, al lado de, junto a Uso: Se puede utilizar en los mismos contextos que "next to" pero el significado de "by" es ms como "cerca" en castellano. Ejemplos: I sit by the window. (Me siento a lado de la ventana.) Our house is by the river. (Nuestra casa est cerca del rio.) EXAMPLES: The church is next to the bank. The restaurant is next to the police station. The bank is next to the church. My house is next to the river. Rosas house is nexto the market She live nexto the park He dancing next to the bar. They listen to music nexto the bank.
BETWEEN
Significado: entre Ejemplos: The shop is between the bank and the train station. (La tienda est entre el banco y la estacin de tren.) She is standing between Peter and John. (Permanece de pie entre Pedro y Juan.) Examples: The table this between the bed and the closet. The cook this between the table and the refrigerator. The computer this between the closet and the table. I am stopped between carlos and juan. The seat this between the refrigerator and the ccosina. The broom this between the dog and the cat. The supermarket this between the park and the church. The restaurant this between the park and the church. Carlos this between Mara and Rosa.
BEHIND
Significado: detrs de Ejemplos: The church is behind the school. (La iglesia est detrs de la escuela.) He is standing behind you. (Est de pie detrs de ti.) Play
UNDER
Significado: debajo de Ejemplos: The ball is under the chair. (La pelota est debajo la silla.) The dog is under the tree. (El perro est debajo del rbol.) Examples: The cat is under the table. The dog is under the tree. The pencil is under the chair. The be is under the flower. The fly flew under the tree
ABOVE
Significado: por encima sin tocar Ejemplo: The clock is above the table. (El reloj est por encima de la mesa.) Nota: La traduccin literal puede llevar a confusin cuando la traducimos al castellano, ya que en castellano diramos: "el reloj est colgado en la pared." Si quisiramos especificar diramos: "y por debajo en la misma pared est apoyada la mesa." Play BELOW Significado: por debajo sin tocar Ejemplo: The table is below the clock. (La mesa est por debajo del reloj.) Nota: Como en el caso anterior, la traduccin literal de "below" puede llevar a confusin. En este caso diramos que la mesa est apoyada en la misma pared en la que se encuentra el reloj colgado un poco ms arriba. EXAMPLES: The door is below the window. The car is below the river. The telephone is below the table. The clock is below the door. The pencil is below the table. The eraser is below the door. The ruler is below the window.me (Preposiones de tiempo)
BEFORE
Significado: antes, antes de Uso: Se coloca detrs de verbos y nombres o sustantivos. Ejemplos: Ring [call] me before one. (Llmame antes de la una.) They arrived before me. (Llegaron antes que yo.)
They arrived before time They played before twelve o'clock You call me before the breakfast Lend me before recess We see each other before seven o'clock
AFTER
Significado: despus, despus de, tras Uso: Se coloca tras verbos y nombres o sustantivos. Ejemplos: We will see you after the movie. (Te veremos despus de la pelcula.) I arrived after them. (Llegue despus de ellos.)
I will see you after the party You arrived after Cristina We will see each other after mass You will go after her We will see each other after the dinner
DURING
Dont talk during the movie. (No hables durante la pelcula.) I dont like to watch television during the day. (No me gusta ver la televisin durante el da.)
Don't speak during the food Don't eat during the mass Don't laugh during the meeting I don't like to leave during the night Don't bother during the class
FOR
Significado: durante Uso: Se coloca detrs de verbos y nombres o sustantivos. Aunque signifique lo mismo que "during" no tienen exactamente el mismo matiz. Este se utiliza para expresar un perodo de tiempo ya sean das, horas, meses o aos. Ejemplos: I lived in England for three years. (Viv en Inglaterra durante tres aos.) He studied for the exam for one week. (Estudi para el examen durante una semana.)
I took a bath during one hour Converse for telephone during five minutes Travel during five hours I played the soccer game during twenty minutes I slept during eight hours
WHILE
Significado: mientras Uso: Se coloca tras verbos y nombres o sustantivos. Ejemplos: I will work while I can. (Trabajar mientras pueda.)
As while he/she waits He/she sings while he/she takes a bath He/she paints while it relaxes himself He/she converses while he/she waits I will sleep while he/she can
TO
Significado: hacia, direccin a (siempre indica movimiento) Uso: Se coloca detrs de los verbos de movimiento como ir, venir, volver, caminar, volar, etcEjemplos: Ejemplos: They came to the wedding. (Vinieron a la boda.) Sofia flew to Canada. (Sofia vol a Canad.)
The wine to the party. She studies in the school of Ibarra. Carlos flew to mexico. Juan in route to the house Pedro travels to the Chinese. Lisandro in route to the corner. The wine to the wedding. She came to the house. They traveled to Juan's house.
Completa las siguientes cuestiones y haz clic en el botn -Corregir Ejerciciopara obtener la correccin de este ejercicio.
at on in Q10 of 20: Peter and Susan always go to church ___ Christmas day.
at in
on in
at
Ejemplos: teacher (profesor) dog (perro) ball (pelota) table (mesa) party (fiesta) house (casa) happiness (felicidad)
EXAMPLES:
Car Pencil Board Table. Fly
Bee
Ejemplos: camera / cameras (cmara/s) pen / pens (bolgrafo/s) house / houses (casa/s) car / cars (coche/s)
EXAMPLES.
Cars Dogs Teachers Architects Doctors Kookies.
books toys choices
Excepciones:
1. Palabras que terminan en consonante + "y": la "y" cambia a "i" y aadimos "es" o Ejemplos: o party / parties (fiesta/s) o city / cities (cuidad/es)
EXAMPLES:
city cities (ciudad)
Party Parties Fiesta Fiestas Puppy Puppies Cachorro Cachorros Library Libraries Biblioteca Bibliotecas Country Countries Pas Pases Baby Babies Beb Bebs Sky Skies Cielo Cielos Lady Ladies Seora Seoras Fly Flies Mosca Moscas Company.
Ejemplos:
o o
EXAMPLES:
ENJOYS PLAYS BUYS FRYS MARRYS COPYS CRYS DRYS EMPLOYS FLYS PAYS SAYS STAYS
2. Palabras que terminan en "s", "ss", "sh", "ch", "x", "o": aadimos "es" o Ejemplos: o bus / buses (bus/es) o glass / glasses (copa/s) o brush / brushes (cepillo/s) o watch / watches (reloj/es) o box / boxes (caja/s) o tomato / tomatoes (tomate/s)
EXAMPLES:
Lunch lunches
bus buses brush brushes watch watches box boxes tomato tomatoes party - parties city cities.
3. Palabras que terminan en "f" o "fe": cambiamos la "f" o "fe" por "ves" o Ejemplos: o leaf / leaves (hoja/s) o wife / wives (esposa/s)
EXAMPLES:
Wolf Wolves Lobo Lobos Life Lives Vida Vidas Thief Thieves Ladrn Ladrones Knife Knives Cuchillo Cuchillos
Shelf Shelves Estante Estantes Half Halves Mitad Mitades Leaf Leaves Hoja Hojas Wife Wives Esposa Esposas Dwarf Dwarves Enano Enanos
EXAMPLES:
sheep deer moose fish trout cordero(s) venado(s) alce(s) pez(c-es) trucha(s)
serie(s)
2. Cuando el plural vara de modo irregular. Por lo tanto, no existe regla la cual se pueda seguir y hay que aprenderse las formas irregulares de cada uno. Singular man woman child person tooth foot mouse Significado Hombre Mujer Nio Persona Diente Pie Ratn Plural men women children people teeth feet mice Significado hombres mujeres nios personas/gente dientes pies ratones
Adjectives (Adjetivos)
Un adjetivo es una palabra que acompaa y modifica al nombre. Puede ampliar, complementar o cuantificar su tamao. Son palabras que nombran o indican cualidades, rasgos y propiedades de los nombres o sustantivos a los que acompaan. Ejemplos: the tall man (el hombre alto) a happy child (un nio contento) a dark street (una calle oscura) a Spanish woman (una mujer espaola) the red ball (la pelota roja) a cold winter (un invierno fro) the glass table (la mesa de vidrio) EJEMPLOS That Porsche was the most expensive car in the dealer. I'm the youngest man in the family. I think that driving a motorcicle is the most dangerous way to travel. We went to a fancy restaurant, where I ate the best dessert they had. I believe that drowning is the worst way of die. My sister is the most intelligent student in her class. At the museum, they had the oldest book i've ever seen. Although me and my brother are twins, he's always been the tallest. I believe hotmail is the best email provider. My mom is the greatest cook i know Types of djectives (Tipos de adjetivos) El ingls tiene seis clases de adjetivos: 1. Descriptive/Qualitative (Calificativos) fat (gordo), blue (azul), nice (simptico), hot (caliente), young (joven), round (redondo), long (largo), early (temprano)... EJEMPLOS big (big) - grande large (lardch) - grande huge - enorme small - pequeo
tiny- diminuto heavy - pesado light - liviano thick - grueso thin - delgado wide - ancho high - elevado low - bajo tall - alto short - corto, bajo long - largo medium - medio narrow - angosto deep - profundo shallow - playo broad - ancho
2. Demonstrative (Demostrativos) this (esto), that (eso), these (estos), those (esos) EJEMPLOS these that Those 3. Quantitative (Cuantitativos) some (alguno/s), any (alguno/s, ninguno), many (mucho/s), much(mucho)... EJEMPLOS some books any persons
4. Interrogative (Interrogativos) which? (cul?), what? (qu?), where? (dnde?), how? (cmo?)... EJEMPLOS
Which is the book What is the cuestin 5. Possessive (Posesivos) my (mi), your (tu), his (su), our (nuestro)... 6. Numeric (Nmeros) one (uno), four (cuatro), first (primero), third (tercero)... EJEMPLOS Six Sevent Eigth
Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales) 1. El adjetivo casi siempre se sita antes del nombre, como hemos visto en el principio de esta leccin. Aunque en algunos casos, dependen del verbo, y entonces el adjetivo se sita detrs del verbo. Estos verbos incluyen: to be (ser/estar), to become (ponerse), to feel (sentirse), to look(parecer), to seem (parecer), to smell (oler), to taste (gustar)
o
Ejemplos: She looks [seems] tired. (Parece cansada.) I feel good. (Me siento bien.) It smells bad. (Huele mal.) You are beautiful. (Eres guapa.)
good (bueno/a), cold (frio/a), tall (alto/a)... EJEMPLOS Big bad 3. En general, los adjetivos no tienen una forma plural. Solo los adjetivos demostrativos y cuantitativos tienen formas diferentes para el singular y el plural: o Demostrativos:
o
this pencil (este lpiz) these pencils (estos lpices) Cuantitativos: much money (mucho dinero) many books (muchos libros)
4. Podemos usar dos o ms adjetivos juntos. o Ejemplos: a small black book (un libro pequeo y negro) a pretty Spanish woman (una mujer espaola guapa) a large glass table (una mesa grande de vidrio) a wonderful old city (una ciudad antigua y maravillosa) EJEMPLOS Maria is small The table is big Como norma general, seguimos el siguiente orden cuando utilizamos varios adjetivos: Tipo de adjetivo Ejemplos delicious, wonderful, nice, opinin /valor pretty ... tamao y longitud short, large, small, tall ... new, old, young, hot, cold edad / temperatura ... forma y superficie color origen round, fat, thin, square ... red, black, blue, green ... Spanish, American,
Columbian ... silver, cotton, paper, iron ... electric, political ... bath (towel)
EVALUACION Spanish/beautiful/a/woman/young aa beautiful young Spanish woman glass/a/round/small/table aa small round glass table French/city/a/old/wonderful aa wonderful old French city a/blue/cotton/bath/towel/large aa large blue cotton bath towel fat/brown/cats/two atwo fat brown cats red/new/a/car/fast aa fast new red car
small/three/books/black athree small black books big/red/a/apple/delicious aa delicious big red apple man/an/Canadian/old/intelligent aan intelligent old Canadian man
LECCION 6
To be (ser/estar) To have (tener/haber) To do (hacer) To make (hacer) To take (tomar/coger) To get (conseguir) To go (ir) To come (venir) To leave (salir/irse) To know (saber/conocer) To like (gustar) To want (querer) To feel (sentirse) To begin (empezar) To end, finish (acabar/terminar) To stay (quedarse) To change (cambiar) To wait (esperar) To put (poner) To be able (poder) To think (pensar) To believe (creer) To hope, wish (esperar) To look (mirar) To see (ver) To call (US) / To ring (UK) (llamar) To read (leer) To write (escribir) To listen (escuchar) To eat (comer) To drink (beber) To learn (aprender) To teach (ensear)
como veremos luego. Por lo tanto, es importante entender bien la conjugacin de este verbo. Sujeto Presente simple I You, We, They He, She, It To have (haber) Este verbo significa "tener" cuando lo usamos como verbo principal y significa "haber" cuando se usa como verbo auxiliar. Aprenderemos ms sobre el uso del verbo "to have" como auxiliar en la leccin sobre pretrito perfecto. Por ahora es importante tener en cuenta que se puede usar este verbo en las dos situaciones y es un verbo irregular. Sujeto Presente simple I, You, We, They He, She, It have has am are is
To do Este verbo significa "hacer" cuando lo usamos como verbo principal. No hay una traduccin directa en espaol para este verbo cuando se usa como verbo auxiliar. Este verbo auxiliar adems es necesario para construir las frases negativas e interrogativas. Tambin se puede usar en frases afirmativas para dar nfasis. Sujeto I, You, We, They He, She, It Presente simple do does
Ejemplos: I'm happy. (Estoy contento.) You're tall. (Eres alto.) She's pretty. (Es guapa.) It's 10:00. (Son las 10h.) He's not here./He isn't here. (No est aqui.) They're not Spanish./They aren't Spanish. (No son espaoles.) 2. To have/have got
o
Afirmativo I have
Negativo Forma corta I've not/I haven't You've not/You haven't He's not/He hasn't She's not/She hasn't It's not/It hasn't We've not/We haven't They've not/They haven't
I have not You have You have You've not He has He has He's not She has She has She's not It has It's It has not We have We have We've not They They have They've have not
o o
Ejemplos: I've got a car.(Tengo un coche.) You've got blue eyes. (Tienes ojos azules.) He's got big feet. (Tiene pies grandes.) It's [the cat] not got a home./It hasn't got a home. (No tiene casa.) They've not got children./They haven't got children. (No tienen hijos.) 3. Nota: Para "have got" solemos usar la forma corta en el presente en vez de la forma larga. No usamos la forma corta de "to have" para indicar posesin. Veremos ejemplos del uso de la forma corta de "to have" en la leccin del presente perfecto. o Para indicar posesin, no podemos decir: o I've car. o He's blue eyes.
o
4. To do Negativo I do not You do not He does not She does not It does not We do not They do not
o
Forma corta I don't You don't He doesn't She doesn't It doesn't We don't They don't
Ejemplos:
I don't know.(No s.) She doesn't like ice cream. (No le gusta el helado.) It doesn't snow here. (No nieva aqu.) We don't have children.(No tenemos hijos.) 5. Nota: Hay ms informacin sobre el uso del auxiliar en las lecciones sobre construir frases ylos verbos 6. Adems de los pronombres personales, podemos usar formas cortas con pronombres interrogativos y las palabras "here" (aqu), "there" (all) y "that" (eso). o Ejemplos: Where's the concert? (Dnde es el concierto?) Who's that? (Quin es?) How's your father? (Cmo est tu padre?) Here's the book. (Aqu est el libro.) That's mine. (Eso es mo.) Forma larga Forma corta What is What's Who is Who's When is When's Where is Where's How is How's Here is Here's There is There's That is That's
o It smells like you are cooking something. (Huele como que ests cocinando algo.) o o o o It is smelling like you are cooking something. Voluntaria: I am seeing you later, right? (Te ver luego, no?) I see you later, right?
o I am tasting the soup to see if it is as good as it smells. (Estoy probando la sopa para ver si es tan buena como huele. ) o I taste the soup right now.
), smell (tener un olor), taste (tener un sabor) Si la percepcin es voluntaria, se puede usar la forma continua. Nota: Usamos el verbo "to listen" para oir de forma voluntaria. 2. Verbos emotivos: o Ejemplos: o You're lying. I don't believe you! o o o o o You're lying. I am not believing you! Don't worry, he understands you. Don't worry, he is understanding you. You think there is something wrong? You are thinking there is something wrong?
believe (creer), dislike (no gustar), doubt (dudar), imagine (imaginar), hate (odiar),know (saber, conocer), like (gustar), love (encantar, amar, querer), prefer (preferir),realize (dar cuenta), recognize (reconocer), remember (recordar, acordarse), suppose(suponer), think (creer), understand (entender, comprender), want (querer), wish (esperar)
o o o o o o o o o o o
Ejemplos: o I am ill. o I am being ill. o You are silly. (*Significa que "eres tonto.") o You are being silly. (*Significa que "ahora te ests portando como un tonto.") o Otros ejemplos: o David needs a new car. o David is needing a new car. o Cigarettes cost 5 euros now. o Cigarettes are costing 5 euros now.I don't care if you don't like it, you are going to eat it! I'm not caring if you are not liking it, you are going to eat it! be (ser, estar), cost (costar), seem (parecer), need (necesitar), care (importar), cont ain(contener), exist (existir)
Normalmente, "to be" es un verbo esttico pero podemos usarlo tambin para hablar del comportamiento. Entonces, si lo usamos para referirnos a la conducta de alguien, podemos usar el tiempo continuo. 4. Verbos de posesin: o Ejemplos: o I have [I've got] a car. o o o o o o o o I am having a car. I am having dinner right now. I have dinner right now. Otros ejemplos: Ann owned a house when she lived in New York. Ann was owning a house when she lived in New York. That belongs to me! That is belonging to me!
Cuando usamos "to have" para refirirnos a algo que poseemos (una cosa, una cantidad, etc.), no podemos usarlo en el tiempo continuo. Pero si es parte de una expresin, podemos usarlo en el continuo. 5. Verbos de comunicacin: agree (acordar), astonish (asombrar), deny (negar), disagree (no estar de acuerdo),impress (impresionar), mean (significar), please (agradar), promis e (prometer), satisfy(satisfacer), surprise (sorprender)
Ejemplos: I disagree, I think it's a great idea. I am disagreeing, I am thinking it's a great idea. You suprised me! You were surprising me!
LECCION 7
o It smells like you are cooking something. (Huele como que ests cocinando algo.) o o o It is smelling like you are cooking something. Voluntaria: I am seeing you later, right? (Te ver luego, no?)
o I am tasting the soup to see if it is as good as it smells. (Estoy probando la sopa para ver si es tan buena como huele. ) o I taste the soup right now.
feel (el tacto), hear, see (ver o entender), smell (tener un olor), taste (tener un sabor) Si la percepcin es voluntaria, se puede usar la forma continua. Nota: Usamos el verbo "to listen" para oir de forma voluntaria.
2. Verbos emotivos:
o o o o o o o
Ejemplos: o You're lying. I don't believe you! o You're lying. I am not believing you! o Don't worry, he understands you. o Don't worry, he is understanding you. o You think there is something wrong? o You are thinking there is something wrong? believe (creer), dislike (no gustar), doubt (dudar), imagine (imaginar), hate (odiar),know (saber, conocer), like (gustar), love (encantar, amar, querer), prefer (preferir),realize (dar cuenta), recognize (reconocer), remember (recordar, acordarse), suppose(suponer), think (creer), understand (entender, comprender), want (querer), wish (esperar)
o o o o o o o o
EJEMPLO:
She is smile 4. Verbos de posesin: o Ejemplos: o I have [I've got] a car. o I am having a car. o I am having dinner right now. o I have dinner right now. o Otros ejemplos: o Ann owned a house when she lived in New York. o Ann was owning a house when she lived in New York. o That belongs to me! o That is belonging to me! belong (pertenecer), have (poseer), possess (poseer), own (poseer)
Cuando usamos "to have" para refirirnos a algo que poseemos (una cosa, una cantidad, etc.), no podemos usarlo en el tiempo continuo. Pero si es parte de una expresin, podemos usarlo en el continuo.
EJEMPLO:
Do you have a car? Does he have a car? No, I dont have a car. No, he doesnt have a car.
5. Verbos de comunicacin: agree (acordar), astonish (asombrar), deny (negar), disagree (no estar de acuerdo),impress (impresionar), mean (significar), please (agradar), promis e (prometer), satisfy(satisfacer), surprise (sorprender)
Ejemplos: I disagree, I think it's a great idea. I am disagreeing, I am thinking it's a great idea. You suprised me! You were surprising me!
Imperative Sentences (Frases imperativas) En ingls no se usa el imperativo tanto como en el espaol. En general, se usa para dar rdenes, instrucciones o advertencias. Las frases imperativas se construyen de manera diferente a las afirmativas: no se utiliza un sujeto porque se supone que el sujeto es siempre "you" y el verbo principal es en la forma infinitiva. 1. El imperativo afirmativo
EJEMPLO:
Enjoy your holiday!
o o
Ejemplos: Do your homework! (Haz los deberes!) Wash your hands! (Lavaros las manos!) Tell me the truth! (Dime la verdad!) EstructuraVerbo + nombre, adjetivo...
2. El imperativo negativo
o o
Do not lie to me! (No me mientas!) Do not wash in the washing machine. (No lo lave en la lavadora.) Don't hit your sister! (No le pegues a tu hermana!) EstructuraVerbo auxiliar ("to do") + auxiliar negativo ("not") + verbo + nombre, adjetivo...
Si queremos incluirnos a nosotros mismos, usamos "let's". Ejemplos: Let's go! (Nos vamos!) Let's not fight. (No nos peleemos.) EVALUACION
Correccin:
Structure (Estructura)
I talk. (Yo hablo.) He eats. (l come.) They learn. (Ellos aprenden.) EstructuraSujeto + verbo principal. 2. Negative Sentences (Frases negativas) EstructuraSujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to do") + auxiliar negativo ("not") + verbo principal.
o
Ejemplos: I do not [don't] talk. (Yo no hablo.) He does not [doesn't] eat. (l no come.) They do not [don't] learn. (Ellos no aprenden.) Nota: En frases negativas, el verbo auxiliar ("to do") cambia y el verbo principal es en el infinitivo.
EJEMPLOS:
-Im not stupid -She didnt do it -i dont dance -I cant fly -Dont fell down -I dont like it -She doesnt like to go to the shopping
3. Interrogative Sentences (Frases interagotivas) o Ejemplos: Do you talk? (Hablas t?) Does he eat? (Come l?) Do they learn? (Aprenden ellos?) EJEMPLOS: Do you read? Do you look the school? Do you walk ?
EstructuraVerbo auxiliar ("to do") + sujeto + verbo principal? Nota: Como en frases negativas, en frases interrogativas el verbo auxiliar ("to do") cambia y el verbo principal es en el infinitivo. 1. El presente simple se utiliza para hablar de cosas que suceden habitualmente. A diferencia a espaol, no se usa el presente simple para hablar sobre algo que est pasando en el momento en el que hablamos. o Ejemplos: I always talk to my mother on Sunday. (Siempre hablo con mi madre el domingo.) He never eats vegetables. (Nunca come las verduras.)
o
They learn something new in class.They usually learn something new in class. (Normalmente aprenden algo nuevo en la clase.) Se suele utilizar el presente simple con adverbios de tiempo: Always (siempre), everyday (cada da), usually (normalmente), often (a menudo),sometimes (a veces), rarely (raramente), hardly ever (casi nunca), never (nunca)... Excepcin: Los adverbios de tiempo van delante del verbo, excepto el verbo "to be" (ser/estar). Cuando se usa "to be" el verbo va delante del adverbio. Ejemplos: I am always happy. (Siempre estoy contento.) He is often sick. (A menudo l est enfermo.) They are rarely late. (En raras ocasiones llegan tarde.)
2. Se utiliza para hablar de generalidades o hechos cientficos. o Ejemplos: He does not [doesn't] eat vegetables. (l no come verduras.) She works in a hospital. (Ella trabaja en una hospital.) Elephants live in Africa. (Los elefantes viven en frica.) Bogata is in Columbia. (Bogot est en Colombia.) Do children like animals? (Les gustan a los nios los animales?) Adults do not [don't] know everything. (Los adultos no lo saben todo.)
Ejemplos
She does note at fruits
3. Se usa para eventos programados en el futuro prximo. o Ejemplos: The train leaves at 10:00. (El tren sale a las 10h.) The party is tonight. (La fiesta es esta noche.) Does the festival start tomorrow? (Empieza el festival maana?) The plane does not [doesn't] arrive today. (El avin no llega hoy.
Ejemplo
The car leaves at 11:35 Carlos leaves at 5:00
4. Se usa para instruciones (el imperativo). o Ejemplos: Open the window. (Abre la ventana.) Eat the vegetables. (Come las verduras.) Don't cry. (No llores.) Do your homework. (Haz los deberes.) Call your mother. (Llama a tu madre.)
EJEMPLO
Open de door Close de window
LECCIN 8
Present Continuous (Presente continuo)
Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales) Form (Forma) Para formar el presente continuo se utiliza el verbo auxiliar "to be" y el gerundio (infinitivo + "-ing") del verbo. Sujeto Auxiliar (to be) Gerundio talking, eating, learning, doing, going... talking, eating, learning, doing, going... talking, eating, learning, doing, going...
am
He, She, It
is
are
Structure (Estructura) 1. Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas) o Ejemplos: o I'm talking. (Estoy hablando.) o He's eating. (Est comiendo.) o They're learning. (Estn aprendiendo.) EstructuraSujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to be") + gerundio. EJEMPLOS: Im reading Im drawing Im speaking
2. Negative Sentences (Frases negativas) o Ejemplos: o I'm not talking. (No estoy hablando.) o He's not [He isn't] eating. (No est comiendo.) o They're not [They aren't] learning. (No estn aprendiendo.) EstructuraSujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to be") + auxiliar negativo ("not") + gerundio.
EJEMPLOS: Im not eat chiken Im not look the teacher Im not write the lesson.
3. Interrogative Sentences (Frases interrogativas) o Ejemplos: o Are you talking? (Ests hablando?) o Is he eating? (Est comiendo?) o Are they learning? (Estn aprendiendo?) Verbo auxiliar ("to be") + sujeto + gerundio?
EJEMPLOS: Are you speking spanish? Are you read the book? Are you listen to the music? Uses (Usos) 1. El presente continuo se utiliza para hablar sobre algo que est pasando en el momento en el que hablamos. o Ejemplos: o I'm studying now. (Estoy estudiando ahora.) o He's eating at the moment. (Est comiendo en este momento.) o Is it raining? (Est lloviendo?) 2. Tambin lo usamos para hablar de algo que est sucediendo en la actualidad pero no necesariamente cuando hablamos. o Ejemplos: o They're learning English. (Estn aprendiendo ingls.) o She's currently looking for a job. (Actualmente est buscando un trabajo.) o Are you working? (Ests trabajando?) 3. Usamos el presente continuo para hablar de algo que est ya decidido que se har en el futuro prximo. o Ejemplos: o I'm going to the party tonight. (Voy a la fiesta esta noche.) o He's not [He isn't] coming to class tomorrow. (No viene a la clase manaa.) o Are you working next week? (Trabajas la semana que viene?)
Nota: Hay unos verbos que no solemos usar en los tiempos continuos. Hay excepciones, depende en que sentido estamos usando el verbo. Puedes consultar la lista de verbos de tiempos continuos y su explicacin. be, want, need, know, prefer, remember, understand, care, see, hear, smell, believe, belong, cost, seem, exist, own, belong, like, dislike, love, hate, fear, envy, mind...
EVALUACION You answered no questions correctly. Correccin: I __________ in a bank. aworks bworking cwork dis working Se utiliza el presente simple para hablar de generalidades o hechos cientficos. Barbara __________ everyday. arun bruns cis running drunning El presente simple se utiliza para hablar de cosas que suceden habitualmente. He __________ in Canada. adoesn't live bdon't live cnot live dnot lives
En frases negativas, el verbo auxiliar ("to do") cambia y el verbo principal es en el infinitivo. We __________ English. astudys bare studying cstudies dis studying El presente continuo usamos para hablar de algo que est sucediendo en la actualidad pero no necesariamente cuando hablamos. What are you doing right now? I __________ my homework. aam doing bis doing care doing ddo El presente continuo se utiliza para hablar sobre algo que est pasando en el momento en el que hablamos. We __________ to the cinema next weekend. ago bgoes care going dis going Usamos el presente continuo para hablar de algo que est ya decidido que se har en el futuro prximo. He __________ next week. anot is working bisn't working cnot works dis working not En frases negativas en el presente continuo, el auxilar negativo va entre el verbo auxiliar ("to be") y el gerundio. ________ the train _________ at 8:00?
aDoes, leave bDo, leaves cDoes, leaves dDo, leave En frases interogatives, se cambia el verbo auxiliar ("to do") y el verbo principal se queda en el infinitivo. __________ to the party tonight? aYou are going bIs you going cYou go dAre you going En frases interogativas en el presente continuo, el sujeto va entre el verbo auxiliar ("to be") y el gerundio. Michael __________ a new car. awant bis wanting care wanting dwants Hay unos verbos que no solemos usar en los tiempos continuos. Hay excepciones, depende en que sentido estamos usando el verbo. Puedes consultar la lista de verbos de tiempos continuos y su explicacin.
LECCION 9
Cardinal Numbers (Los nmeros cardinales)
Del 1 al 12 one (1), two (2), three (3), four (4), five (5), six (6), seven (7), eight (8), nin e (9), ten(10), eleven (11), twelve (12) Del 13 al 19 La terminacin es "-teen" que suena como "tin" en espaol. thirteen (13), fourteen (14), fifteen (15), sixteen (16), seventeen (17), eigh teen (18)nineteen (19)
20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 La terminacin es "-ty" y suena como "ti" en espaol. twenty (20), thirty (30), forty (40), fifty (50), sixty (60), seventy (70), eight y (80), ninety(90) Para formar decenas se aade un guin despus de la decenas y el nmero. twenty-one (21), thirty-two (32), forty-three (43), fifty-four (54), sixtyfive (65),seventy-six (76), eighty-seven (87), ninety-eight (98) Para formar centenas: a/one hundred (100), two hundred (200), three hundred (300)... Para unir las centenas con las decenas se unirn con el "and". two hundred and fifty-five (255), six hundred and forty-eight (648)... Para los millares: a/one thousand (1,000), two thousand (2,000), ten thousand (10,000)... Para los millones: a/one million (1,000,000), two million (2,000,000), three million (3,000,000)...
Ejemplos: a/one hundred and two (102) three hundred and twelve (312) five thousand and ten (5,010) two million five hundred thousand / two and a half million (2,500,000) six thousand two hundred and seventy-nine ( 6,279) two thousand two hundred and twenty-two (2,222) three thousand three hundred and thirty-three (3,333)
EJEMPLOS Cuarto fourth Quinto fifth Sexto sixth Sptimo seventh Octavo eighth Noveno ninth Dcimo tenth Dcimo primero eleventh Dcimo segundo twelfth
English one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty twenty-one twenty-two thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety a/one hundred a/one hundred and
one 200 1,000 1,001 1,100 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 two hundred a/one thousand a/one thousand and one one thousand one hundred / eleven hundred ten thousand a/one hundred thousand a/one million
8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 30th 40th 50th 60th 70th 80th 90th 100th 101st 200th 1,000th 10,000th 100,000th 1,000,000th
eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth nineteenth twentieth twenty-first twenty-second thirtieth fortieth fiftieth sixtieth seventieth eightieth ninetieth hundredth hundred and first two hundredth thousandth ten thousandth hundred thousandth millionth
Daily Today Tonight Yesterday Tomorrow Week Weekly Weekend Month Monthly Year Yearly Decade Century Calendar schedule/timetable Days of the Week Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Months of the Year January February March April May June July August September October
diario hoy esta noche ayer manaa semana semanal fin de semana mes mensual ao anual dcada siglo calendario horario Los das de la semana lunes martes mircoles jueves viernes sbado domingo Meses del ao enero febrero marzo abril mayo junio julio agosto septiembre octubre
November December The Seasons winter spring summer autumn, fall (US) Holidays Easter Halloween Christmas New Year's day New Year's eve
noviembre diciembre Estaciones del ao invierno primivera verano otoo Das festivos Pascua Vspera de Todos los Santos/ Noche de Brujas Navidad Da de ao nuevo (Ao nuevo) Vspera de ao nuevo (Noche vieja)
Grammatical Rules (Reglas grammaticales) 1. Los meses y los das se escriben en mayscula. o Ejemplos: o July (julio) o Thursday (jueves) 2. Las fechas se expresan con nmeros ordinales: o Ejemplos: o Today is the 1st [first] of April. (Hoy es el primero de abril.) o His birthday is the 14th [fourteenth] of October. (Su compleanos es el 14 de octubre.) 3. Formato de fechas: o Ejemplos: o June, 30 2006 (30 de junio de 2006) o November 10, 1968 (10 de noviembre de 1968) o Formato US: mes/da/ao o 04/18/2010 o Formato UK: da/mes/ao o 18/04/2010
o o
EJEMPLOS
September 10 20012
o o
Ejemplo:
Is 3 o clock Is 10 o clock Nota: En ingls britnico se dice "quarter past" o "half past" y en ingls americano "quarter after" o "thirty" (no se dice "half after"). 6. Preguntar y decir la hora: o Question (pregunta) What time is it? (Qu hora es?) What's the time? (Qu hora es?)
EJEMPLOS
What time is it? Its 9:35
Correccin: two hundred and fifty-five a255 b2,055 c275 three thousand three hundred and thirty-three a3,333 2,500,000 atwo million five hundred thousand btwo million and five hundred two thousand ctwo millions and five hundred thousand five thousand and ten a510 b5,510 c5,010 six hundred and forty-eight a6,018 b648 c600,048
CANCIN
La semana de Accin de Gracias y el Ao Nuevo son, quizs, la mejor poca para visitar Nueva York. Es sin duda el momento ms mgico de esta increble ciudad, ya que se transforma en unaNavidad de las maravillas.
Departamento de escaparates de las tiendas estn decoradas con escenas de unas maravillosas vacaciones y el sonido de la Navidad villancicos y haciendo sonar las campanas dederrame en las calles. rboles de Navidad y guirnaldas se venden en las esquinas de la calle, llenando la ciudad con el olor de la Navidad. Hay muchas actividades relacionadas con la fiesta tambin lo hacen. Ya sea ir a ver el famoso Rockettes de Navidad de Radio City Music Hall de espectaculares o de cualquiera de las muchas producciones de "El Cascanueces", ballet con msica de Tchaikovsky, que est seguro de entrar en el espritu de las fiestas. Otras posibilidades incluyen la iluminacin del rbol de Navidad del Rockefeller Center, el patinaje sobre hielo en Central Park, visitar las luces de Navidad exhibicin en el zoolgico del Bronx, o el programa de vacaciones de trenes anuales en el Jardn Botnico de Nueva York. Con tantas cosas que hacer, no es seguro que ser algo para todos en la familia para disfrutar. Una visita a la ciudad de Nueva York en Navidad
podra ser el mejor presente siempre. Y si tienes suerte, puede ser que incluso la nieve ! "Le deseamos una Feliz Navidad" Le deseamos una Feliz Navidad Le deseamos una Feliz Navidad Le deseamos una Feliz Navidad Y un feliz Ao Nuevo. Buenas nuevas que traen Para usted y su familia; Buenas nuevas para Navidad Y un feliz Ao Nuevo! Queremos un poco de pudn figgy Queremos un poco de pudn figgy Queremos un poco de pudn figgy Favor de traer aqu mismo! Buenas nuevas que traen Para usted y su familia; Buenas nuevas para Navidad Y un feliz Ao Nuevo! No vamos a entrar hasta que tengamos No vamos a entrar hasta que tengamos No vamos a entrar hasta que tengamos Por lo tanto, llevar a cabo aqu! Buenas nuevas que traen Para usted y su familia; Buenas nuevas para Navidad Y un feliz Ao Nuevo! Le deseamos una Feliz Navidad Le deseamos una Feliz Navidad Le deseamos una Feliz Navidad Y un feliz Ao Nuevo. Buenas nuevas que traen Para usted y su familia; Buenas nuevas para Navidad Y un feliz Ao Nuevo! Le deseamos Una Feliz Navidad Le deseamos Una Feliz Navidad; Le deseamos Una Feliz Navidad; Le deseamos Una Feliz Navidad Y sin Feliz Ao Nuevo Buenas noticias Que traemos A SUS Usted y Familiares; Buenas Nuevas prrafo Navidad
Y sin Feliz Ao Nuevo Oh, queremos sin postre de higos; Oh, queremos sin postre de higos; Oh, queremos sin postre de higos; Por favor trigalo Aqu Mismo! Buenas noticias Que traemos A SUS Usted y Familiares; Buenas Nuevas prrafo Navidad Y sin Feliz Ao Nuevo No iremos HASTA Que tengamos alguno; No iremos HASTA Que tengamos alguno; No iremos HASTA Que tengamos alguno; Entonces trigalo here Fuera! Buenas noticias Que traemos A SUS Usted y Familiares; Buenas Nuevas prrafo Navidad Y sin Feliz Ao Nuevo Le deseamos Una Feliz Navidad; Le deseamos Una Feliz Navidad; Le deseamos Una Feliz Navidad Y sin Feliz Ao Nuevo Buenas noticias Que traemos A SUS Usted y Familiares; Buenas Nuevas prrafo Navidad Y sin Feliz Ao Nuevo 2012 Christmas Vocabulary (Vocabulario de Navidad)
English Merry Christmas Happy New Year! Season's Greetings! Peace on Earth! Christmas Eve New Year's Eve Father Christmas/Santa Claus Three Wise Men Nativity scene Advent calendar
Spanish Feliz Navidad! Feliz ao nuevo! Felices fiestas! Paz en la tierra! Noche buena Noche vieja Papa Noel Los Reyes Magos Beln calendario de
holy Christmas tree decorations ornament wreath holly poinsettia tinsel snowman snowflake snowy snowball bells jingle carol Christmas cards gifts/presents gift giving toy feast eggnog chimney reindeer sleigh
Adviento Santo, sagrado rbol de Navidad adornos adorno ramo acebo flor de Navidad espumilln mueco de nieve copo de nieve nevado bola de nieve campanas tintinear villancico trajetas de Navidad regalos intercambio de regalos juguete banquete ponche de huevo chimenea reno trineo
Ejemplo:
She speaks quickly. (Hablarpido.) En este ejemplo "quickly" es un adverbio de modo que modifica al verbo "tospeak" para expresar como habla.
EJEMPLOS:
Ejemplos: easy easily (fcil fcilmente) happy happily (alegre alegremente) Adjetivos terminados en -ic se cambia la terminacin -ic por -ically.
Ejemplos:
automatic automatically (automtico automticamente) tragic tragically (trgico trgicamente) Adjetivos terminados en -le, se cambia la terminacin -le por -ly.
Ejemplos:
terrible terribly (terrible terriblemente) true truly (verdad verdaderamente) Algunos adverbios no terminan en -ly.
Ejemplos:
hard (difcil, duro o fuerte) fast (rpido)
amatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales) 1. La regla general para formar adverbios es aadir la terminacin "-ly" a un adjetivo, que equivale a la terminacin en castellano de "-mente."
o o o
Ejemplos:
quick quickly (rpido rpidamente) honest honestly (honrado honradamente)
EJEMPLOS:
happily (felizmente),
2. Para los adjetivos que terminan en consonante "-y," cambian la terminacin "-y" por la de "-ily."
o o o
Ejemplos:
easy easily (fcil fcilmente) happy happily (alegre alegremente) 3. Adjetivos terminados en "-ic" se cambia la terminacin "-ic" por "-ically."
o o o
Ejemplos:
automatic automatically (automtico automticamente) tragic tragically (trgico trgicamente) 4. Adjetivos terminados en "-le," se cambia la terminacin "-le" por "-ly."
o o o
Ejemplos:
terrible terribly (terrible terriblemente) true truly (verdad verdaderamente) 5. Algunos adverbios no terminan en "-ly."
o o o
Ejemplos:
hard (difcil, duro o fuerte) fast (rpido) {e1}
Types of Adverbs (Tipos de adverbios) 1. Adverbios de tiempo: Responden a la pregunta de "cundo?" today, tomorrow, last week, next month, already, eventually, still, soon, yet, now, later... Posicin: Los adverbios de tiempo normalmente van al principio o al final de la oracin. Ejemplos: : now (ahora), then (entonces), already (ya)
o o o
o o o
We went to Paris last year. (Fuimos a Pars el ao pasado.) I already finished my homework. (Ya he acabado los deberes.) See you later! (Hasta luego!) Nota: "Yet" siempre va al final de la oracin y "still" va adelante del verbo, excepto con "to be," cuando va detrs del verbo. I haven't finished yet. (No he acabadotodava.) He still needs to finish his homework. (Todava necesita acabar los deberes.) I am still waiting. (Todavaestoyesperando.)
o o o o
3. Adverbios de grado: Responden a la pregunta de "en qu medida?" very, really, almost, hardly, quite, barely...
EJEMPLO: rather (bastante) enough (suficiente) , quite (bastante) Posicin: Los adverbios de grado van adelante de la palabra a que modifican. Ejemplos: He was almost late for the meeting. (Casi lleg tarde a la reunin.) We are very busy this week. (Estamos muy ocupados esta semana.)
o o o
I really hope she passes the exam. (Realmente espero que pase el examen.)
4. Adverbios de modo: Responden a la pregunta de "cmo?" loudly, carefully, softly, beautifully, fast, hard...
EJEMPLOS: Posicin: Los adverbios de modo van detrs del objeto directo. Si no hay un objeto, van detrs del verbo. Ejemplos: Detrs del objeto You speak English perfectly. (Hablas ingles perfectamente.) She read the book quickly. (Ley el libro rpidamente.) Detrs del verbo Please drive carefully. (Por favor, conduce con cuidado.) He runs fast. (Corre rpidamente.)
o o o o o o o
o o o o
EVALUACIN
went/they/Rome/last month/to (poner adverbio al principio) aLast month they went to Rome. Los adverbios de tiempo normalmente van al principio o al final de la oracin.
went/they/Rome/last month/to (poner adverbio al final) aThey went to Rome last month. Los adverbios de tiempo normalmente van al principio o al final de la oracin.
his/finished/already/dinner/he (poner adverbio al principio) aHe already finished his dinner. Los adverbios de tiempo normalmente van al principio o al final de la oracin.
his/finished/already/dinner/he (poner adverbio al final) aHe finished his dinner already. Los adverbios de tiempo normalmente van al principio o al final de la oracin.yet/you/?/are/ready aAre you ready yet? "Yet" siempre va al final de la oracin.
have/we/time/still aWe still have time. En general, "still" va delante del verbo.
happy/I/really/see/am/you/to aI am really happy to see you. Los adverbios de grado van delante de la palabra a la que modifican.
quickly/speak/very/you aYou speak very quickly. Los adverbios de grado van delante de la palabra a la que modifican.
never/eats/she/vegetables aShe never eats vegetables. En general, los adverbios de frecuencia van delante del verbo.
they/late/class/always/are/to aThey are always late to class. Los adverbios de frecuencia van delante del verbo, pero van detrs del verbo "to be."
waiting/I/still/am aI am still waiting. En general, "still" va delante del verbo, excepto con "to be".
Pronombre
Espaol
Sing.
Plural
Ejemplo You ate all the cookies! (Te has comido todas las galletas!) Another glass of wine please. (Otra copa de vino por favor.)
all
todo
another
any
Is there any milk? (Hay leche?) Is there anyone home? (Hay alguien en casa?) It's so dark, I can't see anything. (Est muy oscuro, no puedo ver nada.) We can go anywhere you want. (Podemos ir donde quieras.)
anybody/anyone
anything
anywhere
cualquier lugar X
both
ambos/los dos
Both of my children speak French. (Mis dos hijos hablan Francs.) Each of them is
each
different. (Cada cual es diferente.) either cualquiera (de 2) X I'm happy to see either movie. (Me da igual ver cualquier pelicula.) There is never enough time. (Nunca hay tiempo suficiente.) Every student failed the exam. (Todos los estudiantes suspendieron el examen.) Is everybody here? (Est todo el mundo aqu?) How's everything? Everything is fine. (Que tal todo? Todo bien.) The water spilled everywhere. (El agua se derram por todos partes.) X He has few friends. (l tiene pocos amigos.) There are fewer students this year. (Hay menos alumnos este ao.) There is less work this year. (Hay menos trabajo este ao.) There is lttle to do here. (Hay poco que hacer
enough
bastante, suficiente
every
cada, todos
everybody/everyone
everything
todo
everywhere
todos partes
few
pocos, unos
fewer
menos
less
menos
little
poco
aqu.) many muchos X She has many books to read. (Ella tiene muchos libros para leer.) There is more work this year. (Hay ms trabajo este ao.) It rains most of the time here. (Llueve la mayora del tiempo aqu.) We don't have much money. (No tenemos mucho dinero.) Neither of us speaks Spanish. (Ninguno de nosotros habla espaol.) Nobody was in class today. (Nadie fue a clase hoy.) None of the children wanted to answer the question. (Ninguno de los nios quiso responder a la pregunta.) There is nothing in the fridge. (No hay nada en la nevera.) He has nowhere to stay.
more
ms
most
la mayora
much
mucho
neither
ninguno (de 2) X
nobody/no one
nadie
none
ningn, nada
nothing
nada
nowhere
ningn lugar
(No tiene dnde quedarse.) One never knows what the future will bring. (Uno nunca sabe lo que le traer el futuro.) The other class has more students. (La otra clase tiene ms estudiantes.) The others are going to a concert tonight. (Los otros van a un concierto esta noche.) There are several movies playing. (Estn poniendo varias peliculas.) There are some dogs in the park. (Hay algunos perros en el parque.) Someone is in the bathroom. (Alguien est en el bao.) I have something in my eye. (Tengo algo en el ojo.) Right now it is raining somewhere. (Ahora mismo est lloviendo en algn lugar.) X X He is such a nice man. (Es un hombre tan amable.) They say this is the
one
un, uno
other
otro
others
otros
several
varios
some
algn, algo de
somebody/someone
alguien
something
algo
somewhere
algn lugar
such they
best restaurant in town.(Dicen que este es el mejor restaurante del pueblo.) tu X You never know. (Nunca se sabe.)
you
Nota: Los pronombres relativos pueden referirse a algo o alguien en singular o plural.
This is the restaurant that received the excellent reviews in the newspaper. (Este es el restaurante que recibi excelentes crticas en el peridico.) My friend Sue, that works for a travel magazine, is going to Rome next week. (Mi amiga Sue, que trabaja para una revista de viajes, se va a Roma la semana que viene.)
EJEMPLOS: that is mine that food has a fruit that pencil is yellow that has been bought and sold that film is too expensive I like this house because of the color You always buy him that one sweet He sings that one song Which
Ejemplos: My new job, which I only started last week, is already very stressful. (Mi nuevo trabajo, que acabo de empezar la semana pasada, ya es muy estresante.) The house in which we lived in when we were children burnt down last week. (La casa en la que vivamos cuando ramos nios se quem la semana pasada.) EJEMPLOS: 1: which-be-long-of all? /Which is the longest of all? 2: which-be-short-of all? /Which is the shortest of all? 3: which-be-heavy-of all? /Which is the heaviest of all? 4: which-lay-few-eggs of all? /Which lays the fewest eggs of all? 5: which-lay-many-eggs of all? / Which lays most eggs of all? Who Solo se puede utilizar "who" con personas. Ejemplos: My sister, who just moved in with me, is looking for a job. (Mi hermana, que se acaba de mudar conmigo, est buscando un trabajo.)
I never met someone who didn't like music. (Nunca he conocido a alguien que no le guste la msica.) EJEMPLOS:
who is she talking to.(a quien le hablas)where the man come from)de donde vino el hombre)that man is friendly). He is the one WHO talk to me (el fue el que me hablo).
Who did you see yesterday? - A quin viste ayer? Who are you going to the movies with? - Con quin vas a ir al cine? With who are you going to the movies? Whom "Whom" se utiliza para hacer referencia al objeto indirecto del verbo, pero no lo utilizamos mucho en Ingls coloquial. Ms a menudo utilizamos "who" en vez de "whom". Ejemplos: The woman with whom I was talking to was my cousin. (La mujer con quin estaba hablando era mi prima.) This is Peter, whom I met at the party last week. (Este es Peter, a quien conoc en la fiesta la semana pasada.) EJEMPLOS: Whom are you going to invite? Respuesta: To my best friends Whom did he blame for the accident? Respuesta: to my cousin Whom did he hire to do the job? Respuesta: to the intelligent guy Whom do you love? Whose El uso de "whose" indica posesin, tanto para las personas y las cosas. Ejemplos: That is the girl whose parents got divorced last year. (Esa es la chica cuyos padres se divorciaron el ao pasado.)
Paul, whose wife just had a baby, will not be at work for a few weeks. (Paul, cuyo esposa acaba de tener un beb, no ir a trabajar durante unas semanas.)
Nota: Puede omitirse el pronombre relativo cuando es el objeto de la frase. Ejemplos: The exam [that] I took this morning won't be corrected and returned until next week. (El examen que hice esta maana no se corregir ni se devolver hasta la semana que viene.) [who] I'm dating is a teacher. (La mujer con quien estoy saliendo es profesora.) EJEMPLOS:
Whose houses are these.De quin son estas casas? Whose pen is this. De quin es este bolgrafo? Whose newspaper is this.De quin es este peridico? Whose are these boots? De quin son estas botas? Whose is this phone? De quin es este telfono? Whose is that car? De quin es ese coche? When and where
Ejemplos: The university where I teach is an excellent school. (La universidad donde enseo es una escuela excelente.) Can you tell me when is the best time to call? (Puedes decirme cuando es la mejor hora para llamar?) EJEMPLOS:
when do you go at home?(cuando vas a casa? when do you study english?(cuando estudias ingles) when is she talking?(cuando esta ella hablando) when does she go shopping?(cuando ella va de compras) when do we have a party?( cuando nosotros tenemos fiesta)
Relative Clauses (Clusula relativas) Se utilizan los pronombres relativos para unir dos o ms clusulas y formando as lo que llamamos "clusulas relativas". Hay dos tipos de clusulas relativas: las que aaden informacin adicional y aquellos que modificar (o definir) el sujeto de la oracin. Non-defining Relative Clauses Estas clusulas agregan informacin adicional. Se utiliza comas para separar la clusula relativa del resto de la oracin.
Ejemplos: My friend Tony, who is an excellent writer, is helping me with my English paper. (Mi amigo Tony, quien es un escritor excelente, est ayundandome con mi estudio de Ingls.) The report, which my boss asked me to write last week, still isn't finished. (El informe, que mi jefe me pidi que escribiera la semana pasada, todava no est terminado.)
EJEMPLOS: The dress which she bought was very expensive. - These are the cakes which Paul likes. - They are looking for someone who speaks Japanese. - Is that the woman who lives upstairs? - Thats the boy who goes to school with Jill. Defining Relative Clauses Estas clusulas definen el sustantivo e identifican a qu cosa o persona nos referimos. No se usan comas con este tipo de clusula.
Ejemplos: I wrote the report that you asked for. (Escrib el informe que me pidi.) She never met the man who saved her father's life. (Nunca conoci al hombre que salv la vida de su padre.)
Ejemplos: The employees who worked long hours completed their projects on time. (Los empleados que trabajaban largas horas terminaron sus proyectos a tiempo.) Nota: Slo los que trabajaron muchas horas terminaron los proyectos a tiempo. The employees, who worked long hours, completed their projects on time. (Los empleados, que trabajaron muchas horas, terminaron sus
proyectos a tiempo.)Nota: Todos los empleados terminaron los proyectos a tiempo. EJEMPLOS:
This is the dog that bit me. or This is the dog which bit me. En ste caso "that" y "which" son subject. Pero qu pasa cuando son object? Puedousar cualquiera de los dos? This is the dog that he bought. or This is the dog which he bought.
EVALUACIN
Correccin:
aThe pronoun is necessary. bThe pronoun isn't necessary. Puede omitirse el pronombre relativo cuando es el objeto de la frase.
Can you buy me the book that won the Booker Prize last year? aThe pronoun is necessary. bThe pronoun isn't necessary. Hace falta un pronombre relativo cuando este pronombre define el sustantivo.
Bill has many CDs which were recorded by his brother's record company. aThe pronoun is necessary. bThe pronoun isn't necessary. Hace falta un pronombre relativo cuando este pronombre define el sustantivo.
The man who I met at the party last week wants to go out to dinner this weekend.
aThe pronoun is necessary. bThe pronoun isn't necessary. Puede omitirse el pronombre relativo cuando es el objeto de la frase.
aThe pronoun is necessary. bThe pronoun isn't necessary. Puede omitirse el pronombre relativo cuando es el objeto de la frase.
aIt is a defining relative clause. bIt is a non-defining relative clause. Clusulas que no definir agregan informacin adicional. Se utiliza comas para separar la clusula relativa del resto de la oracin.
I received many gifts for my birthday, but the gifts I love the most are the ones that my children gave me. aIt is a defining relative clause. bIt is a non-defining relative clause. Clusulas que definen son ellos que definir el sustantivo e identifican a qu cosa o persona nos referimos.
Those are our neighbors whose house just burned down. aIt is a defining relative clause. bIt is a non-defining relative clause. Clusulas que definen son ellos que definir el sustantivo e identifican a qu cosa o persona nos referimos.
aIt is a defining relative clause. bIt is a non-defining relative clause. Clusulas que definen son ellos que definir el sustantivo e identifican a qu cosa o persona nos referimos.
He has had many jobs, but his favorite was the one that he had in the museum when he first finished university. aIt is a defining relative clause. bIt is a non-defining relative clause.
Conjunctions (Conjunciones)
Las conjunciones son empleadas para enlazar entre s las palabras y/o oraciones. Hay dos tipos de conjunciones y la posicin que tiene dentro de una oracin depende del tipo. Adems, hay tres formas de conjunciones. Las conjunciones ms comunes son "and," "but" y "or". Ejemplos: She works at a bank and goes to university. (Trabaja en un banco y va a la universidad.) I like to swim in the ocean, but only if the water is warm. (Me gusta nadar en el ocano, pero slo si el agua es caliente.) We can study now or later. (Podemos estudiar ahora o ms tarde.) EJEMPLOS
I think (that) I am going to leave. Pienso que voy a partir. I thought (that) I was going to leave. Pens que iba a partir. I think (that) he will come. Yo pienso que l vendr. I thought he would come. Yo pens que l vendra. I think he has lost his keys. Yo pienso que l ha perdido sus llaves. I thought he had lost his keys. Yo pens que l perdi sus llaves. I think he has been working here for 3 years. Yo pienso que l ha trabajado aqu
Typees of Conjunctions (Los tipos de conjunciones) 1. Conjunciones coordinantes: Este tipo de conjuncin se utiliza cuando queremos enlazar dos frases que tienen el mismo valor. o Ejemplos: She likes to sing and dance. (Le gusta cantar y bailar.) I want to move to London so I am studying English. (Quiero mudarme a Londres, por lo tanto estoy estudiando ingls.) They are moving to Barcelona, however they really like Madrid. (Se mudan a Barcelona sin embargo les gusta mucho Madrid.) and, but, however, or, so, then, therefore, yet....
Posicin: Siempre van entre las frases o palabras. 2. Conjunciones subordinantes: Se utiliza este tipo de conjuncin cuando una de las frases depende de la otra (frase subordinada). La frase subordinada no tiene sentido sin la otra. La mayoria de conjunciones son subordinantes. o Ejemplos: I have been working at the bank since 2005. (Llevo trabajando en el banco desde 2005.)
She is studying English so that she can move to London. (Est estudiando ingls para que pueda mudarse a Londres.) They went to the beach although it was raining. (Fueron a la playa aunque estaba lloviendo.) although, as, after, before, if, since, so that, until, when... Posicin: En general van adelante de la frase subordenada. Nota: Hay tres formas de conjunciones: simple (de una sola una palabra), compleja (ms de una palabra y generalmente seguido por "as" o "that") o correlativa (rodean a un adjetivo o a un adverbio, tales como "if...then").
Ingls
after although and as as...as as long as as soon as as well as because before both...and but either...or even if even though however if in case in order to moreover neither...nor nevertheless
Espaol
despus de aunque y como, cuando, mientras tan...como siempre que, con tal de que en cuanto, tan pronto... como adems de, as como, tambin porque antes de no slo, sino tambin, tanto...como pero, sino o...o aunque aunque sin embargo si en caso de que, por si para, con objeto de adems ni...ni sin embargo,
Coordinante
Subordinante
X X
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
nor now that or once since so so that then therefore though unless until when whereas whether whether...or yet
no obstante ni ahora que o una vez que desde que as que para que entonces por lo tanto, por consiguiente aunque a menos que hasta que cuando mientras que si si...o sin embargo, no obstante
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
delante del adjetivo. Y para comparativos de igualidad, el adjetivo va entre "as...as". o Ejemplos: o Comparativos de superioridad Juan runs faster than Mark. (Juan corre ms rpido que Mark.) Angela's room is cleaner than Sue's. (La habitacin de Angela est ms limpia que la de Sue.) I am taller than Beth. (Soy ms alto que Beth.) New York is bigger than Los Angeles. (Nueva York es ms grandeque Los Angeles.) o Comparativos de inferioridad Mark doesn't run as fast (slower) as Juan. (Mark no corre tan rpido como Juan.) Sue's room is not as clean (dirtier) as Angela's. (La habitacin de Sue no es tan limpia como la de Angela.) Beth is not as tall (shorter) as me. (Beth no es tan alta como yo.) Los Angeles is not as big (smaller) as New York. (Los Angeles no es tan grande como Nueva York.) o Comparativos de igualidad Mark is as fast as Juan. (Mark corre tan rpido como Juan.) Sue's room is as clean as Angela's. (La habitacin de Sue es tan limpia como la de Angela.) Beth is as tall as I am. (Beth es tan alta como yo.) Los Angeles is as big as New York. (Los Angeles es tan grande como Nueva York.) Nota: Podemos modificar un comparativo con un cuantificador (much, a lot, a little, slightly...). Ejemplos: Juan runs a lot faster than Mark. (Juan corre mucho ms rpido que Mark.) I am slightly taller than Beth. (Soy un poco ms alta que Beth.) 3. El grado superlativo denota la calidad en el grado ms alto y como espanol, se usa "the" delante del adjetivo. o Ejemplos: Juan is the fastest. (Juan es el ms rpido.) Angela'a room is the cleanest. (La habitacin de Angela es la ms limpia.) I am the tallest. (Soy el ms alto.) New York is the biggest city in the United States. (Nueva York el la cuidad ms grande de los Estados Unidos.) o Ejemplos: His smartest student is Lisa. (Su estudiante ms lista es Lisa.) New York is coldest in January. (Nueva York es ms frio en enero.) Nota: Si el adjetivo es posesivo, no se usa "the". Adems no se usa "the" si comparamos algo con si mismo. Form (Forma)
Hay unas reglas para formar el comparativo y superlativo. 1. Para adjetivos de una slaba:
Comparativo
Superlativo
3.
Comparativo
Superlativo
Comparativo
Superlativo
Comparativo
Superlativo
7.
Adjetivo Comparativo Superlativo
Adjetivo angry bad big bitter black bland bloody blue bold bossy brave brief bright broad busy calm cheap chewy chubby classy clean clear clever close cloudy clumsy coarse cold cool crazy creamy
Comparativo angrier worse bigger bitterer blacker blander bloodier bluer bolder bossier braver briefer brighter broader busier calmer cheap chewier chubbier classier cleaner clear cleverer closer cloudier clumsier coarser colder cooler crazier creamier
Superlativo angriest worst biggest bitterest blackest blandest bloodiest bluest boldest bossiest bravest briefest brightest broadest busiest calmest cheaper chewiest chubbiest classiest cleanest clearest cleverest closest cloudiest clumsiest coarsest coldest coolest craziest creamiest
Espaol enfadado, enojado malo grande amargo, resentido, agrio negro soso sanguinolento deprimido audaz mandn valiente breve brillante, luminoso ancho, amplio ocupado, ajetreado tranquilo barato correoso, gomoso rechoncho elegante limpio, sano claro, despejado listo, ingenioso cerca nubiado torpe spero, grosero fro fresco loco cremoso
creepy crispy cruel crunchy curly curvy cute damp dark deadly deep dense dirty dry dull dumb dusty early easy faint fair fancy far fast fat few fierce filthy fine firm fit flaky flat fresh
creepier crispier crueler crunchier curly curvier cuter damper darker deadlier deeper denser dirtier drier duller dumber dustier earlier easier fainter fairer fancier further/farther faster fatter fewer fiercer filthier finer firmer fitter flakier flatter fresher
creepiest crispiest cruelest crunchiest curliest curviest cutest dampest darkest deadliest deepest densest dirtiest driest dullest dumbest dustiest earliest easiest faintest fairest fanciest furthest/farthest fastest fattest fewest fiercest filthiest finest firmest fittest flakiest flattest freshest
espeluznante, repugnante crujiente cruel crujiente rizado, crespo, quebrado curvo mono hmedo oscuro, moreno mortal, mortfero profundo denso sucio seco aburrido, soso, tonto, romo estpido polvoriento pronto, temprano facl leve, tenue, vago, ligero claro, sereno, recto, justo lujoso lejos, distante rpido gordo pocos fiero, encarnizado aaqueroso, obsceno fino firme, estricto apto, en forma desconchado llano, liso, plano fresco, nuevo,
friendly full funny gentle gloomy good grand grave greasy great greedy gross guilty hairy handy happy hard harsh healthy heavy high hip hot humble hungry icy
friendlier fuller funnier gentler gloomier better grander graver greasier greater greedier grosser guilter hairier handier happier harder harsher healthier heavier higher hipper hotter humbler hungrier icier
friendliest fullest funniest gentlest gloomiest best grandest gravest greasiest greatest greediest grossest guiltiest hairiest handiest happiest hardest harshest healthiest heaviest highest hippest hottest humblest hungriest iciest
original agradable, amable, amistoso lleno, completo gracioso, curioso, raro tierno, afectuoso, suave oscuro, abatido, decado bueno grandioso, ambicioso, impotente grave grasiento grande, genial goloso, codicioso, vido asqueroso, grosero, craso culpable velludo, peludo prctivo, til, habilidoso, maoso feliz, contento, alegre duro, difcil spero, duro sano, saludable pesado, grueso, fuerte, duro alto, elevado, agudo moderno caliente, caluroso, picante humilde hambriento helado, fro
itchy juicy kind large late lazy light likely little lively lonely long loud lovely low mad mean messy mild moist narrow nasty naughty near neat needy new nice
itchier juicier kinder larger later lazier lighter likelier littler livelier lonlier longer louder lovelier lower madder meaner messier milder moister narrower nastier naughtier nearer neater needier newer nicer
itchiest juiciest kindest largest latest laziest lightest likeliest littlest liveliest lonliest longest loudest loveliest lowest maddest meanest messiest mildest moistest narrowest nastiest naughtiest nearest neatest neediest newest nicest
pica jugoso, zumoso, suculento amable, benvolo, carioso grande tarde, restrasado, reciente perezoso ligero, claro probable pequeo, poco animado, vivo solitario largo fuerte, alto precioso, bello, lindo bajo enfadado, enojado, loco malo, mezquino, tacao sucio, desordenado, desastroso afable, suave, leve hmedo estrecho, escaso asqueroso, desagradable malo, travieso, picante cercano, prximo ordenado, aseado, pulcro necesitado nuevo, fresco, reciente, moderno simpatico, agradable, bueno
noisy odd oily old plain polite poor pretty proud pure quick quiet rare raw rich ripe risky roomy rough rude rusty sad safe salty sane scary shallow sharp
noisier odder oilier older/elder plainer politer poorer prettier prouder purer quicker quieter rarer rawer richer riper riskier roomier rougher ruder rustier sadder safer saltier saner scarier shallower sharper
noisiest oddest oiliest oldest/eldest plainest politest poorest prettiest proudest purest quickest quietest rarest rawest richest ripest riskiest roomiest roughest rudest rustiest saddest safest saltiest sanest scariest shallowest sharpest
ruidoso, clamaroso raro, extrao grasiento, aceitoso viejo, anciano, antiguo claro, sencillo educado, corts pobre bonito, lindo, hermoso orgulloso, soberbio, digno puro rpido tranquillo, silencioso raro crudo, agrietado rico, abundante maduro, curado arriesgado, peligroso espacioso spero, tosco, bruto, ronco maleducado, grosero, tosco oxidado triste, lamentable, penoso seguro salado cuerdo, sensato espantoso, asustadizo superficial, poco profundo afilado, cerrado, agudo
shiny short shy silly simple sincere skinny sleepy slim slimy slow small smart smelly smoky smooth soft soon sore sorry sour spicy steep stingy strange strict strong
shinier shorter shyer sillier simpler sincerer skinnier sleepier slimmer slimier slower smaller smarter smellier smokier smoother softer sooner sorer sorrier sourer spicier steeper stingier stranger stricter stronger
shiniest shortest shyest silliest simplest sincerest skinniest sleepiest slimmest slimiest slowest smallest smartest smelliest smokiest smoothest softest soonest sorest sorriest sourest spiciest steepest stingiest strangest strictest strongest
brillante, reluciente corto, bajo, chaparro tmido tonto sencillo, simple, facl sincero, genuino flaco adormilado, sooliento delgado, fino viscoso, pegajoso, empalagoso lento pequeo listo, inteligente, agudo apestoso humeante, ahumado liso, suave, llano, fluido blando, suave pronto dolorido lamentable agrio, cido picante, especiado, sazonado empinado, pronunciado tacao, rcano, raqutico raro, extrao, desconocido estricto, rgido fuerte, slido, intenso, marcado
sunny sweaty sweet tall tan tasty thick thin thirsty tiny tough true ugly warm weak wealthy weird wet wide wild windy wise worldly worthy young
sunnier sweatier sweeter taller tanner tastier thicker thinner thirstier tinier tougher truer uglier warmer weaker wealthier weirder wetter wider wilder windier wiser worldlier worthier younger
sunniest sweatiest sweetest tallest tannest tastiest thickest thinnest thirstiest tiniest toughest truest ugliest warmest weakest wealthiest weirdest wettest widest wildest windiest wisest worldliest worthiest younges
soleado, radiante sudoroso dulce alto bronceado, moreno rico, sabroso, apetitoso grueso, denso, espeso, poblado delgado, fino sediento diminuto, minsculo fuerte, resistente, duro, difcil cierto, verdadero, leal, fiel feo caliente, templado, clido dbil, flojo rico, pudiente raro, extrao mojado, hmedo, lluvioso ancho, amplio, extenso salvaje, silvestre, descontrolado ventoso sabio, sensato, prudente mundano, terreno virtuoso, digno joven
Like / as (Como)
"Like" y "as" a menudo se confunden en ingls. Ambos se pueden utilizar para hacer comparaciones o hablar de similitudes. Es muy comn en ingls americano utilizar "like" en lugar de "as". Sin embargo, es generalmente considerado informal utilizarlo en esta forma. La siguiente es una explicacin de los diversos usos de estas dos palabras. Like (Como)
Uses (Usos)
1. "Like" es una preposicin" que significa "parecido a" o "lo mismo de". No se puede utilizar "as" de este modo. Como una preposicin, "like" est seguida por un sustantivo o un pronombre. Estructuraverbo + "like" + sustantivo/pronombre
o
Ejemplos: She dances like a professional. (Baila como una profesional.) Like me, my friend John loves the cinema. (Como yo, a mi amigo John le encanta el cine.) Michael speaks English like a native. (Michael habla ingls como un nativo.)
2. Tambin, se utiliza "like" para decir que algo es tpico de alguien. o Ejemplos: It's so like Ben to be late. (Es tan tpico de Ben llegar tarde.) It's just like Helen to laugh in uncomfortable situations. (Es tan tpico de Helen rer en situaciones incmodas.) 3. Cuando utiliza "like" con el verbo "look" significa "parecer" or "parecerse". o Ejemplos: I look like my mother. (Me parezco a mi madre.) It looks like it is going to rain. (Parece que va a llover.) He looks like he hasn't slept in weeks. (l parece como que no ha dormido en semanas. EJEMPLOS: She looks like my father He looks like my sister. They looks like my son. He looks like some fruits. She looks like my friends.
4. Tambin utilizamos "like" para presentar ejemplos. o Ejemplos: I play many sports like football, basketball and tennis. (Juego muchos deportes como ftbol, baloncesto y tenis.) There are many things we can do to protect the environment, like recycling or using renewable energy sources. (Hay muchas cosas que podemos hacer para proteger el medio ambiente, como reciclar o utilizar fuentes de energa renovables.) Some people, like my friend Carol, don't like to travel. (Algunas personas, como mi amiga Carol, no le gusta viajar.) As (Como)
Uses (Usos)
1. "As" significa "en la misma manera" o "en la misma condicin de". Al diferencia de "like", "as" est seguido por un sujeto y un verbo. o Ejemplos: She worked hard on the project, as she always does. (Trabaj duramente en el proyecto, como lo hace siempre.) EJEMPLOS:
He worked like a horse. She spoke like a duchess. He looked like a gorilla. The racing car went like a shot, (or went like lightning). The baby howled like a cat.
Nobody paints as Picasso did. (Nadie pinta como Picasso lo hizo.) Estructura"as" + sujeto + verbo 2. Se utiliza "as" en frases comparativas. o Ejemplos: John can run as fast as Peter. (John puede correr tan rpido como Peter.) My dad doesn't have as much energy as he used to have. (Mi padre no tiene tanta energa como sola tener.) 3. Como "like", se usa "such as" para presentar ejemplos. o Ejemplos:
I play many sports, such as football, basketball and tennis. (Juego a muchos deportes como el ftbol, baloncesto y tenis.) There are many things we can do to protect the environment, such as recycling or using renewable energy sources. (Hay muchas cosas que podemos hacer para proteger el medio ambiente, como reciclar o utilizar fuentes de energa renovables.) Some people, such as my friend Carol, don't like to travel. (Algunas personas, como a mi amiga Carol, no les gusta viajar.) EJEMPLOS: Ik hou van fruit zoals druiven en perziken.
Ich mag Frchte wie Trauben oder Pfirsiche. I like such fruits as grapes and peaches. 4. Cuando sea una preposicin, "as" significa el papel o profesin de algo o alguien. o Ejemplos: She started working as a teacher 5 years ago. (Empez a trabajar como profesor hace 5 aos.) We used to live here, but now we are using the apartment as a painting studio. (Vivamos aqu antes, pero ahora estamos utilizando el piso como un estudio de pintura.) "As" can be used as a conjunction or a preposition. ("Como" puede ser usado como una conjuncin o una preposicin.) 5. Nota: Ten cuidado, el uso de uno sobre otro puede cambiar el sentido. o Ejemplos: As your teacher, I suggest you study more. [Significa: I am your teacher] Like your teacher, I suggest you study more. [Significa: I agree with your teacher, we have a similar opinion] 6. Se utiliza "as" en algunas expresiones. o Ejemplos: As you know, this is not the first time your son has been a problem in class. (Como ya sabe, esto no es la primera vez que su hijo ha sido un problema en clase.) As expected, Ben was late for class again today. (Como se esperaba, Ben lleg de nuevo tarde a clase hoy.) As I said, I hope this is the last time you are late. (Como ya he dicho, espero que esta sea la ltima vez que llegas tarde.) Here is the report, as requested. (Aqu est el informe, como solicit.)
EJEMPLO: That girl is as beautiful as my girlfriend Guatemala is as interest as Honduras. This song is as good as bon jovi's livin on a prayer he is as handsome as a prince charming they are as annoying as an out-of-tune band we are as beautiful as super models
EVALUACIN
aold bolder cthe oldest d the old El grado comparativo puede ser de superioridad, inferioridad o igualidad. Para comparativos de superioridad o inferioridad, el adjetivo es seguido por "than".
El grado superlativo denota la calidad en el grado ms alto y como en el espaol, se usa "the" delante del adjetivo.
That movie was bad, but it wasn't _____ I have ever seen.
Abaddest Bworsest Cworse D the worst El grado superlativo denota la calidad en el grado ms alto y como en el espaol, se usa "the" delante del adjetivo. Tambin, el adjetivo "bad" es irregular.
Rachel's hair is not as _____ as Sarah's. Along Blonger Cthe longest D more long Para comparativos de inferioridad, usamos "not as...as" o "less" delante del adjetivo.
Adifficult Bdifficulter Cthe difficultest D more difficult Para adjetivos de dos o ms silabas en el grado comparativo aadimos "more" o "less" en vez de "-er".
Peter is as ____ as Alex. Afast Bfaster Cthe fastest D the faster Para comparativos de igualidad, el adjetivo va entre "as...as".
Abeautiful Bthe most beautiful Cthe beautifulest D the beautifuler Para adjetivos de dos o ms silabas en el grado superlativo aadiremos "more" o "less" al vez de "-est".
Her room is only a little bit _____ than mine. Abigger Bthe bigger Cbig D he biggest Para comparativos de superioridad o inferioridad, el adjetivo es seguido por "than" y puede ser modificado con un cuantificador.
D happyest Si el adjetivo es posesivo, no se usa "the". Adems no se usa "the" si comparamos algo con si mismo.
||GERUND (GERUNDIO)
El gerundio y el infinitivo son formas de los verbos que actuan como nombres. El gerundio se forma con "-ing" (walking, eating, etc.). Como hemos visto en la leccin sobre los verbos, el infinitivo se forma con la preposicin "to" (towalk, toeat, etc.).
o o
Drinking and driving is dangerous. Drinking and drivingisdangerous. (Beber y conducir es peligroso.)
o o
Complemento Thebestthingto do whenyou are sickstodrink a lot of water. Thebestthingto do whenyou are sickistodrink a lot of water.(Lo mejor que puedes hacer cuando ests enfermo es beber mucha agua.)
My favorite exercise is swimming. My favorite exercise is swimming. (Mi ejercicio favorito es la natacin.)
EJEMPLO: I stopped to have a beer. - I have stopped drinking beer. - I tried to lift the box but it was too heavy. - Why dont you try closing the window if the traffic is too noisy? - I like to get up at 6am. - I like getting up at 6am.
2. Cuando un verbo sigue otro verbo, siempre necesitamos usar el infinitivo o el gerundio. 3. Normalmente usamos el infinitivo despus de algunos verbos y el gerundio despus de otros. Tambin hay verbos con los que podemos usar el gerundio o el infinitivo. o Ejemplos: o I can'taffordtobuy a new car. I can'taffordtobuy a new car. (No puede permitirse comprar un coche nuevo.)
o
They decided to moveto Australia in May. They decided tomove to Australia in May. (Decidieron mudarse a Australia en Mayo.)
He needed to leave clase arly because he hada nappointment. (Tena que salir de la clase pronto porque tena una cita.)
o
I triedlearning English. I triedlearning English./I triedtolearn English. (He intentado aprender ingls.) EJEMPLO: - I need to work harder. - This room needs painting. Remember to buy milk on your way home. I remember kissing my first girlfriend. . I forgot to phone Dad on his birthday.
Verbo
Afford Agree Attempt Begin Choose Continue Decide Detest Enjoy Expect Fail Finish Hate Hope Imagine Intend Keep
Gerundio
Infinitivo
X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X X X X X X
Learn Like Love Manage Need Offer Plan Prefer Promise Quit Recommend Refuse Regret Seem Start Suggest Tend Threaten Tolerate Try Understand Want Wish X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X
4. Con algunos verbos, cuando usamos el gerundio o el infinitivo, el significado cambia. o Ejemplos: o I for go twriting that email. I forgotwritingthat email./I forgottowritethat email. (Me olvid escribiendo ese correo electrnico./Me olvid de escribir el correo electrnico.)
o
Stop watchingthetelevision. Stop watching thetelevision./Stop towatch the news. (Dejar de ver la televisin./Parar para ver las noticias.)
EJEMPLO:
Ill never forget seeing my wife for the first time. She looked beautiful. - We regret to inform you that your application for a loan of 5000 Euros has not been accepted. - Do you regret leaving school early and not going to university? - After winning the Kings Cup, Valencia went on to win the Champions League. - They went on complaining about their holiday all evening.
5. Se usa el infinitivo despus de adjetivos. o Ejemplos: o I'm glad to see you. I'm glad to see you. (Me alegro de verte.)
o
She was surprised to find the doorun locked. She was surprised tofind thedoorunlocked. (Se sorprendi al encontrar la puerta abierta.)
disappointed, glad, happy, pleased, relieved, sad, surprised... 6. Despus de preposiciones solo podemos usar el gerundio. o Ejemplos: o He'sgood at listening. He's good at listening. (Escucha bien.)
o
I always read before going to bed. I always read before going tobed. (Siempre leo antes de acostarme.)
You can'tleave with out saying good bye. Youcan'tleavewithoutsayinggoodbye. (No puedes salir sin despedirte.)
7. Se usa el gerundio despus de unos nombres. o Ejemplos: o What is thead vantage of waiting? What is thead vantage of waiting? (Cul es la ventaja de esperar?)
o
I am interested in takingan English class. I am interested intakingan English class. (Estoy interesado en tomar una clase de ingls.)
Hisproblemfinding a new jowwashislack of experience. Hisproblemfinding a new jobwashislack of experience. (Su problema para encontrar un nuevo empleo era su falta de experiencia.)
advantage/disadvantage of, danger of, experience in, interested in, opportunity of, reasonfor, problem, use... 8. Se usa el gerundio despus de unas expresiones o verbos frasales. to look forward to, to be worth, can'thelp, don'tmind, feellike...
o o
The movie was not worth seeing. That movie was not worth seeing. (No vale la pena ver esa pelcula.)
I can'the lpfalling in love. I can'thelpfalling in love. (No puedo evitar enamorarme.)} EJEMPLO:
i can't remember anything. Can you feel the noise? Yes, I can, but i dont like it.
I can do my homework I can't do my homework i can play soccer i can't play tennis can you play tennis?
EVALUACIN Correccin:
I hope _____ (go) toEnglandnextyear. A togo Cuando un verbo sigue otro verbo, siempre necesitamos usar el infinitivo o el gerundio. Normalmente usamos el infinitivo despus de unos verbos y el gerundio despus de otros. Siempre usamos el infinitivo despus del verbo "to hope". They enjoy _____ (work) to gether. A working Siempre usamos el gerundio despus del verbo "toenjoy". David quit _____ (smoke) a year ago. A smoking
Siempre usamos el gerundio despus del verbo "toquit". Do youwant _____ (study) with me tonight? A tostudy Siempre usamos el infinitivo despus del verbo "towant". We were nervous _____ (take) the exam.
A totake Se usa el infinitivo despus de adjetivos. He alwaystakes a napafter _____ (eat) a bigmeal. A eating Despus de preposiciones solo podemos usar el gerundio. I have no experience in _____ (work) withchildren. A working Se usa el gerundio despus de unos nombres. We'relooking forward to _____ (meet) you! A meeting Se usa el gerundio despus de unas expresiones o verbos frasales. Carla doesn'tfeellike ____ (cook) tonight, so we are goingto a restaurant. Acooking Se usa el gerundio despus de unas expresiones o verbos frasales. Sue was relieved _____ (learn) thatshedidn'thavecancer. atolearn
LECCIN
Question Word
What...?
Pronombre interrogativo
Qu...? Play
Example
Ejemplo
Qu quieres?
Where...?
Dnde...?
What do you want? Play Where do they live? Play When do you go to work? Play Who's he? Play Whose bag is this? Play How are you? Play How much does it cost? Play Why are they here? Play Which car is his?
Dnde viven?
When...?
Cundo...?
Who...?
Quin...?
Whose...?
De quin...?
How...?
Cmo...?
Cunto cuesta?
Why...?
Por qu...?
Which...?
Cul...?
Cul es su coche?
Como hemos visto en la leccin anterior, hay dos maneras para hacer frases interrogativas.
Ejemplos:
What is your name? Where do you come from? How are you?
What is it? It is a house? Who is it?
2. El resto de verbos.
Ejemplos:
What do you like to eat? (Qu te gusta comer?) Where does she work? (Dnde trabaja?) When do they go on vacation? (Cundo van de vacaciones?) How do you use this machine? (Cmo usas esta mquina?) Why do you study English? (Por qu estudias ingls?)
Estructura Pronombre interogativo + verbo auxiliar ("to do") + sujeto + verbo + nombre, adjetivo...
Ejemplo 1:
Preguntamos por el sujeto: Who asks the teacher? Danny. (Quin pregunta al profesor? Dani.)
Preguntamos por el objeto Who did Danny ask? The teacher. (A quin pregunt Dani? Al profesor.)
Nota sobre preposiciones: Generalmente ponemos las preposiciones al final de las oraciones interrogativas.
Ejemplos:
En ingls es frecuente terminar las frases con otra frase corta, de signo contrario, la cual tiene la intencin de pedir la opinin o buscar la aprobacin del interlocutor: son las llamadas question tags (preguntas coletillas). Estas frases equivalen a: verdad?, no es verdad?, no?, no es as? en serio?
Ejemplos:
You eat meat, don't you? (Comes carne, verdad?) She doesn't like to dance, does she? (No le gusta bailar, no?) Alex and Sergio are friends, aren't they? (Alex y Sergio son amigos, no?)
Ejemplos:
Oraciones afirmativas Your brother is older than you, isn't he? (Tu hermano es mayor que t, no es as?) You can help me, can't you? (Puedes ayudarme, verdad?) John is getting married, isn't he? (John se casar, verdad?) You worked yesterday, didn't you? (Trabajaste ayer, no?) Sarah likes ice cream, doesn't she? (A Sarah le gusta el helado, no?)
Oraciones negativas You're not from here, are you? (No eres de aqu, no?) Kate's not American, is she? (Kate no es americana, verdad?)
Peter never liked Susan, did he? (A Peter nunca le gust Susan, verdad?) They didn't go to class yesterday, did they? (No fueron a la clase ayer, verdad?) You can't dance, can you? (No puedes bailar, no?)
1.- I don't wanna go to the school 2.- They don't have enough experience 3.- He doesn't like her 4.- it doesn't matter 5.- She doesn't like swimming 6.- You don't know what i want 7.- I don't care anything 8.- I don't know what i need to do 9.- We don't listen music 10.- They don't have money
Ejemplos:
Oraciones afirmativas
Oraciones negativas
I am running ---------------I am not running I want to swim--------------- I do not want to swim I am happy --------------- I am not happy I am singing--------------- I am not singing I love soccer --------------- I do not love soccer He is jumping ---------------He is not jumping I like school --------------- I do not like school
She is beautiful --------------- She is not beautiful I am sad --------------- I am not sad We live together --------------- We do not live together I am hungry --------------- I am not hungry I like to eat --------------- I do not like to eat I am playing soccer --------------- I am not playing soccer I play basketball --------------- I do not play basketball Today is monday --------------- Today is not monday I like sleeping --------------- I do not like sleeping She is my sister --------------- She is not my sister I can drive --------------- I cannot drive I have money --------------- I do not have money I have a girlfriend --------------- I do not have a girlfriend I am sexy --------------- I am not sexy I like to eat --------------- I do not like to eat She is fat --------------- She is not fat I am tall --------------- I am not tall I like sports --------------- I do not like sports
United Kingdom They've got a dog, haven't they? (Tienen un perro, no?) United States They have a dog, don't they? (Tienen un perro, no?)
Excepcin:
Con el verbo "to be" en la primera persona de oraciones negativas, se usa "aren't" en la pregunta coletilla.
Ejemplos:
I am not wrong, am I? I am wrong, aren't I? I am wrong, amn't I?
Se utiliza "what" para hacer una pregunta cuando hay un nmero desconocido o infinitas posibilidades de respuestas/opciones. Se usa para preguntar en general.
Ejemplos:
What is your favorite food? (Cul es tu comida favorita?) What did you do yesterday? (Qu hiciste ayer?) What type of music do you like? (Qu tipo de msica te gusta?) What would you like to drink? (Qu te gustara beber?)
Which
En contraste con "what", usamos "which" cuando las opciones posibles son limitadas a un pequeo nmero (quizs 2, 3 o 4) y hay que seleccionar una entre ellas. Se puede utilizar tanto con cosas como con personas.
Ejemplos:
Which jacket should I buy, the brown one or the black one? (Qu chaqueta debera comprar, la marrn o la negra?) Which of you would like to help me? (A cul de vosotros le gustara ayudarme?) Which would you like, wine or beer? (Qu quieres, vino o cerveza?)
Nota: El uso de "what" y "which" en ingls est determinado por las respuestas posibles al diferencia del espaol donde las reglas del uso de "qu?" y "cul?" estn determinadas por la sintaxis.
Se utiliza "what" para hacer una pregunta cuando hay un nmero desconocido o infinitas posibilidades de respuestas/opciones. Se usa para preguntar en general.
Ejemplos:
What is your favorite food? (Cul es tu comida favorita?) What did you do yesterday? (Qu hiciste ayer?) What type of music do you like? (Qu tipo de msica te gusta?) What would you like to drink? (Qu te gustara beber?)
Which
En contraste con "what", usamos "which" cuando las opciones posibles son limitadas a un pequeo nmero (quizs 2, 3 o 4) y hay que seleccionar una entre ellas. Se puede utilizar tanto con cosas como con personas.
Ejemplos:
Which jacket should I buy, the brown one or the black one? (Qu chaqueta debera comprar, la marrn o la negra?) Which of you would like to help me? (A cul de vosotros le gustara ayudarme?) Which would you like, wine or beer? (Qu quieres, vino o cerveza?)
Nota: El uso de "what" y "which" en ingls est determinado por las respuestas posibles al diferencia del espaol donde las reglas del uso de "qu?" y "cul?" estn determinadas por la sintaxis.
What vs. Which (Cul - Qu) Leccin gramtica: What vs. Which
Q1 ____a what______ color is his hair?
Q3 ____a which______ is bigger, the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building or the Sears Tower?
LECCIN 7
Ejemplos:
wanted learn learned
Excepciones:
1. Para verbos que terminan en una "e", slo aadimos "-d.
Ejemplos:
change changed believe believed
Ejemplos:
stop stopped commit committed
Ejemplos:
study studied try tried
Nota: Hay muchos verbos irregulares en ingls. Desafortunadamente, no hay reglas fijadas para formarlos. A continuacin tienes los tres verbos irregulares ms comunes y los que actan como verbos auxiliares.
VERB be do have
PAST SIMPLE was (I, he, she, it) / were (you, we, they) did had
Pronunciation (Pronunciacin)
Pronunciamos la terminacin "-ed" de forma diferente dependiendo de la letra que va al final del infinitivo. En general la "e" es muda.
1.
Con los infinitivos que terminan en "p", "f", "k" o "s" (consonantes sordas, excepto "t") pronunciamos la terminacin" "-ed" como una "t".
Ejemplos:
looked [lukt]
kissed [kisst]
2.
Con los infinitivos que terminan en "b", "g", "l", "m", "n", "v", "z" (consonantes sonoras, excepto "d") o una vocal, pronunciamos slo la "d".
Ejemplos:
yelled [jeld] cleaned [klind]
3.
Con los infinitivos que terminan en "d" o "t", pronunciamos la "e" como una "i".
Ejemplos:
[endid] waited [weitid]
Structure (Estructura)
1. Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas)
Ejemplos:
I wanted to dance. (Quera bailar.) She was a doctor. (Era doctora.) They learned English. (Aprendieron ingls.) We believed him. (Le cremos.)
Ejemplos:
I didn't want to dance. (No quera bailar.) She wasn't a doctor. (No era doctora.) They didn't learn English. (No aprendieron ingls) We didn't believe him. (No le cremos.) Sujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to do") + "not" + verbo principal. Nota: En frases negativas, el verbo auxiliar va en el pasado ("did") y el verbo principal se queda en el infinitivo.
Uses (Usos)
1.
El pasado simple se utiliza para hablar de una accin concreta que comenz y acab en el pasado. En este caso equivale al pretrito indefinido espaol. Generalmente, lo usamos con adverbios del tiempo como "last year", "yesterday", "last night"...
Ejemplos:
Tom stayed at home last night. (Tom se qued en casa anoche.) Kate worked last Saturday. (Kate trabaj el sbado pasado.) I didn't go to the party yesterday. (No fui a la fiesta ayer.) Did they walk to school this morning? (Andaron a la escuela esta maana?)
2.
Ejemplos:
I received the good news and immediately called my husband. (Recib la buena noticia y llam de inmediato a mi marido.) He studied for an hour in the morning, worked all afternoon and didn't return home until 10 at night. (Estudi durante una hora por la maana, trabaj toda la tarde y no regres a casa hasta las 10 de la noche.)
3.
Tambin lo usamos para acciones repetidas o habituales en el pasado, como se usa el pretrito imperfecto espaol.
Ejemplos:
We always traveled to Cancun for vacation when we were young. (Siempre viajbamos a Cancun durante las vacaciones cuando ramos jvenes.) He walked 5 kilometers every day to work. (Caminaba 5 kilmetros hasta el trabajo cada da.)
4.
Lo usamos para narraciones o acciones de perodos de largo tiempo en el pasado, como el pretrito imperfecto espaol.
Ejemplos:
I worked for many years in a museum. (Trabajaba en un museo durante muchos aos.) She didn't eat meat for years. (No coma carne durante aos.)
5.
Ejemplos:
The Aztec lived in Mexico. (Los aztecas vivan en Mxico) I played the guitar when I was a child. (Tocaba la guitarra cuando era nio.)
Form (Forma)
Para formar el pasado continuo se utiliza el verbo auxiliar "to be" y el gerundio (infinitivo + "-ing") del verbo. El verbo auxiliar "to be" est en el pasado simple, pero ten en cuenta que "to be" es un verbo irregular.
SUJETO
I, He, She, It
GERUNDIO
talking, eating, learning, doing, going... talking, eating, learning, doing, going...
were
Structure (Estructura)
Ejemplos:
I was talking. (Estaba hablando.) He was eating. (Estaba comiendo.) They were learning. (Estaban aprendiendo.) Estructura Sujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to be") + gerundio.
Ejemplos:
I was not [wasn't] talking. (No estaba hablando.) He was not [wasn't] eating. (No estaba comiendo.) They were not [weren't] learning. (No estaban aprendiendo.) Estructura Sujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to be") + "not" + gerundio.
Ejemplos:
Were you talking? (Estabas hablando?) Was he eating? (Estaba comiendo?) Were they learning? (Estaban aprendiendo?) EstructuraVerbo auxiliar ("to be") + sujeto + gerundio?
Uses (Usos)
1.
El pasado continuo lo utilizamos para una accin larga que ya en el pasado fue interrumpido. La accin que se interrumpe est en pasado continuo y la accin que provoca la interrupcin est en pasado simple. "When" y "while" sealan el uso del pasado simple y continuo. En general, usamos el pasado simple directamente despus de "when" y el pasado continuo despus de "while."
Ejemplos:
Jose called while I was watching the news. (Jose llam mientras estaba mirando las noticias.) He was walking to work when he fell. (Estaba caminando hacia su trabajo cuando se cay.) Was it raining when you left? (Estaba lloviendo cuando te fuiste?)
2.
Se usa el pasado continuo para hablar sobre acciones en un tiempo especfico en el pasado.
Ejemplos
Paula wasn't living in Spain in 2005. (Paula no estaba viviendo en Espaa en el 2005.) We were still working at 10 o'clock last night. (Todava estabamos trabajando a las 10 de la noche. )
3.
Se usa el pasado continuo para dos acciones que estaban ocurriendo al mismo tiempo en el pasado.
Ejemplos
My son was reading while I was cooking. (Mi hijo estaba leyendo mientras que yo estaba cocinando.) They were talking very loudly while we were trying to watch the movie. (Estaban hablando muy alto mientras nosotros estbamos intentando mirar la pelicula.)
Nota: Hay unos verbos que no solemos usar en los tiempos continuos.
Q5 Sally __ a was ___ (be) disappointed she _ missed ____ (miss) the party.
Q6 When I was young, we always ___ a went__ (go) to Florida for the summer.
Q2 Yesterday was a long day. I __ a worked ___ (work) all afternoon, __ went ___ (go) to class in the evening and then __ had ___ (have) dinner with my parents.
Q3 She _ a was making ____ (make) dinner when the boys __ came ___ (come) home.
Q6 What __ a were ___ you __ doing ___ (do) last night when I _ called ____ (call)?
Q7 It ___ a started __ (start) to rain while he __ was walking___ (walk) the dog.
Q8 My husband __ a was watching ___ (watch) the football game while I __ was reading ___ (read) a book.
LECCIN
Afirmativo I will You will He will She will It will We will They will
Negativo I will not You will not He will not She will not It will not We will not They will not
Forma corta I won't (I'll not) You won't (you'll not) He won't (He'll not) She won't (She'll not) It won't (It'll not) We won't (We'll not)
Ejemplos:
I will [I'll] ring (call) you tonight. (Te llamar esta noche.) She will [She'll] arrive late. (Llegar tarde.) They will [They'll] be happy to see you. (Estarn felices de verte.) Estructura Sujeto + "will" + verbo principal.
Ejemplos:
I will not [won't] ring (call) you tonight. (No te llamar esta noche.) She will not [won't] arrive late. (No llegar tarde.) They will not [won't] be happy to see you. (No estarn felices de verte.) Estructura Sujeto + "will" + "not" + verbo principal.
Ejemplos:
Will you ring (call) me tonight? (Me llamars esta noche?)
Will she arrive late? (Llegar tarde?) Will they be happy to see you? (Estarn felices de verte.) Estructura "Will" + sujeto + verbo principal. Future: "Going to" "Going to" se equivale a "ir a" en espaol.
Structure (Estructura)
1. Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas)
Ejemplos:
I'm going to ring (call) you tonight. (Voy a llamarte esta noche.) She's going to arrive late. (Va a llegar tarde.) They're going to be happy to see you. (Van a estar felices de verte.) Estructura Sujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to be") + "going to" + verbo principal.
Ejemplos:
I'm not going to ring (call) you tonight. (No voy a llamarte esta noche.) She's not going to arrive late. (No va a llegar tarde.) They're not going to be happy to see you. (No van a estar felices de verte.) Estructura Sujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to be") + "not" + "going to" + verbo principal.
Ejemplos:
Are you going to ring (call) me tonight? (Vas a llamarme esta noche?) Is she going to arrive late? (Va a llegar tarde?) Are they going to be happy to see you? (Van a estar felices de verte?) Estructura Verbo auxiliar ("to be") + sujeto + "going to" + verbo principal. Nota: Para acciones o eventos inminentes, podemos decir "about to" (a punto de). La estructura es el mismo de "going to."
Ejemplos:
I'm about to leave. (Estoy a punto de irme.) The concert is about to begin. (El concierto est a punto de comenzar.)
Uses (Usos)
Las formas "will" y "going to" se utilizan para el futuro, pero el uso de uno sobre el otro significa que la probabilidad de la accion futura pasar. El aspecto que lo diferencia del futuro "going to" con "will" es el sentido de "planificacin". En general, se usa "going to" para planes concretos, cuando tenemos la seguridad de que algo va a suceder.
Ejemplos:
Will you help me move? (Me ayudars a mudarme?) They will clean their rooms. (Limpiarn sus habitaciones.) She won't work with Paul. (No trabajar con Paul.)
Ejemplos:
When I am president, I will lower taxes. (Cuando sea presidente, bajar los impuestos.) He promises he will call when he arrives. (Le prometio llamar cuando llegue.)
Ejemplos:
We're going to have a party tonight. (Vamos a dar una fiesta esta noche.) Richard's going to take an English class. (Richard va a realizar un clase de ingls.) Are Peter and you going to play football later? (Vas a jugar futbol luego?)
Ejemplos:
It will be a great party. / It's going to be a great party. (Ser una fiesta genial.) It won't rain. / It's not going to rain. (No va a llover.)
1.
Ejemplos:
Sarah is arriving tonight. (Sarah llega esta noche.) I'm going to the doctor this afternoon. (Voy al mdico esta tarde.)
2.
Se usa el presente simple para eventos programados en un futuro prximo. Ejemplos: The party starts at 9pm. (La fiesta empieza a las 21h.) The train leaves at 10am. (El tren sale a las 10h.)
Form (Forma)
Para formar el futuro continuo se utiliza los verbos auxiliares "will" y "to be" y el gerundio (infinitivo + "-ing") del verbo principal o se puede utilizar el verbo auxiliar "to be" y "going to be".
SUJETO
I He, She, It You, We, They
AUXILIARES
GERUNDIO
will be / am going to be talking, eating, learning, doing, going... will be / is going to be talking, eating, learning, doing, going... will be / are going to talking, eating, learning, be doing, going...
Structure (Estructura)
1. Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas)
Ejemplos:
I will be talking. / I'm going to be talking. (Estar hablando.) He will be eating. / He's going to be eating. (Estar comiendo.) They will be learning. / They're going to be learning. (Estarn aprendiendo.) Estructura 1 Sujeto + "will be" + gerundio. Estructura 2 Sujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to be") + "going to be" + gerundio.
Ejemplos:
I will not [won't] be talking. / I'm not going to be talking. (No estar hablando.) He will not [won't] be eating./ He's not going to be eating. (No estar comiendo.) They will not [won't] be learning. / They're not going to be learning. (No estarn aprendiendo.)
Estructura 1 Sujeto + "will be" + "not" + gerundio. Estructura 2 Sujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to be") + "not" + "going to be" + gerundio.
Ejemplos:
Will you be talking? / Are you going to be talking? (Estars hablando?) Will he be eating? / Is he going to be eating? (Estar comiendo?)
EJEMPLOS:
*I have eaten an apple. I haven't eaten an apple. Have I eaten an apple? *He has bought me a car. He hasn't bought me a car. Has he bought me a car? *The have studied for the test. They havent studied for the test. Have they studied for the test?
Estructura 1 Verbo auxiliar "will" + sujeto + "be"+ gerundio? Estructura 2 Verbo auxiliar ("to be") + sujeto + "going to be" + gerundio? Nota: En las frases interrogativas el sujeto va entre los verbos
auxiliares "will" y "be" o entre "to be" y "going to be".
Uses (Usos)
Al diferencia del futuro simple, las dos formas del futuro continuo significan casi lo mismo y son intercambiables. Tambin, los usos del futuro continuo son los mismos del pasado continuo, pero en el futuro.
1. El futuro continuo lo utilizamos para una accin larga que pasar en el futuro y estar interrumpido.
Ejemplos:
Jose will be [Jose's going to be] watching the news when you call. (Jose estar mirando las noticias cuando le llames.) Will it be [Is it going to be] raining when l leave? (Estar lloviendo cuando salga?)
2. Se usa el futuro continuo para hablar sobre acciones en un tiempo especfico en el futuro.
Ejemplos:
Paula will be [Paula's going to be] living in Spain next April. (Paula estar viviendo en Espaa el prximo abril.) We'll still be working [We're still going to be working] at 10 o'clock tomorrow night. (Todava estaremos trabajando a las 10 maana por la noche.)
Ejemplos:
My son will be [is going to be] reading while I will be [I'm going to be] cooking. (Mi hijo estar leyendo mientras que yo estar cocinando.)
EJEMPLOS:
you are going to be a teacher I am writing a letter I am listening to the radio my dog is eating some meat your mother are cooking in the kitchen some people are singing loud
she is eating fast food my brother is studying in his room john is crying alone. my cat is sleeping in my bed my father is working in an office everybody is playing in the park
Nota: Ten en cuenta que hay verbos que no solemos usar en los tiempos
continuos.
Q4 I promise I __ a will study___ (study) for the exam after the game.
Q6 We __ a are going to play___ (play) football this weekend. Do you want to join us?
Q10 They ___ awill be sleeping __ (sleep) tomorrow evening when you arrive.