Ingles Tecnico

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Facultad de Odontología
Universidad de Buenos Aires Hospital Odontológico Universitario
GUÍA DE ESTUDIO INGLÉS TÉCNICO

TEORÍA
ELEMENTOS PARATEXTUALES:
Hacen referencia a todo lo que rodea al texto principal y pueden ser verbales (título y subtítulo) o no verbales (tablas,
cuadros, esquemas, figuras).
Dentro de los elementos paratextuales verbales se encuentran palabras que tienen igual origen que el español por lo tanto
la ortografía o la pronunciación es similar. Esta semejanza ayuda y facilita a la lectura Estas palabras se denominan
cognados.
Ejemplos:
Richard van Noort BSc, DPhil, MIPSM “Introduction to Dental Materials. Mosby 1994
“The vocabulary of dentistry and oral science”: a manual for the study of dental nomenclature. Chicago: American Dental
Association, 1958.)
Existen también cognados falsos. Son aquellas palabras que pueden llevar al lector a realizar una interpretación
incorrecta.
Ejemplos:
FALSO COGNADO SIGNIFICA NO SIGNIFICA

actually en realidad actualmente
realize entender realizar
success éxito suceso
suggestion sugerencia sugestión
policy política policía
ORDEN DE LOS SUSTANTIVOS Y SUS MODIFICADORES EN INGLÉS
En Inglés los modificadores se colocan delante de los sustantivos. La función del los modificadores es de calificar al
sustantivo. Los modificadores determinan el tipo o clase que indica el concepto representado por el sustantivo.
Ejemplos:
2
Inglés: Dental Materials
Modificador + Sustantivo
Español: Materiales Dentales
Sustantivo + Modificador
MODIFICADORES DE LOS SUSTANTIVOS: Sufijos- ING y ED
Cuando los sufijos –ing y –ed no forman parte de una frase verbal que posee cualquiera de los dos auxiliares BE y
HAVE, son utilizados como modificadores del sustantivo.
Ejemplos:
The first filling materials

(Los primeros materiales de obturación)
Mixed seromucous glands
(Glándulas seromucosas mixtas)
En el primer ejemplo, filling modifica a materials y en el segundo ejemplo, mixed modifica a glands, particularmente
en este segundo ejemplo también existe otro modificador seromucous que también modifica a glands. En ambos casos,
los modificadores indican el tipo de materiales y el tipo de glándulas al cual se está haciendo referencia.
El Sufijo –ing como indicador de un sustantivo

Ejemplos:
Polishing and grinding were applied

(Pulido y tallado fueron aplicados)
However, many problems arose with the use of this material because of a lack of understanding of its qualities.
(Sin embargo, muchos problemas surgieron con el uso de este material por la falta de conocimiento de sus cualidades)
En ambos ejemplos las formas con sufijo –ing se consideran sustantivos porque en el primer ejemplo, polishing y
grinding funcionan como el sujeto de la oración y en el segundo ejemplo, la forma con sufijo-ing aparece después de una
preposición.
COHESIÓN
ARTICULADORES
Se colocan al inicio de las oraciones o párrafos. Son frases o unidades que el autor utiliza para expresar sus ideas.
Ejemplos:
At this point, At issue, All these observations, The reason for this, To put it more precisely.
ENUMERADORES
Indican un orden de instancias a seguir, hechos, eventos y argumentos.
Ejemplos:
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First, Firstly, Second, Third….etc, To begin with, Then, Next, Finally, Eventually, Last(ly), Next, etc
CONECTORES
Se utilizan para relacionar dos ó más conceptos que se expresan en el texto de una forma determinada. Se clasifican de
acuerdo a diferentes núcleos semánticos.
Aditivos: Indican adición

And, Again, Also, in addition, Equally, Likewise, Similarly, Furthermore, Besides, etc
Exclusión: Indican exclusión de argumentos

Except for, But for; In the absence of, Free from, Without, Lacking
Alternativos: Indican elección

Or, Alternatively, Instead, If not...then
Espaciales: Indican espacios y lugares

There,Here, In that area, Thereabout, Beyond, Down there, Up there, etc
Temporales Indican tiempo

Now, Then, Meanwhile, In the meantime, So far,At the same time, At present,Currently,Soon, Early, When,
Late;Lately, Long ago, At that time, Even while, So far,Before that, Previously, etc.
Adversativos: Indican oposición

But, Yet, Still, However, Only, Even so, All the same, By comparison,Instead, By way of contrast, Whereas, On the
other hand, etc.
Concesivos: Indican que lo anteriormente expuesto se concede como verdadero o correcto, sin embargo la segunda parte
restringe lo anteriormente expuesto.
Although, Though, However, Even if, Even though, No matter (how), In spite of, Despite, All the same, For all that,
Nevertheless, Yet, Notwithstanding, etc.
Condicionales: Indican condiciones reales, improbables, imposibles.

If, Unless, On condition that, In case (that), Provided (that), Supposing (that), As if, As long as, So long as, If only,
In case of, But for, If so, If not, Whether, etc.
Indicadores de Propósito: Indican la razón o el propósito por el/la cual se hace o se dice algo.
In order that, So that, Lest, For fear (that), In order to, So as to,For that purpose, With the object of,etc.
Consecutivos: Indican consecuencia.

Therefore,Thus,Hence,Sothatiswhy,For that reason, Consequently,Accordingly,Then,
Thereby, So that,So......(that), Such.....(that), The result is, The consequence was, To result from, As a result,etc.
Causales: Indican causa.

For, For that reason, Because, Since, As, Now (that), Due to, Because of, On account of,On the ground that, By
virtue of, Owing to, etc.
Comparativos: Indican comparasión

Similarly, Like,The same as, Resembling, In the same way, As.
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Explicativos : Amplían información.

In other words, That is to say, In fact,Thus, Namely, etc.
Indicadores de Modo:
Fortunately,Particularly, Remarkably, Not surprisingly.
Enfáticos:
Indeed, Of course, In reality.
Correlativos: Indican correlatividad en tiempo, lugar, adición y elección.

*the former……the latter
*before…..after
*now…then
*not only……but also
*not only....but rather
*neither….nor
*either ….or
Resumidores y Generalizadores: Se establece una conclusión.

In short, To sum up, In all, Briefly, In conclusion, More generally, etc.
PRONOMBRES : Elementos cohesivos

Personales: I,YOU,HE,SHE,IT,WE,YOU,THEY.
Objetivos:ME,YOU,HIM.HER,IT,US,YOU,THEM.
Posesivos:MINE,YOURS,HIS,HERS,ITS,OURS,YOURS,THEIRS.
Reflexivos:MYSELF,YOURSELF,HIMSELF,HERSELF, ITSELF,OURSELVES,YOURSELVES,THEMSELVES
Modificadores posesivos: My,your,his,her,its,our,your,their.
Demostrativos: This (este/esta), That (ese/esa/aquel/aquella).

These (estos/estas), Those (esos, esas, aquellos, aquellas)
Otros: Some, Any (alguno/a, alguno/a(s)).
None,Any(ninguno/a).
Many(muchos/as).
Much(mucho).
Few(pocos).
Little (poco).
Each(cada uno).
Every,Everyone,everybody,everything(todo,todos)
Both(ambos).
Categorías gramaticales:
Tipos de oraciones:
Oración Simple: Sujeto y Predicado

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Ejemplo:
One of the first acts of the American Society of Dental Surgeons was to forbid its members to use silver amalgam,
resulting in the “amalgam war”.
(Uno de los primeros actos de la Sociedad Americana de Cirujanos Odontólogos fue prohibirle a sus miembros el uso de
amalgama de plata, generando así la “la guerra de la amalgama”).
Oración Compuesta: Dos o más oraciones simples conectadas por un nexo coordinante.
Ejemplo:
The middle of the 19 th century saw the organisation of dentistry into a profession, and many dental societies came into
existence, as well as numerous dental journals.
(La mitad del siglo 19 vio como la organización de la odontología se convertía en una profesión, y muchas sociedades
odontológicas comenzaban a existir, como también numerosos journals odontológicos)
And= y (nexo coordinante)
Oración Compleja: Una cláusula independiente más una o dos cláusulas dependientes conectándose a través de un
subordinante.
Ejemplo:
Until he had studied both the behaviour of amalgam in detail and how best to use it, amalgam did not have a very good
reputation.
(Hasta que él no había estudiado el comportamiento de la amalgama en detalle como también su óptimo uso, la amalgama
no era reconocida correctamente.)
Until= hasta ( subordinante)
Tipos de información de acuerdo al origen del texto:
Narrativa: Información simple y clara. Descripción y relato de procedimientos. Es un tipo de información desarrollada
en textos académicos.
Descriptiva: Información rica en adjetivos y estructuras simples. Remarca procedimientos y funcionamientos. Es
complemento del tipo de información narrativa. Es un tipo de información desarrollada en textos académicos y trabajos
de investigación.
Argumentativa: Información compleja y contrastante. Se indican puntos de vista y opinión entre las personas que
investigan sobre el tema. Es un tipo de información que se ve en un artículo o trabajo de investigación.
NB: Cabe destacar que los tipos de información pueden ser intercambiables en los tres tipos de textos.
SISTEMA VERBAL
Tiempos verbales:
Presente Simple
Cuando los verbos son conjugados en el tiempo presente (rutinas), se les agrega -s, -es, -ies de acuerdo a la terminación
del verbo en la tercera persona del singular. En cuanto a las otras personas, los verbos no son modificados. En la forma
negativa se agrega el adverbio de la negación NOT después de DO/DOES (de acuerdo a la persona) más el verbo en
infinitivo y en la forma interrogativa se invierte el orden del con la persona.
Ejemplos:
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Mary teaches at UBA.

(María enseña en la UBA)
Mary doesn’t teach at UBA.
(María no estudia en la UBA)
Mary works at hospital.
(María trabaja en el hospital)
Robert studies at University.
(Roberto estudia en la Universidad)
Robert and Paul study at University
Roberto y Pablo estudian en la Universidad.
Robert and Paul don´t study at University.
Roberto y Pablo no estudian en la Universidad
Presente Continuo
Cuando los verbos son conjugados en el presente continuo (acciones en proceso), se utiliza el auxiliar BE (indica aspecto
progresivo) más el agregado del sufijo-ing al verbo.
En la forma negativa se agrega el adverbio de la negación NOT después del auxiliar y en la forma interrogativa se
invierte el orden del auxiliar con la persona.
Ejemplos:
I am reading now.
(Estoy leyendo ahora) (Omisión de sujeto en español).
I amnot reading now.
(No estoy leyendo ahora)
Mary is teaching at UBA.
(María está enseñando en la UBA).
Mary is not teaching at UBA.
(María no está enseñando en la UBA)
Robert and Paul are working at this moment.
(Roberto y Pablo están trabajando en este momento).
Robert and Paul are not working.
(Roberto y Pablo no están trabajando en este momento)
Pasado Simple
Cuando los verbos son conjugados en el tiempo pasado, (acciones que tienen un principio y un final), se dividen en dos
grupos: verbos regulares y verbos irregulares. Los verbos regulares son aquellos que llevan el sufijo –ed y los verbos
irregulares son aquellos que sufren cambios en la raíz.
En la forma negativa se agrega el adverbio de la negación NOT después de DID más el verbo en infinitivo y en la forma
interrogativa se invierte el orden con la persona.
Ejemplos:
The dentist worked a lot.
(El odontólogo/La odontóloga trabajó mucho)
The assistants phoned last Monday.
(Los/Las asistentes llamaron el lunes pasado).
The dentist came very late yesterday.
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(El odontólogo/La odontóloga llegó tarde ayer).

The dentist didn´t work a lot.
(El odontólogo/La odontóloga no trabajó mucho).
The assistants didn´t phone last Monday.
(Los/Las asistentes no llamaron el lunes pasado)
The dentist didn´t come very late yesterday.
El odontólogo/La odontóloga no llegó tarde ayer)
Pasado Continuo
Cuando los verbos son conjugados en tiempo pasado continuo, (acciones temporarias en pasado), se utiliza el auxiliar BE
en tiempo pasado WAS/WERE (indica aspecto progresivo) más el agregado del sufijo-ing al verbo.
The dentist was working when his phone rang.
(El odontólogo estaba trabajando cuando su teléfono sonó).
The students were studying while their teachers were in a meeting.
(Los estudiantes estaban estudiando mientras sus docentes estaban en reunión).
The dentist wasn´t working when his phone rang.
(El odontólogo no estaba trabajando cuando su teléfono sonó).
The students weren´t studying while their teachers were in a meeting.
(Los estudiantes no estaban estudiando mientras sus docentes estaban en reunión).
Futuro Simple
Cuando los verbos son conjugados en tiempo futuro, (acciones probables), se agrega el auxiliar del futuro WILL y el
verbo en infinitivo. En la forma negativa se agrega el adverbio de la negación NOT después del auxiliar y en la forma
interrogativa se invierte el orden del auxiliar con la persona.
Ejemplos:
Tomorrow we will go to the dentist.
(Mañana (nosotros) iremos al odontólogo).
I will cancel my appointment for next week.
((Yo) cancelaré mi cita de la semana que viene).
Tomorrow we won´t go to the dentist.
(Mañana (nosotros) no iremos al odontólogo).
I won´t cancel my appointment for next week.
((Yo) no cancelaré mi cita de la semana que viene).
El tiempo futuro tiene una variante para especificar acciones planeadas. Se agrega BE GOING TO y el verbo en
infinitivo. En la forma negativa se agrega el adverbio de la negación NOT después del auxiliar (BE) y en la forma
interrogativa se invierte el orden del auxiliar con la persona.
Ejemplos:
Tomorrow morning I am going to go to the dentist.
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(Mañana a la mañana (yo) voy a ir al odontólogo).

Next Saturday morning she is going to work at hospital.
(El próximo sábado (ella) va a ir a trabajar al hospital).
Tomorrow morning I am not going to go to the dentist.
(Mañana a la mañana (yo) no voy a ir al odontólogo).
Next Saturday morning she is not going to work at hospital.
(El próximo sábado (ella) no va a ir a trabajar al hospital).
Tomorrow morning they are going to go to the dentist.
(Mañana a la mañana (ellos) van a ir al odontólogo).
Tomorrow morning they are not going to go to the dentist.
(Mañana a la mañana (ellos) no van a ir al odontólogo).
Presente Perfecto
Cuando los verbos son conjugados en el presente perfecto (acciones incompletas, acciones recientes, experiencias), se
utiliza el auxiliar HAVE (indica aspecto terminativo) más el agregado del sufijo-ed al verbo siendo regular y los verbos
irregulares sufren cambios en la raíz). Esta formación que se le hace al verbo es el pasado participio.
Ejemplos:
The dentist has seen ten patients so far this morning.
(El odontólogo/La odontóloga ha visto diez pacientes hasta ahora esta mañana).
The dentist has not seen ten patients so far this morning.
(El odontólogo/La odontóloga no ha visto diez pacientes hasta ahora esta mañana).
I have studied the books before now.
((Yo) he estudiado los libros hasta ahora).
I haven’t studied the books before now.
((Yo) no he estudiado los libros hasta ahora).
Voz pasiva
El uso de la voz pasiva es una elección que se tiene en cuenta por motivos diferentes:
+ Destacar el objeto de la acción
+ Omisión de sujeto de la acción
+ Sujeto indefinido
+ Sujeto desconocido
La voz pasiva se forma con el auxiliar BE (indica voz pasiva) y el pasado participio del verbo.
Ejemplos:
My roof was damaged after the last storm.
(Mi techo se dañó después de la última tormenta).
Our hospitals have been collapsed after the tragedy.
(Nuestros hospitales han sido colapsados después de la tragedia).
Verbos Modales
El uso de los modales indica diferentes nudos de significados y registros diferentes (formal e informal
Can/ Could--------------------------------------------Ability
May/Might/Could ----------------------------------Probabilidad
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Should/Ought to------------------------------------Recomendación/Sugerencia
Would------------------------------------------------Invitación
Shall ------------------------------------------------Promesa
Must -----------------------------------------------Regla,Certeza,
Have to--------------------------------------------Obligación
Ejemplos:
The dentist can see you.
(El odontólogo/La odontóloga puede verlo/la).
The dentist couldn´t have arrived yet.
(El odontólogo/La odontóloga no puedo haber llegado a
May I borrow your book, please?
(¿Puedo tomar prestado tu libro, por favor?).
Might I borrow your book, please (more respectful).
(¿Podría tomar prestado tu libro, por favor? (más formal).
Would you write an article like this?
(¿Escribiría un artículo de este tipo?
He shall go to the dentist.
(Él irá al odontólogo).
Mary should go to the dentist.
(María debería ir al odontólogo).
You ought to study more for the exam.
(Deberías estudiar más para el examen).
You must bring your books.
(Debes traer tus libros)
I have to do my homework inmediately.
(Tengo que hacer mi tarea inmediatamente/ Debo hacer mi tarea inmediatamente)
EJERCITACIÓN
Textos científicos: Académicos
Texto n°1
FILLING MATERIALS
I The middle of the 19 the century saw the organisation of dentistry into a profession, and many dental societies came
into existence, as well as numerous dental journals. One of the first acts of the American Society of Dental Surgeons was
to forbid its members to use silver amalgam, resulting in the “amalgam war”.
V Amalgam is a mixture of silver, tin and mercury, and was one of the first filling materials used by the dental profession.
However, many problems arose with the use of this material because of a lack of understanding of its qualities. It was not
until the work of G. V.Black that some order was created out of the chaos.
IX He published two volumes on operative dentistry in 1895, which became the world standard for restorative dentistry.
Until he had studied both the behaviour of amalgam in detail and how best to use it, amalgam did not have a very good
10
reputation. Since then, however, and up until this very day, amalgam has become one of the most important restorative
materials used by the dental profession.
XIV It is a great credit to his intellect and ability that some of his philosophy is only now being challenged; especially in
the light of what we know now compared to the turn of the century. It is a lesson the dental profession will have to learn
over and over again as new materials are brought onto the market.
(Fuente: Introduction to Dental Materials. Richard van Noort BSc,DPhil, MIPSM.Mosby 1994)
Anticipación:
1-Lea atentamente el texto e indique el origen del mismo con una cruz:
* texto extraído de un texto académico

* texto extraído de un trabajo de investigación
* texto extraído de un artículo de revista científica de reciente publicación
2- Lea los datos bibliográficos (Fuente) y el título del texto y realice una hipótesis de lectura sobre el tema a tratar.
Antes de realizar el ejercicio, lea a continuación el concepto de “hipótesis de lectura”
Hipótesis general de lectura: concepto parcial del texto, posterior a una lectura a simple vista.
3-Lea la primera oración de cada párrafo y realice una lista de los conceptos que usted considera de gran relevancia.
4- ¿Tiene algún conocimiento previo sobre estos conceptos? Comente brevemente.
5- Teniendo en cuenta los conceptos ya leídos, podría indicar: ¿Cuál es el párrafo que usted considera de suma
importancia para la comprensión correcta del texto? ¿Por qué lo considera de suma importancia?
Párrafo seleccionado: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
6- Lea nuevamente el texto y realice una hipótesis de lectura específica. Realícelo en una oración concreta.
Antes de realizar el ejercicio, lea a continuación el concepto de “hipótesis específica de lectura”
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Hipótesis específica de lectura: concepto total del texto, posterior a una lectura exhaustiva.
Verificación:
7-Explique los siguientes conceptos en forma específica y completa. Realice una comprensión textual. No traduzca.
Dental Journals:
Filling materials:
Operative dentistry:
8-“however” (línea 6) es un conector en el texto. ¿Qué tipo de conexión lógica establece? ¿Cuáles son las dos ideas
que conecta? ¿Por qué es considerado de suma importancia?
Tipo de conexión lógica: ______________________________________________
Idea1: ________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Idea2: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
9-“which” (línea 9) es un conector que indica referencia textual anafórica. ¿Podría indicar su referencia?
10-Explique las siguientes frases en forma completa y concisa.
>until the work…. ( línea 7)
>until this very day ( línea 11)
Lea el párrafo subrayado y haga una comprensión de texto:

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Internalización:
11- Exprese la idea principal del texto en una oración completa, concreta, específica, seleccione y combine los conceptos que usted
considere de mayor relevancia, de este modo usted estará jerarquizando.
Metacognición:
12- ¿Cuál es su impresión sobre elegir palabras claves para la interpretación correcta del texto?
13- ¿Cómo evalúa la selección del párrafo más importante?
Texto n°2:
Minor Salivary Glands
I The minor salivary glands (MSG) lie within the submucosa of the oral cavity, palate, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi. They are particularly concentrated in the buccal, labial, palatal, and lingual regions. The gingivae,
anterior hard palate, and true vocal cords have relatively sparse concentrations of MSG. The concentration of MSG within
the nasal cavity has been estimated at 7 to 10 glands /mm2, which is less than that of the palate but greater than that of the
paranasal sinuses.
VII Histologically, the MSG acini are either entirely mucinous (e.g.hard palate) or mixed seromucous glands (e.g
sinonasal, oral). The acinar clusters lead to intercalated ducts, striated ducts, and excretory ducts that terminate as
mucosal pores: The autonomic secretory of the upper aerodigestive tract MSG is controlled by the following ganglia: the
sphenopalatine (pterygopalatine) ganglia, located near the spahenopalatine foramina of the medial pterygopalatine fossae,
innervate the paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, portions of the palate, and the uppermos pharynx, the otic ganglia, located
along the medial aspect of the mandibular nerves below the skull base, innervate the buccal mucosa; the submandibular
ganglia; adjacent to the submandibular gland hili at the posterior border of the mylyohyoid muscle and the lingual nerve,
innervate the floor of the mouth and the anterior tongue; and finally, the pharyngeal plexus innervates the pharynx.
(Fuente: Salivary Glands: Anatomy and Pathology. Peter M.Som and Margaret S. Brandwein)
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Anticipación:
* texto extraído de un texto académico

* texto extraído de un trabajo de investigación
* texto extraído de un artículo de revista científica de reciente publicación
2- Lea la oración introductoria (oración temática) de cada párrafo y realice una hipótesis
general de lectura.
3- Lea nuevamente el texto y establezca ¿Qué tipo de información se da en el primer párrafo? y ¿qué tipo de información
se da en el segundo párrafo? Identifique si se mencionan datos, explicaciones, descripciones o relaciones conceptuales.
Primer párrafo: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Segundo párrafo: -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4- Por último relea todas sus respuestas de esta parte y realice una hipótesis específica de lectura
Verificación:
5- Lea el título del texto e indique: ¿Cuál es el orden de los modificadores de los sustantivos en inglés?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6- Explique los siguientes conceptos en forma específica y completa. Realice una comprensión textual. No traduzca.
Minor salivary glands:
Hard palate:
Buccal mucosa:
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8 -Explique la siguiente frase en forma completa y concisa.
> The autonomic secretory of the upper aerodigestive tract MSG is controlled by the following ganglia (línea 9):
Internalización:
Metacognición:
Texto n°3:
CARIES
(dental ) caries , carious cavity,carious lesion, cariosite, (dental) decay
I Caries has been employed to designate the dental condition (or pathological process) from earliest times, at least as far
back as the first century (Pliny, A.D. 23-79). Caries has also been from ancient times to indicate a condition of bone. It
would seem hardly likely that any confusion between these two applications caries would occur, but at least one instance
has been noticed in the literature
(D Surgeon 24:600-601 1927). It has also been argued that, although the two conditions designed caries are
pathologically unrelated, yet medical students infer that dental caries is like bone caries , and dental students suppose that
bone caries. On the assumption that the term dental caries has been borrowed from bone caries, it was suggested on one
occasion that dental caries should be superseded by the term chaunosis, a Greek word meaning “a softening” .The
suggestion, of course, had no effect.
XI In statistical work and especially in tables, authors frequently employ caries as a plural to indicate instances of caries
to be counted. Caries designates a disease and has no plural. The only proper terms now available for this purpose are
carious cavities and carious lesions. Neither is quite satisfactory. Caries, especially beginning caries, does not always
form cavities.Caries lesions is a more precise term, but is rather too long for use in tables. The coined term cariosite
might be useful (see cario-)
site has been frequently used to indicate a location.
15
(Fuente: The vocabulary of dentistry and oral science: a manual for the study of dental nomemclature. Chicago: American
Dental Association, 1958.)
Anticipación:
1-Lea atentamente el texto e indique el origen del mismo:
_____________________________________________________________________
2- Lea el título del texto detenidamente e indique: ¿Cuál es el tipo de información que se expresa? Identifique si la
información es argumentativa, descriptiva o narrativa ¿Qué elementos textuales le permiten llegar a esa conclusión?
3- Lea la oración introductoria (oración temática) de cada párrafo y realice una hipótesis general de lectura.
se da en el segundo párrafo? Identifique si se mencionan datos, explicaciones, descripciones o relaciones conceptuales.
Primer párrafo: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Segundo párrafo: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Verificación:
6 -“although” (línea 5) es un conector en el texto. ¿Qué tipo de conexión lógica establece? ¿Cuáles son las dos ideas que
conecta? ¿Por qué es considerado de suma importancia?
Tipo de conexión lógica: _________________________________
Idea1: ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Idea2: ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
16
7 -“of course” (línea 9) es un conector en el texto. ¿Qué tipo de conexión lógica establece? ¿Por qué es considerado de
suma importancia?
Tipo de conexión lógica: ____________________________________________
8 -“yet” (línea 6) es un conector en el texto. ¿Qué tipo de conexión lógica establece? ¿Cuáles son las dos ideas que
Tipo de conexión lógica: __________________________________________________
Idea1: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Idea2: ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
9-“these” (línea 3) es un elemento cohesivo que indica referencia textual anafórica. ¿Podría indicar su referencia?
10 -“might” (línea 15) es un modal. ¿Qué tipo de modalidad desea establecer el autor del texto? ¿Por qué es considerado
de suma importancia en un texto científico?
Tipo de modalidad expresada:_______________________________________
11 –Explique en forma completa y concisa las siguientes frases que han sido reformuladas por el propósito del ejercicio.
⮚ Caries has also been used from ancient times to indicate a condition of bone.
⮚ On the assumption that the term dental caries has been borrowed from bone caries, there was a suggestion to be
solved.
> … it was suggested on one occasion that dental caries should be superseded by the term chaunosis, a Greek word
meaning “a softening”(línea 8).
Internalización:
17
Metacognición:
Texto 4
The Palatine Bone
The palatine bone is situated at the back part of the nasal cavity between the maxilla and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid. It
contributes to the walls of three cavities: the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity, the roof of the mouth, and the floor of the orbit;
it enters into the formation of two fossae, the pterygopalatine and pterygoid fossae, and one fissure, the inferior orbital fissure.
The palatine bone somewhat resembles the letter L, and consists of a horizontal and a vertical part and three outstanding
processes-viz, the pyramidal process, which is directed backward and which surmount the vertical part, and are separated by a deep
notch, the sphenopalatine notch.
(Fuente: Anatomy of the Human Body. The Palatine Bone. 5b.5. Henry Gray. 1918)
Anticipación:
____________________________________________________________________
2-Lea la primera oración y realice una lista de los conceptos que usted considera de gran relevancia.
3- Lea nuevamente el texto y realice una hipótesis de lectura específica. Realícelo en una oración
______________________________________________________________________
Verificación:
Palatine bone:
18
maxilla:
fossae:
________________________________________________________________________
5“-“which” (línea 6) es un conector que indica referencia textual anafórica. ¿Podría indicar su referencia?
____________________________________________________________________
Lea el extracto subrayado y haga una comprensión de texto:
Internalización:
Metacognición:
7- ¿Cuál es su impresión sobre tener en cuenta las estructuras claves para la interpretación correcta del
texto?_________________________________________________________________
Texto n° 5:
Clinical use of fluoride
Water fluoridation
Fluoride is widely dispersed in the environment and occurs naturally in water supplies, usually at very low concentrations
(0.1-1.0mg F/L) (Smith & Ekstrand, 1996), following the success of studies that artificially added fluoride to water
supplies in the USA, schemes were implemented and evaluated in many parts of the world. Currently, more than 30
countries and over 250 million people participate in water fluoridation programs in countries that include the USA,
Canada, the UK, Ireland, Brazil, Australia and New Zealand. Ireland is the only country where fluoridation is mandatory,
but by far the greatest number of individuals receiving fluoridated drinking water lives in the USA, where more than 50%
19
of the population receive fluoridated drinking water (Brunelle & Carlos 1990). In addition to fluoridating the domestic
water supply, studies have been conducted to investigate the feasibility and efficacy of fluoridating school water supplies.
Although less cost-effective than fluoridation of domestic drinking water, this method is considered by some to be an
alternative approach that could be targeted to “High-risk” communities (Heifetz et al, 1983). Unfortunately, in many
countries with high levels of dental caries and poor access to dental services, such as in Asia, Africa and South America,
the infrastructure is often not developed sufficiently to facilitate cost-effective fluoridation programs. Alternative such as
toothpaste may be too costly to provide a realistic alternative.
(Fuente: Clinical use of fluoride. R Ellwood and O. Fejerskov)
Anticipación:

________________________________________________________________________
2- Lea los datos bibliográficos (Fuente), el título y el subtítulo del texto y realice una hipótesis de lectura sobre el tema
3-Lea la primera oración del texto y realice una lista de los conceptos que usted considera de gran relevancia.
Verificación:
6-“where” (línea 6) es un conector que indica referencia textual anafórica. ¿Podría indicar su referencia?
7 -“Unfortunately” (línea 13) es un conector en el texto. ¿Qué tipo de conexión lógica establece? ¿Cuáles son las dos
ideas que conecta? ¿Por qué es considerado de suma importancia?
Tipo de conexión lógica: ________________________________________________

20
Idea1: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Idea2: ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
8- Explique las siguientes frases en forma completa y concisa.
⮚ In addition to fluoridating the domestic water supply, studies have been conducted to investigate the feasibility
and efficacy of fluoridating school water supplies (líneas 8-10).
Internalización:
Metacognición:
Texto n° 6:
THE CEREBRAL NUCLEI
I While your cerebral cortex is consciously directing a complex movement or solving some intellectual puzzle, other
centers of your cerebrum, diencephalon, and brain stem are processing sensory information and issuing motor commands
outside your conscious awareness. Many of these activities, which occur at the subconscious level, are directed by the
cerebral nuclei. The cerebral nuclei are masses of gray matter that lie within each hemisphere deep to the floor of the
lateral ventricle. They are embedded in the white matter of the cerebrum, and the radiating projection fibers and
commissural fibers travel around or between these nuclei. The cerebral nuclei are components of a functional group
known as the basal nuclei, or basal ganglia. The latter term has persisted despite the fact that ganglia are restricted to the
PNS.
X The caudate nucleus has a massive head and a slender, curving tail that follows the curve of the lateral ventricle. The
head of the caudate nucleus lies anterior to the lentiform (lens-shaped) nucleus. The lentiform nucleus consists of a
medial globus pallidus (GLO-bus PAL-i-dus; pale globe) and a lateral putamen (pu-TA-men). The term corpus striatum
(striated body) has been used to refer to the caudate and lentiform nuclei, or to the caudate and putamen. The name refers
to the striated (striped) appearance of the internal capsule as it passes among these nuclei. The amygdaloid
21
(ah-MIG-da-loyd) body (amygdale, almond) is a separate nucleus and inferior to the lentiform nucleus. The amygdaloid
body is a component of the limbic system.
Fuente: Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology. Frederick H. Martini, PH.D., with William C. OBER, MD, CLAIRE
W.GARRISON, R.N., KATHLEEN WELCH, M.D.,
RALPH T.HUTCHINGS. Prentince Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Anticipación:

______________________________________________________________________
general de lectura.
3- Lea nuevamente el texto y establezca ¿Qué tipo de información se da en el primer párrafo?

¿Qué tipo de información se da en el segundo párrafo?¿Es argumentativa, descriptiva, o narrativa? Establezca los
elementos textuales que avalan su conclusión.
Primer párrafo: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Segundo párrafo: -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Verificación:
5- Lea el título del texto e indique: ¿Cuál es el orden de los modificadores de los sustantivos en Inglés?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cerebral cortex:
Cerebral nuclei:
22
ganglia:
caudate nucleus:
8 -Explique las siguientes frases en forma completa y concisa.
⮚ The cerebral nuclei are masses of gray matter that lie within each hemisphere deep to the floor of the lateral
ventricle. They are embedded in the white matter of the cerebrum, and the radiating projection fibers and
commissural fibers travel around or between these nuclei (líneas 4-6)
⮚ The caudate nucleus has a massive head and a slender, curving tail that follows the curve of the lateral ventricle
(líneas 10-11):
Internalización:
Metacognición:
23
Texto n° 7:
MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
Cell membranes are crucial to the life of the cell. The plasma membrane encloses the cell, defines its boundaries, and
maintains the essential differences between the cytosol and the extracellular environment: Inside eucaryotic cells, the
membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and other membrane- enclosed organelles
maintain the characteristic differences between the contents of each organelle and cytosol. Ion gradients across
membranes, established by the activities of specialized membrane proteins, can be used to synthesize ATP, to drive the
transmembrane movement of selected solutes, or, as in nerve and muscle cells, to produce and transmit electrical signals.
In all cells, the plasma membrane also contains proteins that act as sensors of external signals, allowing the cell to change
its behavior in response to environmental cues, including signals from other cells; these protein sensors, or receptors,
transfer information rather than molecules-across the membrane
(Fuente: Alberts, B., Alexander. J., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K. & Walter, P. 2008 Molecular Biology of the Cell 5a.
ed. New York: Garland science, Taylor&Francis Group.
ISBN 978-0-8153-4105-5
ISBN 978-0-8153-4106-2
Anticipación:

_________________________________________________________________________
2- Lea la oración introductoria (oración temática) del texto y realice una hipótesis
general de lectura.
3- Lea nuevamente el texto y establezca ¿Qué tipo de información se expresa en el texto? ¿Es argumentativa, descriptiva,
o narrativa? Establezca los elementos textuales que avalan su conclusión.
_________________________________________________________________________
24
____________________________________________________________________
Verificación:
5- Lea el título del texto e indique: ¿Cuál es el orden de los modificadores de los sustantivos en Inglés?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
⮚ The plasma membrane encloses the cell, defines its boundaries, and maintains the essential differences between
the cytosol and the extracellular environment (líneas 1-3)
Lea atentamente el extracto subrayado y haga una comprensión de texto
Internalización:
Metacognición:
Texto n° 8:
25
Initial Response to Wounding: Hemostasis
Damage to the mucosal surface usually causes vascular damage and hemorrhaging into the tissue defect, which results in
the deposition of fibrin, aggregation of platelets, and coagulation to form a clot within minutes of wounding. This clot
forms a hemostatic barrier that unites the wound margins and protects the exposed tissues. The clot also provides a
provisional scaffold for the subsequent migration of reparative cells. However, because of the moist environment of the
oral cavity and salivary flow, the clot does not resemble the hard, dry clots in skin tissue; rather it is a soft coagulum that
is easily lost. After several minutes, vasodilatation and increased vascular permeability allow plasma proteins to leak into
the wound site and stimulate leukocyte migration. At this time, the integrity of the protective barrier has been
compromised, and microorganisms, toxins, and antigens likely have entered into mucosal tissues, stimulating an
inflammatory response.
(Fuente: Ten Cate´s Oral Histology.Development, Structure and Function.Antonio Nanci, Mosby 2007)
Anticipación:
________________________________________________________________________
2- Lea la oración introductoria (oración temática) del texto y realice una hipótesis
general de lectura.
3- Lea nuevamente el texto y establezca ¿Qué tipo de información se expresa en el texto? ¿Es argumentativa,
descriptiva, o narrativa? Establezca los elementos textuales que avalan su conclusión.
_______________________________________________________________________
Verificación:
6-“that” (línea 3) es un conector que indica referencia textual anafórica. ¿Podría indicar su referencia?
26
7-“However” (línea 5) es un conector en el texto. ¿Qué tipo de conexión lógica establece? ¿Cuáles son las dos ideas que
Idea1: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Idea2: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
⮚ The clot also provides a provisional scaffold for the subsequent migration of reparative cells (línea 4-5):
Lea atentamente el extracto subrayado y haga una comprensión de texto
Internalización:
Metacognición:
Texto n° 9:
Wound Healing at the Dentogingival Junction

27
I If a gingivitis progress to periodontis, the junctional epithelium migrates apically and is responsible for the formation
of the pocket epithelium. This process requires not only cell proliferation but also migration of the cells over the
connective tissue substratum that has been modified by the inflammatory process. Recent studies have identified variable
expression of integrins and other adhesion molecules at the epithelial –connective tissue interface during the
inflammatory process and subsequent migration of the junctional epithelium.When healing occurs, a new structure with
the same histologic characteristics as the original junctional epithelium develops from the phenotypically different oral (or
gingival) epithelium.
VIII The underlying connective tissue is believed to play a significant role in determining the formation of the junctional
epithelium. Connective tissue is destroyed during periodontal disease, and the junctional epithelium therefore extends
until it reaches intact connective tissue that provides the signal to stop its migration, forming a long junctional epithelium.
Some believe that lack of mechanical stability at the wound site favors formation of a longjunctional epithelium and that
following peridontal surgery, formation of a fibrin clot against the denuded root surface favors formation of a connective
tissue attachment that prevents apical migration of the gingival epithelium.
(Fuente: Ten Cate´s Oral Histology.Development, Structure and Function.Antonio Nanci, Mosby 2007)
Anticipación:
_________________________________________________________________________
2- Lea la primera oración de cada párrafo y realice una lista de los conceptos que usted considera de gran relevancia.
Párrafo seleccionado: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
28
Verificación:
Connective tissue:
epithelium:
____________________________________________________________________
Dentogingival junction:
____________________________________________________________________
⮚ This process requires not only cell proliferation but also migration of the cells over the connective tissue
substratum that has been modified by the inflammatory process
( líneas 2-4):
⮚ When healing occurs, a new structure with the same histologic characteristics as the original junctional
epithelium develops from the phenotypically different oral (or gingival) epithelium (líneas 6-8):
Lea atentamente el párrafo subrayado y haga una comprensión de texto
Internalización:
29
Metacognición:
Texto n° 10:
The Fauces
I The aperture by which the mouth communicates with the pharynx is called the isthmus faucium. It is bounded, above,
by the soft palate; below, by the dorsum of the tongue; and on either side, by the glossopalatine arch.
IV The glossopalatine arch (arcus glossopalatinus; anterior pillar of fauces) on either side runs downward, lateraward,
and forward to the side of the base of the tongue, and is formed by the projection of the glossopalatinus with its covering
muccous membrane.
VII The pharyngopalatine arch (arcus pharyngopalatinus; posterior pillar of fauces) is larger and projects farther
toward the middle line than the anterior; it runs downward, lateralward, and backward to the side of the pharynx, and is
formed by the projection of the Pharyngopalatinus, covered by muccous membrane. On either side the two arches are
separated below by a triangular interval, in which the palatine tonsil is lodged.
XII The Palatine Tonsils (tonsillae palatinae tonsil) are two prominent masses situated one on either side between the
glossopalatine and pharyngo palatine arches. Each tonsil consits fundamentally of an aggregation of lymphoid tissue
underlying the muccous membrane between the palatine arches. The lymphoid mass, however, does not completely fill
the interval between the two arches, so that a small depression, the supratonsillar fossa, exists at the upper part of the
interval. Further, the tonsil extends for a variable distance under cover of the glossopalatine arch, and is here covered by a
reduplication of muccous membrane; the upper part of this fold reaches across the supratonsillar fossa, between the two
arches, as a thin fold sometimes termed the plica semillunaris; the remainder of the fold is called the plica triangularis.
Between the plica triangularis and the surface of the tonsil is a space known as the tonsilliar sinus; in many cases,
however, this sinus is obliterated by its walls becoming adherent. From this description it will be apparent that a portion
of the tonsil is below the level of the surrounding muccous membrane, i.e., is imbedded, while the remainder projects as
the visible tonsil. In the child the tonsils are relatively ( and frequently absolutely) larger than in the adult, and about one-
third of the tonsil is imbedded. After puberty the imbedded portion diminishes considerably in size and the tonsil assumes
a disk-like form, flattered from side to side; the shape ; and size of the tonsil, however, vary considerably in different
individuals.
(Fuente: The Fauces- Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body – Yahoo! Education.
http:/education.yahoo.com/reference/gray/subjects/subject/243)
30
Anticipación:

________________________________________________________________________
2-Los datos bibliográficos (Fuente) y el título del texto y realice una hipótesis de lectura sobre el tema a tratar.
Párrafo seleccionado: __________________________________________________
Verificación:
Fauces:
Tonsil:
Lymphoid mass:
31
Muccous membrane:
9-“it” (línea 1) es un elemento cohesivo que indica referencia textual anafórica. ¿Podría indicar su referencia?
10 -“however” (línea 15) es un conector en el texto. ¿Qué tipo de conexión lógica establece? ¿Cuáles son las dos ideas
Idea1: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Idea2: ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
11-“its” (línea 21) es un elemento cohesivo que indica referencia textual anafórica. ¿Podría indicar su referencia?
______________________________________________________________________
12-“while” (línea 23) es un conector en el texto. ¿Qué tipo de conexión lógica establece? ¿Cuáles son las dos ideas que
Tipo de conexión lógica: _________________________________________________
Idea1: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Idea2: ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Internalización:
32
Metacognición:
Texto nº11:
The pericardium
I - The lining of the pericardial cavity is called the pericardium. To visualize the relationship between the heart and the
pericardial cavity, imagine pushing your fist toward the centre of a large balloon. The balloon represents the pericardium,
and your fist is the heart. Your wrist, where the balloon folds back on itself, corresponds to the base of the heart, to which
the great vessels, the largest veins and arteries in the body, are attached. The air space inside the balloon corresponds to
the pericardial cavity.
VII- The pericardium is lined by a delicate serous membrane that can be subdivided into the visceral pericardium and the
parietal pericardium. The visceral pericardium, or epicardium, covers the outer surface of the heart; the parietal
pericardium lines the inner surface of the pericardial sac, which surrounds the heart. The pericardial sac, or fibrous
pericardium, which consists of a dense network of collagen fibers, stabilizes the position of the heart and associated
vessels within the mediastinum.
XIII- The space between the parietal and visceral surfaces is the pericardial cavity. It normally contains 10-20 mol of
pericardial fluid, secreted by the pericardial membranes. This fluid is a lubricant, reducing friction between the opposing
surfaces as the heart beats.
(Fuente: Anatomy of the heart. The Heart. Chapter 20 The Pericardium: Anatomy and Pathology. Peter M.Som and
Margaret S. Brandwein)
Anticipación:
______________________________________________________________________
2- Lea la oración introductoria (oración temática) de cada párrafo y realice una hipótesis general de lectura.
33
se da en el segundo párrafo?. Identifique si se mencionan datos, explicaciones, descripciones o relaciones conceptuales.
Primer párrafo: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Segundo párrafo: -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tercer párrafo: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Verificación:
epicardium:
pericardial sac:
pericardium:
6-“which” (línea10) es un conector que indica referencia textual anafórica. ¿Podría indicar su referencia?
⮚ The pericardial sac, or fibrous pericardium, which consists of a dense network of collagen fibers, stabilizes the
position of the heart and associated vessels within the mediastinum.
8- Lea el extracto subrayado y realice una comprensión textual
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
34
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________
Internalización:
Metacognición:
__________________________________________________________________________
Texto 12:
Connective tissue
Living organisms are not merely random collections of cells; organism grows according to a detailed pattern which
determines both the structure and the functions of its many constituent parts, and ensures that they are all integrated with
one another both anatomically and biochemically. One of the objects of this book is to emphasize the molecular basis of
life and further, that chemical and anatomical structures merge into each other, these terms merely serving to distinguish
different orders of size and perhaps complexity. There can be no better illustration of the merging of these two orders of
structure than the connective tissues.
One of the basic requirements for systematic arrangement within tissues is a mechanical one a means of maintaining the
cells in appropriate relationship to each other despite the various forces which act upon them, including gravity, externally
applied physical stress and the internal movements of the organism itself which result from growth and exertion.
(Fuente: Biochemistry and Oral Biology. Chapter 27. A.S. COLE. J.E. EASTOE. Butlerwofth & Co. (Publishers) Ltd,
1988.2nd Edition ISBN 0-7236-0834-2)
Anticipación:
____________________________________________________________________
2- Lea los datos bibliográficos (Fuente) y el título del texto y realice una hipótesis lectura:
35
Párrafo seleccionado:___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Verificación:
Connective tissue:
cells:
living organisms:
________________________________________________________________________
8-“can” (línea 7) es un modal. ¿Qué tipo de modalidad desea establecer el autor del texto? ¿Por qué es considerado de
suma importancia en un texto científico?
Tipo de modalidad expresada:______________________________________________
9-Explique la siguiente frase en forma completa y concisa.
⮚ Living organisms are not merely random collections of cells; organism grows according to a detailed pattern
which determines both the structure and the functions of its many constituent parts, and ensures that they are all
integrated with one another both anatomically and biochemically.
36
Internalización:
Metacognición:
texto?_________________________________________________________________
Textos científicos: Abstracts
Texto nº13:
A proposal for a new classification of lesions of exposed tooth surfaces.

Mount GJ, Tyas JM, Duke ES, Hume WR, Lasfargues JJ, Kaleka R.
gimount@ozemail.com.au
Abstract
In the presence of improved methods of identification and treatment of lesions
on the exposed surfaces of teeth, it should now be acknowledged that GV Black
“classification of carious cavities” is out of date. This paper describes a new system, proposed in 1997, discussed
broadly throughout the profession, and eventually modified. The system has been adopted in several regions
around the world as being a useful corollary to the current developing concept of minimal intervention dentistry.
It is now desirable to adopt a new approach to the identification and recording of the lesions caused by both caries
and non-carious tooth loss. A major advantage arising from its adoption would be that it would encourage the
profession to minimize the amount of normal healthy tooth structure that is often sacrified in pursuit of the cavity
37
designs as suggested by Black. The authors are members of a Project Group of the FDI Science Commitee, and
this paper explains the concept and offers justification for the adoption of the system.
Anticipación:
____________________________________________________________________
2- Lea los datos bibliográficos (Fuente) y el título del texto (abstract) y realice una hipótesis de lectura:
3- ¿Qué tipo de información se encuentra en el abstract con respecto al trabajo de investigación?¿Se indican datos,
descripciones o explicaciones conceptuales?¿Qué elementos textuales le permiten llegar a esa conclusión?
4- ¿Se hace referencia a estudios anteriores o a especialistas cuyos trabajos hayan sido importantes en el campo de
investigación?
5- Relea el abstract y realice una hipótesis específica de lectura
Verificación:
lesions:
exposed tooth surfaces:
caries:
non- carious tooth loss:

38
7 -“should” (línea 2) es un modal. ¿Qué tipo de modalidad desea establecer el autor del texto? ¿Por qué es considerado
Tipo de modalidad expresada:__________________________________________
> ... it should now be acknowledged that GV Black“classification of carious cavities” is out of date (línea 2):
Internalización:
Metacognición:
10- ¿Cuál es su impresión sobre tener en cuenta las estructuras claves para la interpretación correcta del abstract?
Texto n°14:
Influence of surface roughness on streptococcal adhesion forces to composite resins
Li Meia , b, Henk j. Busschera, Henry C. van der Meia, and Yijim Renb
A Department of Biomedical Engineering , University Medical Cemter Groningen and University of Groningen, Antonius
Deusinglaan1, 9713 AV Gronigen, The Netherlands
Abstract
Objective: To determine streptococcal forces with composite resins with different surface roughness.
39
Methods: Polishing and grinding were applied to obtain smooth (roughness 20 nm), moderately rough (150 nm) and
rough (350 nm) surfaces of two orthodontic, light-cured composites. Adhesion forces between Streptococcus sanguinis
and Streptococcus mutans and the composite surfaces were measured using atomic force microscopy in absence or
presence of a salivary conditioning film. Initial adhesion forces were measured as well adhesion after 120s of contact, as
longer contact times are known to result in stronger adhesion forces (“bond-strengthening”). Surface roughness in
absence and presence of salivary conditioning films were compared using ANOVA, while adhesion forces were subjected
to a Weilbull analysis.
Results: Initial adhesion forces in absence of a salivary conditioning film amounted between -0.7 and -0.9 nN for smooth
composite resins and increased between -1.0 and – 2.0 nN for the roughest surfaces.
Streptococcal adhesion forces after bond-strengthening were significantly stronger than upon initial contact, irrespective
of the composite type. Salivary conditioning films significantly decreased the surface roughness of the composites, as
well as the streptococcal adhesion forces. Yet, also in the presence of a conditioning film, rougher composite surfaces
exerted stronger adhesion forces, irrespective of composite type or bacterial strain.
Conclusion: Streptococcal adhesion forces to orthodontic composite resins increase with increasing roughness of the
composite surfaces. Composite surface roughness less affects adhesion forces with S. mutans than with S. Sanguinis.
Keywords: Adhesive; Composite resin; Surface roughness; Bacterial adhesion; Bacterial adhesion force; Biofilm,
Weibull analysis.
Anticipación:
1- Teniendo en cuenta que el texto que usted va a leer tiene el formato de “abstract”, podría indicar ¿Cuál es la estructura
del mismo?
2- Previamente a este texto, se analizó otro texto con el mismo formato. ¿Se establecen las mismas estructuras en todos
los textos del mismo formato?
3-¿Cuál es la estructura que introduce el objetivo del abstract?
4- ¿Cómo se introducen las partes restantes del abstract?
40
Verificación:
Polishing and grinding:
Composite resin:
Bacterial adhesion:
Biofilm:
_______________________________________________________________________
7-“while” (línea 8) es un conector en el texto. ¿Qué tipo de conexión lógica establece?

¿Cuáles son las dos ideas que conecta? ¿Por qué es considerado de suma importancia?
Idea1: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Idea2: ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
8-“as well as” (línea 14) es un conector en el texto. ¿Qué tipo de conexión lógica establece?
Idea1: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Idea2: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
9-“Yet” (línea 14) es un conector en el texto. ¿Qué tipo de conexión lógica establece?

41
Idea1: ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Idea2: ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
> ... the composite surfaces were measured using atomic force microscopy in absence or presence of a salivary
conditioning film (líneas 4-5).
> Streptococcal adhesion forces to orthodontic composite resins increase with increasing roughness of the composite
surfaces (lineas 17-18)
Internalización:
Metacognición:
Texto n° 15:
42
The bleaching of teeth: A review of the literature

Andrew Joiner
Unilever Oral Care, Quarry Road East, Bebignton, Wirral, CH 63 3JW, UK
Abstract
Objectives: To review current knowledge of tooth whitening with respect to external bleaching methods.
Data: The scope is the external bleaching of vital teeth and focuses on mechanisms; in vivo and in vitro measurement
methods, and factors influencing the efficacy of the whitening process.
Sources: “Medline” and “ISI Web of Science” databases from 1966 and 1974, respectively were searched electronically
with key words tooth, teeth, color, white, bleach and peroxide.
Conclusions: The importance of tooth whitening for patients and consumers has seen a dramatic increase in the number
of products and procedures over recent years, with a concomitant rise in publications on this topic. Literature suggests
that the mechanisms of tooth whitening by peroxide occur by the diffusion of peroxide through enamel to cause oxidation
and hence lightening of colored species, particularly within the dential regions.
A number of approaches are available for measuring changes in tooth colour. These include visual measurements by
trained clinicians and instrumental measurements using spectrophotometer, chromameters and digital image analysis. The
key factors that affect tooth whitening efficacy by peroxide containing products are concentration and time. In general,
higher concentrations are faster than lower concentrations. However, lower concentrations can approach the efficacy of
higher concentrations with extended treatment times. Alternative bleach systems versus non-light activated controls in
clinical studies are limited and conflicting. Others factors which can influence tooth bleaching outcome include type of
stain, initial tooth colour and subject age.
2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Anticipación:
del mismo?
2- Previamente a este texto, se analizó otros textos con el mismo formato. ¿Se establecen las mismas estructuras en todos
los abstracts?

43
Verificación:
Tooth whitening:
Bleaching methods:
7-“However” (línea 16) es un conector en el texto. ¿Qué tipo de conexión lógica establece?
Idea1: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Idea2: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
> Literature suggests that the mechanisms of tooth whitening by peroxide occur by the diffusion of peroxide through
enamel to cause oxidation and hence lightening of coloured species, particularly within the dential regions (lineas 9-11).

44
Internalización:
Metacognición:
________________________________________________________________________________
Texto n° 16:
Hyposalivation, xerostomia and the complete denture

A systematic review
Michael Tur,DDS, MD; Leila Jahangiri, BDS, DMD; MMSc; Jonathan A. Ship, DMD,FDS,RCS
Abstract
Background: To determine the treatment effects of hyposoalivation on denture retention, the authors conducted a
systematic review of the literature.
Types of studies reviewed: The authors reviewed clinical investigations that assessed the treatment effects of
hyposalivation on denture retention. They searched six electronic databases for works from 1950 to the second week of
September 2007 by using the key words “denture”, “hyposalivation”, “xerostomia”, “dry mouth”, “elderly” and “aged”.
They limited the citation search to articles written in English and describing studies that involved human subjects.
Results: The authors identified 11 articles in the search; none was a report of a randomized controlled clinical trial.
Clinical implications: The few clinical research studies published on the topic of hyposalivation and denture retention
represent a low level of evidence for establishing clinical practice guidelines. The authors found that they could make no
conclusions regarding the treatment effects of hyposalivation on denture retention. The article provides a literature review
regarding the etiologies and clinical presentation of salivary disorders and xerostomia in elderly people, the role of saliva
in denture retention, the effect of dry mouth on denture use and the treatment of dry mouth problems in denture wearers.
Prospective clinical trials are needed to establish a framework for evidence-based treatment of denture-wearing patients
experiencing dry mouth.
Key words: Xerostomia; hyposalivation; aging; elderly; dry mouth; dentures.

JADA 2008; 139 (2):146-50
Anticipación:
del mismo?
45
2- Previamente a este texto, se analizó otros textos con el mismo formato. ¿Se establecen las mismas estructuras en todos
los abstracts?
Verificación:
Xerostomia:
Hyposalivation:
Aging:
______________________________________________________________________
dry mouth:
________________________________________________________________________
⮚ Prospective clinical trials are needed to establish a framework for evidence-based treatment of denture-wearing
patients experiencing dry mouth.
46
(líneas16-17).
Internalización:
Metacognición:
Texto n° 17:
EXPERIMENTAL GINGIVITIS IN MAN
II A Longitudinal Clinical and Bacteriological Investigation
ELSE THELADE, W.H. WRIGHT, S. BÖRGLUM JENSEN AND HARALD LÖE.
The Departments of Microbiology, Oral Diagnosis, and Periodontology

The Royal Dental College, Aarhus, Denmark
After 9-21 days without oral hygiene eleven experimental subjects with previously oral hygiene and healthy gingiva
developed heavy accumulations of plaque and generalized mild gingivitis. The individual rate of development of
gingivitis was closely correlated with the rate of plaque accumulation. Characteristic bacteriological changes were
revealed in the plaque along the gingival margin during this experiment. Initially, i.e. when the teeth were clean and the
gingiva healthy, the extremely sparse plaque flora consisted almost exclusively of gram-positive cocci and rods. The first
phase of plaque development occurred during the first 2 days without oral hygiene and consisted of a proliferation of the
gram-positive cocci and rods and an addition of about 30 per cent gram- negative cocci and rods. During the second phase
after 1-4 days) fusobacteria and filaments appeared and increased until they each made up about seven percent of the
flora. During the third phase (after 4-9 days) the flora was supplemented with spirilla and spirochetes, and at the end of
47
the period without oral hygiene each of these two groups of organisms accounted for about two percent of the plaque
flora. In specific areas the gingival conditions was correlated with the composition of the plaque and it was found that
mild gingivitis could be diagnosed clinically at approximately the same time as the complex flora was established.
However, subclinical inflammation started much earlier, probable as a reaction to the first phases of plaque development.
When oral hygiene was reinstituted, the plaque in most areas disappeared in 1-2 days and after 7-11 days the Plaque Index
for each subject was as low as before the experiment. Correspondingly, after 1-2 days most tooth surfaces only harbored
the original sparse flora of gram-positive cocci and rods. The gingival inflammation in an area usually disappeared one
day after the plaque had been removed.
Anticipación:
______________________________________________________________________
2- Lea los datos bibliográficos (Fuente) y el título del texto (abstract) y realice una hipótesis de lectura.
3- ¿Qué tipo de información se encuentra en el abstract con respecto al trabajo de investigación?¿Es argumentativa,
descriptiva o narrativa? También mencione los elementos textuales para avalar su conclusión.
Verificación:
Gingivitis:
Characteristic Bacteriological changes:
gingiva:
gingival inflammation:
48
_________________________________________________________________________
6 –“could” (línea 14) es un modal. ¿Qué tipo de modalidad desea establecer el autor del texto? ¿Por qué es
considerado de suma importancia en un texto científico?
Tipo de modalidad expresada: _____________________________________________
7-“However”(línea 15) es un conector en el texto. ¿Qué tipo de conexión lógica establece?

Idea1: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Idea2: ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
⮚ The individual rate of development of gingivitis was closely correlated with the rate of plaque accumulation.
(líneas 2-3):
Internalización:
Meta cognición:
49
Texto n° 18:
Immediate dentin sealing: a fundamental procedure for indirect bonded restorations.
Magne P.
Division of Primary Oral Health Care, University of Southern California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, 90089, USA
magne@usc.edu
The purpose of this article is to review evidence-based principles that could help optimize dentin bonding for indirect
composite and porcelain restorations. More than 30 articles were reviewed, most of them addressing the specific situation
of dentin bonding for indirect restorations. It appears that the combined results of this data plus clinical experience
suggest the need for a revision in the dentin bonding procedure. Immediate application and polymerization of the dentin
bonding agent to the freshly cut dentin; prior to impression taking, is recommended. This new application procedure, the
so-called immediate dentin sealing (IDS), appears to achieve improved bond strength, fewer gap formations, decreased
bacterial leakage, and reduced dentin sensitivity. The use of filled adhesive resins (low elastic modulus liner) facilitates
the clinical and technical aspects of IDS. This rational approach to adhesion also has a positive influence on tooth
structure preservation, patient comfort, and long-term survival of indirect bonded restorations. CLINICAL
SIGNIFICANCE: Tooth preparation for indirect bonded restorations (eg, composite/ceramic inlays, onlays, and veneers)
can generate significant dentin exposures. It is recommended to seal these freshly cut dentin surfaces with a dentin
bonding agent (DBA) immediately following to preparation, before taking impression. A three-step-total-etch DBA with
a filled adhesive resin is recommended for these specific purposes. The major advantages, as well as the technical
challenges of this procedure, are presented in detail.
Anticipación:
_________________________________________________________________________
3- ¿Qué tipo de información se encuentra en el abstract con respecto al trabajo de investigación? ¿Es argumentativa,
50
Verificación:
dentin:
restorations:
immediate dentin sealing (IDS):
bacterial leakage:
______________________________________________________________________
6 –“could” (línea 1) es un modal. ¿Qué tipo de modalidad desea establecer el autor del texto? ¿Por qué es considerado
Tipo de modalidad expresada: ______________________________________________
7 - Explique las siguientes frases en forma completa y concisa.
⮚ It appears that the combined results of this data plus clinical experience suggest the need for a revision in the
dentin bonding procedure (línea 3-4)):
⮚ This rational approach to adhesion also has a positive influence on tooth structure preservation, patient comfort,
and long-term survival of indirect bonded restorations (líneas 9-11):
51
Internalización:
8-Exprese la idea principal del texto en una oración completa, concreta, específica, seleccione y combine los conceptos que usted
Metacognición:
Texto n° 19:
What is an appropriate caries diagnosis?
VIBEKE BAELUM
School of dentistry and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus
University, Aarhus, Denmark
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to spur a discussion of the direction of caries-lesion detection activities in clinical dental practice.
It is argued that since the dental clinician´s caries-related decision making is a scrip-matching enterprise in which clinical
decisions are made on the basis of “this-lesion-needs-this-kind-of-treatment” reasoning, the methods and strategies
employed for caries lesion detection should accommodate this fact. This may be done by employing a clinical visual-
tactile method for caries lesion detection that evaluates the two aspects that are crucial for appropriate caries
management: lesion activity and surface integrity. The use of diagnostic methods that do not assess these features directly
but involve assumptions about activity status and surface integrity should be avoided. This includes the use of bite-wing
radiography for the detection of proximal caries lesions, as it may be shown that plain reliance on radiographs leads to
considerable overtreatment. If clinical dentistry is to retain its status as a profession committed to doing good, changes in
diagnostic practices along these lines are warranted.
Key words: adverse effects, caries, clinical practice, diagnostic methods, screening.
52
Anticipación:
____________________________________________________________________
3- ¿Qué tipo de información se encuentra en el abstract con respecto al trabajo de investigación?¿Es argumentativa,
Verificación:
Adverse effects:
Clinical practice:
Diagnostic methods:
______________________________________________________________________
6 –“should” (línea 5) es un modal. ¿Qué tipo de modalidad desea establecer el autor del texto? ¿Por qué es
considerado de suma importancia en un texto científico?
53
7 –“may” (línea 5) es un modal. ¿Qué tipo de modalidad desea establecer el autor del texto? ¿Por qué es considerado de
Tipo de modalidad expresada: ________________________________________________
8 -“this”(Línea 5) es un elemento cohesivo que indica referencia textual anafórica. ¿Podría indicar su referencia?
_________________________________________________________________________
⮚ The aim of this paper is to spur a discussion of the direction of caries-lesion detection activities in clinical dental
practice. (líneas 1-2):
Internalización:
Metacognición:
54
Texto n° 20:
High-Speed cavity preparation techniques with different water flows
Bruno Neves Cavalcanti, DDS, Choyu Otani, PhD, and Sigmar Mello Rode, DDS, MS, PhDc
School of Dentistry, Sao Paulo. State University, And Technological Institute of Aeronautics, Sao José dos Campos, Sao
Paulo, Brazil
Statement of problem: Cavity and tooth preparations generate heat because the use of rotary cutting instruments on
dental tissues creates friction. Dental pulps cannot survive temperature increases greater than 5.5° C.
Purpose: This study evaluated the efficiency of 3 different water flows for 2 different tooth preparation techniques to
determine which are safe for use.
Material and methods: Thermocouples were placed in the pulpal chambers of 30 bovine teeth, and 1 of 2 tooth
preparation techniques was used: a low-load intermittent tooth preparation technique or a high-load tooth preparation
technique without intervals. Water flows of 0, 30, and 45 mL/min were associated with each technique, for a total of 6
different groups. The results were analyzed with a 2-factor analysis of variance (P<.0.5).
Results: Temperature increases with the high-load technique were 16.40°C without cooling (group I), 11.68°C with
30mL/ min air –water spray cooling (group III) and 9.96°C with 45 mL/ min cooling (group V). With the low-load tooth
preparation technique, a 9.54° C increase resulted with no cooling (group II), a 1.56°C increase with 30 mL/ min air water
spray cooling (group IV), and a 0.04° C decrease with 45 mL/ min cooling (group VI). The low-load technique was
associated with more ideal temperature changes.
Conclusion: The results of this study confirm the necessity of using a low-load technique and water coolants during
cavity and tooth preparation procedures (J Prosthet Dent 2002;87:158-61)
Anticipación:
del mismo?
2- Previamente a este texto, se analizó otro texto con el mismo formato. ¿Se establecen las mismas estructuras en todos
los abstracts?

55
Materiales y métodos:
Resultados:
Conclusión:
Verificación:
⮚ Thermocouples were placed in the pulpal chambers of 30 bovine teeth, and 1 of 2 tooth preparation techniques
was used: a low-load intermittent tooth preparation technique or a high-load tooth preparation technique without
intervals (líneas 6-8):
⮚ The results were analyzed with a 2-factor analysis of variance (P<.0.5) (lineas9-10):
56
Internalización:
Metacognición:
Texto n°21:
Transfer of Advances in Sciences into Dental Education
Tissue Engineering´s Impact on Dentistry

Darnell Kaigler, B.S.; David Mooney, Ph.D
Submitted for publication 1/31/01, accepted for publication 4/9/01
Abstract: Tissue engineering is a novel and exciting field that aims to re-create functional, healthy tissues and organs in
order to replace diseased, dying, or dead tissues. The field has developed due to the inadequate supply of organs and
tissues for patients requiring organ and tissue replacement. The following review first describes three major tissue
engineering strategies. Although similar in their objectives, these strategies each maintain a unique component. Next,
several examples of preclinical and clinical progress engineering oral-maxillofacial tissues are presented. Each of these
examples highlights specific tissue engineering applications to different tissues of the oral-maxillofacial apparatus.
Finally practical implications are addressed as well as challenges that must be met in order for tissue engineering to reach
its full potential.
Anticipación:
____________________________________________________________________
2- Lea los datos bibliográficos (Fuente) y el título del texto (abstract) y realice una hipótesis lectura:
57
3- ¿Qué tipo de información se encuentra en el abstract con respecto al trabajo de investigación?¿Se indican datos,
descripciones o explicaciones conceptuales?
4- ¿Se hace referencia a estudios anteriores o a especialistas cuyos trabajos hayan sido importantes en el campo de
investigación?
Verificación:
Diseased tissue:
Dead tissue:
___________________________________________________________________
7 -“must” (línea 9) es un modal. ¿Qué tipo de modalidad desea establecer el autor del texto? ¿Por qué es considerado
Tipo de modalidad expresada: ______________________________________________
> The field has developed due to the inadequate supply of organs and tissues for patients requiring organ and tissue
replacement.

58
Internalización:
Metacognición:
abstract?_______________________________________________________________
Texto n° 22:
THE ROLE OF STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS AND ORAL ECOLOGY IN THE FORMATION OF DENTAL
CARIES
Lisa Simon
Yale College
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut USA
Citation
Lisa Simon: The role of streptococcus mutans and oral ecology in the formation of dental caries
Lethbridge Undergraduate Research Journal. 2007 volume 2 Number 2
Abstract
Although it is one of the most common ailments on the planet, dental caries, more commonly known as cavities, remains
a poorly understood disease. Caries are caused by a complex interplay of factors, especially patient diet and the presence
of the bacteria streptococcus mutans on the teeth. In spite of the fact that poor dental health has been linked to multiple
full-body conditions and diseases, such as Multiple Sclerosis and Heart Disease, and that eighty percent of all American
adolescents will be diagnosed with caries, there are still few successful preventative treatments. Rampant caries diseases
are especially common among lower-income populations, such as the devastating pediatric disease Early Childhood
Caries, which has reported rates of as high as ninety percent in some subpopulations. Recent research into the intricate
microbial ecology of the mouth and the other risk factors that may play a role in caries formation has provided insight
into new treatment and prevention possibilities for this extremely common infectious disease.
Anticipación:
59
3-¿Qué tipo de información se encuentra en el abstract con respecto al trabajo de investigación? ¿Se indican datos,
descripciones o explicaciones conceptuales? ¿Qué elementos textuales le permiten llegar a esa conclusión?
Verificación:
disease:
rampant caries diseases:
risk factors:
6-“Although” (línea 1) es un conector en el texto. ¿Qué tipo de conexión lógica establece?

Tipo de conexión lógica: ___________________________________________
Idea1: ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Idea2: ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
7 -“In spite of” (línea 4) es un conector en el texto. ¿Qué tipo de conexión lógica establece?

60
Idea1: ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Idea2: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
⮚ Caries are caused by a complex interplay of factors, especially patient diet and the presence of the bacteria
streptococcus mutans on the teeth (líneas 2-3):
Internalización :
Metacognición:
61
Textos científicos: Artículos
Texto n° 22:
Tongue lesions in a Jordanian population. Prevalence ,symptoms, subject´s knowledge

Azmi- Mohammad-Ghaleb Darwazeh*, Amna- Abdulla Almelaih**
* BDS. MSc. PhD. FFDRCSI,Professor in Oral Medicine. Faculty of Dentistry ; Jordan University of Science and
Technology, Irbid
** BDS.Msc, Post graduate student, Department of Oral Medicine &Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of
Science and Technology, Irbid
Journal section: Oral Medicine and Pathology
Publication Types: Research
I Tongue lesions constitute a considerable proportion of oral mucosal lesions. The epidemiological studies have shown
variable prevalence rates in different parts of the world. Repeatedly,the difference in the prevalence rates has been related
to ethnic or racial factors, smoking habit and gender differences between population studied, in addition to the general
health status and the diagnostic criteria used . However, apart of some cases of mediam rhomboid glossitis, the majority
of these lesions is believed to be developmental anomalies, and oftenly discovered inicidentally during routine oral
examination. Nevertheless, the base-line data on tongue lesions are necessary for oral health planning and education.
They are also of clinical and therapeutic importance for oral / dental health care providers.
X Despite the ambulance of the world-wide surveys on the prevalence of tongue lesions, reviewing the literature revealed
the lack of studies that explored wether the affected subjects were aware of the existence of their tongue lesions.In
addition, the proportion of subjects experience symptoms and the subject’s knowledge about these commonly
encountered tongue lesions has not been investigated, nor the treatment attempted for the management of these lesions by
the general dental practitioners. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of the common tongue lesions in
a group of healthy adult, Jordanian population, and to assess the subjects symptoms, awareness of their tongue lesions and
the type of the treatment provided for their managment
Anticipación:
_________________________________________________________________________
62
Párrafo seleccionado:
Verificación:
Oral mucosal lesions:
Oral examination:
General dental practitioners:
8-“nevertheless” (línea 7) es un conector en el texto. ¿Qué tipo de conexión lógica establece?

Idea1: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Idea2: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
9-“that” (línea 11) es un conector que indica referencia textual anafórica. ¿Podría indicar su referencia?
63
10 -“Despite” (línea 10) es un conector en el texto. ¿Qué tipo de conexión lógica establece? ¿Cuáles son las dos ideas
Idea1: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Idea2: ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
11 -“In addition” (línea 12) es un conector en el texto. ¿Qué tipo de conexión lógica establece? ¿Cuáles son las dos ideas
Idea1: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Idea2: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
⮚ The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of the common tongue lesions in a group of healthy adult,
Jordanian population, and to assess the subjects symptoms, awareness of their tongue lesions and the type of the
treatment provided for their managment (lineas 14-17)
Internalización:
64
Metacognición:

________________________________________________________________________________
Texto n° 23:
Influence of surface roughness on streptococcal adhesion forces to composite resins
Li Meia , b, Henk j. Busschera, Henry C. van der Meia, and Yijim Renb
A Department of Biomedical Engineering , University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Antonius
Deusinglaan1, 9713 AV Gronigen, The Netherlands
I White spot lesions around orthodontic brackets form one of the most prevalent side effects of orthodontic treatment with
fixed appliances, and affect approximately 50% of all orthodontic patients and these lesions can remain visible as a
permanet enamel scar or “tooth decay” even 5 years after treatment, compromising facial esthetics after an often lengthy
and costly course of orthodontic treatment. The junction between bracket, adhesive and enamel constitutes a favorable
place for oral bacteria to adhere and form a biofilm and especially excessive bonding composite around the bracket has
been demonstrated to be prone to biofilm accumulation. Lee et al. found that orthodontic composite had a higher ability to
retain oral streptococci than metallic brackets. Oral biofilms are only able to maintain position in the oral cavity if the
forces to the different materials constituting the bracket-adhesive-enamel junction using atomic force microscopy (AFM)
and observed that, in line with the above, different oral bacterial strains adhered more strongly to orthodontic composite
resins than to enamel or metal surfaces involved in the junction. It remained unclear though, whether this was due to the
hydrophobicity of the composite surface (water contact angle 71°) or its higher roughness (28.5 nm) as compared with
enamel (30°; 7.0nm) or stainless steel (68°; 2.7nm).
XV Initial bacterial adhesion on smooth surfaces is reversible and becomes irreversible within seconds to minutes after
initial contact. Measurement of bacterial adhesion forces using AFM has demonstrated that longer contact times between
a bacterium and a substratum surface results in stronger adhesion forces (“bond-strengthening”) on surfaces in the
presence as well as in the absence of a salivary conditioning film. Although it is known that rougher surfaces promote
bacterial adhesion, and to such an extent that exceeds the influence of hydrophobicity or surface free energy and , the
influence of surface roughness on bacterial adhesion forces and their strengthening over time, has not yet been studied.
We hypothesize that bacterial adhesion forces and their strengthening over time are dependent on the surface roughness of
the composite surfaces. In order to test this hypothesis, we investigated the influence of surface roughness of two different
orthodontic composite resins on the adhesion forces of two oral streptococcal strains using AFM. Force measurements
were carried out in the absence or presence of an absorbed salivary conditioning film.
Anticipación:
65

_________________________________________________________________________
Párrafo seleccionado: _________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Verificación:
White spot lesions:
Fixed appliances:
Tooth decay:
66
Bonding composite:
Bracket-adhesive-enamel junction
________________________________________________________________________
8 -“we” (línea 22) es un elemento cohesivo que indica referencia textual anafórica. ¿Podría indicar su referencia?
________________________________________________________________________
9 -“their” (línea 22) es un elemento cohesivo que indica referencia textual anafórica. ¿Podría indicar su referencia?
_________________________________________________________________________
Internalización:
Metacognición:
Texto n° 24:
CARIES
67
Lisa Simon
Yale College
Yale University
Citation
Early Childhood Caries

I One of the most striking examples of the problems caused by the conflict between the evolutionary past and the modern
lifestyle is the pediatric dental disease known as Early childhood caries, also called Nursing-Bottle Caries. Early
Childhood Caries is associated with the availability of a sugar- rich drink (often in a bottle or sippy cup) to infant or
young child during periods of sleep. This allows the sugars to bathe the primary teeth at a time of decreased salivary
activity. Providing a beverage containing sugars during naptime is a behavior shown to increase the risk of caries
formation almost fourfold. This is a practice often associated with lower-income families, who are also at increased risk
since salivary function can be lowered through iron deficiency, a frequent malnutrition problem in lower –income
households, or exposure to lead products, as lead-based paint is still common in many innercity dwellings (Campbell,
Moss et al. 2000). Lower-income populations are also less likely to receive dental care due to inability to pay or a lack of
availability of clinicians. In fact, only six percent of dental needs were treated in 1,198 communities termed “health
professional shortage areas” (Mouradian, Wehr et al. 2000). It is thus not surprising that Head Start preschool programs
for low income children have reported Early Childhood Caries rates of as high as ninety percent (Slavkin 1999)
XVI Disease rate are also disproportionately distributed among ethnic minorities compared to non Hispanic Whites.
African-American and Hispanic children suffer much higher caries rates and have more untreated dental needs (Vargas,
Crall et al. 1998). Native American and Alaskan Native children have some of the highest Early Childhood Caries rates in
the nation (Tang, Altman et al. 1997).
XXI Preventative treatments are also less common in these groups. Only five percent of African-American 14 years-olds
have dental sealants, a paltry rate compared to the 24 percent of all 14 year-olds who do (Service 2000).
Anticipación:

_________________________________________________________________________
68
________________________________________________________________________
Verificación:
Early childhood caries:
Sugar rich drink:
Primary teeth:
Iron deficiency:
_________________________________________________________________________
Malnutrition:
_________________________________________________________________________
Decreased salivary activity:
_________________________________________________________________________
8 -“one” (línea1) es un elemento cohesivo que indica referencia textual catafórica (en este texto en particular). ¿Podría
indicar su referencia?
________________________________________________________________________
9 -“this” (línea 4) es un elemento cohesivo que indica referencia textual anafórica. ¿Podría indicar su referencia?
69
_________________________________________________________________________
10 -“who” (línea 8) es un elemento cohesivo que indica referencia textual anafórica. ¿Podría indicar su referencia?
_________________________________________________________________________
11 -“In fact” (línea 13) es un conector en el texto. ¿Qué tipo de conexión lógica establece?
Idea1: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Idea2: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
12 -“thus” (línea 14) es un conector en el texto. ¿Qué tipo de conexión lógica establece?
¿Por qué es considerado de suma importancia?
Tipo de conexión lógica: _____________________________________________________
> Early Childhood Caries is associated with the availability of a sugar- rich drink (often in a bottle or sippy cup) to infant
or young child during periods of sleep (líneas 3-4).
Internalización:
70
Metacognición:
Texto n°25:
CARIES
Lisa Simon
Yale College
Yale University
Citation
Virulence Factors
I The time at which Streptococcus mutans is acquired in relation to other common oral bacteria also play a role in its
prevalence in the ecology of the mouth. The successive colonization of many different species leaves only certain realized
niche for S. mutans, minimizing its impact through a process that has been termed “bacterial succession”. Some pioneer,
such as Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus mitis are detectable in infants only a few days old, while S mutans is
virtually undetectable until around age two (Li, Caufield et al. 2005). Any alteration in this progression of colonization
can lead to increased risk of dental caries. For example, Li et al (Li, Caufield et al. 2005) found that babies delivered via
Caesarian section had detectable levels of S. mutans aprroximately a year earlier than those delivered vaginally,
presumably because they were not colonized by pioneer bacteria found on the perineum of their mothers that babies born
vaginally were exposed to.
XII However, the biggest virulence factor and greatest determinant of caries susceptibility is extra-bacteria: the
consumption of sugar-rich carbohydrates. Each influx of sugar into the mouth results in a sharp drop in p.H, conditions
which favor demineralization of the teeth and heightened S. mutans activity. Under the conditions in which the
human-oral bacteria relationship revolved, dietary sugar levels were dramatically lower and humans ate a few large
meals, rather than constantly introducing sugar into the mouth by snacking. In studies tracking oral pH and eating habits
over time, those who ate three regular meals a day experienced the same post-meal drop in pH as those who snacked
constantly, with the critical distinction that the time difference between each drop allowed the saliva to raise pH and
remineralize the teeth, undoing the damage caused by S. mutans metabolism at each meal time. In contrast, those who ate
71
three meals as well as sucrose snacks experienced an overall drop in pH with no recovery ability, because the saliva did
not have enough time to raise the pH before more sugar was consumed (Loesche 1986). While the increased prevalence
of fluoridation of the water supply has made sugar-consumption less of a risk factor, it is a still one of the biggest
predictors of dental caries (Burt and Pai 2001).
Anticipación:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Verificación:
Oral bacteria:
bacterial succession:
72
The biggest virulence factor:
a risk factor:
_________________________________________________________________________
8 –“its” (línea2) es un elemento cohesivo que indica referencia textual anafórica. ¿Podría indicar su referencia?
________________________________________________________________________
9 -“that” (línea 4) es un elemento cohesivo que indica referencia textual anafórica. ¿Podría indicar su referencia?
________________________________________________________________________
10 -“while” (línea 6) es un conector en el texto. ¿Qué tipo de conexión lógica establece?

Idea1: ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Idea2: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
11 -“because” (línea 10) es un conector en el texto. ¿Qué tipo de conexión lógica establece?
Idea1: ________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Idea2: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
12 -“which” (línea 14) es un elemento cohesivo que indica referencia textual anafórica. ¿Podría indicar su referencia?
_________________________________________________________________________
13 -“who” (línea 18) es un elemento cohesivo que indica referencia textual anafórica. ¿Podría indicar su referencia?
_________________________________________________________________________
14 -Explique la siguiente frase en forma completa y concisa. Conceptualice
> Any alteration in this progression of colonization can lead to increased risk of dental caries (lineas 7-8).
73
Internalización:
Metacognición:
Texto n° 26:
CARIES
Lisa Simon
Yale College
Yale University
Citation
Coevolution of humans and Streptococcus mutans

74
Under prehistoric evolutionary conditions, the presence of Streptococcus mutans would have no adverse effects, and
might even have benefited humans by preventing the colonization of harmful bacteria. Yet the taste for sugar that once
ensured that our ancestors consumed foods with the maximum amount of calories now keeps us snacking in between
meals and has created a multibilion dollar industry for what Loesche has called “the slow-release device for sucrose
known as a candy” (Loesche 1986). Studies of societies in which access to sugar is drastically altered show the (
low-sucrose) diets had many fewer cavities than wealthier Inuit families who could afford more Western foods (Mayhall,
Dahlberg et al. 1970). Similarly, Norwegian children who grew up during World War Two, when sugar was severely
rationed, experienced fewer caries than children growing up shortly after, when sugary foods were again common
(Toverud 1957). Humans’ relationship with both food and with Streptococcus mutans evolved in very different conditions
than those of today. In effect, the disease initiated by S. mutans in our mouths is a case of evolutionary incongruence with
the lifestyle enjoyed by those in developed countries.
Anticipación:
_____________________________________________________________________
3-Lea la primera oración del texto y puntualice los conceptos que usted considera de gran relevancia.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Verificación:
6-“would” (línea 1) es un modal. ¿Qué tipo de modalidad desea establecer el autor del texto? ¿Por qué es considerado de

75
7 –“might”(línea 2) es un modal. ¿Qué tipo de modalidad desea establecer el autor del texto? ¿Por qué es considerado de
Tipo de modalidad expresada:_____________________________________________
8 -“Yet”(línea 3) es un conector en el texto. ¿Qué tipo de conexión lógica establece?

Tipo de conexión lógica: ____________________________________________________
Idea1: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Idea2: ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
9 -“which” (línea 6) es un elemento cohesivo que indica referencia textual anafórica. ¿Podría indicar su referencia?
_________________________________________________________________________
Lea el estracto subrayado y haga una comprensión de texto:
Internalización:
Metacognición:
Texto n° 27:
How bacteria become resistant

76
Emergence of resistance
The first step in the emergence of resistance is a genetic change in a bacterium. There are two ways that can happen.
1. Spontaneous mutation in the bacterium’s DNA.
Many antibiotics work by inactivating an essential bacterial protein. Genetic change can remove that protein. Also,
mutations in the target protein can prevent the antibiotic from binding or if it does bind, prevent it from inactivating the
target protein.
Genetic change can also lead to increased production of the antibiotic’s target enzyme so that there are too many of them
and the antibiotics cannot inactivate them all. Alternatively, the bacterium may produce an antibiotic-inactivating enzyme.
As well, the bacterium may alter the permeability of its cell membrane, or wall to the antibiotic.
2. Transfer of antibiotic-resistant genes
The second way for a bacterium to gain resistance is for an existing antibiotic-resistant gene to transfer from one
bacterium to another bacterium. Microbiologist, Doctor John Turnidge, says they literally borrow their resistance genes
from almost, so for thousands of millions of years they’ve had a chance to work out ways to survive and one of those is to
borrow genes from other bacteria to survive”.
(Fuente: http://www.abc.net.au/science/slab/antibiotics/resistence.htm)
Anticipación:

_________________________________________________________________________
2- Lea los datos bibliográficos (Fuente), el título del texto y los subtítulos y realice una hipótesis de lectura sobre el tema
a tratar.

77
5- Teniendo en cuenta los conceptos ya leídos, podría indicar: ¿Cuál es el párrafo ó los párrafos particularmente en
este texto, que usted considera de suma importancia para la comprensión correcta del texto? ¿Por qué lo considera de
suma importancia?
Párrafo/s seleccionado/s: _______________________________________
Verificación:
antibiotics:
mutations:
enzyme:
8-“also” (línea 4) es un conector en el texto. ¿Qué tipo de conexión lógica establece? ¿Cuáles son las dos ideas que
Idea1: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Idea2: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
9-Explique las siguientes frases en forma completa y concisa. Conceptualice
⮚ Many antibiotics work by inactivating an essential bacterial protein (línea 4)
⮚ The second way for a bacterium to gain resistance is for an existing antibiotic-resistant gene to transfer from one
bacterium to another bacterium until this very day (línea 12-13)
78
Internalización:
Metacognición:
Texto n° 28:
Darnell Kaigler, B.S.; David Mooney , Ph. D.

Journal of Dental Education .Volume 65, n° 5. Mayo 2001
Bone
I Tissue engineering will likely have its most significant impact in dentistry via bone tissue engineering and regeneration.
Bony defects secondary to injury, disease, and congenital disorders represent a major health problem. Current strategies
aimed at replacing bony defects include the utilization of autografts, allografts, and synthetic biomaterials. Despite the
fact that these substitutes restore stability and function to a reasonably sufficient degree, they still contain limitations. This
has led to interest in engineering bone, which can be achieved using all three tissue engineering strategies.
VII Both conductive and inductive approaches can be used to regenerate small bony defects. Guided tissue regeneration
(GTR) after periodontal surgery, represents a conductive approach to regeneration of bone. BMPs( bone morphogenetic
proteins), related proteins, and the genes encoding these proteins allow one to engineer bone using inductive approaches
offer the possibility of pre-forming large bone structures(e.g., complete mandible) that may not be achievable using the
79
other two strategies. These structures may even be completely developed in the lab prior to use in large scale
reconstructive procedures.
Anticipación:

_______________________________________________________________________
2- Lea el título y el subtítulo del texto y realice una hipótesis general del texto
3- Lea la oración introductoria (oración temática) de cada párrafo y realice una lista de conceptos.
4- Lea nuevamente el texto y establezca ¿Qué tipo de información se da en el primer párrafo y qué tipo de información se
da en el segundo párrafo?¿ Es argumentativa, descriptiva, o narrativa? Establezca los elementos textuales que avalan su
conclusión.
Primer párrafo: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Segundo párrafo: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Verificación:
Bony defects:
tissue engineering strategies:

80
BMPs( bone morphogenetic proteins):
8-“these”(línea 12) es un elemento cohesivo que indica referencia textual anafórica. ¿Podría indicar su referencia?
⮚ Both conductive and inductive approaches can be used to regenerate small bony defects (línea7):
Lea el extracto subrayado y haga una comprensión de texto
Internalización:
Metacognición:
11 ¿Cuál es su impresión sobre elegir palabras claves para la interpretación correcta del texto?
Texto n° 29:
81

Dentin and Dental Pulp
The production of dentin and dental pulp has also been achieved in animal and laboratory studies using tissue
engineering strategies. The greatest potential for these engineered tissues is in the treatment of tooth decay. Dental caries
remains one of the most prevalent young adult and childhood diseases, while the phrase “root canal” is probably the most
dreaded term in dentistry. There are several ways in which one can potentially engineer lost dentin and dental pulp. There
is now evidence suggesting that even if the odontoblasts (cells that produce dentin) are lost due to caries, it may be
possible to induce formation of new cells from pulp tissue using certain BMPs
(bone morphogenetic proteins). These new odontoblasts can synthesize new dentin. Tissue engineering of dental pulp
itself may also be possible using cultured fibroblasts and synthetic polymer matrices. Further development and successful
application of these strategies to regenerate dentin and dental pulp could one day revolutionize the treatment of our most
common oral health problem, cavities.
Anticipación:
_______________________________________________________________________
2- Lea el título y el subtítulo del texto y realice una hipótesis general del texto
3- Lea la oración introductoria (oración temática) del texto y realice una lista de conceptos relacionados con el tema.
Verificación:
dentin:
82
tooth decay:
odontoblasts:
6-“while” (línea 4) es un conector en el texto. ¿Qué tipo de conexión lógica establece? ¿Cuáles son las dos ideas que
Idea1: ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Idea2: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
8-“even if” (línea 6) es un conector en el texto. ¿Qué tipo de conexión lógica establece? ¿Cuáles son las dos ideas que
Idea1: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Idea2: ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Lea el extracto subrayado y haga una comprensión de texto
Internalización:
83
Metacognición:
10-¿Cuál es su impresión sobre elegir palabras claves para la interpretación correcta del texto?
Texto nº30:
Hyposalivation, xerostomía and the complete denture

A systematic review
Michael Turner, DDS,MD; Leila Jahangiri, BDS, DMD, MMSc, Jonathan A.

Ship, DMD, FDS, RCS
JADA, Vol. 139. February 2008
Treatment of dry mouth problems in denture wearers.
There are a host of treatments for dry mouth, although remedies usually are palliative
and none are described specially for the denture-wearing population. Initial therapy begins with a thorough assessment
of the underlying cause. In elderly patients, this assessment must include the denture and the denture-bearing
mucosal surface.
If the dentist can see denture sores, he or she should consider that a poor denture fit may be a causative factor in the
patient´s salivary hypo function and must treat it. This typically is the case for overextended mandibular lingual
flanges.
Excessive pressure in the lingual anterior regions potentially can cause mucosal soreness as well as hypofunction of the
sublingual and submandibular glands, and it requires adjustments to the prosthesis.
Patients with insufficient saliva benefit from wetting their dentures before placing them in the mouth. Salivary substitutes,
artificial saliva and salivary stimulants therefore can be beneficial for the denture –wearing patient in terms of
helping with adhesion and cohesion and, subsequently, prostheses retention. Patients can be advised to spray their
prostheses with artificial saliva before denture insertion and before meals.
Anticipación:
____________________________________________________________________
2- Lea los datos bibliográficos (Fuente) y el título del texto y realice una hipótesis lectura:
84
Párrafo seleccionado:____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Verificación:
host:
palliative:
denture sores:
_________________________________________________________________________
denture-wearing patients:
________________________________________________________________________
8-“must” (línea 3) es un modal. ¿Qué tipo de modalidad desea establecer el autor del texto? ¿Por qué es considerado de
Tipo de modalidad expresada:______________________________________________

85
⮚ If the dentist can see denture sores, he or she should consider that a poor denture fit may be a causative factor in
the patient´s salivary hypo function and must treat it.
Internalización:
Metacognición:
texto?_____________________________________________________________
MODELOS DE EXAMEN
Examen nº1
PULP
Pulp, endodontium, pulp cavity, pulp chamber, root canal, pulpaleolus
I The existence of the term endodontium is implied by the now generally accepted term endodontics. However, it has
scarcely been used in English and has no advantages over pulp.
IV The space occupied by the pulp in the root is designed by the term root canal, and that occupied by the pulp in the
crown of the tooth is designated by the term pulp chamber. Logically, the entire space occupied by the pulp should be the
pulp cavity, but this term is confused with pulp chamber. By analogy with the alveolus of the tooth, the term pulp alveolus
would seem to be a possibility.
86
(Fuente: The vocabulary of dentistry and oral science: a manual for the study of dental nomemclature. Chicago: American
Dental Association, 1958.)
Anticipación:
_________________________________________________________________________
2- Lea el título del texto detenidamente e indique: ¿Cuál es el tipo de información que se expresa? Indique si es
argumentativa, descriptiva o narrativa. También manifieste que elementos textuales tuvo en cuenta para llegar a dicha
conclusión.
general de lectura.
4- Lea nuevamente el texto y establezca ¿Qué tipo de información se da en cada párrafo?

Indique si se expresan datos, explicaciones, o relaciones conceptuales. También considere los elementos textuales que
lo llevan a esa conclusión.
Primer párrafo: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Segundo párrafo: -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Verificación:
6-“however” (línea 2) es un conector en el texto. ¿Qué tipo de conexión lógica establece? ¿Cuáles son las dos ideas que
Tipo de conexión lógica: ___________________________________________________
Idea1: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
87
Idea2: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
7 -“that” (línea 3) es un elemento cohesivo que indica referencia textual anafórica. ¿Podría indicar su referencia?
8-Explique las siguientes frases en forma completa y concisa. Conceptualice
⮚ pulp chamber
⮚ Alveolus of the tooth
⮚ By analogy with the alveolus of the tooth, the term pulp alveolus would seem to be a possibility (línea 6).
Examen nº2

I Dental and medical treatment for loss of tissue or end-stage organ failure is required for millions of americans each year.
Annually, these individuals account for an estimated total health care cost of more than $400 billion, which is
approximately one-half of all medical-related costs in the USA. The field of tissue engineering has developed over the
past decade to re-create functional, healthy tissues and organs in order to replace diseased, dying, or dead tissues. As they
relate to the oral-maxillofacial apparatus, hard and soft tissue defects secondary to trauma (e.g., cancer, periodontal
disease) are significant health problem.
VIII The principal objectives of the current clinical approaches to tissue replacement and reconstruction were to alleviate
pain and to restore mechanical stability and function. Current strategies used for treatment of lost tissues include the
utilization of autogenous grafts, allografts, and synthetic materials (alloplasts). Although all of these treatment approaches
have had successes and have been major advances in medicine, each of them has limitations. One of the major
shortcomings with autografts, as well as allografts, is the fact that humans do not have significant stores of excess tissue
for transplantation.
88
XV Other restrictions, particularly related to replacing lost bone, include donor site morbidity, anatomic and structural
problems, and elevated levels of resorption during healing. Compounded with this, in the case of allografts, there always
exists the possibility of eliciting an immunologic response due to genetic differences, as well as inducing transmissible
diseases. On the other end of the spectrum lie synthetic material replacements (e.g., dental implants) common with all
foreign implanted materials in a thin, fibrous membrane. As it relates to the dental implant, the fibrous capsule created by
the immune response can potentially wall off the implant from its new environment and can prevent the implant from
achieving true osseointegration, ultimately leading to failure. Furthermore, if implants do achieve initial osseointegration,
the changing needs of the body often will lead to failure over time.
Anticipación:
________________________________________________________________________
general de lectura.
4- Lea nuevamente el texto y establezca ¿Qué tipo de información se da en cada párrafo? ¿Es argumentativa, descriptiva,
o narrativa? Establezca los elementos textuales que avalan su conclusión.
Primer párrafo: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Segundo párrafo: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tercer párrafo: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Verificación:
89
tissue replacement:
grafts:
______________________________________________________________________
allografts:
______________________________________________________________________
healing:
dental implants:
8-“As” (línea 5) es un conector en el texto. ¿Qué tipo de conexión lógica establece? ¿Cuáles son las dos ideas que
Tipo de conexión lógica: _______________________________________________
Idea1: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Idea2: ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
9-“Although” (línea 11) es un conector en el texto. ¿Qué tipo de conexión lógica establece? ¿Cuáles son las dos ideas que
Idea1: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Idea2: ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

90
⮚ Compounded with this, in the case of allografts, there always exists the possibility of eliciting an immunologic
response due to genetic differences, as well as inducing transmissible diseases (líneas 16-18):
Lea atentamente el párrafo subrayado y haga una comprensión de texto
Internalización:
Examen nº3:
Minimal Intervention Dentistry (MID) for managing dental caries – a review
I This publication describes the history of Minimal Intervention Dentistry (MID) for managing dental caries and presents
evidence for various carious lesion detection devices, for preventive measures, for restorative and non-restorative
therapies as well as for repairing rather than replacing defective restorations. It is follow-up to the FDI World Dental
Federation publication on MID. Of V- 2000. The dental profession currently is faced with an enormous task of how to
manage the high burden of consequences of the caries process amongst the world population. If it is to manage carious
lesion development and its progression, it should more away from the “surgical” care approach and fully embrance the
MID approach. The chance for MID to be succesful is thought to be increased tremendously if dental caries is not
considered an infectious but instead a bahavioural X- disease with a bacterial component. Controlling the two main
carious lesion development related behaviours, i.e. intake and frequency of fermentable sugars, to not more than five
times daily and removing/disturbing dental plaque from all tooth surfaces using an effective fluoridated toothpaste twice
daily, are the ingredients for reducing the burden of dental caries in many communities in the world.FDI´s policy of
reducing the need for restorative therapy by placing an XV- even greater emphasis on caries prevention than is currently
done, is therefore, worth pursuing.
Fuente: Minimal Intervention Dentistry (MID) for managing dental caries –a review .
NIH Public Access. Int Dent J. 2012 October : 62 (5) : 223-243 .doi: 10.1111/ idj. 12007
91
1- Lea el texto detenidamente e indique: ¿Cuál es el tipo de información que se expresa?
2-Relea el texto y realice una hipótesis específica de lectura.
3- Explique los siguientes conceptos en forma específica y completa. Realice una comprensión textual.
fluoridation:
carious lesion:
disease:
hyposalivation:
biofilm:
____________________________________________________________________
4 -“If” (línea 6) es un conector en el texto. ¿Qué tipo de conexión lógica establece? ¿Por qué es considerado de suma
importancia?
Idea1: ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Idea2: ______________________________________________________________________
5 - “should” (línea7) es un modal. ¿Qué tipo de modalidad desea establecer el autor del texto?
Tipo de modalidad expresada____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
6 -“two” (línea 10) es un elemento textual que indica referencia textual anafórica. ¿Podría indicar su referencia?
92
7 -Explique las siguientes frases en forma completa y concisa. Conceptualice
⮚ An important concept, that governed the development of MID, is the “Repeat Restoration Cycle”. Elderton and
co-workers clearly demonstrated, on the basis of studying the survival of amalgam restorations, that
“eliminating” carious lesions in order to improve oral health, through restorative procedures based on the G. V.
Black concept, does not keep teeth functional for all individuals.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________
⮚ The assumed relationship between carious lesion development and consumption of fermentable sugars used to be
stronger in the past than currently.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
9- Lea el extracto subrayado y haga una comprensión de texto:
10- Exprese la idea principal del texto en una oración completa, concreta, específica, seleccione y combine los conceptos
que usted considere de mayor relevancia, de este modo usted estará jerarquizando.
_________________________________________________________________________

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1

GUÍA DE ESTUDIO INGLÉS TÉCNICO

FALSO COGNADO SIGNIFICA NO SIGNIFICA

ORDEN DE LOS SUSTANTIVOS Y SUS MODIFICADORES EN INGLÉS

Inglés: Dental Materials

Español: Materiales Dentales

MODIFICADORES DE LOS SUSTANTIVOS: Sufijos- ING y ED

The first filling materials

El Sufijo –ing como indicador de un sustantivo

Polishing and grinding were applied

Aditivos: Indican adición

Exclusión: Indican exclusión de argumentos

Alternativos: Indican elección

Espaciales: Indican espacios y lugares

Temporales Indican tiempo

Adversativos: Indican oposición

Condicionales: Indican condiciones reales, improbables, imposibles.

Consecutivos: Indican consecuencia.

Causales: Indican causa.

Comparativos: Indican comparasión

Explicativos : Amplían información.

Correlativos: Indican correlatividad en tiempo, lugar, adición y elección.

Resumidores y Generalizadores: Se establece una conclusión.

PRONOMBRES : Elementos cohesivos

Modificadores posesivos: My,your,his,her,its,our,your,their.

Demostrativos: This (este/esta), That (ese/esa/aquel/aquella).

Oración Simple: Sujeto y Predicado

And= y (nexo coordinante)

Until= hasta ( subordinante)

Tipos de información de acuerdo al origen del texto:

Mary teaches at UBA.

(El odontólogo/La odontóloga llegó tarde ayer).

(Mañana a la mañana (yo) voy a ir al odontólogo).

* texto extraído de un texto académico

4- ¿Tiene algún conocimiento previo sobre estos conceptos? Comente brevemente.

Párrafo seleccionado: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Tipo de conexión lógica: ______________________________________________

10-Explique las siguientes frases en forma completa y concisa.

>until the work…. ( línea 7)

>until this very day ( línea 11)

Lea el párrafo subrayado y haga una comprensión de texto:

13- ¿Cómo evalúa la selección del párrafo más importante?

Minor Salivary Glands

* texto extraído de un texto académico

Primer párrafo: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Segundo párrafo: -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Minor salivary glands:

8 -Explique la siguiente frase en forma completa y concisa.

Primer párrafo: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Segundo párrafo: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Tipo de conexión lógica: _________________________________

Tipo de conexión lógica: ____________________________________________

Tipo de conexión lógica: __________________________________________________

Tipo de modalidad expresada:_______________________________________

1-Lea atentamente el texto e indique el origen del mismo:

Lea el extracto subrayado y haga una comprensión de texto:

Clinical use of fluoride

(Fuente: Clinical use of fluoride. R Ellwood and O. Fejerskov)