MD Ingles Cuatrimestral 2c 2017
MD Ingles Cuatrimestral 2c 2017
MD Ingles Cuatrimestral 2c 2017
Cuatrimestral
Gabriela Anselmo
Silvana Garfalo
1
2
3
MATERIAL DIDCTICO
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ndice
Indice
Las autoras..........................................................................................................................4
1
Introduccin........................................................................................................................5 2
Problemtica del campo......................................................................................................5 3
Mapa conceptual.................................................................................................................6
Objetivos del curso .............................................................................................................7
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Referencias Bibliogrficas...........................................................................................72
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Las autoras
Gabriela Anselmo es profesora de Ingls (I.S.F.D N24), licenciada en Educacin
con Orientacin en Gestin Institucional (UNQ), actualmente cursa la Maestra en
Cs. Sociales y Humanidades Mencin Comunicacin (UNQ). Es docente de cursos 1
de Extensin Universitaria, pregrado, grado y posgrado y autora de Ingls I (2013, 2
Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche). Se desempea como capacitadora del 3
Hospital de Alta Complejidad El Cruce y coordina el rea de Idiomas del CPE
de la UNAJ.
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Introduccin
1
El nivel de desarrollo tecnolgico actual junto con los avances en las reas de la 2
comunicacin e investigacin en las sociedades modernas posicionan al dominio 3
del idioma ingls como una competencia esencial tanto para los alumnos univer-
sitarios como para los futuros profesionales. En consecuencia, la adquisicin de
habilidades lingstico discursivas que permitan el abordaje de textos discipli-
nares en forma exitosa se constituye en un propsito primordial para la forma-
cin integral de los alumnos. A partir de los argumentos expuestos, el presente
trayecto formativo tiene como objetivos brindar la preparacin necesaria para
el desarrollo de tales competencias y lograr que los alumnos puedan acceder a
textos escritos en la lengua extranjera (LE) en forma autnoma y eficiente para
avanzar en su desarrollo acadmico y profesional.
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Mapa conceptual
1
2
3
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1. La lectura de gneros
discursivos en ingls
1
Objetivos de esta unidad: 2
3
Se espera que los estudiantes logren:
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monografa informe
tesis resea bibliogrfica
examen parcial
de Lingstica Aplicada (2010).
Disponible en http://www.nebri- La riqueza y diversidad de los gneros discursivos es inmensa, porque las po-
ja.com/revista sibilidades de la actividad humana son inagotables y porque en cada esfera
linguistica/files/articulosPDF/ de la praxis existe todo un repertorio de gneros discursivos que se diferencia
articulo_530b646902516.pdf
[Consulta 20 de octubre de 2014] y crece a medida que se desarrolla y se complica la esfera misma (Bajtn, 1979:
248).
Los gneros son formas discursivas convencionales conformadas histrica-
mente en una cultura determinada. Se van constituyendo a lo largo de la his-
toria de una comunidad lingstica como prcticas sociales con valor funcio-
nal. Son, por lo tanto, productos socioculturales y, como tales, se reconocen
fcilmente entre los miembros de una comunidad. Son hechos comunicativos
que suceden en un contexto social, con arreglo a ciertas normas y convencio-
nes, y con una clara finalidad, por ejemplo, la de informar, persuadir, divertir,
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[] un proceso interactivo entre un lector con un sistema cognitivo determina-
do y un texto escrito por un autor que, a su vez, posee un sistema cognitivo. El
autor deja en su texto pistas o instrucciones acerca de cmo debe ser inter-
pretado su mensaje. (Lescano, 2001: 3)
- Para indicar el orden de los hechos ocurridos: entonces, despus, al otro da,
luego.
- Para indicar la manera en la que el escritor organiza su discurso: en conclusin,
esto quiere decir que, en este punto, as pues, empezaremos por, volviendo
a lo anterior.
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AMPLIAR
1
2
1.3.1. El proceso de comprensin lectora en una lengua 3
extranjera
Teniendo en cuenta la descripcin y el anlisis desarrollado en el punto anterior,
podemos definir a la lectura como un proceso de construccin de sentido. En
el desarrollo de este proceso, el lector juega un rol activo dado que utiliza sus
conocimientos previos y estrategias cognitivas para realizar hiptesis, prediccio-
nes y procesar la informacin y as lograr la comprensin.
Todos recordamos que el bagaje de informacin que cada individuo almace-
na en su memoria a partir de su experiencia de vida conforma sus conocimien-
tos previos. Pero ahora bien, a qu nos referimos con estrategias congnitivas
especficamente?
Las estrategias cognitivas que emplea el lector pueden describirse como
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Sintticamente, podramos decir que la comprensin es el resultado de la in-
3
teraccin entre las pistas que proporciona el texto tanto textuales como pa-
ratextuales (utilizacin de distintos tipos de letra, ilustraciones, disposicin
grfica)- y el conocimiento previo del lector gracias a su experiencia comuni-
cativa y social acerca del tema que aborda el texto y de su organizacin dis-
cursiva. (Alexopolou, 2010:4)
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2. Actividades de prctica e
integracin
Actividad 1 1
2
Tres de los siguientes ttulos corresponden a los textos que figuran debajo.
3
a. Determinar qu ttulo corresponde a cada texto.
1. Regional Climate Change and Tourism: the Case of Southern Brazil
2. Landslides in the Andes and the need to communicate on an interandean
level on landslide mapping and research
3. An approximation to the Bolivian identity
4. Climate change and hazardous processes in high mountains
Landslides in the Andes are some of the highest natural threats to society with sin-
gle events killing up to several thousand people. Landslide mapping and landslide
research became a more widely spread discipline in geosciences in the Andean coun-
tries. However, efforts today, by far, do not match the threat and both more investi-
gations and more mapping activities are needed to support decision makers in land
use planning. In this communication we discussed five key issues that we suggest
focusing on in upcoming years: Impact of climatic change on landslides occurrence,
landslides susceptibility and hazard maps, prediction of megalandslides, seismica-
lly triggered landslides, and temporal spatial distribution of mud and debris flows
potential.
In this paper I intend to investigate how it is constructed in the discourse of the pre-
sident of Bolivia, Evo Morales, the topic climate change and the meanings assigned
to them. This concern arose from observing the emergence of climate change issues
as a major concern of the international community, and to inquire into the discourse
of Morales, who postulates two opposing paths meet this problem: to save capitalism
or life and Mother Earth. This question will allow me to make an initial approach to
the construction of identity in Bolivia, from the new discursive dominances emer-
ging with force since 2006 rescuing indigenous peoples and their values as pillars of
the identity of the Bolivian people. The speeches were delivered to analyze between
2007 and 2010 under United Nations International Summit on climate change.
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The article proposes an analysis of the interrelation between the regional climate
changes. At first, some indicators of climate change such as average annual tempe-
rature, rainfall, frequency of extreme climatic events, maxima and minimum avera-
ge temperature were taken into account. Then, in order to establish an interrelation
between these indications and tourism in southern Brazil two tourist micro regions
were chosen where there is a close relation between tourism and climate: the moun-
1 tain range of the state of Rio Grande do Sul and the tourist region of the coast of the
2 state of Santa Catarina, which are two good examples to illustrate the way the actual
3 climate change can affect tourism.
REFLEXIN
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1
2.1.2. Tipos de palabras
2
Existe una distincin entre dos grandes grupos de palabras. Por un lado, se
encuentran las llamadas palabras conceptuales, como los sustantivos, verbos,
3
adjetivos y adverbios; mientras que por otro, se encuentran las llamadas palabras
estructurales o funcionales, tales como preposiciones, artculos, adjetivos deter-
minantes, cojunciones y pronombres.
Las palabras estructurales conforman grupos cerrados, es decir componen
una lista determinada o finita de palabras. Por ejemplo, las preposiciones: ante,
cabe, con, etc. Lo mismo ocurre en ingls (after, before, with, etc.). En cambio,
las palabras conceptuales conforman grupos abiertos dado que cubren una
amplia gama de conceptos e inclusive, porque incorporan y cambian vocablos
permanentemente.
El lxico acadmico especfico: es aquel que est relacionado con cada carrera
o rea disciplinar (op. cit: 35 y 36).
General Especfico
Approach (enfoque) Stem cells: clulas madre
(Biotecnologa)
Framework (marco terico) Literacy: alfabetizacin
(Educacin)
Feature (rasgo) Guest: husped
(Administracin Hotelera)
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Natural
Impact
1 Disciplines
Construction
2
Climate
3 Indigenous
Community
Problem
Analysis
Regional
Frequency
Relation
Temperature
Illustrate
Affect
Landslides
Threat
Issues
Both
Meanings
Inquire
Approach
Summit
Average
Way
REFLEXIN
Por suerte, existen muchas palabras del idioma ingls que tienen races latinas
y, por lo tanto, mantienen la forma y significado originales. Como el castellano
tiene races etimolgicas del latn tambin, existen vocablos que son cognados
en ingls y castellano (palabras que tienen forma y significado similar en las dos
lenguas).
Por ejemplo:
society_sociedad
prediction_prediccin
state_estado
capitalism_capitalismo
extreme_extremo
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1.
AGA 69(3): 328 - 338 (2012)
John J. Clague, Christian Huggel, Oliver K. Orupand, Bill MCguire
Climate Change and Hazardous processes in High Mountains
2.
Brazil: State of Emergency After Severe Flooding in South
by Indy Staff, 09 June 2014
3.
Chapter 4
Climate change impacts
By Kevin Hennessey
Texto disponible en: <http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_
id=CSIRO_CC_Chapter%204.pdf> Consulta: 27 de octubre de 2014.
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3. <http://www.census.gov/prod/2014pubs/p25-1140.pdf>
4. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC400292>
5. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC400292/http://taking-
1 note.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/05/30/another-moratorium-on-state-spon-
2 sored-killing/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0>
3
Texto 1
Do the print media hype genetic research? A comparison of newspaper
stories and peer-reviewed research papers
Tania M. Bubela, Timothy A. Caulfield
See related article page 1415
Abstract
Background: The public gets most of its information about geneticresearch from
the media. It has been suggested thatmedia representations may involve exagge-
ration, calledgenohype. To examine the accuracy and nature of mediacoverage
of genetic research, we reviewed the reporting ofsingle-gene discoveries and asso-
ciated technologies in majordaily newspapers in Canada, the United States, Great
Britainand Australia.
Results: We examined 627 newspaper articles reporting on 111papers published in
24 scientific and medical journals. Only11% of the newspaper articles were categori-
zed as havingmoderately to highly exaggerated claims; the majority were categorized
as having no claims (63%) or slightly exaggerated claims (26%). The classification
analysis ranked the reportingof risks as the most important variable in determi-
ning the categorization of newspaper articles. Only 15% of the newspaper articles
and 5% of the scientific journal articles discussed costs or risks, whereas 97% of the
newspaper articles and98% of the scientific journal articles discussed the likelihood
of benefits of the research.
Interpretation: Our data suggest that the majority of newspaper articles accura-
tely convey the results of and reflect the claims made in scientific journal articles.
Our study also highlights an overemphasis on benefits and under-representation of
risks in both scientific and newspaper articles. The cause and nature of this trend
is uncertain.
CMAJ 2004;170(9):1399-407
Texto 2
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Texto 3
Introduction
This report examines how the age structure of the U.S. population is expected to
change over the coming decades and focuses on the older population in terms of
age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. The size and structure of the older population is
important to public and private interests, both socially and economically.
Between 2012 and 2050, the United States will experience considerable growth in
its older population (see Figure 1). In 2050, the population aged 65 and over is projec-
ted to be 83.7 million, almost double its estimated population of 43.1 million in 2012.
The baby boomers are largely responsible for this increase in the older population, as
they began turning 65 in 2011. By 2050, the surviving baby boomers will be over the
age of 85.
The aging of the population will have wide-ranging implications for the country.
By aging, demographers often mean that the proportion of the population in the
older ages increases. As the United States ages over the next several decades, its older
population will become more racially and ethnically diverse. The projected growth of
the older population in the United States will present challenges to policy makers and
programs, such as Social Security and Medicare. It will also affect families, businesses,
and health care providers.
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Dentro del campo de las tipologas textuales, adoptamos la propuesta por Werlich
Bassols, M. Torrent, A. M. (1975, en Bassols & Torrent, 1997: 22), que abarca cinco clases de textos:
(1997), Modelos textuales. Teora
y prctica, Eumo-Octoedro,
Barcelona.
1. Descriptivo, ligado a la percepcin del espacio.
2. Narrativo, ligado a la percepcin del tiempo.
3. Explicativo, asociado al anlisis y la sntesis de representaciones conceptuales.
4. Argumentativo, centrado en el juicio y la toma de posicin.
5. Instructivo, ligado a la previsin del comportamiento futuro.
a. Realizar una lectura global de los siguientes textos y determinar tema prin-
cipal y tipo textual.
b. Determinar las fuentes de cada extracto. Qu texto/s se relaciona/n con
gneros discursivos especficos de la esfera acadmica y cul/es con gneros
discursivos en general?
c. De qu manera incide el tipo de fuente sobre las caractersticas de cada
texto? Por ejemplo: organizacin, especificidad del tema, estilo (seleccin de
vocabulario y estructuras).
d. Cul de los tres extractos puede ser interpretado por una gran audiencia?
Por qu?
Texto 1
Chapter 4.
Introduction
Australia is the driest inhabited continent in the world. In addition, the climate is
inherently variable as noted in our literary history of droughts and flooding rains.
There is now strong evidence that our climate is also changing, with Australia war-
ming by about 0.8C since 1960, and more heatwaves, fewer frosts, more rain in
north-west Australia, less rain in southern and eastern Australia, an increase in the
intensity of droughts, and a rise in global sea level of 77 mm from 19612003 (see
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Chapter 1). The impact of these changes, which are due to a combination of natural
variability and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations from human activities, can
now be clearly seen in stresses on our water supplies and farming, changed natural
ecosystems, coastal impacts, and reduced seasonal snow cover.
It is now likely that the world will see 2C global warming on top of changes
already experienced within the lifetime of the current generation. Without rapid
action to reduce CO2 emissions, there is a serious risk that global warming could be
as much as 4C by later this century. 1
For Australia, heatwaves, fires, floods, and southern Australian droughts are all
expected to become more frequent and more intense in the coming decades. Snow 2
and frost are very likely to become rarer or less intense events. Locally and regio- 3
nally, the greatest impacts will be felt through changes in water availability and sea
level, and extreme weather events.
Australia is highly vulnerable to these projected changes in climate and this
highlights the need for adaptation to the unfolding and unavoidable changes that
lie ahead (see Chapter 5). Adaptation needs to be informed by a good understan-
ding of the impacts of climate change. Global and national assessments show that a
changing climate affects food production, disturbs coastal margins, displaces species,
and changes economies. New extremes in temperature and sea level will exceed the
habitable limit for some species. Shifting population patterns of plants, animals, and
people will bring more changes.
Although the impacts of climate change are on the whole negative for the environ-
ment and the economy, not all climate changes will be deleterious, especially in the
next few decades. Moderate warming in the absence of rainfall declines can actually
be beneficial for some agricultural crops. Therefore it is important to understand how
the likely impacts of climate change will be distributed.
Texto 2
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Zimmermann 1993, Chiarle et al.2007). Warming may also increase the speed of rock
glaciers, causing instability (Roer et al.2008). Velocities of rock glaciers at some sites in
the Alps have reached up to 15 m a (Delaloye et al.2008). These phenomena could lead
to debris avalanches or other landslides, or could change the frequency or magnitude
of debris flows.Rock slopes can fail after they have been steepened by glacial erosion
or debuttressed due to glacier retreat (Fig. 7; Evans and Clague 1994, Augustinus
1995). Many marginally stable slopes that were buttressed by glacier ice during the
1 Little Ice Age failed after they became ice-free in the twentieth century. A factor that
possibly has contributed to these failures is steepening of rock slopes by cirque and
2 valley glaciers during the Little Ice Age. Although it may take centuries, or even longer,
3 for a slope to fail following glacier retreat, recent landslides, including one in 2006 at
Grindelwald in the Swiss Alps (O-ppikofer et al. 2008), demonstrate that some slopes
can respond to glacier downwasting within a few decades or shorter.
Texto 3
Nine people died and thousands were evacuated over the weekend after severe
flooding led to a state of emergency being called in the southern Brazilian states of
Paran and Santa Catarina.
At least 110 cities in the region including Paran state capital and World Cup
host city Curitiba have been damaged by flooding and landslides, affecting an esti-
mated 55,000. Travel around the region has also been disrupted as roads and major
highways are flooded and some bridges are impassable.
Bridge flooded near the city of Guarapuava, in Paran (photo courtesy of Paran
state news agency)
Paran governor Beto Richa today decreed a state of emergency for the affected
areas, diverting an initial R$6m (reals) for medical supplies. Brazilian president
Dilma Rousseff said that the federal government would offer all the support neces-
sary, and help coordinate recovery efforts by different state agencies.
According to the national meteorological office, the flooding came after the
region received more than double the monthly average rainfall between Friday and
Sunday. The rains are expected to ease this week, though rising water levels in major
rivers will still pose a threat.
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Actividad 5
Lectura intensiva 1
2
a. El tema principal de las condiciones climticas extremas puede rastrearse a 3
travs del vocabulario recurrente. Busque los trminos en ingls de la siguien-
te lista:
Sequa
Inundacin
Lluvias
Derrumbe
Ola de calor
Nieve
Heladas
Hielo
Avalanchas
Erupciones volcnicas
Mar
Lagos
Olas
Nivel del mar
Detritos
Verano
Otoo
Derretimiento
Agua subterrnea
Ladera
Texto 1
1.a. Cul es la condicin climtica extrema caracterstica de Australia? Por qu?
Texto 2
2.a. Qu tipos de procesos climticos han causado la muerte de miles de personas
el siglo pasado?
Texto 3
3.a. Qu regin de Brasil ha sido afectada por las inundaciones y derrumbes?
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Actividad 6
1
2 a. Marcar las estrategias de lectura que ha implementado durante el desarrollo
3 de las actividades de prctica e integracin y de lectura global e intensiva:
2.3. El captulo
Una de las fuentes ms utilizadas de informacin y conocimiento en el mbito
acadmico es el libro. Ya sea una obra literaria o un libro especializado es nece-
sario conocer su composicin y estructura para realizar una consulta eficiente.
Actividad 7
Ingls Castellano
Cover
Preface/Foreword/Prologue
Acknowledgements
Table of contents / Contents
Chapters
Epilogue
References
Bibliography
Index
Appendix
Backcover / Blurb
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REFLEXIN
1
Una de las secciones ms importantes del libro es el captulo, dado que permite 2
el orden y la integracin de los contenidos. En lneas generales, los captulos
3
aparecen numerados en orden cronolgico y estn encabezados por un ttulo,
aunque esta organizacin puede variar de a cuerdo con el tipo de obra y temtica
de que se trate.
Public Health
Giddens, A. (2006) Chapter 8: Health, Illness and Disability. Sociological
Perspectives on Medicine in: Sociology, Cambridge: Polity, pp. 259-260.
Actividad 8
PUBLIC HEALTH
We saw above how members of traditional societies relied largely on folk reme-
dies, treatments and healing techniques which were passed down from generation
to generation. Illnesses were frequently regarded in magical or religious terms and
were attributed to the presence of evil spirits or sin. For peasants and average town-
dwellers, there was no outside authority that was concerned with their health in the
way that states and public health systems are today. Health was a private matter,
not a public concern.
The rise of both the nation-state and industrialization brought about drastic
changes in this situation, however. The emergence of nation-states with defined
territories produced a shift in attitudes towards local people, who were no longer
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simply inhabitants of the land, but were a population falling under the rule of a cen-
tral authority. The human population was seen as a resource to be monitored and
regulated as part of the process of maximizing national wealth and power.
The state began to take a heightened interest in the health of its population, as
the well-being of its members affected the nations productivity, level of prosperity,
defensive capabilities and rate of growth. The study of demography the size, com-
position and dynamics of human populations assumed much greater importance.
1 The Census was introduced in order to record and monitor changes occurring in
the population. Statistics of all sorts were collected and calculated: birth rates, mor-
2 tality rates, average ages of marriage and child-bearing, suicide rates, life expectancy,
3 diet, common illnesses, causes of death and so forth.
Michel Foucault (19261984) has made an influential contribution to our
understanding of the rise of modern medicine by drawing attention to the regu-
lation and disciplining of bodies by the state (1973). He argues that sexuality and
sexual behaviour were of central importance to this process. Sex was both the way in
which the population could reproduce and grow, and a potential threat to its health
and well-being. Sexuality not linked to reproduction was something to be repressed
and controlled. This monitoring of sexuality by the state occurred in part through
the collection of data about marriage, sexual behaviour, legitimacy and illegitimacy,
the use of contraception and abortions. This surveillance went hand in hand with
the promotion of strong public norms about sexual morality and acceptable sexual
activity. For example, sexual perversions such as homosexuality, masturbation and
sex outside marriage were all labelled and condemned (see chapter 12, Sexuality
and Gender).
The idea of public health took shape in an attempt to eradicate pathologies from
the population the social body. The state began to assume responsibility for impro-
ving the conditions in which the population lived. Sanitation and water systems were
developed to protect against disease. Roads were paved and attention was devoted to
housing. Regulations were gradually imposed on slaughterhouses and facilities for food
processing. Burial practices were monitored to ensure that they did not pose a health
threat to the population. A whole series of institutions, such as prisons, asylums,
workhouses, schools and hospitals emerged as part of the move towards monitoring,
controlling and reforming the people.
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I. Al final del prrafo hay una frase entre parntesis. Por qu?
II. Cul o cules son las operaciones comunicativas que se realizan en este
prrafo?
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Actividad 9
Texto 1
Abstract
Background: The public gets most of its information about genetic research from
the media. It has been suggested that media representations may involve exagge-
ration, called genohype. To examine the accuracy and nature of media coverage
of genetic research, we reviewed the reporting of single-gene discoveries and asso-
ciated technologies in major daily newspapers in Canada, the United States, Great
Britain and Australia.
Methods: We used neutral search terms to identify articles about gene discoveries
and associated technologies hosted on the Dow Jones Interactive and Canadian
NewsDisk data bases from January 1995 to June 2001. We compared the contents,
claims and conclusions of the scientific journal article with those of the associa-
ted newspaper article. Coders subjectively assigned the newspaper articles to 1 of 3
categories: moderately to highly exaggerated claims, slightly exaggerated claims or
no exaggerated claims. We used classification tree software to identify the variables
that contributed to the assignment of each newspaper article to 1 of the 3 categories:
attention structure (positioning in the newspaper and length of the article), author-
ship, research topic, source of information other than the scientific paper, type and
likelihood of risks and benefits, discussion of controversy, valuation tone (positive
or negative), framing (e.g., description of research, celebration of progress, report of
economic prospects or ethical perspective), technical accuracy (either omissions or
errors that changed the description of the methods or interpretation of the results)
and use of metaphors.
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Texto 2
Texto 3
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Texto 4
In this report I examine some aspects of the labour policies implemented together with
or after economic liberalization in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico, and the employment
and unemployment compensation programmes existing in these countries in the early
2000s, as well as certain of their labour market effects. In the case of labour policy,
the emphasis is placed on employment protection reforms and on trends in non-
1
wage labour costs. These three countries applied basically similar economic reforms,
although the reforms had distinct aspects and different rhythms of implementation. 2
Their labour policies and labour market programmes were less uniform. 3
Texto 5
Preface
In January, 2000, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) estimated that 8 to 10%
of Americans, or about 20 to 25 million people, had some sort of medical device
implanted in their bodies (refer to the NIH Technology Assessment Conference on
Implants, held 10-12 Jan 2000 in Bethesda, MD). In the United States, the market for
orthopedic implant devices such as total knee and hip replacements, spinal implants,
and bone fixation devices, exceeds two billion dollars per year. Worldwide, this market
exceeds $4.3 billion per year. These numbers, which clearly demonstrate the economic
impact of the medical device industry, should continue to rise due to the combination
of advances in the medical and materials science fields and an aging population (par-
ticularly in the United States, where some baby boomers are now in their sixties).
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Origen
1
2 Destinatario
3
Propsito
Tema
Palabras clave
Esta actividad pertenece a: g. Releer el texto 1. En qu secciones se utiliza el tiempo presente y en cul el
Anselmo, G. (2013), Cap. 4. pasado? Por qu? Qu ocurre en los textos 3, 4 y 5?
Funciones Retricas en el Discurso
Cientfico en: Ingls I. Florencio h. Cul es el tiempo verbal que predomina en el texto 2? Por qu?
Varela: Universidad Nacional
Arturo Jauretche.
i. Cules son las categoras y funciones de las palabras que terminan con el
sufijo ing en el texto 2?
Integrating
Thinking
Setting
Gathering
Defining
Choosing
Creating
Providing
Being
Footing
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La terminacin -ING
La terminacin-ing presenta diferentes acepciones y funciones en su traduccin al
castellano, dependiendo de su ubicacin y uso en el texto. Las funciones son varia-
das e incluyen las de sustantivo, adjetivo, verbo no conjugado (infinitivo y gerun-
dio) y verbo.
Preface
In January of 2000, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) estimated that 8 to 10% of
Americans, or about 20 to 25 million people, had some sort of medical device implan-
ted in their bodies (refer to the NIH Technology Assessment Conference on Implants,
held 10-12 Jan 2000 in Bethesda, MD). In the United States, the market for ortho-
pedic implant devices such as total knee and hip replacements, spinal implants, and
bone fixation devices, exceeds two billion dollars per year. Worldwide, this market
exceeds $4.3 billion per year. These numbers, which clearly demonstrate the economic
impact of the medical device industry, should continue to rise due to the combination
of advances in the medical and materials science fields and an aging population (par-
ticularly in the United States, where some baby boomers are now in their sixties).
Humans have sought to restore function to the human body stricken by trauma
or disease for thousands of years. For example, ancient civilizations such as the
Phoenicians, Etruscans, Greeks, Romans, Chinese, and Aztecs used gold in dentis-
try as far back as 2700 BC. The use of sutures made from linen can be traced back
to the Egyptians in circa 2000 BC. However, it has only been during the past 100
years that man-made materials and devices have been developed to the point where
they can be used extensively to replace parts of living systems in the human body.
These special materials able to function in intimate contact with living tissue, with
minimal adverse reaction or rejection by the body- are called biomaterials. Today,
biomaterials play a major role in replacing or improving the function of every major
body system (skeletal, circulatory, nervous, etc.). Some common implants include
the orthopedic devices mentioned earlier; cardiac implants such as artificial heart
valves and pacemakers; soft tissue implants such as breast implants and injectable
collagen for soft tissue augmentation; and dental implants to replace teeth/root
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Humans have sought to restore function to the human body stricken by trauma
or disease for thousands of years.
Today, biomaterials play a major role in replacing or improving the function of
every major body system (skeletal, circulatory, nervous, etc.).
El Texto 1 (Bubela, T., Caulfield, T. (2004) Do the print media hype genetic research?
A comparison of newspaper stories and peer-reviewed research papers. Canadian Medical
Association Journal, CMAJ 2004;170(9):1399-407 pgs. 40/41) presenta una estruc-
tura del tipo problemarespuesta al problemasolucin/resultadoevaluacin. Si el
problema es que las representaciones de los medios pueden involucrar un grado de
exageracin Cules seran las otras cuestiones? Cmo estn expresadas en el texto?
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Texto 1
Bell, A. and Monaghan, P. and Page, A.P. (2006) Peptidyl-prolyl cistrans isomerases
1
(immunophilins) and their roles in parasite biochemistry, host-parasite interaction and
antiparasitic drug action. International Journal for Parasitology, 36 (3). pp. 261-276. 2
ISSN 0020-7519http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/4949/ 3
Deposited on: 25 February 2009
The cyclophilin (CYP) and FK506-binding protein (FKBP) families, although unre-
lated in sequence, are often considered together because of their shared enzymic
activities. Both cyclophilins and FKBPs, along with a smaller protein class, the par-
vulins, exhibit peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase: EC 5.2.1.8) activity that
plays a vital role in protein folding (Fischer and Aumller, 2003). Although the pep-
tide bonds of nascent polypeptides emerge from the ribosome in the transconfor-
mation, and the majority retains that energetically-favoured state in fully-folded
proteins, there is a significant minority (~57% of the proteins with structures sol-
ved) of peptidyl-prolyl (Xaa-Pro) bonds that switch to the cis-conformation during
folding, transport and assembly. (Pg. 4)
[]
Texto 2
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Texto 3
Leaders and Followers: The Role of Achievement Motives and Their Effects on Motivating
1 Strategies for Enhancing Performance
2 AUTHORS: Patricia Ann Castelli, Ph.D.
Lawrence Technological University, USA
3 Frank Castronova, Ph.D.
Lawrence Technological University, USA
Jacqueline Stavros, EDM
Lawrence Technological University, USA
Jane Galloway Seiling, Ph.D.
Taos Institute, USA21000 West Ten Mile Road Southfield, MI 48075-1058248.204.3066
castelli@ltu.edu
WHAT IS MOTIVATION?
Steers et al. noted various definitions by writers who have attempted to define the
term motivation, a term that is derived from the Latin word for movement (move-
re). They note that Atkinson offers the definition as the contemporary (immedia-
te) influence on direction, vigor and persistence of action (1964, p. 2) and Vroom
offers a process governing choice made by persons...among alternative forms of
voluntary activity: (1964, p.6). According to Maddock and Fulton, Motivation,
surprisingly enough, has not been defined in a scientifically acceptable, reasonable
and legitimate manner. It has not even been defined in a practical, commonsense
or useful manner. According to these authors, leadership is defined in one word:
motivation.They suggest that motivation has not been adequately defined because
it is too near to emotion and no one wants to flirt with emotion (1998, p. xii). Their
suggestion that motivation is the silent side of leadership is pertinent to the ten-
dency of researchers to describe motivation, but not to explain it. To prepare future
leaders to motivate people they must understand how one is motivated.
[]
<http://abwic.org/Proceedings/2007-ABW-Proceedings.pdf> (Pg. 38)
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Alternative energy sources have become a hot topic in recent years. The supply of
fossil fuel, which provides about 95 percent of total energy demand today, will even-
tually run out in a few decades. By contrast, biomass and biofuel have the potential
to become one of the major global primary energy source along with other alternate
energy sources in the years to come. A wide variety of biomass conversion options with
different performance characteristics exists. The goal of this book is to provide the
readers with current state of art about biomass and bioenergy production and some
other environmental technologies such as Wastewater treatment, Biosorption and Bio- 1
economics. Organized around providing recent methodology, current state of mode-
lling and techniques of parameter estimation in gasification process are presented at 2
length. As such, this volume can be used by undergraduate and graduate students as 3
a reference book and by the researchers and environmental engineers for reviewing
the current state of knowledge on biomass and bioenergy production, biosorption and
wastewater treatment.
Actividad 11
Flowers are compressed shoots, but in place of the leaves that surround a vegeta-
tive shoot, there are four types of floral organs: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels
(which fuse to form the ovary).
k. Leer los cuatro textos e identificar frases que expresen opiniones y frases
que expresen hechos.
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1
2 Texto 1 Texto 2 Texto 3 Texto 4
3 Origen
Destinatario
Indicadores de hechos
Indicadores de opinin
Gnero
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3.1. Introduccin
Dentro del abanico de gneros discursivos escritos propios del mbito acad-
mico-cientfico encontramos la tesis, la monografa, la resea bibliogrfica, el
informe, el examen parcial, la monografa, el artculo de investigacin y el ensayo,
entre otros.
Tal como observamos en la Unidad 1 (apartado 1.2.), los textos acadmicos
presentan variaciones que se reflejan en diferentes niveles, las cuales abarcan
desde un contenido temtico en particular, determinado por el objeto de estudio
de las disciplinas, pasando por las condiciones sociolingsticas del evento comu-
nicativo, los recursos lingsticos (aspectos lexicogramaticales) hasta los patrones
retricos que afectan la organizacin y estructura del discurso.
En la presente Unidad, focalizaremos en el nivel de organizacin y estructura
del discurso, a partir de las tipologas textuales y sus caractersticas para luego
abordar el gnero artculo cientfico.
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El parlamento, el tribunal, la prensa, los medios audiovisuales de comunica-
cin, las instituciones acadmicas, la escuela, entre otros muchos, son espa-
cios en los que se desarrollan un conjunto de gneros discursivos que tienen
en la argumentacin un denominador comn. El objetivo de la argumentacin
es, segn la definicin tradicional provocar o acrecentar la adhesin de un
auditorio a las tesis que se le presentan para su asentimiento. Es decir, su
1 funcin principal es persuadir o convencer a los destinatarios del discurso de
2 que las posiciones sostenidas por el enunciador son crebles, y, por lo tanto,
3 dignas de ser apoyadas. Son gneros tpicamente argumentativos: la arenga
poltica, el debate parlamentario, el alegato, el editorial, el artculo periodsti-
co de opinin, el mensaje publicitario, el ensayo, el artculo cientfico, entre
otros. (UNQ, 2011, pp. 77)
Actividad 1
Leer el siguiente texto y realizar las actividades a continuacin.
A mock ballot box. Young people have shown a willingness to participate in complex
political and societal debates on social media. Photograph: Matt Cardy/Getty Images
The decision to give 16- and 17-year-olds the vote was without question one of the
most striking ways in which the Scottish referendum campaign electrified the more
general political process. It should now be made one of the most lasting. Both Alex
Salmond and now Ed Miliband have rightly identified lowering the voting age as an
idea whose time has come. This reform now needs to be put on a more general elec-
toral footing.
The arguments put forward by campaign groups such as votesat16.org bear repea-
ting. Aged 16, a teenager can get married or enter a civil partnership and consent
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to a sexual relationship, pay income tax and national insurance, become a company
director, join the army or a trade union and give their full consent to life or death
medical procedures. They can also look overseas with envy. Sixteen-year-olds can
vote in nations and territories including Jersey, Guernsey, Austria, Brazil, Germany,
Hungary, Slovenia and Norway.
In this country the argument has always been that 16-year-olds are simply too
immature to grapple with the enormity of the issues involved and are too young to
have the requisite stake in the outcome. But these are stances increasingly difficult 1
to maintain given the participation of young people in complex political and socie-
tal debates on social media. Suggestions that young voters would merely replicate 2
the positions of their parents are also open to question. Early research in Scotland 3
suggests 40% of the young voters there took stances different to their parents. And
they may have brought additional benefits, their enthusiasm increasing interest
among those parents.
In Scotland, 109,533 young people aged 16 and 17 registered to vote. Statisticians
are still studying the data to discover how many actually made it to the polls. But
there was ample evidence throughout the campaign to indicate mature and informed
involvement in its highs and lows by young voters, many from the classroom. Early
polling, by no means definitive, suggests that the majority of the teenagers who
did vote, backed the Yes campaign. But the positions they adopted, for and against,
matter less than the processes involved in reaching those decisions. And of primary
importance was surely their induction into a democratic structure shunned by so
many of their elders in other parts of the UK. Might this be a way of bringing vitality
to what promises to be a bitter, cynical general election next year?
There are risks. Some will fear a slump of interest among the young that might
drain further confidence from a system already teetering on the edge of legitimacy.
But one of the hallmarks of our democracy highlighted by the Scottish vote is
periodic willingness to complement the fundamentals of our system with bold inno-
vation. Devolved government, revised voting systems, postal ballots, early voting; all
have defeated scepticism and serve us admirably. Our young citizens deserve their
chance as well.
Disponible en:
<http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/28/the-guardian-view-on-
lowering-the-voing-age> Consulta: 17 de febrero 2015
a. Lectura global
1. Determinar fuente del texto. Justificar la respuesta con datos del texto y
del paratexto.
2. Describir las caractersticas del narrador y destinatario del texto.
3. A qu gnero discursivo pertenece?
4. Cul es la relacin entre la imagen y el tema central?
5. Qu hiptesis de lectura puede realizar a partir del ttulo y la bajada?
b. Lectura analtica
1. Creen Alex Salmond y Ed Milband que lleg el momento de impulsar la
reforma?
2. Cules son los argumentos que los defensores de la reforma electoral
postulan?
3.Cul es la postura de los que se oponen a ella?
4. Cul es la crtica del autor del texto a esta postura?
5. Por qu el autor se pregunta/cuestiona si la reforma para el referndum
en Escocia podra revitalizar la eleccin general en el Reino Unido del ao
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siguiente?
6. El autor: est a favor o en contra de la participacin de los menores de 16
y 17 aos?
7. Cul es la funcin del texto: informar, describir, narrar, argumentar, dar
instrucciones? Por qu?
c. Anlisis lingstico
1 1. Realice una red lxica con trminos relacionados al tema central del texto.
2
3
Castellano Ingls
Distintivo
Establecer
Sugerencias
Tema
A favor y en contra
Postura
Audaz
Voluntad
Derrotar
Merecer
Willigness
Innovation
Political
Increasing
Increasingly
Involvement
Involved
Merely
Arguments
Including
4. A partir de la lectura y anlisis del editorial, completar con las ideas que
estructuran el texto.
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1
3.2.1. Los marcadores discursivos 2
Uno de los aspectos que facilitan y constituyen la cohesin textual est relacio- 3
nado con los enlaces entre enunciados que facilitan la expresin y comprensin
de las ideas. A estos enlaces los llamamos marcadores discursivos o conectores.
Su funcin es sealar (marcar) la relacin que se establece entre dos unidades de
sentido y, de esta manera, organizan y estructuran el texto.
.
Actividad 2
a. Teniendo en cuenta la descripcin de los marcadores discursivos anterior,
cmo analizara la funcin de las siguientes expresiones?:
A partir de los aspectos analizados con base en la lectura del editorial, podemos
observar que la argumentacin es la estrategia discursiva que utilizamos para
persuadir, para convencer, para lograr adhesin a aquello que se expresa.
Para ello, se emplean diversas estrategias tales como la ejemplificacin, el uso
de analogas o las citas. Adems, se utilizan palabras y frases que expresan opi-
niones, juicios de valor y conectores que, como marcadores discursivos, cumplen
funciones especficas en la trama textual como el establecimiento de una causa
y su efecto, una concesin o una organizacin particular.
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1
2
3
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half of average global GDP growth between 1700 and 2012. Americas breakneck
population and GDP growth in the 19th century eroded the power of old fortunes
while throwing up a steady supply of new ones.
Victorian values
Tumbling rates of population growth are pushing wealth concentrations back toward
Victorian levels, in Mr Pikettys estimation. The ratio of wealth to income is highest
1 among demographically challenged economies such as Italy and Japan (although
both countries have managed to mitigate inequality through redistributive taxes
2 and transfers). Interestingly, Mr Piketty reckons this world, in which the return to
3 capital is persistently higher than growth, is the more normal state. In that case,
wealth piles up faster than growth in output or incomes. The mid-20th century,
when wealth compression combined with extraordinary growth to generate an ega-
litarian interregnum, was the exception.
Sustained rates of return above the rate of growth may sound unrealistic. The
more capital there is, the lower the return should be: the millionth industrial robot
adds less to production than the hundredth. Yet somewhat surprisingly, the rate of
return on capital is remarkably constant over long periods (see chart, second panel).
Technology is partly responsible. Innovation, and growth in output per person,
creates investment opportunities even when shrinking populations reduce GDP
growth to near zero.
New technology can also make it easier to substitute machines for human wor-
kers. That allows capital to gobble up a larger share of national income, raising its
return. Amid a new burst of automation, wealth concentrations and inequality
could reach unprecedented heights, putting a modern twist on a very 19th- century
problem.
Disponible en: <http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-
economics/21592635-revisiting-old-argument-about-impact-capitalism-all-men-
are-created> Consulta: 16 febrero 2015.
Actividad 3
a. Lectura global
1. Determinar la fuente del texto. Justificar la respuesta con datos del texto
y del paratexto.
2. Describir las caractersticas del narrador y destinatario del texto.
3. A qu gnero discursivo pertenece?
4. Cul es la relacin entre la imagen y el tema central?
5. Qu hiptesis de lectura puede realizar a partir del ttulo y la bajada?
b. Lectura analtica
1. Cul es inters principal del anlisis de la inequidad en la actualidad?
2. Qu atributos posee el libro de Piketty?
3. Hasta qu punto una concepcin biolgica o naturista del capitalismo es
vlida para explicar la inequidad dentro de ese sistema?
4. En qu consiste el argumento principal que sostiene la tesis de Piketty?
5. Describa brevemente el devenir econmico europeo en el siglo XX.
6. Cules son las dos leyes que rigen el sistema capitalista segn Piketty?
7. Cul es la relacin entre la riqueza y el crecimiento? Qu rol desempean
las nuevas tecnologas?
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c. Anlisis lingstico
1. Completar el siguiente cuadro con trminos especficos de comercio que
aparecen en el texto.
Espaol Ingls
Paga/quincena/jornal
Riqueza 1
Produccin 2
Flujo/fluir
3
Renta
Dividendo
Sistema tributario
Impuesto
Inflacin
Ingreso
Prdida
Ganancia
Bancarrota
Tasa de retorno
Ahorro
Crecimiento
Oferta / suministro
Producto bruto interno
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2. Mr Pikettys book, which was published in French in 2013 and will be relea-
sed in English in March 2014, self-consciously builds on the work of 19th-
century thinkers; his title is an allusion to Marxs magnum opus.
5. From the 1970s the ratio of wealth to income has grown along with income
inequality, and levels of wealth concentration are approaching those of the
pre-war era.
Los prrafos suelen tener una declaracin principal, un tpico, que se desarrolla
dentro del mismo prrafo fsico, o varios, en lo que puede llamarse un prrafo
conceptual. Ese tpico, comnmente expresado al inicio, hace que el prrafo
sea deductivo. Tambin, a travs de una tcnica retrica, puede estar al final,
provocando una induccin por parte del lector: leemos pistas que nos llevan al
tema principal. Por ltimo, la idea principal puede ser expresada en medio de
un prrafo.
Asimismo, cada prrafo cumple una funcin: la de narrar, describir, mostrar un
proceso, ejemplificar, comparar, realizar una analoga, clasificar, definir, mostrar
una causa y un efecto, entre otras. Y, a su vez, en cada prrafo podemos rastrear
aquellos marcadores que nos muestran los lazos entre cada uno de ellos, reto-
mando as, los conceptos de unidad y coherencia.
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Mr Piketty describes these trends through what he calls two fundamental laws of
capitalism. The first explains variations in capitals share of income (as opposed to
the share going to wages). It is a simple accounting identity: at all times, capitals
share is equal to the rate of return on capital multiplied by the total stock of wealth
as a share of GDP. The rate of return is the sum of all income flowing to capital
rents, dividends and profitsas a percentage of the value of all capital.
1
2
1. A qu refiere la frase these trends? Podemos recuperar esta referencia 3
en este prrafo, o debemos recurrir al anterior?
2. Cuntos prrafos fsicos podemos contar?
3. Cul sera el tpico en este prrafo?
4. En el mismo prrafo encontramos un nmero y un marcador de enumera-
cin cules son? Est finalizada la enumeracin?
The second law is more a rough rule of thumb: over long periods and under the
right circumstances the stock of capital, as a percentage of national income, should
approach the ratio of the national-savings rate to the economic growth rate. With a
savings rate of 8% (roughly that of the American economy) and GDP growth of 2%,
wealth should rise to 400% of annual output, for example, while a drop in long-run
growth to 1% would push up expected wealth to 800% of GDP. Whether this is a
law or not, the important point is that a lower growth rate is conducive to higher
concentrations of wealth.
Ttulo
Autor/autores
Datos de Filiacin
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Dedicatoria
ndice
Resumen/Abstract
Introduccin
Materiales y metodologa
Resultados
Discusin
1 Agradecimientos
2 Referencias
Bibliografa
3
Apndice
Sin embargo, dependiendo del tipo de investigacin que se lleve a cabo y del
escritor, el Paper puede incluir todas u omitir algunas de las secciones opcionales.
Actividad 5
a. Leer el siguiente artculo en forma rpida y determinar
1. Fuente del texto
2. Cantidad de secciones.
3. Tipos de secciones.
b. Responder:
Con qu carrera/s de la Universidad podra relacionarlo? Por qu?
Hay alguna seccin del Paper que no aparece en la lista anterior?
RESEARCH ARTICLE
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*Corresponding author
Financial support: This work was supported by the Project on Economic Impacts
of Biotechnology on Agriculture and the Food and Health Industries in Argentina,
Project PICT 2002 - Code 02-13063.
Introduction
In the 1980s, the technical pattern of production in agriculture changed due to the
design of genetically modified plants. This new agricultural model, which included
direct sowing as a new production technique in the case of glyphosate-resistant
transgenic soybean, led to new relationships in the schemes of knowledge and com-
petence generation. These changes also modified the agricultural network because
they strengthened large seed-producing firms.
Now that seeds are produced, science and, hence, laboratories have a crucial
role to play in the new set-up because the production function, which was formerly
determined by the agricultural producer, is now indirectly determined by the indus-
trial supplier of inputs through a technological mix based on transgenic seeds.
One of the distinctive traits of the new model is the consolidation of several mega
transnational firms that specialize in agricultural biotechnology. In effect, there
has been a world-wide concentration of capital at the main stages of the industrial
process (i.e. R and D, production and marketing). Even so, certain characteristics of
agriculture and the pervasiveness of world-wide mega corporations lead the latter
to articulate with local agents.
The aim of this paper is to analyze the M and A process of mega agri-biotechnolo-
gical transnational corporations during the last decade measuring their global share
in agriculture and inquiring about their impact on the agriculture of a developing
country with comparative advantage in the production of natural resource-intensive
goods with special reference to Argentina as a case study.
Methodology
The analysis draws on two types of information sources. The first source provi-
des quantitative information which is extracted from balance sheets, entrepre-
neurial reports prepared by specialized consultants, official statistics on innova-
tion, own surveys and the database generated by the project Economic Impact of
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Concluding Remarks
The consolidation of the new agricultural technical and productive scheme was found
to be related to a strong world-wide process of production and innovation centrali-
zation. Present agri-biotechnology develops new events as from certain thresholds
of scale production as well as minimum scientific and technological thresholds.
The M and A process that started in the mid-1990s configured an oligopoly of
mega transnational agri-biotechnological corporations that set their technical and 1
productive strategies up on a world-wide basis as the main players in local agriculture.
Argentine agri-biotechnology started up in the 1990s in the shade of mega trans- 2
national corporations and, fostered by public policies such as trade liberalization and 3
market deregulation, the process of world-wide concentration spread to the rest of
the local economy.
The scale reached by these mega corporations in local agriculture empowered
them to the point of becoming the main nodes of the network in such a way that the
Argentine economy - endowed with natural resources and comparative advantage in
agriculture- plays the role of user and adaptor of the new technology.
Recent analysis reveals two opposing tensions in the world-wide market. The first
tension arises due to the high concentration of R and D, production and marketing
as well as the constitution of not-quite-closed technological bundles which condition
the development of firms, scientific and technical institutions as well as other agents
operating in the local innovation system. And the second tension arises due to cer-
tain characteristics of agriculture and its present high growth rate that constitute
incentives for mega firms to articulate with local actors thus facilitating the adap-
tation of state-of-the-art products. The dilemma facing Argentine agriculture and,
particularly, local innovation players relates to the pros and cons of articulating with
the technical and industrial strategies of mega agri-biotechnological corporations
Acknowledgments
Translation by Ana M. Vartalitis (amvartalitis@ar.inter.net).
References
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mics contributions of the biotechnology industry to the U.S. economy. Ernst and
Young [online]. Prepared for the Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO), May
2000, p. 13 [cited 20 October 2004]. Available from Internet: http://www.bio.org/
speeches/pubs/ernstyoung.pdf
EUROPEAN COMMISSION. Economic Impacts of Genetically Modified Crops on
the Agri-Food Sector. A first Review. Working Papers Rev. N2. Directorate-General
for Agriculture, Commission of the European Communities [online]. April 2000 [cited
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Actividad 6
a. Compare la estructura del artculo anterior con la siguiente.
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Why is phenology an adaptive trait?
3. How is phenology involved in reproductive success, survival and growth?
4. How is phenology involved in species distribution?
5. How will climate change affect species phenology and distribution?
6. How can we improve fitness-based species distribution models?
Acknowledgements
Footnotes
References
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b. Responder
1. Qu diferencias nota?
2. Qu secciones son las que se repiten?
3. Hay alguna seccin nueva?
Metodologa
Resultados
Discusin
Conclusin
Referencias
Actividad 7
a. Contraste la seccin Conclusin del primer Paper con la del siguiente:
Elizabeth L. Nelms
Abstract: The purpose of this action research study was to determine why parents
use or do not use a teacher-created web page as an informational resource, as well as
how teacher-created web pages affect communication among parents, teachers, and
students. Participants in the study consisted of ten parents/guardians of second-gra-
de students. A survey was administered both prior to and after the intervention to
determine what, if any, effects the web page had on communication. Parents were
also asked to complete a questionnaire consisting of open-ended responses concer-
ning those components of the web page they considered most beneficial. Parent
interviews were conducted with five of the participants to gain further insight into
the perceived usefulness of the web page. A teacher log of observation during the
study allowed reflection concerning the implementation of the program. Based on
evidence obtained from the surveys, questionnaires, and interviews, participants in
the study viewed teacher-created web pages as an effective form of communication
with schools. The most beneficial components of the web page were the classroom
calendar and the one-to-one correspondence area. Parents stated that knowing what
their children were learning about and how their children were performing acade-
mically helped them to stay more involved in their childrens education. However,
of the 68 possible participants to the study, only 10 parents opted to participate.
Several factors could be related to this low level of participation. These factors inclu-
de time constraints, the parents lack of computer access or lack of knowledge of
navigating the Internet, and a low level of interest in this form of communication.
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Introduction
In 1996, Governor Roy Barnes and the Georgia Legislature enacted a set of collecti-
ve mandates generallyreferred to as House Bill 1187. These mandates made schools
accountable for the education of all students, thereby raising the bar of expecta-
tions for all school systems across Georgia. To effectively meet these new demands,
schools began working on individual improvement plans addressing critical areas of
need. One such area is parent involvement.
1 Research indicates there is a direct connection between parent involvement and
student success. Harold Hester (as cited in Freedman & Montgomery, 1994) identi-
2 fied several important benefits for students whose parents take an active role in their
3 education. Some of these benefits include improved student behavior, increased
student motivation, higher student attendance, increased community support, and
improved student attitudes.
Although there are numerous definitions for parent involvement, it can be gene-
rally referred to as the interaction that occurs between parents/guardians and the
school. This can involve parent/teacher communication, parent participation in
school-related activities, and active participation in the childs education. For the
purpose of this study, parent involvement was defined as the communication that
occurred between parents/guardians and the school system. Specifically, this study
examined the frequency of use and perceived usefulness of teacher and parent web-
based communication. The method of communication used in this study was a tea-
cher-created web page. The content of the web page included information such as up-
coming class projects or activities, subject skills taught, online resources for parents
and students, and other information deemed relevant at the time. Additionally, a
personal messages section allowed one-to-one correspondence between parents and
the teacher. Parents were sent letters of information and instructions on accessing
the web page.
As stated previously, research indicates a strong correlation between parent invol-
vement and student achievement. A study conducted by Marcon (1999) attempted
to determine the effects of parent involvement on inner-city preschoolers deve-
lopment and academic performance. Data from the study indicated a significant
increase in student performance when there was increased, active parent involve-
ment. However, barriers to effective parent involvement exist. According to Liontos
(1991), issues related to both parents and teachers perceptions can create barriers
to parent involvement. A parents sense of inadequacy or low self-worth could result
in poor parent involvement in their own childs education. Additionally, economic,
emotional, and time constraints also play an important role in parent involvement.
To increase parent involvement in schools, these obstacles must be addressed and,
hopefully, overcome. In order to accomplish this, schools must adopt new beliefs
and attitudes concerning parent involvement. These include ongoing communica-
tion between home and school, building trust between home and school, and recog-
nizing language and cultural differences.
Bauch (n.d.) stated that the first step toward active participation for families is
a common information base with the schools (p.2). Home-school communication
can now take place in a variety of ways, including using computer-based communica-
tions. Bauch (n.d.) described the Transparent School Model as one type of electronic
communication that can be implemented in a school system. Upon dialing the school
hotline number from any tone-based phone, the teacher enters his or her secure
voice mailbox and then records a 60 to 90 second message. Parents then call the
hotline number and select their childs teacher. Parents are given the option of
leaving a message once they have listened to the teachers message. Abilock (1997)
conducted a study involving the effects of Parent Internet Driving School on parent
motivation. The program motivates parents to come to school to develop their skills
and learn what their children are doing on the Internet. According to the study, the
program has been successful in helping parents understand the value of the Internet
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to their children and to the school. Johnson (2000) describes the use of teacher web
pages that help to build parent partnerships.
One of the major goals of my school is to increase parent involvement. This is
accomplished in a variety of ways, such as parent/teacher conferences, family fun
nights, and parent/teacher organizations. Although these methods help to improve
parent involvement, we are continuously striving to increase the amount of parent/
teacher communication. Factors such as teacher time constraints and a heavy
workload make ongoing make face-to-face and other synchronous communication 1
difficult. In addition, my school is in the process of undergoing SACS accreditation.
One of the major components of our internal SACS review is a plan to increase 2
parent involvement. 3
Motivated by the literature and my own schools goals, I chose to study the effects
of web-based communication on parent involvement. The purpose of this action
research study was to determine why parents use or do not use a teacher-created
web page as an informational resource, as well as how teacher-created web pages
affect communication among parents, teachers, and students. Specifically, this study
attempted to determine how the teacher-created web page affected the number of
meaningful exchanges between parents and myself, and the parents perceived use-
fulness of the web page. The following research questions were addressed:
Do parents use teacher-created web pages as an information resource? How
often? For what purposes?
What information included on the web page do parents note as most beneficial?
What implications does regular use of on-line communications have for parents,
teachers, and students?
Methods
This study was conducted at a rural primary school in southeastern Georgia. The
school consists of grades Kindergarten through Second, and has a population of 778
students. Approximately 59% of the student population qualifies for free or redu-
ced lunch. The participants were parents/guardians of ten second-grade students.
During the initial phase of the study, parents were sent letters of information ins-
tructing them on how to access the web page. Of the 68 possible participants to this
study, 10 chose to participate. The racial make -up of the participants consisted of
eight Caucasian families and two African-American families. Protection of the par-
ticipants was achieved through written consent forms, website access codes, and
guaranteed anonymity.
The method of communication used in this study was a teacher-created web page
that included up-coming class events and activities, current subject matter and skills,
informational resources for parents, and one-to-one parent/teacher correspondence.
The web page calendar was updated on a weekly basis, and parents received infor-
mation about their childs progress as specific skills were taught and tested. The
duration of the research was approximately four weeks.
A survey was conducted prior to implementation of the web page to determine
which forms of home -school communication parents utilized most often. The survey
consisted of Likert-Response type questions. Upon completion of the intervention,
participants of the study were surveyed again to note any affects the intervention
had upon parents choice of communication methods. Additionally, parent question-
naires were completed to determine the perceived usefulness of the web page. The
questionnaires consisted of open-ended questions about the information on the web
page. To gain further insight into the participants attitudes toward the usefulness
of the web page, interviews were conducted with five of the ten participants in the
study. These five participants were chosen randomly. The interview consisted of
open-ended questions pertaining to the most beneficial and least beneficial aspects
of the web page. A teacher log was kept throughout the intervention to record addi-
tional observations or insights gained during the study.
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Discussion
Based on information obtained from surveys, questionnaires, and teacher inter-
views, all of the participating parents used the web page as an informational resou-
rce. However, as stated previously, some participants of the study used the web page
more frequently than others, though the reasons for this were not clear.
Surveys and questionnaires also indicated that parents found the web page a
useful source of information about their child. Many parents reported using the
web page as a means of staying informed about their childs educational experiences.
Parents stated that the classroom calendar kept them informed about the current
activities occurring in their childs education and many identified the calendar as the
most beneficial component. Parents also used the web page as a source of one-to-
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one correspondence with me. Through the personal messages section of the web
page, I was able to keep parents informed about their childs academic progress.
Additionally, parents were also able to contact me with specific questions or con-
cerns regarding their child. These features apparently have value for parents and
guardians. Fewer parents found the on-line references and resources section helpful,
though at least one noted it provided additional help or practice on a particular skill
being taught in the classroom. Participants in this study indicated that all of the
information included on the web page was relevant and beneficial. However, one 1
participant did suggest that additional resources should be included to make the
web page more useful but did not offer specifics. 2
The teacher observation log provided a good foundation for understanding the 3
effects of the intervention and allowed me to reflect on the outcomes of the study.
One interesting outcome involved the number of participants in this study. The pre-
survey indicated approximately half the participants had access to a computer, but
only onethird of that number actually chose to participate in the study. This may be
due to the particular method of instructions given to the participants. The letter of
instruction had to be signed and returned to the school. Many parents signed the
letter, but did not record or remember how to access the website. Perhaps a different
method of instruction, one where the parent signs a portion of the form but keeps
the instructions for later use, would encourage greater participation. Another factor
which might have affected the number of participants involved in the study was
lack of computer skills, such as knowledge or confidence in navigating the Internet.
A free, schoolsponsored workshop for parents on accessing the Internet and the
school website may have improved participation, but time constraints of the study
did not permit this. In areas where home computer and Internet use is already high,
I believe participation would have been greater. Other parents and guardians may
simply have not had an interest in ongoing communication of this type, since phone
calls, notes to/from teachers, and report cards on progress were readily available and
more easily used.
With the increased availability of technology in todays society, electronic com-
munication is being utilized more frequently. Schools are constantly looking for
ways to more effectively increase communication with parents. E-mail and web
pages offer schools new alternatives for communication and parent involvement.
However, much research still needs to be conducted in this area. Factors both within
and beyond the control of the schools need to be explored. Some of the factors that
directly affected this study include parents current skills with computer techno-
logy, access to the Internet, and parents comfort with current methods of home-
school communication. Further research related to parent communication needs to
be explored as well. Forms of communication involving telephone hotlines to the
school, e-mail and school web pages need to be studied to determine their relative
effectiveness. Currently, my school is working on a web page designed to provide
parents, students, and teachers online access to valuable information on school
activities and events. The lessons learned from this study will certainly aid in that
development.
Upon completion of the study, I communicated my findings to my building-level
administrators via personal accounts of the results. During the scheduled confe-
rence, I demonstrated how the web page was utilized in the study via an Internet-
connected computer. During the demonstration, I explained how a calendar of up-
coming events is created, and how the web page allows one-to-one correspondence
with parents. I also demonstrated how the informational resources available on
the web page could be useful in increasing parent involvement at home and school.
My school administrators found this information particularly useful since they are
currently working on a school web page. They felt that the information gained from
this study would be helpful in making the school web page more effective.
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2 References
3 Abilock, D. (1997). Parent internet driving school: Using technology to increase
parent involvement in schools. Technology Connection, 4, 12-14.
Bauch, J. P. (n.d.). Applications of technology to linking schools, families, and
students. Proceedings of the Families, Technology, and Education Conference.
Retrieved Oct. 1, 2001 at http://ericeece.org/pubs/books/fte/links/bauch.html
Freedman, E. & Montgomery, J. F. (1994). Parent education and student achievement.
Thrust for Educational
Leadership, 24, 40-45.
Johnson, D. (2002). Teacher web pages that build parent partnerships. Multimedia
Schools, 7, 48.
Liontos, L. B. (1991). Involving at-risk families in their childrens education. (ERIC
Document Reproduction Service No. ED326925).
Marcon (1999). Positive relationships between parent school involvement and
public school inner-city preschoolers development and academic performance.
School Psychology Review, 28, 395-413.
Available at: <https://www.asdk12.org/staff/vanwinkle_lynda/
HOMEWORK/109720_WebPageCommunication.pdf>
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Tipos de abstract
Contexto
Propsito o meta
Inters particular
Metodologa
Hallazgos o resultados
Conclusiones
Sugerencias y/o recomendaciones
Ejemplos
Abstract
Purpose. The study compared the perceived value of occupation among a sample
of individuals with long-term mental illness to a sample of people not diagnosed
with mental illness. As well, it investigated whether diagnostic and demographic
factors were related to perceived occupational value among the individuals with
mental illness. Finally, the study examined the relationship between occupational
value and ratings of health and well-being. Method. One hundred and three indi-
viduals with mental illness and 28 healthy individuals were recruited for the study.
Results. Overall occupational value among the individuals diagnosed with mental
illness differed only marginally from the healthy group, indicating that perceived
occupational value was by and large not related to mental illness. Among the indivi-
duals with mental illness, having children living at home was related to occupatio-
nal value. There were moderate to strong associations between occupational value
and measures of health and well-being. Practice Implications. This study provi-
des important insights into occupational value among individuals with persistent
mental health problems and provides some preliminary evidence in support of the
Value, Meaning and Occupation Model.
Abstract
The goal of this paper is to analyze the behavior of digital music consumers on the
Internet. Using clickstream data on a panel of more than 16,000 European consu-
mers, we estimate the effects of illegal downloading and legal streaming on the legal
purchases of digital music. Our results suggest that Internet users do not view ille-
gal downloading as a substitute to legal digital music. Although positive and signifi-
cant, our estimated elasticities are essentially zero: a 10% increase in clicks on illegal
downloading websites leads to a 0.2% increase in legal purchases websites. Online
music streaming services are found to have a somewhat larger (but still small) effect
on the purchases of digital sound recordings, suggesting complementarities between
these two modes of music consumption. According to our results, a 10% increase in
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clicks on legal streaming websites lead to up to a 0.7% increase on legal digital pur-
chases websites. We find important cross country difference in these effects.
Keywords: Digital Music, Copyright, Downloading, Streaming.
1. Cules son la/s palabra/s o frases indicadoras de cada parte del abs-
tract? Es decir, qu palabras marcan, definen cada parte, ayudndonos a
reconocerlas?
2. Qu son las keywords que aparecen al final del segundo abstract? qu
funcin cumplen?
3. En qu persona estn redactados?
4. Qu tipo de registro se utiliza?
5. Se incluyen citas o referencias a otros trabajos de investigacin?
The CARS model is from English in Todays Research World: a writing guide (Swales
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and Fea, 2000). This book is published by the University of Michigan Press: Michigan
Series in English for Academic and Professional Purposes.
Texto 1
This paper addresses the claim that the governments of Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador
and Venezuela, Latin Americas so-called left-populist governments, have failed
to effectively reduce inequality in the 2000s and have only benefitted from high
commodity prices and other benign external conditions. In particular, it examines
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the econometric evidence presented by McLeod and Lustig (2011) that the social
democratic governments of Brazil, Chile and Uruguay were more successful and
finds that their original results are highly sensitive to which source of data on inco-
me inequality is employed.
Using data from the Socioeconomic Database for Latin America and the Caribbean
(SEDLAC), McLeod and Lustig show that after accounting for favorable external
conditions, structural determinants of inequality and the impact of historical and
1 institutional factors, Latin Americas social democratic governments appear to
have effectively reduced inequality, while the so-called left-populist governments
2 have not. However, this paper finds that conducting the same analysis using data
3 on income inequality from the Economic Commission for Latin America and the
Caribbean (ECLAC) yields the exact opposite results: it is the so-called left-populist
governments that appear to have effectively reduced inequality while the social-
democratic governments have not.
Disponible en: http://www.cepr.net/index.php/publications/reports/decreasing-
inequality-under-latin-americas-social-democratic-and-populist-governments
Texto 2
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Texto 3
Responsible tourism management: the missing link between attitude and behaviour
in an emerging market
Nicole Frey
School of Management Studies, University of Cape Town
March 2008
1
Abstract
Responsible tourism management (RTM) practices in Cape Town, South Africa are 2
limited. In the face of global climate change, diminishing natural resources and sig- 3
nificant socio-economic challenges, it is essential that the tourism industry critically
evaluate the impact it is having on the natural, social and economic environments.
This paper investigates the current attitudes and perceptions of tourism business
owners in Cape Town towards responsible tourism management (RTM) practices.
Survey data of 244 tourism businesses was used to statistically test what factors
are causing the low levels of RTM practices. Findings suggest that despite general
positive attitudes towards RTM, businesses are not investing time and money into
changing management practices. This is a common emerging market phenomenon
where resource constraints negatively impact the relationship between what busi-
nesses would like to do and what actually gets done. Factors such as the perceived
cost of RTM, the highly competitive environment and lack of government support
are further negatively moderating the relationship. This paper recommends on how
the perceived costs of implementing RTM can be reduced and what channels should
be implemented to facilitate change.
Texto 4
Abstract
This paper presents an unorthodox solution to issues surrounding the validity of
practice as research within the field multimedia composition. Firstly, it evaluates
the process of multimedia composition leading to findings that the practice is simi-
lar to action research. Results are presented in the form of a model entitled The
Multimedia Realisation Spiral, developed with the aid of Soft Systems Methodology.
The purpose of the model is to be used as methodology in validating the practice of
multimedia composition as action research. Secondly, the paper presents methodo-
logies for multimedia composers to undertake evaluation of practice, practice-led
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research, and practice as research. Each methodology specifies the type of research
output, ranging from papers to creative works and is tested for validity against
extant literature from the research community. In summary, the paper presents
some interesting findings; namely, that practice as research is not a valid form of
research, along with several other points of discussion including a broad definition
of multimedia composition and a useful model for teaching and learning purposes.
Disponible en: <http://www.ems-network.org/IMG/EMS2005-Coulter.pdf>
1
2
3
Texto 5
Abstract
Despite the numerous studies which have been conducted during the past decade
on species ranges and their relationship to the environment, our understanding of
how environmental conditions shape species distribution is still far from comple-
te. Yet, some process-based species distribution models have been able to simulate
plants and insects distribution at a global scale. These models strongly rely on the
completion of the annual cycle of the species and therefore on their accomplished
phenology. In particular, they have shown that the northern limit of species ranges
appears to be caused mainly by the inability to undergo full fruit maturation, while
the southern limit appears to be caused by the inability to flower or unfold leaves
owing to a lack of chilling temperatures that are necessary to break bud dormancy.
I discuss here why phenology is a key adaptive trait in shaping species distribution
using mostly examples from plant species, which have been the most documented.
After discussing how phenology is involved in fitness and why it is an adaptive trait
susceptible to evolve quickly in changing climate conditions, I describe how pheno-
logy is related to fitness in species distribution process-based models and discuss the
fate of species under climate change scenarios using model projections and experi-
mental or field studies from the literature.
Disponible en: <http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1555/3149.
short>
Texto 6
Kothari, V N. (2004)
Challenge of universalization of elementary education in India. Journal of
Educational Planning and Administration, 18(3): 85-94
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of children. India was classified in the medium human development category. Adult
literacy rate was found to be extremely low in India 55.7% in 1998, youth literacy
rate was 71%, and enrolment ratio in primary education (1997) was found to be
77.2%. To conclude, it was emphasized that we are far from attaining the goal of
universal enrolment of children 6 to 14 years of age. It is even possible that under-
nourishment, severe morbidity and physical disability are delaying their entry into
school. For girls and for first generation learners school has to become more attrac-
tive. Unless we take adequate steps, we as a country are likely to remain stuck at 1
80%-85% enrolment rates, while most of the developing countries would be heading
towards 100% enrolment. 2
Disponible en: <http://nipccd.nic.in/reports/raed.pdf> 3
Texto 7
Abstract
This paper describes a research program on podded propulsors that combines para-
llel developments in numerical prediction methods and experimental evaluation.
Amongst the hydrodynamic issues that have been identified and addressed are
questions regarding the effects of hub taper angle, pod-strut configurations, sta-
tic azimuthing conditions, pod-strut interactions, gap pressure, pod gap and pod-
strut geometry on podded propulsors performance. On the experimental side, a
pod dynamometer system consisting of a sixcomponent global dynamometer and a
three-component pod dynamometer were designed, manufactured and used to per-
form measurements on propeller thrust and torque and unit forces and moments
in the three orthogonal directions in pusher and puller configurations in open water
conditions. Four propellers with the same blade sections but different hub taper
angles were designed and used to fit with eighteen pod-strut shells. Among the
shells, two podstrut models were based on the average dimensions of commercial
pods and used to study the hub angle, pod configuration, pod gap, gap pressure and
azimuthing conditions effect on propulsive performance. The other sixteen pods
were designed and manufactured to study the effect of five geometric parameters
on hydrodynamic performance using a design of experiments technique. In another
study, an experimental method was implemented in a cavitation tunnel to evalua-
te the wake/strut interaction of a podded propeller model. All of the measurements
showed consistency.
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Texto 8
Performance impact on resource sharing among multiple CPU- and GPU-
based applications
Shinichi Yamagiwaa* & Koichi Wadabpages 313-329
Available online: 09 Aug 2010
1 Abstract
2 During the last decade, the performance and capabilities of graphics processing units
(GPUs) have been drastically improved mostly due to the demands of the visualisa-
3 tion and the entertainment markets, where both consumers and companies push
for an increase in the levels of visual fidelity, which is only achieved with better and
higher performing GPU solutions. The ongoing global research effort for using such
immense computing power for applications beyond graphics is the domain of gene-
ral purpose computing. Combining GPUs with existing CPU resources is also an
important task. This work is a contribution to that effort, focusing on the analysis
of performance factors applying actual general purpose computation on GPU pro-
gramming platforms, while introducing a novel job scheduler that manages resou-
rce sharing between these two resources. Through experimental performance eva-
luation, this work investigates what are the most important factors to eliminate
overhead that is caused by conflict for resource ownership and designs that must be
taken into account while designing such job scheduler.
Keywords: graphics processing unit, multicore architecture, task scheduling,
memory bandwidth, caravela, CUDA
Disponible: <http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17445760.2010.481
788#preview>
Texto 9
The City and the cities: ownership, finance and the geography of recovery
Will Huttona and Neil Leeb
Author Affiliations
a Hertford College, University of Oxford, Catte Street, Oxford OX1 3BW, UK and Big Innovation Centre, The
Work Foundation, 21 Palmer Street, London SW1H 0AE, UK, whutton@theworkfoundation.com
b Socio-Economic Centre, The Work Foundation, 21 Palmer Street, London SW1H 0AE, UK and Department of
Economics, Lancaster University Management School, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK, nlee@theworkfoun-
dation.com
Abstract
In the wake of a financial crisis and recession, the UK faces a challenging recovery.
This represents an important time to revisit the UKs systems of finance and owner-
ship. This article argues that failures in the national structure of ownership have had
significant consequences in local economies where important companies were based.
It argues that current efforts to reform the financial system need to focus on suppor-
ting innovative high growth firms, ensuring a diversity of new forms of ownership
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can develop and that finance is available for all firms, regardless of geography. At
present, these factors underpin the potentially uneven geography of recovery.
Disponible en: <http://cjres.oxfordjournals.org/content/5/3/325.abstract>
Texto 10 1
Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship 2
3
Abstract
Social network sites (SNSs) are increasingly attracting the attention of academic and
industry researchers intrigued by their affordances and reach. This special theme sec-
tion of the Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication brings together scholars-
hip on these emergent phenomena. In this introductory article, we describe features
of SNSs and propose a comprehensive definition. We then present one perspective
on the history of such sites, discussing key changes and developments. After briefly
summarizing existing scholarship concerning SNSs, we discuss the articles in this
special section and conclude with considerations for future research.
Disponible en: <http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/
j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x/abstract>
Texto 11
Social occupational therapy
Conversations about a Brazilian experience
Abstract
Background. Researchers and practitioners worldwide have advocated for the deve-
lopment of critical perspectives in occupational therapy to examine the structural
influences of social exclusion and injustice experienced by individuals, groups, and
communities. To take action against social exclusion and injustice, Brazilian occu-
pational therapists have been developing social occupational therapy, referring to
practice that is focused on social issues and funded outside the health system.
Purpose. This paper presents a Brazilian perspective on the concept and practice of
social occupational therapy. Illustrations are drawn from 12 studies, developed bet-
ween 2008 and 2013, which were completed with socially vulnerable youth through
an ongoing university-community engagement partnership in So Carlos, So Paulo
State, Brazil.
Key issues. The authors discuss possibilities and challenges for developing a socially
committed, transformative occupational therapy outside the health system.
Implications. Occupational therapists may wish to seize opportunities to address
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1
2
3
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Referencias Bibliogrficas
Dudley Evans, T. (1989), An outline of the value of Genre Analysis in LSP work
in C. Lauren and M. Nordman (eds.). Special Language: From Humans Thinking to
Thinking Machines. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Web
Alexopolou, A. Tipologa Textual y Comprensin Lectora en E/LE, [en lnea].
En: Revista Nebrija de Lingstica Aplicada. 2010. Disponible en <http://www.
nebrija.com/revistalinguistica/files/articulosPDF/articulo_530b646902516.
pdf> Consulta: 20 de octubre de 2014.
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Lescano, M. Herramientas para el desarrollo de las Prcticas del Lenguaje, [en lnea].
Disponible en: <http://www.martalescano.com.ar/Pdf/Comprensionlectora.pdf>
Consulta: 27 de octubre de 2014.
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