The Guoyu, usually translated as Discourses of the States, is an ancient Chinese text that consists of a collection of speeches attributed to rulers and other men from the Spring and Autumn period (771–476 BC). It comprises a total of 240 speeches, ranging from the reign of King Mu of Zhou (r. 956–918 BC) to the execution of the Jin minister Zhibo in 453 BC.[1] Compilation of the Guoyu probably began during the 5th century and continued until the late 4th century BC. The earliest chapter of the compilation is the Discourses of Zhou.[2]
| Language | Classical Chinese | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subject | History of Spring and Autumn period states | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Publication date | 4th century BC | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Publication place | China | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 國語 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 国语 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | state discourses | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The text's author is unknown, but it is sometimes attributed to Zuo Qiuming, a contemporary of Confucius;[3][4][5] although as early as Jin dynasty, Fu Xuan objected to that attribution of authorship.[6]
Contents
editGuoyu overlaps with the period, people, events in the Zuo Zhuan.[7] And during the end of the Han dynasty it was called the preface of the Zuo Zhuan. Scholars like Xu Gan mention it in their work including the Balanced Discourses though the tradition died out.[citation needed]
It comprises eight books covering the Zhou court and seven of the feudal states, divided into 21 chapters:
| No. | Chinese | Pinyin | Translation | Chapters |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 周語 | Zhōu Yǔ | Discourses of Zhou | 3 |
| 2 | 魯語 | Lǔ Yǔ | Discourses of Lu | 2 |
| 3 | 齊語 | Qí Yǔ | Discourses of Qi | 1 |
| 4 | 晉語 | Jìn Yǔ | Discourses of Jin | 9 |
| 5 | 鄭語 | Zhèng Yǔ | Discourses of Zheng | 1 |
| 6 | 楚語 | Chǔ Yǔ | Discourses of Chu | 2 |
| 7 | 吳語 | Wú Yǔ | Discourses of Wu | 1 |
| 8 | 越語 | Yuè Yǔ | Discourses of Yue | 2 |
References
editCitations
edit- ^ Shih & Knechtges (2010), p. 308.
- ^ Chang, Boltz & Loewe (1993), p. 264.
- ^ Zhou, Jixu (May, 2011) "Confucius and Lao Zi" Their Differing Social Foundations and Cultures", Sino-Platonic Papers 211. p. 2
- ^ Sima Qian, Shiji, "Grand Historian's Autobiographical Postface". quote: "左丘失明，厥有國語"
- ^ Sima Qian, "Letter to Ren An", in Book of Han "Vol. 62 - Account of Sima Qian" quote: "左丘失明，厥有國語"
- ^ Kong Yingda, True Meaning of Chunqiu Zuozhuan "vol. 60" p. 20 of 146, quote: "傅玄云：《國語》非丘明所作。凡有共說一事而二文不同，必《國語》虛而《左傳》實，其言相反，不可強合也。" translation: "Fu Xuan said: '′Discourses of the States′ was not authored by Qiu Ming. Wherever they both narrate one thing yet their wordings differ, certainly ′Zuo tradition′['s narrative] is authentic while ′Discourses of the States′['s narrative] is spurious. The contradictory wordings cannot be forcibly reconciled.' "
- ^ Durrant (2017), p. 189.
Sources
edit- Chang, I-jen; et al. (1993). "Kuo yü 國語". In Loewe, Michael (ed.). Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide. Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China; Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California Berkeley. pp. 263–268. ISBN 1-55729-043-1.
- Durrant, Stephen (2017). "Chapter 13: Histories (Shi 史)". In Denecke, Wiebke; Li, Wai-Yee; Tian, Xiaofei (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Classical Chinese Literature (1000 BCE-900CE) (e-book ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 189.
- Kern, Martin (2010). "Early Chinese literature, Beginnings through Western Han". In Owen, Stephen (ed.). The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 1: To 1375. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–115. ISBN 978-0-521-11677-0.
- Shih, Hsiang-lin; et al. (2010). "Guoyu 國語". In Knechtges, David R.; Chang, Taiping (eds.). Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide, Part One. Leiden: Brill. pp. 308–311. ISBN 978-90-04-19127-3.
External links
edit- Guoyu Original text in Chinese
- Guoyu 《國語》 Chinese text with matching English vocabulary