Charles Merlin

Charles Louis William Merlin was born in 1821 to French parents, François-Nicolas and Augusta Merlin. François-Nicolas was a relative of the aristocrat Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai, a prominent supporter of the French Revolution. The Merlin family moved to London at some point after the revolution; the archaeological historian Yannis Galanakis has suggested that the Merlin family may have emigrated to England following the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in 1814.^[3] Charles Merlin may have studied at Dulwich College, a public school in South London.^[4]

In 1839, Merlin took a job as a clerk and administrator for the British consulate based in the Piraeus district of Athens. Galanakis has attributed Merlin's recruitment to his bilingualism in French and English, as well as his good penmanship and willingness to advocate for British interest.^[1] Britain maintained an envoy extraordinary at Athens for diplomatic functions, making the role of the Piraeus consulate, in Merlin's own words, "strictly a commercial one".^[5] Merlin spent most of his life in Athens:^[6] the historians Lucia Patrizio Gunning and Despina Vlami describe him as a "Levantine", a term which referred to British consuls felt to have taken on local culture through long service in the Eastern Mediterranean.^[7]

In 1846, he was appointed as British Vice-Consul at the Piraeus, an unpaid position.^[1] In the same year, he became an agent for the Ionian Bank, a British overseas bank based in the Ionian islands which was largely responsible for funding, through loans, the islands' public finances throughout the 1840s and 1850s.^[a][6] He was a partner in the merchant house run by John Green, a relative of Merlin's father-in-law, in Patras.^[1] In 1865, he became the manager of the Ionian Bank's branch in Athens, and in 1868 was promoted to be Britain's consul in Piraeus,^[9] having previously filled the role in an acting capacity during 1859 and 1864. This was his first diplomatic post which paid a salary; he was given £350 a year, plus £100 for expenses, of which £85 were spent on the wages of a clerk. By comparison with other British consuls in the Aegean, this was a relatively low salary – higher only than that paid to the consul at Missolonghi, who earned £200 per annum, and far less than the consul at Constantinople, who earned £1,600 – reflecting the comparatively minor responsibilities of the post.^[1] On his promotion, he was forbidden from engaging in business outside his work for the Ionian Bank, but the combined income of his consular post and position with the bank – which paid him around £600 per annum and additionally covered the rent, heating and lighting of his house – made him comfortably off in Athenian society. The consul's duties included commercial and bureaucratic responsibilities, as well as hearing complaints from and resolving disputes among British subjects and merchant sailors.^[1]

 

From the 1850s, Merlin took a greater role in diplomatic work, participating in commissions concerning the Epirus Revolt of 1854 and the Thessaly Revolt of 1878, both of which concerned insurrections by Greeks living within the Ottoman Empire, and in those investigating the murders of British citizens in Greece.^[b] After King Otto was forced into exile by a popular uprising in 1862, he gained widespread respect for his assistance of many Greeks caught in the ensuing chaos, as well as for procuring credit from the Ionian Bank for the Greek government and protecting the Bank of Greece.^[1]

In 1887, Merlin retired from his consular duties and moved his family to Campden Hill in West London, where he was employed as the Ionian Bank's general manager. He retired from this post in 1891, but accepted a position on the bank's Court of Directors which earned him £200 per annum in addition to his pension of £400. He died on 23 August 1896, leaving what Galanakis terms "a good but relatively modest estate" of £3,695 9s; the bank voted to continue paying his pension to his wife until the end of 1896.^[1]

 

Merlin has been termed a significant figure in the identification and trafficking of antiquities between Athens and London.^[6] He maintained a close professional relationship with Charles Newton, himself a former British consul in the eastern Mediterranean,^[10] who was appointed as the British Museum's Keeper of Greek and Roman Antiquities in 1861. Newton made heavy use of British consuls as conduits for the acquisition of antiquities, drawing up in 1863 a list of instructions for those working in the Aegean which became part of the Foreign Office's official instructions to its consuls. Gunning and Vlami have credited Merlin's career to Newton's support.^[11] While in Athens, Merlin maintained a regular correspondence with Newton by letter.^[12]

Merlin's relationship with Newton began in 1864, when Newton visited Athens and identified a number of antiquities, which Merlin agreed to purchase on his behalf.^[1] In 1865, he facilitated the sale of the Aineta aryballos to the museum, acting as intermediary between the Athens art dealer Athanasios Rhousopoulos and Newton, who had earlier selected the aryballos for purchase. The unauthorised export of antiquities was illegal in Greece, and Rhousopoulos was prosecuted by Panagiotis Efstratiadis, the head of the Greek Archaeological Service; he was expelled from the Archaeological Society of Athens, and fined in 1874 the 1,000 drachmas he had been paid for the vase.^[13][c] The British minister at Athens, Edward Morris Erskine, warned Merlin that knowledge of his connection to the sale might "give [Merlin] some annoyance"; thereafter, Merlin generally attempted to conceal his identity when selling antiquities.^[15]

Between 1865 and 1892, Merlin supplied around 460 objects to the British Museum, primarily Greek and Roman antiquities. He had earlier sent naturalistic specimens to the museum:^[16] in 1844, he presented it with twenty specimens of birds from Athens.^[1] He had little interest in antiquities, but saw partaking in their trade as a means of supplementing his income, as well as participating in an activity popular among British high society and exercising what the archaeologist Louise Willocx terms his "patriotic duty". He sold other objects privately on the London art market.^[6] His sales included, in 1872, the first examples of Aegean seal-stones to enter the museum's collection, sourced from Rhousopoulos and his rival Jean Lambros.^[17] Objects of this kind would later provide the first identified evidence of the writing systems known as Linear A and Linear B.^[18]

In 1872, Merlin procured for Newton casts of the West Frieze of the Parthenon, made by the Italian sculptor Napoleone Martinelli for a cost of £33. The West Frieze was the only full section of the frieze remaining in situ: casts of it had been made by Lord Elgin, who had removed most of the other sculptures from the temple, in the early nineteenth century.^[19] By 1869, the moulds used by Elgin had become severely worn out through repeated use in making new copies, and likely disposed of by the museum. When Merlin's casts arrived in London in 1873,^[20] Newton found that they showed that the frieze's condition had deteriorated since Elgin's casts had been made, and had both sets of casts displayed side by side in a bid to demonstrate that the sculptures were safer kept in the British Museum than in Athens.^[21]

 

Merlin took a sceptical view of the work of Heinrich Schliemann, the German businessman and amateur archaeologist who claimed to have found the remains of Homeric Troy. Merlin, himself a friend of Schliemann's,^[22] wrote to Newton on 6 November 1872 expressing his doubts about Schliemann's claims, and describing Schliemann's obsession with Troy as "a bee in his bonnet".^[12] Following Schliemann's discovery of Grave Circle A at Mycenae in 1876, which Schliemann claimed to be the burial-place of the Homeric king Agamemnon,^[23] Merlin wrote to Newton that "Schliemann's geese are all swans", referring to his tendency to exaggerate and romanticise his finds. He also conveyed the low opinion in which Schliemann was held by Ernst Curtius, director of the German excavations at Olympia.^[24][d] Merlin was among the first visitors to Schliemann's exhibition of the finds from Mycenae, held at the National Bank of Athens in 1877; he reported to Newton afterwards that "whether they are of the very great antiquity Schliemann claims for them, I am not able to judge", and described Schliemann as "vulgar in his manners" and as "giv[ing] his opinions as if there is no-one who knows anything but himself".^[26]

After Newton retired from the British Museum in 1885, Merlin maintained a correspondence with Alexander Stuart Murray, Newton's successor as Keeper of Greek and Roman Antiquities.^[1] Merlin was also a member from 1860 until 1880 of the Archaeological Society of Athens, a Greek learned society with a prominent role in archaeology and conservation, and donated a few objects to its museum.^[27] Galanakis estimates that Merlin earned around £160 per year from his sales to the British Museum, which was broadly comparable with the amount he gained from selling antiquities privately, and that he was "among the most prolific, if not the most important, direct providers of antiquities" from Greece to the museum.^[1]

Merlin was fluent in English, French and Greek. On 31 August 1847, he married Isabella Dorothea Green at Christ Church, Marylebone, in London. Green's father, Philip James Green, had been the British consul at Patras during the Greek War of Independence. They had six children, of whom three – Charles, Sidney and Augustus – survived to adulthood. Sidney became a botanist and competed for Great Britain in shooting events at the 1896, 1900 and 1906 Olympic Games. Augustus Merlin became the British vice-consul at Volos in the 1880s and was promoted to consul in 1917, serving in the role until 1920.^[1]