Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2005.
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Protozoans
edit| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Valid |
Poinar |
Oldest record of the vector association |
|
Diatoms
edit| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Wolfe & Edlund |
An aulacoseiraceous freshwater diatom |
Plants
editConifers
edit| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen et Sp nov |
Valid |
Hernandez-Castillo, Stockey & Beard |
A cupressaceous pollen cone. |
Angiosperms
edit| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen et sp nov |
Bogner, Hoffman, & Aulenback |
An orontioid Infructescence. |
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|
Gen et sp nov |
dubious |
Li |
Early Cretaceous |
Jianshangou Formation |
The type species is Archaeamphora longicervia |
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|
sp nov |
Valid |
Radtke, Pigg, & Wehr |
A Corylopsis species |
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|
sp nov |
Valid |
Radtke, Pigg, & Wehr |
A Fothergilla species |
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|
Gen et Sp nov |
Valid |
Pigg & DeVore |
Middle Miocene |
"Yakima Canyon Flora" |
A crape myrtle relative, type species S. grahamae |
| ||
|
sp nov |
valid |
Denk & Dillhoff |
Eocene Okanagan Highlands |
An elm species. |
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|
Gen et sp nov |
von Balthazar, Pedersen and Friis |
Vale de Agua 320 |
A plant ascribed to Ranunculales. |
Fungi
edit| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen et sp nov |
Van der Ham & Dortangs |
A ascomycetous fungus in Brachyphyllum patens foliage |
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|
Sp nov |
valid |
Rossi, Kotrba, & Triebel |
A laboulbeniaceous parasite of Prosphyracephala succini |
Arthropoda
editArachnids
edit| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Giribet & Dunlop |
An ortholasmatine nemastomatid harvestman. Type species is H. grimaldii |
Insects
edit| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Sp nov |
Valid |
Lapolla |
Oldest record of trophophoresy in ants |
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|
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Menon, Martins-Neto, & Martill |
A nymphid lacewing |
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|
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Engel & Grimaldi |
A possible Aneuretinae ant. Type sp. C. occidentalis |
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|
Sp nov |
valid |
Poinar |
A mosquito, a vector of Plasmodium dominicana |
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|
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Archibald |
Eocene Okanagan Highlands |
Six species named D. andersoni, D. dowsonae, |
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|
Gen et sp nov |
homonym |
Nel Et al. |
A rhachiberothide lacewing, |
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|
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Nel, Petrulevicius, & Jarzembowski |
A Libellulid dragonfly, |
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|
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Engel & Grimaldi |
A sphecomyrmine ant. |
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|
Gen et comb nov |
valid |
Nel Et al. |
A rhachiberothide lacewing, |
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|
Gen et sp nov |
jr synonym |
Engel & Grimaldi |
A stem group ant, |
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|
Sp nov |
Valid |
Poinar |
Oldest record of the vector |
|
Xiphosurans
edit- Fossils of Lunataspis, the earliest known xiphosuran, are discovered in Canada. It was not given a formal description until 2008, however.
Plesiosaurs
editNew taxa
edit
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Archosauromorphs
editNewly named Non-Avian dinosaurs
editData courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.[21]
| Name | Status | Authors | Age | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appalachiosaurus[22] | Valid taxon |
|
Late Cretaceous | A Tyrannosaurid from Appalachia | ||
| Archaeodontosaurus | Valid taxon | Middle Jurassic | An early Sauropod | |||
| Auroraceratops | Valid taxon |
|
Early Cretaceous | |||
| "Bakesaurus" | Nomen nudum |
|
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| Baurutitan | Valid taxon |
|
Late Cretaceous | |||
| Brachytrachelopan[23] | Valid taxon |
|
Middle Jurassic | A short necked Sauropod | ||
| Buitreraptor[24] | Valid taxon |
|
Late Cretaceous | A small fish eating raptor | ||
| Cathartesaura | Valid taxon |
|
Late Cretaceous | |||
| Changchunsaurus[25] | Valid taxon |
|
Early Cretaceous | a primitive Ornithopod | ||
| Chebsaurus[26] | Valid taxon |
|
from Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic | |||
| Condorraptor[27] | Valid taxon |
|
Middle Jurassic | |||
| Daanosaurus[28] | Valid taxon |
|
Late Jurassic | |||
| Dashanpusaurus | Valid taxon |
|
from middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic | |||
| Dubreuillosaurus | Valid taxon |
|
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| Falcarius[29] | Valid taxon |
|
Early Cretaceous | An early Therizinosaur | ||
| Ferganocephale[30] | Valid taxon |
|
Middle Jurassic | An early Pachycephalosaur | ||
| "Galveosaurus"[31] | Junior synonym |
|
Junior synonym of Galvesaurus. | |||
| Galvesaurus |
Valid taxon |
|
Early Cretaceous | |||
| Hagryphus | Valid taxon |
|
Late Cretaceous | |||
| Hexinlusaurus | Valid taxon |
|
Middle Jurassic | |||
| Hungarosaurus[32] | Valid taxon |
|
Late Cretaceous | |||
| Jinfengopteryx[33] | Valid taxon |
|
Early Cretaceous | |||
| Karongasaurus[34] | Valid taxon |
|
Early Cretaceous | |||
| Lanzhousaurus | Valid taxon |
|
Early Cretaceous | |||
| Nemegtomaia | Valid taxon |
|
Late Cretaceous | |||
| Neuquenraptor[35] | Valid taxon |
|
Late Cretaceous |
May be a subjective junior synonym of Unenlagia. | ||
| Pedopenna[36] | Valid taxon |
|
Middle Jurassic | |||
| Penelopognathus | Valid taxon |
|
Early Cretaceous | |||
| Puertasaurus | Valid taxon |
|
Late Cretaceous | |||
| Shixinggia[37] | Valid taxon |
|
Late Cretaceous | |||
| Stormbergia | Valid taxon |
|
Early Jurassic | A primitive Ornithischian | ||
| Tanycolagreus[38] | Valid taxon |
|
Late Jurassic | A primitive Tyrannosaur | ||
| Trigonosaurus | Disputed |
|
Late Cretaceous | Subsequently argued by Silva Junior et al. (2022) to be a junior synonym of Baurutitan.[39] | ||
| Tyrannotitan[40] | Valid taxon |
|
Late Cretaceous | |||
| Xinjiangovenator[41] | Valid taxon |
|
Early Cretaceous |
Newly named birds
edit| Name | Status | Novelty | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Valid |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Late Miocene |
An Anatidae, the oldest from Africa. |
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|
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
An Island Accipitridae. |
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|
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
Early Middle Eocene |
A Coliiformes, Chascacocoliidae Zelenkov et Dyke, 2008. |
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|
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
A Ciconiidae. |
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|
Valid |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Late Paleocene |
A Spheniscidae. |
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|
Valid |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Early Cretaceous, Early Albian |
An Ornithurae Haeckel, 1866. This is the type species of the genus. |
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|
Valid |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Early Eocene |
MP 8; |
|
A Podargiformes, Fluvioviridavidae Mayr, 2005. |
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|
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
A Rallidae, in 2011 this species becomes the type species of the new genus Australlus Worthy et Boles, 2011. |
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|
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
A Rallidae. |
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|
Valid |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
An Ornithuromorphae Chiappe, Ji, Ji et Norell, 1999, Hongshanornithidae O’Connor, Gao et Chiappe, 2010. This is the type species of the genus. | ||||||
|
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
Late Early Eocene |
A Fregatidae, Limnofregatinae Olson, 1977. |
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|
Valid |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
A Prophaethontidae Harrison et Walker, 1976. |
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|
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
An Anatidae, extinct since the 16th century. |
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|
Valid |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Early Oligocene |
A Parvigruidae Mayr, 2005. |
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|
Valid |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
A Cathartidae. |
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|
Valid |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Early Middle Eocene |
A Cypselomorphae (Sensu Mayr, 2002). |
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|
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
Early Middle Eocene |
A Trogonidae, In 2009 Mayr creates the new genus Masillatrogon for this species and makes ?Primotrogon pumilio its type species. |
|||||
|
Valid |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Late Pleistocene |
Coastal cliffs near Rio de la Plata estuary |
A Furnariidae. |
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|
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
A Rallidae. |
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|
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
|
||||||
|
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
|
||||||
|
Valid |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Early Oligocene |
A Pici (sensu Simpson and Cracraft, 1981), family incertae sedis (confer Ramphastidae Vigors, 1825) |
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|
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
Known from eggshells |
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|
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
Wang Zhao |
Late Miocene |
Transferred to, and made the type species of a new genus Orientornis Wang, 2008.[65] |
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|
Valid |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Middle to Late Maastrichtian |
An ?Anseriformes. This is the type species of the genus. |
Newly named pterosaurs
edit| Name | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Valid |
|
Upper Cretaceous |
The type species is Bakonydraco galaczi. |
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|
Valid |
|
Lower Cretaceous |
The type species is Boreopterus cuiae. | ||||
|
Valid |
|
Early Cretaceous |
The type species is Caulkicephalus trimicrodon. | ||||
|
Valid |
|
Early Cretaceous |
The type species is Eoazhdarcho liaoxiensis. | ||||
|
Valid |
|
Early Cretaceous |
The type species is Eopteranodon lii. | ||||
|
Valid |
|
Early Cretaceous |
The type species is Feilongus youngi. | ||||
|
Synonym |
|
Early Cretaceous |
The type species is Huaxiapterus jii. Huaxiapterus is a junior synonym of Sinopterus[74] | ||||
|
Valid |
|
Early Cretaceous |
The type species is Liaoxipterus brachyognathus. | ||||
|
Valid |
|
Early Cretaceous |
The type species is Nurhachius ignaciobritoi. | ||||
|
Synonym |
|
The type species is Paranurognathus tischlingeri. Paranurognathus is a junior synonym of Anurognathus. |
Synapsids
editNon-mammalian
edit| Name | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Valid |
|
Upper Triassic |
The type species is Irajatherium hernadezi. |
||||
|
Valid |
|
Triassic |
The type species is Madysaurus sharovi. | ||||
|
Valid |
|
Lower Triassic |
The type species is Putillosaurus sennikovi. |
Mammals
editNew taxa
edit| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Wang et al. |
An amphicynodontid. | |||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Wang et al. |
An amphicynodontid. | |||||
| Indodelphis[80] | Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. | Valid |
|
Eocene | Cambay Shale Formation | A marsupial. |
Footnotes
editComplete author list
editAs science becomes more collaborative, papers with large numbers of authors are becoming more common. To prevent the deformation of the tables, these footnotes list the contributors to papers that erect new genera and have many authors.
References
edit- ^ Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN 9780070887398. OCLC 46769716.
- ^ a b Poinar, G. (2005). "Triatoma dominicana sp. n. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), and Trypanosoma antiquus sp. n. (Stercoraria: Trypanosomatidae), the First Fossil Evidence of a Triatomine-Trypanosomatid Vector Association". Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases. 5 (1): 72–81. doi:10.1089/vbz.2005.5.72. PMID 15815152.
- ^ Wolfe, A.; Edlund, M. (2005). "Taxonomy, phylogeny, and paleoecology of Eoseira wilsonii gen. et sp. nov., a Middle Eocene diatom (Bacillariophyceae: Aulacoseiraceae) from lake sediments at Horsefly, British Columbia, Canada". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 42 (2): 243–257. doi:10.1139/e04-051.
- ^ Hernandez-Castillo, G. R.; Stockey, R. A.; Beard, G. (2005). "Taxodiaceous pollen cones from the early Tertiary of British Columbia, Canada". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 166 (2): 339–346. doi:10.1086/427485. S2CID 84144996.
- ^ Bogner, J.; Hoffman, G. L; Aulenback, K. R (2005). "A fossilized aroid infructescence, Albertarum pueri gen. nov. et sp. nov., of Late Cretaceous (Late Campanian) age from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of southern Alberta, Canada". Canadian Journal of Botany. 83 (6): 591–598. doi:10.1139/B05-033.
- ^ Li, H. (2005). "Early Cretaceous sarraceniacean-like pitcher plants from China". Acta Bot. Gallica. 152 (2): 227–234. doi:10.1080/12538078.2005.10515473. S2CID 85000922.
- ^ a b Radtke, M.G.; Pigg, K.B.; Wehr, W.C. (2005). "Fossil Corylopsis and Fothergilla Leaves (Hamamelidaceae) from the Lower Eocene Flora of Republic, Washington, U.S.A., and Their Evolutionary and Biogeographic Significance". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 166 (2): 347–356. doi:10.1086/427483. S2CID 20215269.
- ^ Pigg, K. B.; DeVore, M. L. (2005). "Shirleya grahamae gen. et sp. nov.(Lythraceae), Lagerstroemia-like fruits from the middle Miocene Yakima Canyon flora, central Washington State, USA". American Journal of Botany. 92 (2): 242–251. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.2.242. PMID 21652401.
- ^ Denk, T.; Dillhoff, R.M. (2005). "Ulmus leaves and fruits from the Early-Middle Eocene of northwestern North America: systematics and implications for character evolution within Ulmaceae" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Botany. 83 (12): 1663–1681. doi:10.1139/b05-122. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2017-02-28.
- ^ M. von Balthazar; K. Raunsgaard Pedersen; E. M. Friis (2005). "Teixeiraea lusitanica, a new fossil flower from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal with affinities to Ranunculales". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 255 (1/2): 55–75.
- ^ Van der Ham, R. W. J. M.; Dortangs, R. W. (2005). "Structurally preserved ascomycetous fungi from the Maastrichtian type area (NE Belgium)". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 136 (1–2): 48–62. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2005.04.004.
- ^ Rossi, W.; Kotrba, M.; Triebel, D. (2005). "A new species of Stigmatomyces from Baltic amber, the first fossil record of Laboulbeniomycetes". Mycological Research. 109 (3): 271–274. doi:10.1017/S0953756204001819. PMID 15912943.
- ^ Giribet, G.; Dunlop, J. (2005). "First identifiable Mesozoic harvestman (Opiliones: Dyspnoi) from Cretaceous Burmese amber" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 272 (1567): 1007–1013. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3063. PMC 1039256. PMID 1599874.[permanent dead link]
- ^ LaPolla, J. S. (2005). "Ancient Trophophoresy: A Fossil Acropyga (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Dominican Amber". Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 131 (1/2): 21–28. JSTOR 25078875.
- ^ Menon, F.; Martins-Neto, R.G.; Martill, D. (2005). "A new Lower Cretaceous nymphid (Insecta, Neuroptera, Nymphidae) from the Crato Formation of Brazil". Gaea: Journal of Geoscience. 1 (1): 11–15.
- ^ a b c Engel, M.S.; Grimaldi, D.A. (2005). "Primitive New Ants in Cretaceous Amber from Myanmar, New Jersey, and Canada (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". American Museum Novitates (3485): 1–24. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2005)485[0001:PNAICA]2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/5676. S2CID 84043939.
- ^ Archibald, S.B. (2005). "New Dinopanorpidae (Insecta: Mecoptera) from the Eocene Okanogan Highlands (British Columbia, Canada and Washington State, USA)". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 42 (2): 119–136. Bibcode:2005CaJES..42..119A. doi:10.1139/e04-073.
- ^ a b Nel, A; Perrichot, V; Azar, D; Néraudeau, D (2005). "New Rhachiberothidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) in Early Cretaceous and Early Eocene ambers from France and Lebanon". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 235: 51–85.
- ^ a b Nel, A; Perrichot, V; Azar, D; Néraudeau, D (2005). "A replacement name for the neuropteran genus Eorhachiberotha Nel et al., 2005 (Neuroptera: Rhachiberothidae)". Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France. 110 (2): 128. doi:10.3406/bsef.2005.16201. S2CID 83179249.
- ^ Nel, A.; Petrulevicius, J.F.; Jarzembowski, E.A. (2005). "New fossil Odonata from the European Cenozoic (Insecta : Odonata : Thaumatoneuridae, Aeshnidae, ?Idionychidae, Libellulidae". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 235 (3): 343–380. doi:10.1127/njgpa/235/2005/343.
- ^ Olshevsky, George. "Dinogeorge's Dinosaur Genera List". Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
- ^ Carr T.D.; Williamson T.E.; Schwimmer D.R. (2005). "A new genus and species of tyrannosauroid from the Late Cretaceous (Middle Campanian) Demopolis Formation of Alabama". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (1): 119–143. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0119:ANGASO]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86243316.
- ^ Rauhut O.W.M.; Remes K.; Fechner R.; Cladera G.; Puerta P. (2005). "Discovery of a short-necked sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period of Patagonia". Nature. 435 (2): 670–672. Bibcode:2005Natur.435..670R. doi:10.1038/nature03623. PMID 15931221. S2CID 4385136.
- ^ Makovicky P.J.; Apesteguia S.; Agnolin F.L. (2005). "The earliest dromaeosaurid theropod from South America". Nature. 437 (7061): 1007–1011. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1007M. doi:10.1038/nature03996. PMID 16222297. S2CID 27078534.
- ^ Zan S.-Q.; Chen J.; Jin L.-Y.; Li T. (2005). "A primitive ornithopod from the Early Cretaceous Quantou Formation of central Jilin, China". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 43: 182–193. doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.2005.03.003.
- ^ Mahammed, F., E. Läng, L. Mami, L. Mekahl, M. Benhamou, B. Bouterfa, A. Kacemi, S.-A. Chérief, H. Chaouati, and P. Taquet. 2005. The ‘Giant of sour’, a Middle Jurassic sauropod dinosaur from Algeria. Systematic Palaeontology (Vertebrate Palaeontology) Paleovol/Elsevier.
- ^ Rauhut O.W.M. (2005). "Osteology and relationships of a new theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Patagonia". Palaeontology. 48 (1): 87–110. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2004.00436.x. S2CID 129504252.
- ^ Ye Y.; Jiang S. (2005). "A new genus of sauropod from Zigong, Sichuan". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 43: 175–181. doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.2005.03.002.
- ^ Kirkland J I.; Zanno L.E.; Sampson S.D.; Clark J.M.; DeBileux D.D. (2005). "A primitive therizinosauroid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Utah". Nature. 435 (7038): 84–87. Bibcode:2005Natur.435...84K. doi:10.1038/nature03468. PMID 15875020. S2CID 4428196.
- ^ Averianov A.O. T. Martin; Bakirov A.A. (2005). "Pterosaur and dinosaur remains from the Middle Jurassic Balabansai Svita in the northern Fergana depression, Kyrgyzstan (Central Asia)". Palaeontology. 48 (1): 135–155. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2004.00437.x. S2CID 55249438.
- ^ Sánchez-Hernández, B (2005). "Galveosaurus herreroi, a new sauropod dinosaur from Villar del Arzobispo Formation (Tithonian-Berriasian) of Spain". Zootaxa. 1034: 1–20. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1034.1.1.
- ^ Osi, A (2005). "Hungarosaurus tormai, a new ankylosaur (Dinosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of Hungary". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (2): 370–383. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0370:htanad]2.0.co;2. S2CID 131087368.
- ^ Ji, Q., S. Ji, J. Lu, H. You, W. Chen, and Y. Liu. 2005. First avialian bird from China. Geological Bulletin of China 24 (3): pp. 197-209.
- ^ Gomani, E.M. 2005. Sauropod dinosaurs from the Early Cretaceous of Malawi, Africa: Palaeontologia Electronica 8 (issue 1 - n. 27a): 37 pages.
- ^ Novas F.E.; Pott D. (2005). "New evidence on deinonychosaurian dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia". Nature. 433 (7028): 858–861. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..858N. doi:10.1038/nature03285. PMID 15729340. S2CID 4413316.
- ^ Xu, X., and F. Zhang. 2005. A new maniraptoran dinosaur from China with long feathers on the metatarsus" Naturwissenschaften 92: pp. 173-177Xu, X.
- ^ Lu, J. and B.-K. Zhang. 2005. A new oviraptorid (Theropod: Oviraptosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Nanxiong Basin, Guangdong Province of southern China. Online document (Chinese Extinct Organism Net: https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=zh- CN&u=http://www.dinosaur.net.cn/_Dino_News_2 Archived 2011-07-14 at the Wayback Machine 005/dino20050110.htm&prev=/search%3Fq%3DS hixinggia%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF- 8
- ^ Carpenter, K., C. Miles and K. Cloward. 2005. New small theropod from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming. In: the carnivorous dinosaurs (K. Carpenter, ed.). Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IA: pp. 23-48.
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