The Temnikov Principality or Tümen Principality (Tatar: Төмән ханлыгы, romanized: Tömän xanlığı, Moksha: Мурунза, romanized: Murunza[7] Italian: Tartari di Mordua, lit. 'Mordvin Tatars'), also known as Murunza (Russian: Темниковская Мещёра, romanized: Temnikov Meschera) or the Bekhanid Principality of Tümen was a Mishar and Moksha[8] principality in Eastern Mishar Yurt (Temnikovsky and Kadomsky Uyezds).[9] The state was closely allied with the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
Bekhanid Principality of Tümen | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1388–1684 | |||||||||||
 Flag during the reign of Öz Beg Khan as shown in Dulcert's 1339 map (other sources claim that the Golden Horde was named for the yellow banner of the khan[2]). | |||||||||||
 Mordvin Tatars subject to Muscovy in 1684 | |||||||||||
| Status | Grand Duchy of Moscow protectorate since 1684 | ||||||||||
| Capital | Tümen(Tatar: Tömän kalası)[3] | ||||||||||
| Common languages | Turki (official), Tatar, Moksha | ||||||||||
| Religion | Paganism | ||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||
| Prince (*Gyula)[4] | |||||||||||
• 1388 | *Kegyes Ténes[5] | ||||||||||
| Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||||
• First mention of the principality | 1388 | ||||||||||
• protectorate of Grand Duchy of Moscow | 1684 | ||||||||||
| Currency | Dang, Pul, Soum, Dirham[6] | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Today part of | Russian Federation | ||||||||||
Etymology
editTatar: Төмән ханлыгы, romanized: Tömän xanlığı and Church Slavonic: темник means tümen commander and refers to the city founder Prince Tenish Kugushev or his immediate ancestors.[10] Other scholars M. Safargaliev, P. Chermensky consider Temnikov second one in importance ulus centre after Mukhsha since the etymology of the placename itself points at Golden Horde tümen commander's headquarters.[11]
History
editThe principality was established by Prince Bekhan in 1388.[12][13] Principality later expanded and comprised territories between Oka-Tsena-Sura interfluve in (Northern, Western and Eastern Mokshaland). Temnikov, Kadom, Sacony and Andreev townlet had been destroyed during the period of Muscovy and Ryazan Principality raids in first decades of 15th century and later rebuilt in new cites. It was confirmed by archeological findings in 1960s.[14]
Genetics
editMembers at Family TreeDNA tracing royal descent to Prince Bekhan of the Temnikov Principality, are grouped as (07 Tatar Princes – Bekhanids) in the Russian Nobility DNA project. All members belong to Y-haplogroup J2b-L283 > Y12000.[15]
Tümen Princes
edit- Kugushevs – Mishar dynasty[16]
- Rasts – Moksha dynasty (sometimes mistakenly referred to as "Siberian" since Tümen and Tyumen were mixed[17] Djagfar Tarikhy mentioned Rasts as Seber Princes, which means "of Moksha or Hungarian descent"[18]
Mentioned in Russian sources as Mordvin Princes[19][20]
Administration
editThe Principality was divided into belyaks.
Population
editThe land was inhabited mainly by Mokshas, Mishars and Erzyas. Some Burtases resettled to Northern Mokshaland, and would be mentioned in later Russian documents as Posop Tatars since they served as prince's army bread suppliers and paid bread tax.[21]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich. History of the Russian State. St. Petersburg: printed in the Military Printing Office of the General Staff of His Imperial Majesty, Vol. 8, 1816
- ^ Zahler, Diane (2013). The Black Death (Revised ed.). Twenty-First Century Books. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-4677-0375-8.
- ^ Utverzhdennaya gramota ob izbranii na Moskovskoe gosudarstvo Mikhaila Fedorovicha Romanova [The Approved Charter on the Election to the Moscow State's Reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Explanations by S.A. Belokurov]. Moscow, 1904 (In Russian)
- ^ Rastoropov 2015
- ^ Rastoropov 2015
- ^ German A. Fedorov-Davydov The Monetary System of The Golden Horde*. Translated by L. I. Smirnova (Holden). Retrieved: 14 July 2017.
- ^ Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich. History of the Russian State. St. Petersburg: printed in the Military Printing Office of the General Staff of His Imperial Majesty, Vol. 8, 1816
- ^ Filjushkin 2008 p.94
- ^ Belyakov & Yengalycheva 2014
- ^ Akchurin & Isheev 2017
- ^ Safargaliev M.G. Raspad Zolotoy Ordy [Dissolution of the Golden Horde]. Saransk, 1960. (In Russian)
- ^ Bikkinin
- ^ Pervushkin & Shishlov
- ^ Fedorov-Davydov & Tsirkin 1966 pp. 235–249
- ^ "Russian Nobility DNA Project". Familytreedna.com.
- ^ Akchurin & Isheev 2017
- ^ Belyakov 2013
- ^ Text of the Cäğfär Taríxı. Vol.1
- ^ Akchurin & Isheev 2017
- ^ Belyakov 2013
- ^ Akchurin 2012 pp. 43–48.
Sources
edit- Akchurin, Maksum; Isheev, Mullanur (2017), "Temnikov: The Town of a Tümen Commander. The History of Towns of The "Mordovian Peripheries" In The 15th–16th centuries", Golden Horde Review, 5 (3), Kazan: 629–658, doi:10.22378/2313-6197.2017-5-3.629-658
- Akchurin, Maksum (2012), The Burtas in the Documents of the 17th century, Kazan: Ethnological Research in Tatarstan. Sh.Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences Publ.
- Belyakov, А.V.; Yengalycheva, G.A. (2014). "Temnikovskoye knyazhestvo po istochnikam XVI -XVII" [Temnikov Principality in 16th–17th century sources]. Medieval Turkic-Tatar States (in Russian) (6). Retrieved 1 January 2021.
- Bikkinin, Irek. "Tatar Aristocracy of Temnikov Principality and its descendants]". Tatar Gazette. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
- Kuznetsov, Stefan (1912), Russkaya istoricheskaya geografiya. Mordva, Book on Demand Ltd, ISBN 5-518-06684-8
- Belyakov, Andrey (12 March 2013), Invisible Men in Russian Army in 16th century. Russian Army During the Reign of Ivan the Terrible. Materials of Academic Discussion Dedicated To 455th Anniversary of Beginning of the Livonian War. Part I. Is.2, Saint-Petersburg
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Fedorov-Davydov, German; Tsirkin, Aleksey (1966), Novye dannye ob Ityakovskom gorodishche v Temnikovskom r-ne Mordovskoy ASSR [New Data on the Ityakovskoe Settlement in the Temnikov District of the Mordovian ASSR]. Issledovaniya po arkheologii i etnografii Mordovskoy ASSR: Trudy Mordovskogo IYaLIE [Studies in Archaeology and Ethnography of the Mordovian ASSR: Proceedings of the Mordovian Scientific-Research Institute of Language, Literature and History] Is. 30, Saransk
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Filjushkin, Alexander (2008). Ivan the Terrible: A Military History. Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1-84832-504-3.
- Pervushkin, Vadim; Shishlov, Sergey. "Эволюция представлений о средневековой политической истории Окско-Ценско-Сурского междуречья (Темниковской Мещёры) в XIX-XX вв". Archived from the original on 17 December 2005.
- Rastoropov, A.V. (1 November 2015). "Issues_of_early_ethnic_history_of_the_Hungarians_Magyars". Povolzhskaya Arkheologia (in Russian). 1 (11). Retrieved 11 May 2022.