Mukhsha Ulus (Tatar: Мухша олысы, Muxşa olısı, موحشا ﯘلىسى), or Naruchat Duchy (Tatar: Наручат бәклегел, Naruçat bäklege, ناروچات بەكلئگئل; Moksha: Мурунза, Murunza; Church Slavonic: Нароучадская орда, Naruchad Horde) was a subdivision of the Golden Horde in central Mokshaland, covering the territory of modern Mordovia, Penza Oblast and Tambov Oblast of Russia in the 13th to 15th centuries. Its capital was Mukhsha. The population consisted mainly of Mokshas, Mişär Tatars, and Burtas. In 1313–1367, they minted their own money. The population was mostly agricultural, some were cattle-breeders and craftsmen. The main territory of the ulus (district) was situated between the rivers Sura and Tsna.
History
editThe territory of the medieval Moksha kingdom Murunza was conquered by Batu Khan in 1237.[1] In Latin sources, it is mentioned as Moxel (Mokshaland).[2] The Russian Laurentian Codex mentions the name of the Moksha king, Puresh.[3]
...in the year of the chicken, corresponding to 634, the sons of Jochi - Bagu, Orda and Berke, the son of Ugetai-kaan - Kadan, the grandson of Chagatai - Buri and the son of Genghis Khan - Kulkan engaged in a war with Mokshas, Burtases and Arjans and in a short time took over them.[4]
In 1313–1342, Mukhsha became the administrative center of Mukhsha Ulus and the residence of Öz Beg Khan. In 1395, it suffered the raid of Timur who destroyed the capital Mukhsha. In 1360, Tağay Beg conquered the ulus. It became a semi-independent Naruchat duchy. In 1367, Mamai conquered that duchy. At the end of 14th century, the duchy declined, and at the beginning of 15th century, the Russians conquered it. The Naruçat duchy was a place where Mişär Tatars and the Mişär dialect were formed.
Literature
edit- Making Mongol History: Rashid al-Din and the Jamiʿ al-Tawarikh (Edinburgh Studies in Classical Islamic History and Culture) by Stefan Kamola, Edinburgh University Press; 1st edition (August 14, 2019), ISBN 978-1474421423
- Лебедев В. И., Загадочный город Мохши, Пенза, 1958
References
edit- ^ Карамзин Н. М. История государства Российского: в 12 томах. — СПб.: Тип. Н. Греча, 1816—1829
- ^ *Hakluyt, Richard (1599). "The iournal of frier William de Rubruquis a French man of the order of minorite friers, unto the east parts of the worlde A. Dom. 1253". The Principal Navigations Voyages Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation (in English and Latin). Vol. 1. London: George Bishop, Ralph Newberie, and Robert Baker. pp. 71–92 Latin text, 93–117 English translation. Based on British Library MS Royal 14.C.XIII Fol. 225r-236r and thus ends prematurely.
- ^ Laurentian Codex, 1377, Russian National Library, Saint-Petersburg
- ^ *Making Mongol History: Rashid al-Din and the Jamiʿ al-Tawarikh (Edinburgh Studies in Classical Islamic History and Culture) by Stefan Kamola, Edinburgh University Press; 1st edition (August 14, 2019), ISBN 978-1474421423
External links
edit- The Golden Horde coinage
- Кайрат Кайруллинович Закирьянов. Тюркская сага Чингисхана & КЗ-фактор: документальное исследование. 2013, ISBN 9786010625365
- "Мухша олысы". Tatar Encyclopaedia (in Tatar). Kazan: The Republic of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences. Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia. 2002.
See also
edit- Mokshaland
- Mukhsha
- Sernya battle
- Narchat
- Mishar Yurt
- Temnikov Principality
- Mishar Tatars
- Burtas
- Mongol invasion of Europe
- History of Mokshaland
- History of Middle Volga Area
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