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Ranks and insignia of space forces

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Comparison of ranks and insignia of all current and former space forces, to include aerospace forces and air and space forces or air forces with space units and formations.

Ranks

[edit]

Officers

[edit]
Rank group General/Flag/Air officers Senior officers Junior officers
 Royal Australian Air Force[1]
Marshal of the RAAF Air chief marshal Air marshal Air vice-marshal Air commodore Group captain Wing commander Squadron leader Flight lieutenant Flying officer Pilot officer
 Brazilian Air Force[2]
Marechal-do-ar Tenente-brigadeiro do Ar Major-brigadeiro Brigadeiro Coronel Tenente-coronel Major Capitão Primeiro-tenente Segundo-tenente
 Royal Canadian Air Force[3][4]
General Lieutenant-general Major-general Brigadier-general Colonel Lieutenant-colonel Major Captain Lieutenant Second lieutenant
Général(e) Lieutenant(e)-général(e) Major(e)-général(e) Brigadier(ère)-général(e) Colonel(le) Lieutenant(e)-colonel(le) Major(e) Capitaine Lieutenant(e) Sous-lieutenant(e)
China PLA Strategic Support Force
上将
Shàngjiàng 		中将
Zhōngjiàng 		少将
Shàojiàng 		大校
Dàxiào 		上校
Shàngxiào 		中校
Zhōngxiào 		少校
Shàoxiào 		上尉
Shàngwèi 		中尉
Zhōngwèi 		少尉
Shàowèi
 Colombian Aerospace Force[5]
General del aire Mayor general del aire Brigadier general del aire Coronel Teniente coronel Mayor Capitán Teniente Subteniente
 French Air and Space Force[6]
Général d´armée aérienne Général de corps aérien Général de division aérienne Général de brigade aérienne Colonel Lieutenant-colonel Commandant Capitaine Lieutenant Sous-lieutenant
 German Air Force[7]
General General­leutnant General­major Brigade­general Oberst Oberst­leutnant Major Stabs­haupt­mann Haupt­mann Ober­leut­nant Leut­nant
 Iranian Air Force
ارتشبد
Arteshbod 		سپهبد
Sepahbod 		سرلشکر
Sarlashkar 		سرتیپ
Sartip 		سرتیپ دوم
Sartip dovom 		سرهنگ
Sarhang 		سرهنگ دوم
Sarhang dovom 		سرگرد
Sargord 		سروان
Sarvan 		ستوان یکم
Sotvan yekom 		ستوان دوم
Sotvan dovom 		ستوان سوم
Sotvan sevom
General Lieutenant general Major general Brigadier general Second brigadier general Colonel Lieutenant colonel Major Captain First lieutenant Second lieutenant Third lieutenant
IRGC Aerospace Force[8]
 General Major General Major General Brigadier General Brigadier General Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Major Captain First Lieutenant Second Lieutenant Third Lieutenant
ارتشبد پاسدار
Arteshbod pasdar 		سپهبد پاسدار
Sepahbod pasdar 		سرلشکر پاسدار
Sarlashkar pasdar 		سرتیپ پاسدار
Sartip pasdar 		سرتیپ دوم پاسدار
Sartip dovom pasdar 		سرهنگ پاسدار
Sarhang pasdar 		سرهنگ دوم پاسدار
Sarhang dovom pasdar 		سرگرد پاسدار
Sargord pasdar 		سروان پاسدار
Sarwan pasdar 		ستوان یکم پاسدار
Sotwan yekom pasdar 		ستوان دوم پاسدار
Sotwan dovom pasdar 		ستوان سوم پاسدار
Sotwan sevom pasdar
General Lieutenant general Major general brigadier general Second brigadier general Colonel Lieutenant colonel Major Captain First lieutenant Second lieutenant Third lieutenant
 Israeli Air Force[9]
 Rav aluf Aluf Tat aluf Aluf mishne Sgan aluf Rav seren Seren Segen Segen mishne
רב-אלוף
Rav aluf 		אלוף
Aluf 		תת-אלוף
Tat aluf 		אלוף משנה
Aluf mishne 		סגן-אלוף
Sgan aluf 		רב סרן
Rav seren 		סרן
Seren 		סגן
Segen 		סגן-משנה
Segen mishne
 Japan Air Self-Defense Force[10]
幕僚長たる空将
Bakuryōchō-taru-kūshō 		空将
Kūshō 		空将補
Kūshō-ho 		1等空佐
Ittō kūsa 		2等空佐
Nitō kūsa 		3等空佐
Santō kūsa 		1等空尉
Ittō kūi 		2等空尉
Nitō kūi 		3等空尉
Santō kūi 		准空尉
Jun kūi
 Royal Netherlands Air Force[11]
Generaal Luitenant-generaal Generaal-majoor Commodore Kolonel Luitenant-kolonel Majoor Kapitein Eerste luitenant Tweede luitenant
 Royal New Zealand Air Force[12]
 Marshal of the RNZAF Air marshal Air vice-marshal Air commodore Group captain Wing commander Squadron leader Flight lieutenant Flying officer Pilot officer
Marshal of the RNZAF Air marshal Air vice-marshal Air commodore Group captain Wing commander Squadron leader Flight lieutenant Flying officer Pilot officer
 Korean People's Army Air Force[13]
 Marshal of the KPAF Vice marshal Captain General Superior General Middle General Junior General Captain Commander Superior Commander Middle Commander Junior Commander Captain Lieutenant Superior Lieutenant Middle Lieutenant Junior Lieutenant
인민군원수
Inmingun-wonsu 		차수
Chasu 		대장
Daejang 		상장
Sangjang 		중장
Chungjang 		소장
Sojang 		대좌
Daechwa 		상좌
Sangjwa 		중좌
Chungjwa 		소좌
Sojwa 		대위
Taewi 		상위
Sangwi 		중위
Chungwi 		소위
Sowi
 Pakistan Air Force
Marshal of the Pakistan Air Force Air chief marshal Air marshal Air vice marshal Air commodore Group captain Wing commander Squadron leader Flight lieutenant Flying officer Pilot officer
سالار فضائیہ امیرسالار فضائیہ سالار فضائیہ سالار فضائیہ مقابل عَمِيد الفضاء سردار جماعت شارف الجناح قائدِ دستہ نقیبِ پرواز منصبِ طیار
Russian Aerospace Forces[14]
Генера́л а́рмии
Generál ármii 		Генера́л-полко́вник
Generál-polkóvnik 		Генера́л-лейтена́нт
Generál-leytenánt 		Генера́л-майо́р
Generál-mayór 		Полко́вник
Polkóvnik 		Подполко́вник
Podpolkóvnik 		Майо́р
Majór 		Kапита́н
Kapitán 		Старший лейтена́нт
Stárshiy leytenánt 		Лейтенант
Leytenant 		Mла́дший лейтена́нт
Mládshiy leytenánt
 Republic of Korea Air Force[15]
 Marshal of the ROK Superior general Middle general Junior general Lesser general Superior commander Middle commander Junior commander Superior lieutenant Middle lieutenant Junior lieutenant
원수
Wonsu 		대장
Daejang 		중장
Jungjang 		소장
Sojang 		준장
Junjang 		대령
Daeryeong 		중령
Jungnyeong 		소령
Soryeong 		대위
Daewi 		중위
Jungwi 		소위
Sowi
 Spanish Air and Space Force[16]
Capitán general General del aire Teniente general General de división General de brigada Coronel Teniente coronel Comandante Capitán Teniente Alférez
 Royal Thai Air Force[17]
 Marshal of the Royal Thai Air Force Air Chief Marshal Air Marshal Air Vice Marshal Group Captain Wing Commander Squadron Leader Flight Lieutenant Flying Officer Pilot Officer
จอมพลอากาศ
Chom phon akat 		พลอากาศเอก
Phon akat ek 		พลอากาศโท
Phon akat tho 		พลอากาศตรี
Phon akat tri 		นาวาอากาศเอก
Nawa akat ek 		นาวาอากาศโท
Nawa akat tho 		นาวาอากาศตรี
Nawa akat tri 		เรืออากาศเอก
Ruea akat ek 		เรืออากาศโท
Ruea akat tho 		เรืออากาศตรี
Ruea akat tri
 Turkish Air Force[18]
Mareşal Orgeneral Korgeneral Tümgeneral Tuğgeneral Albay Yarbay Binbaşı Yüzbaşı Üsteğmen Teğmen Asteğmen
 Royal Air Force[19]
Marshal of the RAF Air chief marshal Air marshal Air vice-marshal Air commodore Group captain Wing commander Squadron leader Flight lieutenant Flying officer Pilot officer
/acting pilot officer
 United States Space Force[20]
General Lieutenant general Major general Brigadier general Colonel Lieutenant colonel Major Captain First lieutenant Second lieutenant
 Vietnam People's Air Force[21]
Thượng tướng Trung tướng Thiếu tướng Đại tá Thượng tá Trung tá Thiếu tá Đại úy Thượng úy Trung úy Thiếu úy
Rank group General/Flag/Air officers Senior officers Junior officers

Enlisted

[edit]
Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted
 Royal Australian Air Force[22][1]
 Warrant Officer of the Air Force Warrant Officer Flight Sergeant Sergeant Corporal Leading Aircraftman Aircraftman
Warrant Officer

of the Air Force

Warrant officer Flight sergeant Sergeant Corporal Leading aircraftman/
aircraftwoman 		Aircraftman/
aircraftwoman
 Brazilian Air Force[2]
Suboficial Primeiro-Sargento Segundo-Sargento Terceiro-Sargento Cabo Taifeiro-mor Soldado Taifeiro primeira classe Soldado segunda classe Taifeiro segunda classe
 Royal Canadian Air Force[3][4]
Chief warrant officer Master warrant officer Warrant officer Sergeant Master corporal Corporal Aviator (trained) Aviator (basic)
Adjudant(e)-chef Adjudant(e)-maître Adjudant(e) Sergent(e) Caporal(e)-chef Caporal(e) Aviateur (formé)/
Aviatrice (formée) 		Aviateur (confirmé)/
Aviatrice (confirmée)
PLA Strategic Support Force
一级军士长
Yījí jūnshìzhǎng 		二级军士长
Èrjí jūnshìzhǎng 		三级军士长
Sānjí jūnshìzhǎng 		四级军士长
Sìjí jūnshìzhǎng 		上士
Shàngshì 		中士
Zhōngshì 		下士
Xiàshì 		上等兵
Shàngděngbīng 		列兵
Lièbīng


 Colombian Aerospace Force[5]
Técnico jefe de comando conjunto Técnico jefe de comando Técnico jefe Técnico subjefe Técnico primero Técnico segundo Técnico tercero Técnico cuarto Aerotécnico
France French Air and Space Force[6]
Major Adjudant-chef Adjudant Sergent-chef Sergent Caporal-chef Caporal Aviateur 1e classe Aviateur 2e classe
 German Air Force[7]
Ober­stabs­feldwebel Stabs­feldwebel Haupt­feldwebel Ober­feldwebel Feldwebel Stabs­unteroffizier Unteroffizier Stabskorporal Korporal Oberstabs­gefreiter Stabs­gefreiter Haupt­gefreiter Ober­gefreiter Gefreiter Flieger
 German Air Force
(Officer designate)
Oberfähnrich Fähnrich Fahnenjunker
 Iranian Air Force
استوار یکم
Ostovar yekom 		استوار دوم
Ostovar dovom 		گروهبان یکم
Goruhban yekom 		گروهبان دوم
Goruhban dovom 		گروهبان سوم
Goruhban sevom 		سرجوخه
Sarjukheh 		سرباز یکم
Sarbaz yekom 		سرباز دوم
Sarbaz dovom 		سرباز
Sarbaz
Chief warrant officer Warrant officer junior grade Sergeant first class Sergeant second class Sergeant third class Corporal Private first class Private second class Private
IRGC Aerospace Force[8]
رزم‌دار یکم
Razmdar yekom pasdar 		رزم‌دار دوم
Razmdar dovom pasdar 		رزم‌آور یکم
Razmavar yekom pasdar 		رزم‌آور دوم
Razmavar dovom pasdar 		رزم‌آور سوم
Razmavar sevom pasdar 		رزم‌یار
Razmyar pasdar 		سرباز یکم
Sarbaz yekom pasdar 		سرباز دوم
Sarbaz dovom pasdar 		سرباز
Sarbaz pasdar
Chief warrant officer Warrant officer junior grade Sergeant first class Sergeant second class Sergeant third class Corporal Private first class Private second class Private
 Israeli Air Force[9]
 No insignia
רב-נגד
Rav nagad 		רב-סמל בכיר
Rav samal bakhír 		רב-סמל מתקדם
Rav samal mitkadem 		רב-סמל ראשון
Rav samal rishon 		רב-סמל
Rav samal 		סמל ראשון
Samal rishon 		סמל
Samal 		רב טוראי
Rav turai 		טוראי
Turai
 Japan Air Self-Defense Force[10]
空曹長
Kūsōchō 		1等空曹
Ittō kūsō 		2等空曹
Nitō kūsō 		3等空曹
Santō kūsō 		空士長
Kūshichō 		1等空士
Ittō kūshi 		2等空士
Nitō kūshi 		自衛官候補生
Jieikan kōhosei
 Royal Netherlands Air Force[11]
Adjudant-onderofficier Sergeant-majoor Sergeant der 1e klasse Sergeant Korporaal der 1e klasse Korporaal Soldaat der 1ste klasse Soldaat der 2de klasse Soldaat der 3de klasse
 Royal New Zealand Air Force[12]
 Warrant Officer Flight Sergeant Sergeant Corporal Leading Aircraftman Aircraftman
Warrant Officer Flight Sergeant Sergeant Corporal Leading Aircraftman Aircraftman
 Korean People's Army Air Force[13]
특무상사
T'ŭkmu-sangsa 		상사
Sangsa 		중사
Chungsa 		하사
Hasa 		상급병사
Sanggŭp-pyŏngsa 		중급병사
Chungŭp-pyŏngsa 		하급병사
Hagŭp-pyŏngsa 		전사
Chŏnsa
 Pakistan Air Force
Chief warrant officer Warrant officer Assistant warrant officer Senior technician Corporal technician Junior technician Senior aircraftman Leading aircraftman Aircraftman
Russian Aerospace Forces[14]
Ста́рший пра́порщик
Stárshiy práporshchik 		Пра́порщик
Práporshchyk 		Старшина́
Starshyná 		Ста́рший сержа́нт
Stárshiy serzhánt 		Сержа́нт
Serzhánt 		Мла́дший сержа́нт
Mládshiy serzhánt 		Ефре́йтор
Efréĭtor 		Рядово́й
Ryadovóy
 Republic of Korea Air Force[15]
원사
Wonsa 		상사
Sangsa 		중사
Jungsa 		하사
Hasa 		병장
Byeongjang 		상등병
Sangdeungbyeong 		일등병
Ildeungbyeong 		이등병
Ideungbyeong
 Spanish Air and Space Force[16]
Suboficial mayor Subteniente Brigada Sargento primero Sargento Cabo mayor Cabo primero Cabo Soldado de primera Soldado
 Royal Thai Air Force[17]
 Flight Sergeant 1st Class Flight Sergeant 2nd Class Flight Sergeant 3rd Class Sergeant Corporal Leading Aircraftman No insignia
พันจ่าอากาศเอก
Phan cha akat ek 		พันจ่าอากาศโท
Phan cha akat tho 		พันจ่าอากาศตรี
Phan cha akat tri 		จ่าอากาศเอก
Cha akat ek 		จ่าอากาศโท
Cha akat tho 		จ่าอากาศตรี
Cha akat tri 		พลทหาร
Phon thahan
 Turkish Air Force[18]
 No insignia
Astsubay kıdemli başçavuş Astsubay başçavuş Astsubay kıdemli üstçavuş Astsubay üstçavuş Astsubay kıdemli çavuş Astsubay çavuş Astsubay astçavuş Uzman çavuş Çavuş Uzman onbaşı Onbaşı Er
 Royal Air Force[19]
No insignia
Warrant officer Flight sergeant Chief technician Sergeant Corporal Lance corporal
(RAF Regiment only) 		Air specialist (class 1) technician Air specialist (class 1) Air specialist (class 2) Air recruit
 Royal Air Force[19]
(Aircrew)
Master aircrew Flight sergeant aircrew Sergeant aircrew
 United States Space Force[23]
Chief master sergeant Senior master sergeant Master sergeant Technical sergeant Sergeant Specialist 4 Specialist 3 Specialist 2 Specialist 1
 Vietnam People's Air Force[21]
Thượng sĩ Trung sĩ Hạ sĩ Binh nhất Binh nhì
Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted

Former ranks

[edit]

Officers

[edit]
Rank group General/Flag/Air officers Senior officers Junior officers
Russian Aerospace Defence Forces
(2011–2015)
(2013–2015)
(2011–2013)
Генера́л а́рмии
Generál ármii 		Генера́л-полко́вник
Generál-polkóvnik 		Генера́л-лейтена́нт
Generál-leytenánt 		Генера́л-майо́р
Generál-mayór 		Полко́вник
Polkóvnik 		Подполко́вник
Podpolkóvnik 		Майо́р
Majór 		Kапита́н
Kapitán 		Старший лейтена́нт
Stárshiy leytenánt 		Лейтенант
Leytenant 		Mла́дший лейтена́нт
Mládshiy leytenánt 		Курсант
Kursant


Russian Space Forces
(2010–2011)
Генера́л а́рмии
Generál ármii 		Генера́л-полко́вник
Generál-polkóvnik 		Генера́л-лейтена́нт
Generál-leytenánt 		Генера́л-майо́р
Generál-mayór 		Полко́вник
Polkóvnik 		Подполко́вник
Podpolkóvnik 		Майо́р
Majór 		Kапита́н
Kapitán 		Старший лейтена́нт
Stárshiy leytenánt 		Лейтенант
Leytenant 		Mла́дший лейтена́нт
Mládshiy leytenánt 		Курсант
Kursant


Russian Space Forces
(1994–1997 /
2001–2011)
(1997–2010)
(1994–1997)
Генера́л а́рмии
Generál ármii 		Генера́л-полко́вник
Generál-polkóvnik 		Генера́л-лейтена́нт
Generál-leytenánt 		Генера́л-майо́р
Generál-mayór 		Полко́вник
Polkóvnik 		Подполко́вник
Podpolkóvnik 		Майо́р
Majór 		Kапита́н
Kapitán 		Старший лейтена́нт
Stárshiy leytenánt 		Лейтенант
Leytenant 		Mла́дший лейтена́нт
Mládshiy leytenánt 		Курсант
Kursant


Rank group General/Flag/Air officers Senior officers Junior officers

Enlisted

[edit]
Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted
Russian Aerospace Defence Forces
(2011–2015)
Ста́рший пра́порщик
Stárshiy práporshchik 		Пра́порщик
Práporshchyk 		Старшина́
Starshyná 		Ста́рший сержа́нт
Stárshiy serzhánt 		Сержа́нт
Serzhánt 		Мла́дший сержа́нт
Mládshiy serzhánt 		Ефре́йтор
Efréĭtor 		Рядово́й
Ryadovóy


Russian Space Forces
(2010–2011)
Ста́рший пра́порщик
Stárshiy práporshchik 		Пра́порщик
Práporshchyk 		Старшина́
Starshyná 		Ста́рший сержа́нт
Stárshiy serzhánt 		Сержа́нт
Serzhánt 		Мла́дший сержа́нт
Mládshiy serzhánt 		Ефре́йтор
Efréĭtor 		Рядово́й
Ryadovóy


Russian Space Forces
(1994–1997 /
2001–2010)
Ста́рший пра́порщик
Stárshiy práporshchik 		Пра́порщик
Práporshchyk 		Старшина́
Starshyná 		Ста́рший сержа́нт
Stárshiy serzhánt 		Сержа́нт
Serzhánt 		Мла́дший сержа́нт
Mládshiy serzhánt 		Ефре́йтор
Efréĭtor 		Рядово́й
Ryadovóy
 United States Space Force
(2020–2021) 		No insignia
Senior enlisted advisor to the chairman Chief master sergeant of the Space Force Chief master sergeant Senior master sergeant Master sergeant Technical sergeant Sergeant Specialist 4 Specialist 3 Specialist 2 Specialist 1
Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted

Insignia

[edit]

Flags

[edit]

Emblems

[edit]
  • Embldm of the Brazilian Air Force
    Embldm of the Brazilian Air Force
  • Badge of the People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force
    Badge of the People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force
  • Emblem of the People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force
    Emblem of the People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force
  • Badge of the Colombian Aerospace Force
    Badge of the Colombian Aerospace Force
  • Emblem of the French Air and Space Force
    Emblem of the French Air and Space Force
  • Logo of the German Air Force
    Logo of the German Air Force
  • Badge of the German Air Force
    Badge of the German Air Force
  • Badge of the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force
    Badge of the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force
  • Emblem of the Israeli Air Force
    Emblem of the Israeli Air Force
  • Emblem of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force
    Emblem of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force
  • Emblem of the Royal Netherlands Air Force
    Emblem of the Royal Netherlands Air Force
  • Patch of the Korean People's Army Air Force
    Patch of the Korean People's Army Air Force
  • Badge of the Pakistan Air Force
    Badge of the Pakistan Air Force
  • Great emblem of the Russian Aerospace Forces
    Great emblem of the Russian Aerospace Forces
  • Middle emblem of the Russian Aerospace Forces
    Middle emblem of the Russian Aerospace Forces
  • Small emblem of the Russian Aerospace Forces
    Small emblem of the Russian Aerospace Forces
  • Great emblem of the Russian Space Forces
    Great emblem of the Russian Space Forces
  • Medium emblem of the Russian Space Forces
    Medium emblem of the Russian Space Forces
  • Small emblem of the Russian Space Forces
    Small emblem of the Russian Space Forces
  • Emblem of the Republic of Korea Air Force
    Emblem of the Republic of Korea Air Force
  • Emblem of the Spanish Air and Space Force
    Emblem of the Spanish Air and Space Force
  • Badge of the Royal Thai Air Force
    Badge of the Royal Thai Air Force
  • Badge of the Royal Air Force
    Badge of the Royal Air Force
  • Seal of the United States Space Force
    Seal of the United States Space Force
  • U.S. Space Force Delta.[25]
    U.S. Space Force Delta.[25]
  • Insignia of the Vietnam People's Air Force
    Insignia of the Vietnam People's Air Force

Notes

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Badges of rank" (PDF). defence.gov.au. Department of Defence (Australia). Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Postos e Graduações". fab.mil.br (in Portuguese). Brazilian Air Force. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  3. ^ a b "Ranks and appointment". canada.ca. Government of Canada. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  4. ^ a b "The Canadian Armed Forces modernizes military ranks in French". Canada. Government of Canada. 3 February 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  5. ^ a b "Grados Militares Fuerza Aérea Colombiana". fac.mil.co (in Spanish). Colombian Air Force. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  6. ^ a b "Les grades" (PDF). defense.gouv.fr (in French). Ministry of Armed Forces (France). Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  7. ^ a b "Dienstgradabzeichen Luftwaffe". bundeswehr.de (in German). Bundeswehr. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  8. ^ a b Fulton, Will (31 October 2012). "IRGC Rank Insignia Guide". slideshare. AEI's Critical Threats Project. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  9. ^ a b "עושים לכם סדר בדרגות". idf.il (in Hebrew). Israel Defense Forces. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  10. ^ a b "自衛官の階級" [Self-Defense Forces rank]. mod.go.jp (in Japanese). Japanese Ministry of Defense. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  11. ^ a b "De rangonderscheidingstekens van de krijgsmacht" (PDF) (in Dutch). Ministry of Defence (Netherlands). 19 December 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  12. ^ a b "Badges of Rank" (PDF). nzdf.mil.nz. New Zealand Defence Force. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  13. ^ a b Minnich, James M. (2008). "National Security". In Worden, Robert L. (ed.). North Korea: a country study. Area Handbook (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. pp. 266, 268. LCCN 2008028547. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  14. ^ a b "Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 11 марта 2010 года № 293 "О военной форме одежды, знаках различия военнослужащих и ведомственных знаках отличия"". rg.ru (in Russian). Российской газеты. 12 March 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  15. ^ a b "gyegeubjang-ui jesig(je7joje2hang gwanlyeon)" 계급장의 제식(제7조제2항 관련) [Rank insignia (related to Article 7 (2))]. law.go.kr (in Korean). Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  16. ^ a b "Army Ranks & Insignia". Ejército de Tierra. Ministry of Defence (Spain). Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  17. ^ a b "เครื่องหมายยศทหาร" [Military Rank Insignia]. navedu.navy.mi.th (in Thai). Thai Naval Education Department. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  18. ^ a b "Rütbeleri". Official air force (in Turkish). Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  19. ^ a b c "RAF Ranks". raf.mod.uk/. Royal Air Force. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  20. ^ "U.S. Military Rank Insignia". defense.gov. Department of Defense. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  21. ^ a b "Quy định quân hiệu, cấp hiệu, phù hiệu và lễ phục của Quân đội nhân dân Việt Nam". mod.gov.vn (in Vietnamese). Ministry of Defence (Vietnam). 26 August 2009. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  22. ^ "Ranks | Air Force". airforce.gov.au. Royal Australian Air Force. Archived from the original on 25 Oct 2023. Retrieved 10 Nov 2023.
  23. ^ Hadley, Greg (20 September 2021). "Space Force Reveals Insignia for Enlisted Ranks". airforcemag.com. Air Force Magazine. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  24. ^ Bodner, Matthew (22 June 2018). "As Trump pushes for separate space force, Russia moves fast the other way".[dead link‍]
  25. ^ "U.S. Space Force says its new seal is not a Starfleet knockoff". SpaceNews.com. 25 January 2020. Retrieved 2020-04-04.
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