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2016 Icelandic parliamentary election

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2016 Icelandic parliamentary election
Iceland
← 2013 29 October 2016 2017 →
All 63 seats in the Althing
32 seats needed for a majority
Turnout79.18%
Party Leader Vote % Seats +/–
Independence Bjarni Benediktsson 29.00 21 +2
Left-Green Katrín Jakobsdóttir 15.91 10 +3
Pirates Collective leadership[n 1] 14.48 10 +7
Progressive Sigurður Ingi Jóhannsson 11.49 8 −11
Viðreisn Benedikt Jóhannesson 10.48 7 New
Bright Future Óttarr Proppé 7.16 4 −2
Social Democratic Oddný G. Harðardóttir 5.74 3 −6
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
Prime Minister before Prime Minister after election
Sigurður Ingi Jóhannsson
Progressive		 Bjarni Benediktsson
Independence
Politics of Iceland
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flag Iceland portal

Parliamentary elections were held in Iceland on 29 October 2016. They were due to be held on or before 27 April 2017, but following the 2016 Icelandic anti-government protests, the ruling coalition announced that early elections would be held "in autumn".[1][2]

The Independence Party emerged as the largest in the Althing, winning 21 of the 63 seats; the Progressive Party, which had won the most seats in 2013, lost more than half its seats as it was overtaken by the Left-Green Movement and the Pirate Party. Of the 63 elected MPs, 30 were female, giving Iceland the highest proportion of female MPs in Europe.[3]

A new coalition was formed on 10 January 2017, consisting of the Independence Party, the Reform Party and Bright Future, with Bjarni Benediktsson becoming Prime Minister on 11 January 2017.[4]

Background

[edit]

In early April 2016, following revelations in the Panama Papers, leaks from law firm Mossack Fonseca about the financial dealings of then Prime Minister Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson (Progressive Party) and his wife, there were calls for an early election from the opposition,[5] who planned to present him with a motion of no confidence. Mass protests calling on the Prime Minister to quit followed. Although Sigmundur Davíð had stated he had no intention of resigning, he apparently resigned on 5 April. However, it was later stated by the Prime Minister's office that he had only taken a temporary leave of absence from his duties.[5][6][7][8][9] The Progressive Party's deputy leader, Sigurður Ingi Jóhannsson, became acting Prime Minister the same day.[9]

The President, Olafur Ragnar Grimsson, then said he would speak to both coalition parties, Progressive Party and Independence Party, before considering whether to call new elections.[10] Opposition parties continued to press for new elections.[8] On 6 April, Sigurður announced, "We expect to have elections this autumn."[11] On 11 August, Bjarni Benediktsson met with opposition parties and later announced that elections would be held on 29 October 2016.[2]

Electoral system

[edit]

The 63 members of the Althing were elected using open list proportional representation in multi-member constituencies of 10 to 11 seats.[12] Of the 63 seats, 54 were elected using constituency results and determined using the d'Hondt method. The remaining nine supplementary seats were awarded to parties that crossed the 5% national electoral threshold in order to give them a total number of seats equivalent to their national share of the vote.[12]

Participating parties

[edit]
Main article: List of political parties in Iceland

The final deadline for parties to apply for participation in the parliamentary election was 14 October 2016.

Parties with a list for all constituencies
Parties with a list for only some constituencies

Campaign

[edit]

Sigurður Ingi replaced Sigmundur Davíð as the party chairman of the Progressive Party on 2 October 2016.[13]

The Pirate Party announced on 16 October 2016 that they would not participate in post-election negotiations to form a coalition government with either the Progressive Party or the Independence Party.[14] The party did send letters to Reform, Bright Future, Social Democratic Alliance and Left-Green Movement about the possibility of forming an alliance prior to the election.[14]

Opinion polls

[edit]
Graphical summary of the opinion polls in Iceland since the previous parliamentary election. Each dot corresponds to one poll's number for party. A smoothing spline is used to show the trends. The scatter of points around the spline curves gives an indication of the uncertainty of the polls. The thin circles at the very right show the results of the election, which for P and D deviate significantly from the polls.
Institute Release date V S P A B D C Others Lead
Gallup 28 Oct 2016 16.5% 7.4% 17.9% 6.8% 9.3% 27.0% 8.8% 9.1%
MMR 28 Oct 2016 16.2% 6.1% 20.5% 6.7% 11.4% 24.7% 8.9% 5.5% 4.2%
Háskóli Íslands 27 Oct 2016 16.8% 5.7% 21.2% 6.7% 10.1% 22.5% 11.4% 5.5% 1.3%
Fréttablaðið / Stöð 2 / Vísir 27 Oct 2016 16.4% 5.7% 18.4% 6.3% 9.9% 27.3% 10.5% 5.5% 8.9%
MMR 26 Oct 2016 16.0% 7.6% 19.1% 8.8% 10.0% 21.9% 9.3% 7.3% 2.8%
Fréttablaðið / Stöð 2 / Vísir 26 Oct 2016 16.4% 6.0% 20.3% 5.1% 11.2% 25.1% 10.8% 5.1% 4.8%
Háskóli Íslands 21 Oct 2016 18.6% 6.5% 22.6% 6.0% 9.1% 21.1% 8.8% 7.3% 1.5%
Fréttablaðið / Stöð 2 / Vísir 18 Oct 2016 19.2% 6.5% 20.7% 7.4% 8.5% 23.7% 6.6% 7.4% 3.0%
MMR 14 Oct 2016 14.5% 9.0% 19.6% 8.2% 9.2% 21.4% 10.2% 7.9% 1.8%
Háskóli Íslands 14 Oct 2016 17.7% 6.9% 17.5% 7.7% 8.6% 21.5% 11.4% 8.7% 4.0%
Gallup 14 Oct 2016 14.5% 7.1% 18.3% 7.7% 9.8% 22.6% 12.4% 7.6% 4.3%
Fréttablaðið / Stöð 2 / Vísir 12 Oct 2016 15.1% 7.3% 22.8% 8.2% 8.5% 22.7% 8.4% 7.0% 0.1%
Fréttablaðið / Stöð 2 / Vísir 5 Oct 2016 12.6% 8.8% 19.2% 6.9% 11.4% 25.9% 6.9% 8.3% 6.7%
Gallup 30 Sep 2016 15.6% 8.5% 20.6% 4.7% 8.2% 23.7% 13.4% 5.4% 3.1%
Fréttablaðið / Stöð 2 / Vísir 28 Sep 2016 12.9% 5.9% 19.9% 3.6% 12.6% 34.6% 7.3% 3.2% 14.7%
MMR 26 Sep 2016 11.5% 9.3% 21.6% 4.9% 12.2% 20.6% 12.3% 6.7% 1.0%
MMR 22 Sep 2016 13.2% 8.1% 22.7% 4.1% 11.0% 22.7% 11.5% 6.7% Tied
Gallup 16 Sep 2016 13.5% 8.8% 23.1% 2.9% 9.4% 25.5% 12.2% 4.6% 1.4%
Fréttablaðið / Stöð 2 / Vísir 8 Sep 2016 12.7% 7.5% 29.5% 2.0% 10.7% 28.2% 6.7% 2.7% 1.3%
Gallup 6 Sep 2016 16.2% 8.3% 25.8% 2.9% 9.0% 26.3% 10.6% 0.9% 0.5%
MMR 30 Aug 2016 12.4% 9.1% 22.4% 4.5% 10.6% 24.6% 8.8% 7.6% 2.2%
Gallup 29 Jul 2016 16.8% 8.0% 25.3% 4.2% 9.9% 26.2% 9.0% 0.6% 0.9%
MMR 25 Jul 2016 12.9% 8.4% 26.8% 3.9% 8.3% 24.0% 9.4% 6.3% 2.8%
MMR 7 Jul 2016 18.0% 10.9% 24.3% 2.9% 6.4% 25.3% 6.7% 5.4% 1.0%
Gallup 29 Jun 2016 15.2% 8.2% 27.9% 3.4% 10.0% 25.1% 9.4% 0.8% 2.8%
Háskóli Íslands 24 Jun 2016 17.0% 9.0% 28.0% 4.5% 9.5% 19.7% 9.7% 2.6% 8.3%
Háskóli Íslands 14 Jun 2016 15.9% 7.6% 29.9% 2.9% 11.1% 22.7% 9.1% 0.8% 7.2%
Háskóli Íslands 4 Jun 2016 16.5% 7.2% 28.3% 3.8% 11.8% 23.9% 7.9% 0.6% 4.4%
Gallup 1 Jun 2016 16.8% 7.7% 27.4% 4.0% 10.2% 28.5% 4.3% 1.1% 1.1%
Fréttablaðið / Stöð 2 / Vísir 27 May 2016 18.1% 6.1% 28.7% 2.5% 7.3% 31.5% 5.8% 2.8%
Háskóli Íslands 17 May 2016 18.9% 8.9% 25.8% 4.8% 8.2% 28.2% 3.5% 1.7% 2.4%
MMR 13 May 2016 15.8% 7.5% 31.0% 4.9% 10.4% 26.3% 2.5% 4.7%
Fréttablaðið 12 May 2016 19.8% 7.4% 30.3% 3.1% 6.5% 31.1% 1.8% 0.8%
Fréttablaðið 6 May 2016 14.0% 8.4% 31.8% 4.0% 8.3% 29.9% 3.6% 1.9%
MMR 3 May 2016 14.0% 9.7% 28.9% 3.4% 11.2% 27.8% 5.0% 1.1%
Gallup 30 Apr 2016 18.4% 8.3% 26.6% 5.2% 10.5% 27.0% 3.5% 0.5% 0.4%
Gallup 13 Apr 2016 19.8% 9.0% 29.3% 5.0% 6.9% 26.7% 2.7% 0.6% 2.6%
Háskóli Íslands 8 Apr 2016 14.7% 9.5% 30.9% 4.8% 12.9% 23.3% 3.9% 7.6%
Maskína 8 Apr 2016 20.0% 7.2% 34.2% 5.2% 9.4% 21.3% 2.7% 12.9%
Gallup 7 Apr 2016 16.7% 7.6% 32.4% 5.6% 10.8% 21.9% 3.3% 1.7% 11.5%
MMR 6 Apr 2016 12.8% 9.9% 36.7% 5.8% 8.7% 22.5% 3.6% 12.2%
Fréttablaðið 5 Apr 2016 11.2% 10.2% 43.0% 3.8% 7.9% 21.6% 2.3% 21.4%
Háskóli Íslands 5 Apr 2016 14.9% 8.1% 39.4% 4.4% 10.0% 18.8% 4.4% 20.6%
Gallup 31 Mar 2016 11.0% 9.5% 36.1% 3.2% 12.0% 23.2% 2.1% 2.9% 12.9%
MMR 18 Mar 2016 9.3% 9.2% 38.3% 4.2% 12.4% 22.9% 3.4% 15.4%
Fréttablaðið 9 Mar 2016 8.4% 8.2% 38.1% 1.8% 12.8% 27.6% 3.1% 10.5%
MMR 2 Mar 2016 7.8% 7.8% 37.0% 4.2% 12.8% 23.4% 7% 13.6%
Gallup 2 Mar 2016 10.8% 9.7% 35.9% 3.3% 11.0% 23.7% 5.6% 12.2%
Gallup 2 Feb 2016 10.8% 9.2% 35.3% 3.6% 12.0% 24.4% 4.7% 10.9%
MMR 2 Feb 2016 11.0% 9.4% 35.6% 4.4% 12.2% 21.1% 5.9% 14.5%
Fréttablaðið 30 Jan 2016 9.6% 9.9% 41.8% 1.6% 10.2% 23.2% 3.7% 18.6%
Gallup 2 Jan 2016 10.2% 10.4% 33.1% 4.2% 12.0% 25.2% 4.9% 7.9%
MMR 18 Dec 2015 11.4% 12.9% 34.9% 5.3% 11.5% 20.6% 3.4% 14.3%
Gallup 4 Dec 2015 11.4% 10.1% 32.9% 3.9% 12.0% 24.8% 4.9% 8.1%
MMR 16 Nov 2015 9.9% 10.5% 35.3% 4.6% 10.8% 23.7% 5.2% 11.6%
Gallup 4 Nov 2015 11.1% 10.6% 35.5% 4.6% 9.6% 24.6% 4.4% 0.9%
MMR 21 Oct 2015 11.8% 11.3% 34.2% 6.5% 10.4% 21.7% 4.1% 12.5%
Gallup 2 Oct 2015 10.6% 10.1% 34.6% 5.6% 10.1% 24.4% 4.6% 10.2%
MMR 3 Sep 2015 9.6% 10.6% 33.0% 5.8% 11.4% 25.3% 4.3% 7.7%
Gallup 1 Sep 2015 11.8% 9.3% 35.9% 4.4% 11.1% 21.7% 5.8% 14.2%
Gallup 7 Aug 2015 8.9% 12.2% 32.3% 5.0% 12.4% 24.0% 5.2% 8.3%
MMR 4 Aug 2015 10.2% 9.6% 35.0% 4.4% 12.2% 23.1% 5.5% 7.9%
MMR 30 Jun 2015 12.0% 9.3% 33.2% 5.6% 10.6% 23.8% 5.5% 9.4%
Rúv 29 Jun 2015 10.3% 11.4% 32.0% 6.4% 11.3% 24.5% 4.1% 7.5%
MMR 25 Jun 2015 10.5% 11.6% 32.4% 6.8% 10.0% 23.3% 5.4% 9.1%
FBL 19 Jun 2015 7.3% 11.1% 37.5% 3.3% 8.5% 29.5% 2.8% 8.0%
MMR 16 Jun 2015 11.1% 11.8% 34.5% 6.7% 11.3% 21.2% 3.5% 13.3%
Gallup 1 Jun 2015 9.8% 12.4% 34.1% 7.4% 8.9% 23.0% 4.3% 11.1%
MMR 26 May 2015 10.4% 13.1% 32.7% 6.3% 8.6% 23.1% 5.6% 9.6%
MMR 4 May 2015 10.8% 10.7% 32.0% 8.3% 10.8% 21.9% 5.5% 10.1%
Gallup 30 Apr 2015 10.6% 14.1% 30.1% 7.8% 10.1% 22.9% 4.4% 9.2%
Gallup 30 Mar 2015 10.1% 15.8% 21.7% 10.9% 10.8% 25.0% 5.7% 3.3%
Kjarninn 26 Mar 2015 10.2% 16.1% 23.6% 10.1% 11.0% 24.8% 4.2% 1.2%
MMR 21 Mar 2015 9.0% 16.3% 29.1% 9.0% 11.6% 23.4% 1.7% 5.7%
MMR 18 Mar 2015 10.8% 15.5% 23.9% 10.3% 11.0% 23.4% 5.1% 0.5%
Fréttablaðið 11 Mar 2015 10.4% 16.1% 21.9% 9.2% 10.1% 28.0% 4.3% 6.1%
Rúv 2 Mar 2015 11.2% 17.1% 15.2% 13.3% 11.0% 26.1% 6.1% 9.0%
MMR 19 Feb 2015 12.9% 14.5% 12.8% 15.0% 13.1% 25.5% 6.2% 10.5%
Gallup 3 Feb 2015 11.0% 18.0% 12.0% 13.0% 13.0% 27.0% 6.0% 9.0%
MMR 14 Jan 2015 11.9% 15.9% 12.8% 16.9% 9.4% 27.3% 5.8% '10.4%
Mbl 16 Dec 2014 11.6% 16.1% 11.4% 16.2% 11.0% 29.0% 4.7% 12.8%
Fréttablaðið 17 Nov 2014 13.1% 19.2% 9.2% 12.5% 12.8% 32.9% 13.7%
MMR 4 Nov 2014 10.7% 16.1% 11.3% 18.6% 12.3% 23.6% 7.4% 5.0%
Gallup 3 Oct 2014 13.0% 19.0% 7.0% 16.0% 12.0% 27.0% 8.0%
MMR 8 Sep 2014 10.4% 16.9% 9.2% 17.8% 11.3% 28.2% 6.2% 10.4%
MMR 28 Aug 2014 9.6% 20.3% 10.3% 17.6% 9.6% 26.6% 6.0% 6.3%
MMR 31 Jul 2014 11.6% 17.0% 9.6% 19.2% 11.8% 24.1% 6.7% 7.1%
MMR 24 Jun 2014 11.4% 16.5% 8.3% 21.8% 11.4% 25.0% 5.6% 3.2%
MMR 13 May 2014 11.6% 16.4% 9.6% 19.4% 12.3% 22.1% 8.6% 2.7%
MMR 2 May 2014 11.7% 17.4% 9.0% 15.5% 14.1% 25.1% 7.2% 7.7%
MMR 14 Apr 2014 11.5% 15.1% 11.0% 17.1% 14.4% 23.9% 7.0% 6.8%
MMR 3 Mar 2014 10.4% 14.0% 9.3% 16.4% 14.6% 29.0% 5.6% 12.6%
RÚV 27 Feb 2014 13.0% 16.8% 9.8% 15.8% 15.3% 23.7% 5.6% 6.9%
Capacent 1 Feb 2014 12.7% 14.9% 8.1% 14.2% 18.3% 26.9% 8.6%
MMR 22 Jan 2014 11.0% 17.1% 6.9% 15.9% 17.0% 26.3% 5.6% 9.2%
Capacent 24 Dec 2013 13.3% 15.1% 10.7% 13.1% 16.4% 25.3% 8.9%
MMR 30 Nov 2013 12.6% 13.8% 9.0% 15.2% 15.0% 26.8% 11.6%
2013 result 28 Apr 2013 10.9% 12.9% 5.1% 8.3% 24.4% 26.7% 2.3%
Institute Release date V S P A B D C Others Lead

Results

[edit]

Voter turnout was the lowest turnout in Iceland's history.[15]

PartyVotes%Seats+/–
Independence Party54,99229.0021+2
Left-Green Movement30,16715.9110+3
Pirate Party27,46614.4810+7
Progressive Party21,79211.498–11
Reform Party19,87010.487New
Bright Future13,5787.164–2
Social Democratic Alliance10,8945.743–6
People's Party6,7073.540New
Dawn3,2751.7300
People's Front of Iceland5710.3000
Icelandic National Front3030.160New
Humanist Party330.0200
Total189,648100.00630
Valid votes189,64897.16
Invalid/blank votes5,5522.84
Total votes195,200100.00
Registered voters/turnout246,54279.18
Source: Statistics Iceland

Government formation

[edit]

Neither of the two main blocs — the outgoing coalition of the Independence Party and the Progressives, or the centre-left opposition (Left-Greens, Pirates, Bright Future and Social Democrats) — secured an overall majority, leaving the new centrist party Reform as possible kingmakers.[16]

The leader of the Independence Party, Bjarni Benediktsson, expressed preference for a three-party coalition, although without saying which three parties. The Pirate Party proposed a five-party coalition with the Left-Green Movement, the Social Democrats, Bright Future and Reform, having previously ruled out working with either of the two outgoing coalition members.[3] The Pirate Party then suggested a minority coalition of Left-Green Movement, Bright Future and Reform, with outside support from themselves and the Social Democrats, in order to simplify the process of government formation.[17]

The leader of Reform ruled out a right-leaning three-party coalition with the Independence Party and the Progressives,[18] and did not rule out supporting the centre-left bloc.[19]

On 2 November, President Guðni Th. Jóhannesson gave the mandate to Bjarni to form a majority government.[20] On 11 November, the Independence Party, Reform and Bright Future entered into formal coalition talks,[21] but the three parties failed to agree with a new market-based fishing quota system and an EU referendum as the main stumbling blocks.

On 17 November, the mandate to form a majority government was in turn given to the leader of the Left-Greens, Katrín Jakobsdóttir.[22] She instigated talks with Reform, Bright Future, the Pirates, and Social Democrats, and on 19 November the five parties agreed to start formal coalition talks. On 24 November, the coalition talks fell through and Katrín formally renounced the Presidential mandate to form a government.[23]

On 2 December, the mandate to form a majority government was given to the leader of the Pirate Party, Birgitta Jónsdóttir.[24] The Pirates were unable to form a government and the President chose not to give a new mandate to form a government, but asked the party leaders to discuss the matter informally.[25]

On 2 January 2017, the Independence Party started official talks about a possible coalition deal with the Reform Party and Bright Future. Morgunblaðið also reported that the Left-Green Movement and the Progressive Party had also discussed possible coalition deals with the Independence Party.[26] A new coalition was formed on 10 January 2017 between Independence Party, Reform Party and the Bright Future with Bjarni Benediktsson becoming Prime Minister on 11 January 2017.[4][27]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ The Pirate Party rejects the regular leadership model. Their formal chairperson of the parliamentary group in 2016 was Birgitta Jónsdóttir.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Kosningar í haust - Lilja verður ráðherra Archived 2016-08-08 at the Wayback Machine RÚV, 6 April 2016
  2. ^ a b "Boða til kosninga 29. október". MBL (in Icelandic). 11 August 2016. Archived from the original on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  3. ^ a b Iceland elections leave ruling centre-right party in driving seat Archived 2016-10-30 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian, 30 October 2016
  4. ^ a b Arnarsdóttir, Eygló Svala (9 January 2017). "New Government Announced Tomorrow". Iceland Review. Archived from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  5. ^ a b Iceland’s PM faces calls for snap election after offshore revelations Archived 2016-12-10 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian, 3 April 2016
  6. ^ "PM Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson Wavers On Resignation". The Reykjavik Grapevine. 5 April 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-04-06. Retrieved 2016-04-06.
  7. ^ "Iceland PM calls to dissolve parliament after tax scandal". Reuters UK. Archived from the original on 2016-04-05. Retrieved 2016-04-05.
  8. ^ a b Panama Papers: Iceland PM Sigmundur Gunnlaugsson steps down Archived 2018-06-06 at the Wayback Machine BBC News, 6 April 2016
  9. ^ a b Henley, Jon (5 April 2016). "Iceland PM steps aside after protests over Panama Papers revelations". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 November 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  10. ^ Iceland swears in new PM amid Panama Papers fallout Archived 2016-10-21 at the Wayback Machine CNN, 7 April 2016
  11. ^ Panama papers: Iceland names PM replacement Archived 2018-09-30 at the Wayback Machine BBC News, 7 April 2016
  12. ^ a b Elections to the Icelandic Althing (Parliament) Archived 2019-08-08 at the Wayback Machine Election Resources
  13. ^ "Sigurður Ingi kjörinn formaður Framsóknar". RÚV. 2016-10-02. Archived from the original on 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2016-10-17.
  14. ^ a b "Píratar útiloka stjórnarflokkana". Archived from the original on 2016-10-19. Retrieved 2016-10-17.
  15. ^ "Kjörsókn aldrei verið minni". Vísir. 30 October 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-11-02. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
  16. ^ Duxbury, Charles (2016-10-30). "Iceland Lawmakers Face Tricky Negotiations After Inconclusive Election". WSJ. Archived from the original on 2016-12-03. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
  17. ^ "Pirates Suggest Minority Government". Iceland Review. 31 October 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-11-06. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
  18. ^ grapevine.is (2016-10-31). "Elections 2016: What Will Iceland's Next Government Be?". The Reykjavik Grapevine. Archived from the original on 2016-12-01. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
  19. ^ "Viðreisn útilokar ekki minnihlutastjórn með Bjartri framtíð og VG". Vísir. 31 October 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-11-03. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
  20. ^ The Associated Press (2016-11-02). "Independence Party given mandate to form Iceland government". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
  21. ^ Fontaine, Paul (11 November 2016). "Formal Talks Begin For 3-Party Centre-Right Coalition". The Reykjavík Grapevine. Archived from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  22. ^ "Party leader Jakobsdottir given chance to form Iceland coalition". Europe Online. 16 November 2016. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  23. ^ "Second leader gives up on forming Iceland government". Archived from the original on 2016-11-26. Retrieved 2016-11-27.
  24. ^ Agence France-Presse (2016-12-02). "Iceland's Pirate party invited to form government". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2021-10-05. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
  25. ^ "President gives no new mandate to form government". Archived from the original on 2016-12-14. Retrieved 2016-12-13.
  26. ^ "Independence party-led government in the pipeline". Archived from the original on 5 January 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
  27. ^ Hafstađ, Vala (10 January 2017). "Government's Agenda Introduced". Iceland Review. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
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