算

See also: 祘

算	U+7B97, 算 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7B97

← 箖
[U+7B96]

CJK Unified Ideographs

箘 →
[U+7B98]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

算 (Kangxi radical 118, 竹+8, 14 strokes, cangjie input 竹月山廿 (HBUT), four-corner 8844₆, composition ⿱𥫗𥃲 or ⿱𥬥廾)

Derived characters

㔍匴

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 888, character 3
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 26146
Dae Jaweon: page 1315, character 23
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 2981, character 8
Unihan data for U+7B97

Chinese

trad.		算
simp. ^#		算
2nd round simp.		祘
alternative forms		𥫫筭祘𮅕

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 算
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (算) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
纂	*ʔsloːnʔ
繤	*ʔsloːnʔ
算	sloːnʔ, sloːns
匴	*sloːnʔ
篹	*sloːnʔ
篡	*sʰroːns
攥	*ʔsloːd

In current form, 竹 (“bamboo”) + 目 + 廾.

The 目 portion may have originally represented counting rods (or possibly an abacus, although the character is believed to predate its invention). Such rods were typically made from bamboo. Perhaps related to the top component of 學, hence to 爻.

Similar but unrelated to 具.

Etymology

It has been compared with Tibetan གཤོར (gshor, “to count, to measure, to weigh”) by Gong (1995).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): suàn (suan⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄙㄨㄢˋ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): suan⁴

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): суан (suan, III)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): syun³

(Taishan, Wiktionary): lhon¹
Gan (Wiktionary): son⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): son

(Meixian, Guangdong): son⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): suan³
Northern Min (KCR): so̤̿ng
Eastern Min (BUC): sáung
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): sǹg / sùiⁿ / sìⁿ / soàn

(Teochew, Peng'im): seng³ / suang³
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵soe
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): sonn⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: suàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄙㄨㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: suàn
  - Wade–Giles: suan⁴
  - Yale: swàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: suann
  - Palladius: суань (suanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /su̯än⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: suan⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: suan
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /suan²¹³/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: суан (suan, III)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /suæ̃⁴⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: syun³
  - Yale: syun
  - Cantonese Pinyin: syn³
  - Guangdong Romanization: xun³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /syːn³³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: lhon¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬᵘɔn³³/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: son⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɵn³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: son
  - Hakka Romanization System: son
  - Hagfa Pinyim: son⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /son⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: son⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /sɔn⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: suan³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /suæ̃⁴⁵/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: so̤̿ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɔŋ³³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: sáung
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɑuŋ²¹³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Hui'an, Changtai, Lukang, Sanxia, Taipei, Tainan, Kaohsiung, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu, Taichung)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sǹg
  - Tâi-lô: sǹg
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sngx
  - IPA (Nan'an, Lukang): /sŋ̍³¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /sŋ̍¹¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Hui'an, Changtai, Tainan, Kaohsiung): /sŋ̍²¹/
  - IPA (Kinmen): /sŋ̍¹²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /sŋ̍⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Zhangpu, Yilan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sùiⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: suìnn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: svuix
  - IPA (Zhangzhou, Yilan): /suĩ²¹/
  - IPA (Zhangpu): /suĩ¹¹/
- (Hokkien: Longyan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sìⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: sìnn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: svix
  - IPA (Longyan): /sĩ²¹³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Hui'an, Changtai, Zhangpu, Longyan, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soàn
  - Tâi-lô: suàn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: soaxn
  - IPA (Nan'an): /suan³¹/
  - IPA (Longyan): /suan²¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Hui'an, Changtai, Kaohsiung): /suan²¹/
  - IPA (Zhangpu, Taipei): /suan¹¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /suan⁴¹/

Note:

sǹg/sùiⁿ - colloquial;
soàn - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: seng³ / suang³
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sṳ̀ng / suàng
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɯŋ²¹³/, /suaŋ²¹³/

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵soe
  - MiniDict: soe^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²soe
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /sø³⁴/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: sonn⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sõ⁴⁵/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 算
Mandarin	Beijing	/suan⁵¹/
	Harbin	/suan⁵³/
	Tianjin	/suan⁵³/
	Jinan	/suã²¹/
	Qingdao	/suã⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/suan³¹²/
	Xi'an	/suã⁴⁴/
	Xining	/suã²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/suan¹³/ ～術 /suan⁵³/ ～了
	Lanzhou	/suɛ̃n¹³/
	Ürümqi	/suan²¹³/
	Wuhan	/san³⁵/
	Chengdu	/suan¹³/
	Guiyang	/suan²¹³/
	Kunming	/suã̠²¹²/
	Nanjing	/suaŋ⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/sʊ̃⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/suæ̃⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/suɑŋ³⁵/
	Hohhot	/suæ̃⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/sø³⁵/
	Suzhou	/sø⁵¹³/
	Hangzhou	/sz̩ʷõ⁴⁴⁵/
	Wenzhou	/sø⁴²/
Hui	Shexian	/so³²⁴/
Hui	Tunxi	/suːə⁴²/
Xiang	Changsha	/sõ⁵⁵/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/sɔn⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/sɵn⁴⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/son⁵³/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/son⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/syn³³/
	Nanning	/ɬyn³³/
	Hong Kong	/syn³³/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/suan²¹/ /sŋ̍²¹/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/sɔuŋ²¹²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/sɔŋ³³/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/suaŋ²¹³/ /sɯŋ²¹³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/suaŋ²³/ /tui³⁵/

Middle Chinese: swanX

Rime
Character	算
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	心 (16)
Final (韻)	桓 (62)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	蘇管切
Baxter	swanX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/suɑn^X/
Pan Wuyun	/sʷɑn^X/
Shao Rongfen	/suɑn^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/swan^X/
Li Rong	/suɑn^X/
Wang Li	/suɑn^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/suɑn^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	suǎn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	syun²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[s]ˤorʔ-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*sloːnʔ/, /*sloːns/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	算
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	suàn
Middle Chinese	‹ swan^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[s]ˁorʔ-s/
English	calculate; tally
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	算	算
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	12137	12140
Phonetic component	算	算
Rime group	元	元
Rime subdivision	3	3
Corresponding MC rime	算	筭
Old Chinese	/*sloːnʔ/	/*sloːns/

Definitions

算

to count; to calculate; to figure
to plan; to arrange; to design
to guess; to estimate; to approximate
to regard as; to consider
to count; to be of significance
to let it pass; to give up
finally; eventually
Alternative form of 筭 (suàn, “ancient device for counting numbers”)
(Guanzhong Mandarin, Mandarin) while
伢算說算笑／伢算说算笑 [Guanzhong Mandarin] ― niǎ suān shě suān xiāo [Guanzhong Pinyin] ― He speaks as he laughs
(Hong Kong) ratio between two currencies, expressed with only the first significant figure
日元兌港元跌穿六算。 [Cantonese, trad.]
日元兑港元跌穿六算。 [Cantonese, simp.]
jat⁶ jyun⁴ deoi³ gong² jyun⁴ dit³ cyun¹ luk⁶ syun³. [Jyutping]
The exchange rate between Japanese Yen and Hong Kong Dollars has dropped below the ratio of 1 JPY to 0.06 HKD [literally: …below the ratio of 6.]

Synonyms

(to calculate):

Dialectal synonyms of 算 (“to calculate”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		算, 計算, 計數
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	算
	Malaysia	算
	Singapore	算
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	算
Central Plains Mandarin	Wanrong	算
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	算
Lanyin Mandarin	Ürümqi	算
Southwestern Mandarin	Guilin	算
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	算
Cantonese	Guangzhou	計
	Hong Kong	計
	Taishan	計
	Dongguan	計
	Singapore (Guangfu)	計
Gan	Nanchang	算
Gan	Lichuan	算
Hakka	Meixian	算
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	算
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	算
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	算
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	算
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	算
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	算
	Kuching (Hepo)	算
Huizhou	Jixi	算
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	算
Southern Min	Tainan	算
	Singapore (Hokkien)	算
	Shantou	算
	Singapore (Teochew)	算
Wu	Shanghai	算
Wu	Jinhua	算

(to plan):

edit

作計／作计 (zuòjì) (literary)
打算 (dǎsuàn)
拍算 (phah-sǹg) (Hokkien, Teochew)
拍達／拍达 (Xiamen Hokkien)
按算 (Hokkien)
擬／拟 (nǐ)
派胚 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
準備／准备 (zhǔnbèi)
營為／营为 (Hokkien)
盤算／盘算
策劃／策划 (cèhuà)
策動／策动 (cèdòng)
算打 (sáung-dā) (Eastern Min)
算計／算计 (suànjì)
籌劃／筹划 (chóuhuà)
考慮／考虑 (kǎolǜ)
規／规 (literary, or in compounds)
規劃／规划 (guīhuà)
計劃／计划 (jìhuà)
計算／计算 (jìsuàn)
設／设 (shè)
設施／设施 (shèshī) (literary)
試圖／试图 (shìtú)
謀劃／谋划 (móuhuà)

(to guess):

edit

估計／估计 (gūjì)
估量
假定 (jiǎdìng)
假想 (jiǎxiǎng)
假設／假设 (jiǎshè)
商量 (shāngliàng) (Classical Chinese)
嫌 (xián) (literary, or in compounds)
忖度 (cǔnduó) (literary)
思裁 (sīcái) (literary)
想象 (xiǎngxiàng)
懸／悬 (xuán) (literary, or in compounds)
懸想／悬想 (xuánxiǎng)
懷疑／怀疑 (huáiyí)
打估 (Southern Pinghua)
推想 (tuīxiǎng)
推測／推测 (tuīcè)
掠算 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
揣度 (formal)
擬／拟 (nǐ)
母量 (mu³ liong) (Gan)
派胚 (Hokkien)
測／测 (cè) (literary, or in compounds)
測估／测估 (cègū)
測度／测度 (cèduó)
測算／测算 (cèsuàn)
猜 (cāi)
猜度 (cāiduó)
猜想 (cāixiǎng)
猜摸 (cāimo)
猜料 (cāiliào)
猜測／猜测 (cāicè)
猜詳／猜详 (cāixiáng)
算計／算计 (suànjì)
約摸／约摸 (yuēmo)
臭疑 (Hokkien)
臭青疑 (Hokkien)
虛擬／虚拟 (xūnǐ)
要約／要约 (iau³ ieh⁴) (Jin)
設／设 (shè)
設想／设想 (shèxiǎng)
跋胚 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
辦胚／办胚 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
阿合 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
青疑 (Hokkien)
預計／预计 (yùjì)

(to regard):

edit

作為／作为 (zuòwéi)
夠得上／够得上 (gòudéshàng)
當作／当作 (dàngzuò)
當做／当做 (dàngzuò)
當成／当成 (dàngchéng)
目為／目为 (mùwéi)
看作 (kànzuò)
看做 (kànzuò)
看成 (kànchéng)
視為／视为 (shìwéi)
算作 (suànzuò)
算得 (suàndé)
算是 (suànshì)
認作／认作 (rènzuò)

Compounds

Descendants

→ Lü: ᦉᦸᧃᧈ (ṡoan¹)

References

“算”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

算

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

Counting, calculation

Readings

Go-on: さん (san, Jōyō)、せん (sen)
Kan-on: さん (san, Jōyō)、せん (sen)
Kan’yō-on: そん (son)
Kun: かぞえる (kazoeru, 算える)、かず (kazu, 算)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 算 (MC swanX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	솬〯 (Yale: swǎn)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
Text	*Gloss (hun)*	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527^[2]	혤〯 (Yale: hyěyl)	산〯 (Yale: sǎn)

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [sʰa̠(ː)n]
Phonetic hangul: [산(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

算

Wikisource

算 (eumhun 셈 산 (sem san))

hanja form^? of 산 (“to count; to calculate”)

Compounds

결산 (決算, gyeolsan)
계산 (計算, gyesan)
산법 (算法, sanbeop)
산수 (算數, sansu)
산식 (算式, sansik)
산입 (算入, sanip)
산정 (算定, sanjeong)
산출 (算出, sanchul)
산판 (算板, sanpan)
예산 (豫算, yesan)
오산 (誤算, osan)
전산 (電算, jeonsan)
청산 (淸算, cheongsan)
추산 (推算, chusan)
합산 (合算, hapsan)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese

Han character

算: Hán Nôm readings: toán, toan

chữ Hán form of toán (“mathematics”).