-tt
Hungarian
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]- Past-participle suffix: From Proto-Uralic *-tt. First attested in 1055.
- Past-tense suffix: From the past-participle suffix. First attested in the end of 12th century. [1]
Suffix
[edit]-tt
- past-tense and past-participle suffix (homonymous form in the vast majority of verbs):
- (past-tense suffix) -ed, -t (forms the past tense of a verb)
- megfő (“to be/get cooked”) → Az étel megfőtt. ― The meal is cooked.
- (past-participle suffix) -ed, -t (forms the past participle of a verb)
- fő (“to cook, to be/get cooked”) → főtt hús ― cooked meat
- (past-tense suffix) -ed, -t (forms the past tense of a verb)
Usage notes
[edit]- (past-participle and past-tense suffix) Variants:
- -t is added to monosyllabic verbs ending in j, l, ly, n, ny, r (fáj, szel, fon, huny, sír) and to many bisyllabic verbs ending in -ad/-ed (akad, ered)
- -tt is added to verbs ending in a vowel (sző, nő, fő, lő, ró, rí)
- -ott is added to back-vowel verbs
- -ett is added to unrounded front-vowel verbs
- -ött is added to rounded front-vowel verbs
- (past-participle suffix) This form is the only option attributively. Predicatively, however, a construction of the existential verb van (or its negative form nincs) and the adverbial participle (with -va/-ve) is preferable,[1] especially when speaking of the result achieved,[2] although the suffix -t/-ott/-ett/-ött occurs predicatively as well, disputed as it may be.[3]
Past tense indefinite/definite - personal endings
| Person | Indefinite | Definite | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Back vowel | Front vowel | Back vowel | Front vowel | ||||
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | ||||
| én | 1st person singular Class A & D verbs |
-tam | -tem | -tam | -tem | ||
| Class B verbs | -ttam | -ttem | -ttam | -ttem | |||
| Class C verbs | -ottam | -ettem | -öttem | -ottam | -ettem | -öttem | |
| te | 2nd person singular Class A & D verbs |
-tál | -tél | -tad | -ted | ||
| Class B verbs | -ttál | -ttél | -ttad | -tted | |||
| Class C verbs | -ottál | -ettél | -öttél | -ottad | -etted | -ötted | |
| ő maga ön |
3rd person singular Class A verbs |
-t | -ta | -te | |||
| Class B verbs | -tt | -tt | -tta | -tte | |||
| Class C verbs | -ott | -ett | -ött | -otta | -ette | -ötte | |
| mi | 1st person plural Class A & D verbs |
-tunk | -tünk | -tuk | -tük | ||
| Class B verbs | -ttunk | -ttünk | -ttuk | -ttük | |||
| Class C verbs | -ottunk | -ettünk | -öttünk | -ottuk | -ettük | -öttük | |
| ti | 2nd person plural Class A & D verbs |
-tatok | -tetek | -tátok | -tétek | ||
| Class B verbs | -ttatok | -ttetek | -ttátok | -ttétek | |||
| Class C verbs | -ottatok | -ettetek | -öttetek | -ottátok | -ettétek | -öttétek | |
| ők maguk önök |
3rd person plural Class A & D verbs |
-tak | -tek | -ták | -ték | ||
| Class B verbs | -ttak | -ttek | -tták | -tték | |||
| Class C verbs | -ottak | -ettek | -öttek | -ották | -ették | -ötték | |
| én | 1st person singular subject with 2nd-person object Class A & D verbs |
× | -talak | -telek | |||
| Class B verbs | -ttalak | -ttelek | |||||
| Class C verbs | -ottalak | -ettelek | -öttelek | ||||
| Class A: | Use -t | 1. after a single j, l, ly, n, ny, r (fáj, szel, fon, huny, sír) 2. in many bisyllabic verbs ending in -ad/-ed (akad, ered) | |||||
| Class B: | Use -tt | hí, fú, nyí, ó, ró, rí, sí, szí, jő, sző, nő, fő, lő, nyű | |||||
| Class C: | Use -ott/-ett/-ött | 1. after two consonants (sóhajt, szerkeszt, köszönt) 2. after a long vowel + t (javít, terít) 3. fut, hat, jut, nyit, vet, köt, süt, üt | |||||
| Class D: | Use -ott/-ett/-ött in 3rd-person singular indefinite. Use -t for all other persons. |
All verbs not in Class A, B, C (olvas, keres, küld) | |||||
Etymology 2
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-tt
Usage notes
[edit]- (locative suffix) It is used only in a few city/town names along with the inessive case or superessive case.[3] It can also be observed in a few local adverbs and postpositions. It is no longer productive. Variants:
- -t
- -tt is added to words ending in a vowel
- -ott is added to back-vowel words
- Kaposvárott (also with -t), Vácott, Székesfehérvárott, Fehérvárott, Kapuvárott, (outside present-day Hungary)
Érsekújvárott, Gyulafehérvárott, Kolozsvárott (also with -t), Temesvárott, (in Russia) Szentpétervárott, Pétervárott
- Kaposvárott (also with -t), Vácott, Székesfehérvárott, Fehérvárott, Kapuvárott, (outside present-day Hungary)
- -ett is added to unrounded front-vowel words
- -ött is added to rounded front-vowel words
- -utt is added to some back-vowel words
- -ütt is added to some unrounded front-vowel words
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ -tt in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)
Categories:
- Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Hungarian terms inherited from Proto-Uralic
- Hungarian terms derived from Proto-Uralic
- Hungarian lemmas
- Hungarian suffixes
- Hungarian terms with usage examples
- Hungarian terms with collocations
- Hungarian suffixes with archaic senses
- Hungarian terms with multiple lemma etymologies
- Hungarian terms with multiple morpheme etymologies