Sisyphus: Redefining Low Power for LoRa Receiver
Authors: 
Han Wang, Yihang Song, Qianhe Meng, Zetao Gao, 
Chong Zhang, Li LuAuthors Info & Claims
Pages 1177 - 1191
Abstract
Legacy LoRa receiver adopts a superheterodyne architecture with a runtime power consumption of up to 100mW, resulting in its low-power promise can only be delivered in low duty-cycle mode. This paper presents Sisyphus as an ultra-low-power LoRa receiver, ensuring around-the-clock LoRa availability while extending battery life significantly. To achieve this, we propose a novel receiver design for passive coherent demodulation of LoRa. In this design, we creatively couple LoRa's down-conversion with de-chirping (dc2), leveraging the processing gain brought by chirp spread spectrum (CSS) modulation to boost communication range without the need for additional power supply. Moreover, we exploit the cyclical time-frequency feature intrinsic to LoRa for demodulation, and a low-power analog-digital signal processing circuit with negligible power is devised to replace the existing power-intensive sampling and costly digital computation. We prototype Sisyphus for proof-of-concept, and comprehensive experimental results demonstrate that Sisyphus can achieve significant power savings compared to legacy LoRa receiver while retaining the anti-interference ability of legacy LoRa. We envision that the design of Sisyphus can unlock the potential for broader applications of LoRa.
References
[1]
Future Market Insights. Lora and lorawan iot market outlook from 2024 to 2034. https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/lora-and-lorawan-iot-market, 2024.
[2]
Semtech. SX1278. https://www.semtech.cn/products/wireless-rf/lora-connect/sx1278, 2024.
[3]
Emiliano Sisinni, Abusayeed Saifullah, Song Han, Ulf Jennehag, and Mikael Gidlund. Industrial internet of things: Challenges, opportunities, and directions. IEEE transactions on industrial informatics, 14(11):4724--4734, 2018.
[4]
Wenquan Liu, Xin Wang, Yongxin Song, Ruirui Cao, Liangliang Wang, Zhengguang Yan, and Guiye Shan. Self-powered forest fire alarm system based on impedance matching effect between triboelectric nanogenerator and thermosensitive sensor. Nano Energy, 73:104843, 2020.
[5]
Zhaoxin Chang, Fusang Zhang, Jie Xiong, Junqi Ma, Beihong Jin, and Daqing Zhang. Sensor-free soil moisture sensing using lora signals. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies, 6(2):1--27, 2022.
[6]
Panasonic. Cr2032 coin-type lithium battery. https://industrial.panasonic.com/cdbs/www-data/pdf2/AAA4000/AAA4000C321.pdf, 2022.
[7]
Yidong Ren, Puyu Cai, Jinyan Jiang, Jialuo Du, and Zhichao Cao. Prism: High-throughput lora backscatter with non-linear chirps. In IEEE INFOCOM 2023-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, pages 1--10. IEEE, 2023.
[8]
Xiuzhen Guo, Longfei Shangguan, Yuan He, Jia Zhang, Haotian Jiang, Awais Ahmad Siddiqi, and Yunhao Liu. Aloba: rethinking on-off keying modulation for ambient lora backscatter. In Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, pages 192--204, 2020.
[9]
Jinyan Jiang, Zhenqiang Xu, Fan Dang, and Jiliang Wang. Long-range ambient lora backscatter with parallel decoding. In Proceedings of the 27th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, pages 684--696, 2021.
[10]
Yuxiang Peng, Shiyue He, Yu Zhang, Zhiang Niu, Lixia Xiao, and Tao Jiang. Ambient lora backscatter system with chirp interval modulation. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 22(2):1328--1342, 2022.
[11]
Yao Peng, Longfei Shangguan, Yue Hu, Yujie Qian, Xianshang Lin, Xiaojiang Chen, Dingyi Fang, and Kyle Jamieson. Plora: A passive long-range data network from ambient lora transmissions. In Proceedings of the 2018 conference of the ACM special interest group on data communication, pages 147--160, 2018.
[12]
Vamsi Talla, Mehrdad Hessar, Bryce Kellogg, Ali Najafi, Joshua R Smith, and Shyamnath Gollakota. Lora backscatter: Enabling the vision of ubiquitous connectivity. Proceedings of the ACM on interactive, mobile, wearable and ubiquitous technologies, 1(3):1--24, 2017.
[13]
Xiuzhen Guo, Longfei Shangguan, Yuan He, Nan Jing, Jiacheng Zhang, Haotian Jiang, and Yunhao Liu. Saiyan: Design and implementation of a low-power demodulator for {LoRa} backscatter systems. In 19th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 22), pages 437--451, 2022.
[14]
Qorvo. Tqp3m9008. https://www.qorvo.com/products/p/TQP3M9008, 2023.
[15]
Texas Instruments. Opa810. https://www.ti.com/product/OPA810, 2019.
[16]
Mohammad Rostami, Xingda Chen, Yuda Feng, Karthikeyan Sundaresan, and Deepak Ganesan. Mixiq: re-thinking ultra-low power receiver design for next-generation on-body applications. In Proceedings of the 27th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, pages 364--377, 2021.
[17]
Fengyuan Zhu, Luwei Feng, Meng Jin, Xiaohua Tian, Xinbing Wang, and Chenghu Zhou. Towards ultra-low power ofdma downlink demodulation. In Proceedings of the 20th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, pages 725--739, 2022.
[18]
PL Lui. Passive intermodulation interference in communication systems. Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal, 2(3):109--118, 1990.
[19]
Hugo Cravo Gomes and Nuno Borges Carvalho. The use of intermodulation distortion for the design of passive rfid. In 2007 European Radar Conference, pages 377--380. IEEE, 2007.
[20]
Noureddine Boulejfen, Afef Harguem, and FA Ghannouchi. New closed-form expressions for the prediction of multitone intermodulation distortion in fifth-order nonlinear rf circuits/systems. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 52(1):121--132, 2004.
[21]
Keysight. Cxa signal analyzer. https://www.keysight.com/us/en/product/N9000B/cxa-signal-analyzer-multi-touch-9-khz-26-5-ghz.html, 2018.
[22]
Keysight. Ena network analyzer. https://www.keysight.com/us/en/product/E5063A/e5063a-ena-vector-network-analyzer.html, 2020.
[23]
Skyworks. Sms7630. https://www.skyworksinc.com/en/Products/Diodes/SMS7630-Series, 2021.
[24]
Analog Devices Inc. Max9914. https://www.analog.com/en/products/max9914.html, 2023.
[25]
Onsemi. Ncs2200. https://www.onsemi.com/products/signal-conditioning-control/amplifiers-comparators/comparators/ncs2200, 2022.
[26]
STMicroelectronics. Stm32u5 series mcu. https://www.st.com/en/microcontrollers-microprocessors/stm32u5-series.html.
[27]
Onsemi. 2n3904. https://www.onsemi.com/products/discrete-power-modules/general-purpose-and-low-vcesat-transistors/2n3904, 2019.
[28]
Analog Devices Inc. Hmc536. https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/hmc536chips.pdf, 2022.
[29]
Diodes. Dmg2302. https://www.diodes.com/part/view/DMG2302UK/, 2015.
[30]
Zhenqiang Xu. Loraphy. https://github.com/jkadbear/LoRaPHY, 2022.
[31]
EBYTE. E32-433t20s lora module. https://www.cdebyte.com/products/E32-433T20S, 2024.
[32]
Keysight. Dc power analyzer. https://www.keysight.com/us/en/product/N6705C/dc-power-analyzer-modular-600-w-4-slots.html, 2020.
[33]
Analog Devices Inc. Lt5534. https://www.analog.com/en/products/lt5534.html, 2018.
[34]
Songfan Li, Hui Zheng, Chong Zhang, Yihang Song, Shen Yang, Minghua Chen, Li Lu, and Mo Li. Passive {DSSS}: Empowering the downlink communication for backscatter systems. In 19th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 22), pages 913--928, 2022.
[35]
Texas Instruments. Tlv9001. https://www.ti.com/product/TLV9001, 2019.
[36]
Aaron Parks et al. Wisp5. https://sites.google.com/uw.edu/wisp-wiki/wisp5, 2017.
[37]
Daniel M. Dobkin. The rf in RFID: uhf RFID in practice. Newnes, 2012.
[38]
Fengyuan Ren, Chuang Lin, and Feng Liu. Self-correcting time synchronization using reference broadcast in wireless sensor network. IEEE Wireless Communications, 15(4):79--85, 2008.
[39]
Pengyu Zhang, Pan Hu, Vijay Pasikanti, and Deepak Ganesan. Ekhonet: High speed ultra low-power backscatter for next generation sensors. In Proceedings of the 20th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, pages 557--568, 2014.
[40]
Songfan Li, Chong Zhang, Yihang Song, Hui Zheng, Lu Liu, Li Lu, and Mo Li. Internet-of-microchips: Direct radio-to-bus communication with spi backscatter. In Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, pages 1--14, 2020.
[41]
Chong Zhang, Songfan Li, Yihang Song, Qianhe Meng, Minghua Chen, YanXu Bai, Li Lu, and Hongzi Zhu. Lego: Empowering chip-level functionality plug-and-play for next-generation iot devices. In Proceedings of the 28th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 3, pages 404--418, 2023.
[42]
Jagdish Pandey, Jianlei Shi, and Brian Otis. A 120μw mics/ism-band fsk receiver with a 44μw low-power mode based on injection-locking and 9x frequency multiplication. In 2011 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, pages 460--462. IEEE, 2011.
[43]
Nitz Saputra and John R Long. A fully integrated wideband fm transceiver for low data rate autonomous systems. IEEE journal of solid-state circuits, 50(5):1165--1175, 2015.
[44]
Joshua F Ensworth, Alexander T Hoang, and Matthew S Reynolds. A low power 2.4 ghz superheterodyne receiver architecture with external lo for wirelessly powered backscatter tags and sensors. In 2017 IEEE International Conference on RFID (RFID), pages 149--154. IEEE, 2017.
[45]
Vivek Mangal and Peter R Kinget. A wake-up receiver with a multistage self-mixer and with enhanced sensitivity when using an interferer as local oscillator. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 54(3):808--820, 2019.
[46]
Mohammad Rostami, Karthik Sundaresan, Eugene Chai, Sampath Rangarajan, and Deepak Ganesan. Redefining passive in backscattering with commodity devices. In Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, pages 1--13, 2020.
[47]
Carlos Pérez-Penichet, Claro Noda, Ambuj Varshney, and Thiemo Voigt. Battery-free 802.15. 4 receiver. In 2018 17th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN), pages 164--175. IEEE, 2018.
[48]
Yihang Song, Li Lu, Jiliang Wang, Chong Zhang, Hui Zheng, Shen Yang, Jinsong Han, and Jian Li. {μMote}: Enabling passive chirp despreading and {μW-level}{Long-Range} downlink for backscatter devices. In 20th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 23), pages 1751--1766, 2023.
[49]
Mehrdad Hessar, Ali Najafi, and Shyamnath Gollakota. {NetScatter}: Enabling {Large-Scale} backscatter networks. In 16th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 19), pages 271--284, 2019.
[50]
Yihang Song, Chao Song, Li Lu, Shen Yang, Songfan Li, Chong Zhang, Qianhe Meng, Xiandong Shao, and Haili Wang. Chipnet: Enabling large-scale backscatter network with processor-free devices. ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks, 18(4):1--26, 2022.
[51]
Vincent Liu, Aaron Parks, Vamsi Talla, Shyamnath Gollakota, David Wetherall, and Joshua R Smith. Ambient backscatter: Wireless communication out of thin air. ACM SIGCOMM computer communication review, 43(4):39--50, 2013.
[52]
Maolin Zhang, Si Chen, Jia Zhao, and Wei Gong. Commodity-level ble backscatter. In Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services, pages 402--414, 2021.
[53]
Muhammad Sarmad Mir, Borja Genoves Guzman, Ambuj Varshney, and Domenico Giustiniano. Passivelifi: Rethinking lifi for low-power and long range rf backscatter. In Proceedings of the 27th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, pages 697--709, 2021.
[54]
Peter Oppermann and Christian Renner. Higher-order modulation for acoustic backscatter communication in metals. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2022 Conference, pages 576--587, 2022.
[55]
Haofan Lu, Mohammad Mazaheri, Reza Rezvani, and Omid Abari. A millimeter wave backscatter network for two-way communication and localization. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2023 Conference, pages 49--61, 2023.
[56]
Bill Tao, Emerson Sie, Jay Shenoy, and Deepak Vasisht. Magnetic backscatter for in-body communication and localization. In Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, pages 1--15, 2023.
[57]
Aline Eid, Jack Rademacher, Waleed Akbar, Purui Wang, Ahmed Allam, and Fadel Adib. Enabling long-range underwater backscatter via van atta acoustic networks. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2023 Conference, pages 1--19, 2023.
[58]
Guochao Song, Hang Yang, Wei Wang, and Tao Jiang. Reliable wide-area backscatter via channel polarization. In IEEE INFOCOM 2020-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, pages 1300--1308. IEEE, 2020.
[59]
Mastooreh Salajegheh, Shane S Clark, Benjamin Ransford, Kevin Fu, and Ari Juels. Cccp: Secure remote storage for computational rfids. In USENIX Security Symposium, pages 215--230, 2009.
[60]
Saman Naderiparizi, Mehrdad Hessar, Vamsi Talla, Shyamnath Gollakota, and Joshua R Smith. Towards {Battery-Free}{HD} video streaming. In 15th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 18), pages 233--247, 2018.
[61]
Chong Zhang, Songfan Li, Yihang Song, Qianhe Meng, Hongzi Zhu, Xin Wang, et al. A lightweight and chip-level reconfigurable architecture for next-generation iot end devices. IEEE Transactions on Computers, 2023.
[62]
Songfan Li, Qianhe Meng, Yanxu Bai, Chong Zhang, Yihang Song, Shengyu Li, and Li Lu. Go beyond rfid: Rethinking the design of rfid sensor tags for versatile applications. In Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, pages 1--16, 2023.
[63]
Hongyu Lu, Ahmed G Gadelkarim, Jiannan Huang, and Patrick P Mercier. A 0.69-mw sub-sampling nb-iot receiver employing a linearized q-boosted lna. IEEE Open Journal of the Solid-State Circuits Society, 2024.
[64]
Hossein Pirayesh, Shichen Zhang, Pedram Kheirkhah Sangdeh, and Huacheng Zeng. Maloragw: Multi-user mimo transmission for lora. In Proceedings of the 20th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, pages 179--192, 2022.
[65]
Xianjin Xia, Ningning Hou, Yuanqing Zheng, and Tao Gu. Pcube: scaling lora concurrent transmissions with reception diversities. ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks, 18(4):1--25, 2023.
[66]
Ningning Hou, Xianjin Xia, and Yuanqing Zheng. Don't miss weak packets: Boosting lora reception with antenna diversities. ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks, 19(2):1--25, 2023.
[67]
Amalinda Gamage, Jansen Liando, Chaojie Gu, Rui Tan, Mo Li, and Olivier Seller. Lmac: Efficient carrier-sense multiple access for lora. ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks, 19(2):1--27, 2023.
Index Terms
- Sisyphus: Redefining Low Power for LoRa Receiver
Recommendations
A low power direct conversion receiver RF front-end with high in-band IIP2/IIP3 and low 1/f noise
A low power direct-conversion receiver RF front-end with high in-band IIP2/IIP3 and low 1/f noise is presented. The front-end includes the differential low noise amplifier, the down-conversion mixer, the LO buffer, the IF buffer and the bandgap ...
A fully integrated low-power 5-GHz CMOS RF receiver for WLAN applications
ICUIMC '11: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and CommunicationIn this paper, a fully integrated 5-GHz dual conversion receiver for IEEE 802.11a/n wireless LAN applications is reported. In this proposed receiver, for the high linearity and low power consumption, receiver utilizes the dual conversion current driven ...
3.6 mw low power wireless RF receiver front end using creative current recycle technique
This paper presents the design of low noise amplifier and mixer (LIXER) circuit for wireless receiver front ends using 65 nm CMOS technology. The circuit is implemented with CMOS transistors and uses 65 nm CMOS process. Proposed LIXER circuit achieves a ...
Comments
Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.Information & Contributors
Information
Published In
December 2024
2476 pages
ISBN:9798400704895
DOI:10.1145/3636534
- Chair:
- Weisong Shi,
- Program Chairs:
- Deepak Ganesan,
- Nicholas Lane
Copyright © 2024 Copyright is held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM.
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].
Sponsors
Publisher
Association for Computing Machinery
New York, NY, United States
Publication History
Published: 04 December 2024
Check for updates
Author Tags
Qualifiers
- Research-article
Funding Sources
Conference
ACM MobiCom '24
Sponsor:
ACM MobiCom '24: 30th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking
November 18 - 22, 2024
DC, Washington D.C., USA
Acceptance Rates
Overall Acceptance Rate 440 of 2,972 submissions, 15%
Contributors
Other Metrics
Bibliometrics & Citations
Bibliometrics
Article Metrics
- 0Total Citations
- 69Total Downloads
- Downloads (Last 12 months)69
- Downloads (Last 6 weeks)48
Reflects downloads up to 27 Jan 2025
Other Metrics
Citations
View Options
Login options
Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.
Sign in