research-article

Does Physicality Enhance the Meaningfulness of Gamification?Transforming Gamification Elements to their Physical Counterparts

Authors:

Maximilian Altmeyer,

Donald Degraen,

Felix Kosmalla,

Antonio KrügerAuthors Info & Claims

OzCHI '21: Proceedings of the 33rd Australian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction

Pages 280 - 292

https://doi.org/10.1145/3520495.3520500

Published: 15 September 2022 Publication History

Abstract

Gamification has been shown to successfully help users in reaching their goals, and enhancing their user experience. However, it has also been criticized for adding arbitrary rewards to non-game activities, which is often perceived as being meaningless. To counter this, we investigate whether physical gamification, i.e. transforming virtual gamification elements (such as points or leaderboards) to their physical counterparts, is perceived as more meaningful by users. Based on an elicitation lab-study (N=12), we contribute concrete transformations from virtual to physical gamification elements and derive design recommendations for physical gamification systems. Next, we use these recommendations to implement a prototype for the gamification elements points and leaderboard. In a subsequent lab experiment, we investigate the perception of physical gamification elements and compare our prototype to its virtual counterpart (N=12). Our results show that physical gamification elements are perceived as significantly more persuasive and more meaningful than their virtual counterparts.

References

[1]

Frederick E. Allen. 2011. Disneyland Uses ’Electronic Whip’ on Employees. https://www.forbes.com/sites/frederickallen/2011/10/21/disneyland-uses-electronic-whip-on-employees/#77487d1151b3

[2]

Maximilian Altmeyer, Pascal Lessel, Linda Muller, and Antonio Krüger. 2019. Combining Behavior Change Intentions and User Types to Select Suitable Gamification Elements for Persuasive Fitness Systems. In International Conference on Persuasive Technology. Springer.

[3]

Ian Bogost. 2011. Gamification is Bullshit: My Position Statement at the Wharton Gamification Symposium.

[4]

Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2012. Thematic Analysis. APA Handbook of Research Methods in Psychology 2 (2012).

[5]

Donald Degraen, Marc Schubhan, Maximilian Altmeyer, and Antonio Krüger. 2021. Hakoniwa: Enhancing Physical Gamification using Miniature Garden Elements. Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Academic Mindtrek (2021).

Digital Library

[6]

Sebastian Deterding, Dan Dixon, Rilla Khaled, and Lennart Nacke. 2011. From Game Design Elements to Gamefulness: Defining Gamification. Proceedings of the 15th International Academic MindTrek Conference. ACM, 2011. (2011), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1145/2181037.2181040

Digital Library

[7]

Betsy James Disalvo. 2015. Pink Boxes and Chocolate-dipped Broccoli: Bad Game Design Providing Justifications for Reluctant Learners. Games+Learning+Society Conference(2015), 1–7.

[8]

Gabriella Dodero, Rosella Gennari, Alessandra Melonio, and Santina Torello. 2014. Towards Tangible Gamified Co-Design at School: Two Studies in Primary Schools. CHI PLAY 2014 - Proceedings of the 2014 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play(2014), 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1145/2658537.2658688

Digital Library

[9]

Filip Drozd, Tuomas Lehto, and Harri Oinas-Kukkonen. 2012. Exploring Perceived Persuasiveness of a Behavior Change Support System: A Structural Model. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) 7284 LNCS (2012), 157–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31037-9_14

Digital Library

[10]

David Eickhoff, Stefanie Mueller, and Patrick Baudisch. 2016. Destructive Games: Creating Value by Destroying Valuable Physical Objects. (2016), 3970–3974. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858113

Digital Library

[11]

Aiste Grubliauskiene, Maxime Verhoeven, and Siegfried Dewitte. 2012. The Joint Effect of Tangible and Non-Tangible Rewards on Healthy Food Choices in Children. Appetite 59, 2 (2012), 403–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.06.003

[12]

Yuvin Ha, Maria Karyda, and Andrés Lucero. 2020. Exploring Virtual Rewards in Real Life : A Gimmick or a Motivational Tool. Proceedings of the 2020 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference (DIS ’20) (2020), 1847–1858. https://doi.org/10.1145/3357236.3395477

Digital Library

[13]

Juho Hamari, Jonna Koivisto, and Harri Sarsa. 2014. Does Gamification Work? - A Literature Review of Empirical Studies on Gamification. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. (2014), 3025–3034. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2014.377

Digital Library

[14]

Jeong Ki Hong, Sunghyun Song, Jundong Cho, and Andrea Bianchi. 2015. Better Posture Awareness through Flower-Shaped Ambient Avatar. TEI 2015 - Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction(2015), 337–340. https://doi.org/10.1145/2677199.2680575

Digital Library

[15]

Hsiu-Fang Hsieh and Sarah Shannon. 2005. Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis. Qualitative Health Research1 (2005), 1277–1288. https://doi.org/1049732305276687 arxiv:arXiv:1011.1669v3

[16]

Hiroshi Ishii and Brygg Ullmer. 1997. Tangible Bits: Towards Seamless Interfaces Between People, Bits and Atoms. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Atlanta, Georgia, USA) (CHI ’97). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 234–241. https://doi.org/10.1145/258549.258715

Digital Library

[17]

Frederic Kerber, Markus Löchtefeld, Antonio Krüger, Jess McIntosh, Charlie McNeill, and Mike Fraser. 2016. Understanding Same-Side Interactions with Wrist-Worn Devices. Proceedings of the 9th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (NordiCHI ’16)2(2016).

Digital Library

[18]

Rohit Ashok Khot, Larissa Hjorth, and Florian ’Floyd’ Mueller. 2014. Understanding Physical Activity through 3D Printed Material Artifacts. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) (CHI ’14). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 3835–3844. https://doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557144

Digital Library

[19]

Nahyeon Lee, Doyoung Jang, Yeji Kim, Byung Cull Bae, and Jun Dong Cho. 2016. DenTeach: A Device for Fostering Children’s Good Tooth-Brushing Habits. Proceedings of IDC 2016 - The 15th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children(2016), 619–624. https://doi.org/10.1145/2930674.2936003

Digital Library

[20]

Pascal Lessel, Maximilian Altmeyer, Marc Müller, Christian Wolff, and Antonio Krüger. 2016. Don’t Whip Me With Your Games - Investigating Bottom-Up Gamification. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 2016. (2016), 2026–2037. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858463

Digital Library

[21]

Pascal Lessel, Maximilian Altmeyer, Marc Müller, Christian Wolff, and Antonio Krüger. 2017. Measuring the Effect of ”Bottom-Up” Gamification in a Microtask Setting. Proceedings of the 21st International Academic Mindtrek Conference (2017), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1145/3131085.3131086

Digital Library

[22]

Pascal Lessel, Maximilian Altmeyer, Lea Verena Schmeer, and Antonio Krüger. 2019. ”Enable or Disable Gamification?” – Analyzing the Impact of Choice in a Gamified Image Tagging Task. CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019) (2019).

[23]

Edwin A. Locke and Gary P. Latham. 2002. Building a Practically Useful Theory of Goal Setting and Task Motivation: A 35-Year Odyssey. American Psychologist 57, 9 (2002), 705–717. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.57.9.705

[24]

Douglas R. May, Richard L. Gilson, and Lynn M. Harter. 2004. The Psychological Conditions of Meaningfulness, Safety and Availability and the Engagement of the Human Spirit at Work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 77, 1(2004), 11–37. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317904322915892

[25]

Edward D. McAuley, Terry Duncan, and Vance V. Tammen. 1989. Psychometric Properties of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventoiy in a Competitive Sport Setting: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 60, 1 (1989), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1989.10607413

[26]

Mary L McHugh. 2012. Interrater Reliability: The Kappa Statistic. Biochemia Medica (2012), 276–282.

[27]

Michael Meder, Till Plumbaum, Aleksander Raczkowski, Brijnesh Jain, and Sahin Albayrak. 2018. Gamification in E-commerce: Tangible vs. Intangible Rewards. ACM International Conference Proceeding SeriesApril (2018), 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1145/3275116.3275126

Digital Library

[28]

Elisa D. Mekler, Florian Brühlmann, Alexandre N. Tuch, and Klaus Opwis. 2017. Towards Understanding the Effects of Individual Gamification Elements on Intrinsic Motivation and Performance. Computers in Human Behavior 71 (2017), 525–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.08.048

Digital Library

[29]

Lennart E. Nacke and Sebastian Deterding. 2017. The Maturing of Gamification Research. Computers in Human Behavior 71 (2017), 450–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.062

[30]

Scott Nicholson. 2012. A User-Centered Theoretical Framework for Meaningful Gamification A Brief Introduction to Gamification Organismic Integration Theory Situational Relevance and Situated Motivational Affordance. Games+Learning+Society(2012).

[31]

James I. Novak and Jennifer Loy. 2018. A Pilot Study for Utilizing Additive Manufacturing and Responsive Rewards in Physical Activity Gamification. Design for Health 2, 2 (2018), 266–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/24735132.2018.1541400

[32]

Rita Orji, Lennart E. Nacke, and Chrysanne Di Marco. 2017. Towards Personality-driven Persuasive Health Games and Gamified Systems. Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI ’17 (2017), 1015–1027. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025577

Digital Library

[33]

Rita Orji, Gustavo F Tondello, and Lennart E Nacke. 2018. Personalizing Persuasive Strategies in Gameful Systems to Gamification User Types. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI ’18 (2018). https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3174009

Digital Library

[34]

R. Poynor. 1995. The Hand That Rocks the Cradle. I.D. The International Design Magazine(1995), 60–65.

[35]

Jenny Preece. 2015. Interaction design : beyond human-computer interaction. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, West Sussex.

[36]

Paul Christopher Price, I-Chant A. Chiang, and Rajiv Jhangiani. 2015. Research Methods in Psychology. Vol. 40. Bcampus. 551–552 pages. https://openlibrary-repo.ecampusontario.ca/jspui/handle/123456789/246

[37]

Richard M. Ryan. 1982. Control and Information in the Intrapersonal Sphere: An Extension of Cognitive Evaluation Theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 43, 3(1982), 450–461.

[38]

Richard M Ryan and Edward L Deci. 2000. Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being. American Psychologist 55, 1 (2000), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68

[39]

Richard M. Ryan and Edward L Deci. 2017. Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness. The Guilford Press, New York.

[40]

Katie Seaborn and Deborah Fels. 2015. Gamification in Theory and Action: A Survey.International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 74 (2015), 14–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2014.09.006

Digital Library

[41]

Dag Svanaes and William Verplank. 2000. In Search of Metaphors for Tangible User Interfaces. Proceedings of DARE 2000 on Designing Augmented Reality Environments (2000), 121–129. https://doi.org/10.1145/354666.354679

Digital Library

[42]

Faisal Taher, Yvonne Jansen, Jonathan Woodruff, John Hardy, Kasper Hornbaek, and Jason Alexander. 2017. Investigating the Use of a Dynamic Physical Bar Chart for Data Exploration and Presentation. 23, 1 (Jan. 2017), 451–460. https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2016.2598498

Digital Library

[43]

Armando M Toda, Pedro H D Valle, and Seiji Isotani. 2018. The Dark Side of Gamification: An Overview of Negative Effects of Gamification in Education. Higher Education for All. From Challenges to Novel Technology-Enhanced SolutionsIcmc(2018), 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97934-2

[44]

Gustavo F Tondello, Rina R Wehbe, Lisa Diamond, Marc Busch, Andrzej Marczewski, and Lennart E Nacke. 2016. The Gamification User Types Hexad Scale. The ACM SIGCHI Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play - CHI PLAY ’16 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1145/2967934.2968082

Digital Library

[45]

Rob Van Roy and Bieke Zaman. 2017. Why Gamification Fails in Education - And How to Make it Successful. Serious Games and Edutainment Applications:March (2017), 1–702. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51645-5

[46]

M. Wilde, K. Bätz, A. Kovaleva, and D. Urhahne. 2009. Testing a Short Scale of Intrinsic Motivation. Zeitschrift für Didaktik der Naturwissenschaften 15 (2009), 31–45. arxiv:2404161

[47]

Jacob O. Wobbrock, Meredith Ringel Morris, and Andrew D. Wilson. 2009. User-Defined Gestures for Surface Computing. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings (2009), 1083–1092. https://doi.org/10.1145/1518701.1518866

Digital Library

[48]

Lesley Xie, Alissa N. Antle, and Nima Motamedi. 2008. Are Tangibles more Fun?: Comparing Children’s Enjoyment and Engagement using Physical, Graphical and Tangible User Interfaces. TEI’08 - Second International Conference on Tangible and Embedded Interaction - Conference ProceedingsFebruary (2008), 191–198. https://doi.org/10.1145/1347390.1347433

Digital Library

[49]

Andre Zenner and Antonio Kruger. 2017. Shifty: A Weight-Shifting Dynamic Passive Haptic Proxy to Enhance Object Perception in Virtual Reality. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 23, 4(2017), 1312–1321. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2017.2656978

Digital Library

[50]

Oren Zuckerman and Ayelet Gal-Oz. 2013. To TUI or not to TUI: Evaluating Performance and Preference in Tangible vs. Graphical User Interfaces. International Journal of Human Computer Studies 71, 7-8 (2013), 803–820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2013.04.003

Digital Library

Cited By

Schubhan MAltmeyer MRogers KDegraen DLessel PKrüger A(2024)Auditory, Visual, or Both? Comparing Visual and Auditory Representations of Game Elements in a Gamified Image-Tagging TaskProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36770598:CHI PLAY(1-28)Online publication date: 15-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3677059
Degraen DWerny ESchubhan MAltmeyer MKrüger A(2024)EcoMeal: Gamified Eco-Feedback of Food Consumption using a Virtual GardenCompanion Proceedings of the 2024 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play10.1145/3665463.3678795(43-49)Online publication date: 14-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3665463.3678795
Plichta FMitschick AKlamka KDachselt R(2023)Growing Green Habits: Unobtrusive Gamified Eco-Feedback to Motivate Sustainable BehaviorProceedings of Mensch und Computer 202310.1145/3603555.3608544(454-459)Online publication date: 3-Sep-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3603555.3608544

Index Terms

Does Physicality Enhance the Meaningfulness of Gamification?Transforming Gamification Elements to their Physical Counterparts
1. Human-centered computing
  1. Human computer interaction (HCI)
    1. Empirical studies in HCI

Recommendations

Hakoniwa: Enhancing Physical Gamification using Miniature Garden Elements
Academic Mindtrek '21: Proceedings of the 24th International Academic Mindtrek Conference

Gamification has been shown to increase motivation and enhance user experience. Novel research proposes the addition of physicality to otherwise digital gamification elements for increasing their meaningfulness. In this work, we look towards gardens in ...
Gamification usage ecology
SIGDOC '17: Proceedings of the 35th ACM International Conference on the Design of Communication

Gamification is applied in academia and industry and is being studied in the last years. Gamification is nowadays applied to several areas, such as learning, computer science, business, marketing, tourism, among others. However, we need to understand to ...
Virtuality or Physicality? Supporting Memorization Through Augmented Reality Gamification
EICS '23 Companion: Companion Proceedings of the 2023 ACM SIGCHI Symposium on Engineering Interactive Computing Systems

Augmented reality (AR) is evolving to become a pervasive tool for interacting with virtual objects. We conducted a comparative study to explore the impact of virtuality and physicality in supporting human memorization through gamification. A head-...

Comments

Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Other conferences

OzCHI '21: Proceedings of the 33rd Australian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction

November 2021

361 pages

ISBN:9781450395984

DOI:10.1145/3520495

Copyright © 2021 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 15 September 2022

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article
Research
Refereed limited

Conference

OzCHI '21

OzCHI '21: 33rd Australian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction

November 30 - December 2, 2021

VIC, Melbourne, Australia

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 362 of 729 submissions, 50%

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

3
Total Citations
View Citations
100
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)41
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)2

Reflects downloads up to 14 Dec 2024

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Schubhan MAltmeyer MRogers KDegraen DLessel PKrüger A(2024)Auditory, Visual, or Both? Comparing Visual and Auditory Representations of Game Elements in a Gamified Image-Tagging TaskProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36770598:CHI PLAY(1-28)Online publication date: 15-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3677059
Degraen DWerny ESchubhan MAltmeyer MKrüger A(2024)EcoMeal: Gamified Eco-Feedback of Food Consumption using a Virtual GardenCompanion Proceedings of the 2024 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play10.1145/3665463.3678795(43-49)Online publication date: 14-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3665463.3678795
Plichta FMitschick AKlamka KDachselt R(2023)Growing Green Habits: Unobtrusive Gamified Eco-Feedback to Motivate Sustainable BehaviorProceedings of Mensch und Computer 202310.1145/3603555.3608544(454-459)Online publication date: 3-Sep-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3603555.3608544

View Options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

HTML Format

View this article in HTML Format.

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Table of Contents