article

GreenWeb: language extensions for energy-efficient mobile web computing

Authors:

Vijay Janapa ReddiAuthors Info & Claims

ACM SIGPLAN Notices, Volume 51, Issue 6

Pages 145 - 160

https://doi.org/10.1145/2980983.2908082

Published: 02 June 2016 Publication History

Abstract

Web computing is gradually shifting toward mobile devices, in which the energy budget is severely constrained. As a result, Web developers must be conscious of energy efficiency. However, current Web languages provide developers little control over energy consumption. In this paper, we take a first step toward language-level research to enable energy-efficient Web computing. Our key motivation is that mobile systems can wisely budget energy usage if informed with user quality-of-service (QoS) constraints. To do this, programmers need new abstractions. We propose two language abstractions, QoS type and QoS target, to capture two fundamental aspects of user QoS experience. We then present GreenWeb, a set of language extensions that empower developers to easily express the QoS abstractions as program annotations. As a proof of concept, we develop a GreenWeb runtime, which intelligently determines how to deliver specified user QoS expectation while minimizing energy consumption. Overall, GreenWeb shows significant energy savings (29.2% ∼ 66.0%) over Android’s default Interactive governor with few QoS violations. Our work demonstrates a promising first step toward language innovations for energy-efficient Web computing.

References

[1]

“9 Causes of Bad App Reviews.” http://blog.monkop.com/ post/120657007496/9-causes-of-bad-app-reviews

[2]

“Android CPUFreq Governors.” https://android.googlesource. com/kernel/common/+/android-4.4/Documentation/cpu-freq/ governors.txt

[3]

“Android WebView APIs.” http://developer.android.com/ reference/android/webkit/WebView.html

[4]

“big.LITTLE Technology: The Future of Mobile.” https://www.arm.com/files/pdf/big LITTLE Technology the Futue of Mobile.pdf

[5]

“CSS animation Event.” https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/ docs/Web/Events/animationend

[6]

“CSS Animations.” http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-animations/

[7]

“CSS Pseudo-classes.” http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/ #pseudo-classes

[8]

“CSS transitionend Event.” https://developer.mozilla.org/ en-US/docs/Web/Events/transitionend

[9]

“CSS Transitions.” http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-transitions/

[10]

“CSS Will Change Module Level 1.” http://www.w3.org/TR/ css-will-change-1/

[11]

“CSS3 Media Queries.” http://www.w3.org/TR/ css3-mediaqueries/

[12]

“Document Object Model (DOM).” http://www.w3.org/ DOM/

[13]

“HTTrack.” https://www.httrack.com/

[14]

“iOS Developer Library: UIWebView.” https: //developer.apple.com/library/ios/documentation/UIKit/ Reference/UIWebView Class/

[15]

“Jank Busting for Better Rendering Performance.” http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/speed/rendering/

[16]

“NVidia: Adaptive VSync Technology.” http://www.geforce. com/hardware/technology/adaptive-vsync/technology

[17]

“Speed, Performance, and Human Perception.” http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1230000000545/ch10. html#SPEED PERFORMANCE HUMAN PERCEPTION

[18]

“Survey: Exploring the Reasons Users Complain about Apps.” http://www.fiercedeveloper.com/story/ survey-exploring-reasons-users-complain-about-apps/ 2012-11-09

[19]

“The Evolution of HTML5.” http://www.instantshift.com/ 2012/07/20/the-evolution-of-html5-infographic/

[20]

“The Evolution of the Web.” http://www.evolutionoftheweb. com/

[21]

“Timing Control for Script-based Animations.” http: //www.w3.org/TR/animation-timing/

[22]

“V-sync.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen tearing# V-sync

[23]

“Your Favourite App isnt Native.” http://kennethormandy. com/journal/your-favourite-app-isnt-native

[24]

“Nvidia Tegra 4 Family CPU Architecture: 4-PLUS-1 Quad core,” in Nvidia Whitepaper, 2013.

[25]

“Android Fragmentation Visualized,” 2014. http://opensignal. com/assets/pdf/reports/2014 08 fragmentation report.pdf

[26]

“Chromium browser,” 2015. http://www.chromium.org/Home

[27]

Alexa, “Alexa,” 2015. http://www.alexa.com/

[28]

W. Baek and T. M. Chilimbi, “Green: a Framework for Supporting Energy-conscious Programming using Controlled Approximation,” in Proc. of PLDI, 2010.

Digital Library

[29]

E. A. Burton, G. Schrom, F. Paillet, J. Douglas, W. J. Lambert, K. Radhakrishnan, and M. J. Hill, “FIVR: Fully Integrated Voltage Regulators on 4th Generation Intel Core SoCs,” in Proc. of APEC, 2014.

[30]

M. Butkiewicz, D. Wang, Z. Wu, H. V. Madhyastha, and V. Sekar, “Klotski: Reprioritizing Web Content to Improve User Experience on Mobile Devices,” in Proc. of NSDI, 2015.

Digital Library

[31]

S. K. Card, G. G. Robertson, and J. D. Mackinlay, “The Information Visualizer: An Information Workspace,” in Proc. of CHI, 1991.

Digital Library

[32]

G. Chadha, S. Mahlke, and S. Narayanasamy, “EFetch: Optimizing Instruction Fetch for Event-driven Web Applications,” in Proc. of PACT, 2014.

Digital Library

[33]

——, “Accelerating Asynchronous Programs through Event Sneak Peek,” in Proc. of ISCA, 2015.

Digital Library

[34]

M. Claypool, K. Claypool, and F. Damaa, “The Effects of Frame Rate and Resolution on Users Playing First Person Shooter Games,” in Proc. of Multimedia Computing and Networking, 2006.

[35]

M. Cohen, H. S. Zhu, S. E. Emgin, and Y. D. Liu, “Energy Types,” in Proc. of OOPSLA, 2012.

Digital Library

[36]

M. Dong and L. Zhong, “Chameleon: a Color-adaptive Web Browser for Mobile OLED Displays,” in Proc. of MobiSys, 2012.

Digital Library

[37]

K. Eaton, “How 1s Could Cost Amazon $1.6 Billion in Sales,” 2013. http://www.fastcompany.com/1825005/ how-one-second-could-cost-amazon-16-billion-sales

[38]

Y. Endo, Z. Wang, J. Chen, and M. Seltzer, “Using Latency to Evaluate Interactive System Performance,” in Proc. of OSDI, 1996.

Digital Library

[39]

D. Fisher and G. Saksena, “Link Prefetching in Mozilla: A Server-driven Approach,” in Web content caching and distribution. Springer, 2004, pp. 283–291.

Digital Library

[40]

D. Glazkov, “User Agent Intervention.” http://bit.ly/ user-agent-intervention

[41]

M. Halpern, Y. Zhu, R. Peri, and V. J. Reddi, “Mosaic: Crossplatform User-interaction Record and Replay for the Fragmented Android Ecosystem,” in Proc. of ISPASS, 2015.

[42]

M. Halpern, Y. Zhu, and V. J. Reddi, “Mobile CPU’s Rise to Power: Quantifying the Impact of Generational Mobile CPU Design Trends on Performance, Energy, and User Satisfaction,” in Proc. of HPCA, 2016.

[43]

S. Hao, D. Li, W. G. Halfond, and R. Govindan, “Estimating Mobile Application Energy Consumption using Program Analysis,” in Proc. of ICSE, 2013.

Digital Library

[44]

S. He, Y. Liu, and H. Zhou, “Optimizing Smartphone Power Consumption through Dynamic Resolution Scaling,” in Proc. of MobiCom, 2015.

Digital Library

[45]

J. Huang, F. Qian, A. Gerber, Z. M. Mao, S. Sen, and O. Spatscheck, “A Close Examination of Performance and Power Characteristics of 4G LTE Networks,” in Proc. of MobiSys, 2012.

Digital Library

[46]

A. Kansal, S. Saponas, A. B. Brush, K. S. McKinley, T. Mytkowicz, and R. Ziola, “The Latency, Accuracy, and Battery (LAB) Abstraction: Programmer Productivity and Energy Efficiency for Continuous Mobile Context Sensing,” in Proc. of OOPSLA, 2013.

Digital Library

[47]

W. Kim, M. S. Gupta, G.-Y. Wei, and D. Brooks, “System Level Analysis of Fast, Per-Core DVFS using On-Chip Switching Regulators,” in Proc. of HPCA, 2008.

[48]

KPCB, “KPCB 2015 Internet Trends,” 2015. http: //www.kpcb.com/blog/2015-internet-trends

[49]

R. Kumar, K. I. Farkas, N. P. Jouppi, P. Ranganathan, and D. M. Tullsen, “Single-ISA Heterogeneous Multi-Core Architectures: The Potential for Processor Power Reduction,” in Proc. of MICRO, 2003.

Digital Library

[50]

P. Lewis, “Rendering Performance,” 2014. https://developers. google.com/web/fundamentals/performance/rendering/

[51]

T. Li, C. An, Z. Tian, A. T. Campbell, and X. Zhou, “Human Sensing Using Visible Light Communication,” in Proc. of MobiCom, 2015.

Digital Library

[52]

M. Linares-Vásquez, G. Bavota, C. Bernal-Cárdenas, R. Oliveto, M. Di Penta, and D. Poshyvanyk, “Mining Energy-greedy API Usage Patterns in Android Apps: an Empirical Study,” in Proc. of MSR, 2014.

Digital Library

[53]

D. Lo, T. Song, and G. E. Suh, “Prediction-Guided Performance-Energy Trade-off for Interactive Applications,” in Proc. of MICRO, 2015.

Digital Library

[54]

R. B. Miller, “Response Time in Man-computer Conversational Transactions,” in AFIPS Fall Joint Computer Conference, 1968.

Digital Library

[55]

N. C. Nachiappan, P. Yedlapalli, N. Soundararajan, A. Sivasubramaniam, M. T. Kandemir, R. Iyer, and C. R. Das, “Domain Knowledge based Energy Management in Handhelds,” in Proc. of HPCA, 2015.

[56]

N. C. Nachiappan, H. Zhang, J. Ryoo, N. Soundararajan, A. Sivasubramaniam, M. T. Kandemir, R. Iyer, and C. R. Das, “VIP: Virtualizing IP Chains on Handheld Platforms,” in Proc. of ISCA, 2015.

Digital Library

[57]

J. Nielsen, Usability Engineering. Morgan Kaufmann, 1993.

Digital Library

[58]

ODroid, “ODROID-XU+E Development Board,” 2015. http://www.hardkernel.com/main/products/prdt info. php?g code=G137463363079

[59]

A. J. Oliner, A. P. Iyer, I. Stoica, E. Lagerspetz, and S. Tarkoma, “Carat: Collaborative Energy Diagnosis for Mobile Devices,” in Proc. of Sensys, 2013.

Digital Library

[60]

A. Pathak, Y. C. Hu, and M. Zhang, “Where is the Energy Spent Inside My App?: Fine Grained Energy Accounting on Smartphones with Eprof,” in Proc. of EuroSys, 2012.

Digital Library

[61]

M. Pradel, P. Schuh, G. Necula, and K. Sen, “EventBreak: Analyzing the Responsiveness of User Interfaces through Performance-guided Test Generation,” in Proc. of OOPSLA, 2014.

Digital Library

[62]

K. Sakamoto, “Time-to-first-X-paint Metrics: Status and Refinement Plans,” 2015. https://docs.google.com/document/d/ 1Owfs6arciEnWgT2-8bWCcHdYRIKRKZ0Xj8UtqRx4c3k/ edit

[63]

A. Sampson, W. Dietl, E. Fortuna, D. Gnanapragasam, L. Ceze, and D. Grossman, “EnerJ: Approximate Data Types for Safe and General Low-Power Computation,” in Proc. of PLDI, 2011.

Digital Library

[64]

C. Shepard, A. Rahmati, C. Tossell, L. Zhong, and P. Kortum, “LiveLab: Measuring Wireless Networks and Smartphone Users in the Field,” in SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review, 2011.

Digital Library

[65]

S. Singh, “HTML5 On The Rise: No Longer Ahead Of Its Time,” 2015. http://techcrunch.com/2015/10/28/ html5-on-the-rise-no-longer-ahead-of-its-time/

[66]

J. Sorber, A. Kostadinov, M. Garber, M. Brennan, M. D. Corner, and E. D. Berger, “Eon: A Language and Runtime System for Perpetual Systems,” in Proc. of SenSys, 2007.

Digital Library

[67]

M. A. Suleman, Y. N. Patt, E. Sprangle, A. Rohillah, A. Ghuloum, and D. Carmean, “Asymmetric Chip Multiprocessors: Balancing Hardware Efficiency and Programmer Efficiency,” The University of Texas as Austin, Technical Report TR-HPS- 2007-001, 2007.

[68]

Q. Wu, V. Reddi, Y. Wu, J. Lee, D. Connors, D. Brooks, M. Martonosi, and D. W. Clark, “A Dynamic Compilation Framework for Controlling Microprocessor Energy and Performance,” in Proc. of MICRO, 2005.

Digital Library

[69]

F. Xie, M. Martonosi, and S. Malik, “Compile-time Dynamic Voltage Scaling Settings: Opportunities and Limits,” in Proc. of PLDI, 2003.

Digital Library

[70]

Y. Zhu, M. Halpern, and V. J. Reddi, “Event-based Scheduling for Energy-Efficient QoS (eQoS) in Mobile Web Applications,” in Proc. of HPCA, 2015.

[71]

——, “The Role of the CPU in Energy-Efficient Mobile Web Browsing,” in Micro, IEEE, 2015.

[72]

Y. Zhu and V. J. Reddi, “High-Performance and Energy-Efficient Mobile Web Browsing on Big/Little Systems,” in Proc. of HPCA, 2013.

Digital Library

[73]

——, “WebCore: Architectural Support for Mobile Web Browsing,” in Proc. of ISCA, 2014.

Digital Library

Cited By

Dornauer BFelderer M(2023)Energy-Saving Strategies for Mobile Web Apps and their Measurement: Results from a Decade of Research2023 IEEE/ACM 10th International Conference on Mobile Software Engineering and Systems (MOBILESoft)10.1109/MOBILSoft59058.2023.00017(75-86)Online publication date: May-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/MOBILSoft59058.2023.00017
Ruppel ESurbatovich MDesai HMaeng KLucia BHardavellas NCampanoni SGrot BKarpuzcu U(2022)An Architectural Charge Management Interface for Energy-Harvesting SystemsProceedings of the 55th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture10.1109/MICRO56248.2022.00034(318-335)Online publication date: 1-Oct-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/MICRO56248.2022.00034
Manzak ASeker S(2019)Low Power Design for DVFS Capable Software2019 IEEE 10th Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics & Mobile Communication Conference (UEMCON)10.1109/UEMCON47517.2019.8993027(1175-1179)Online publication date: Oct-2019
https://doi.org/10.1109/UEMCON47517.2019.8993027
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

GreenWeb: language extensions for energy-efficient mobile web computing
1. Software and its engineering
  1. Software notations and tools
    1. General programming languages
      1. Language features
      2. Language types

Recommendations

GreenWeb: language extensions for energy-efficient mobile web computing
PLDI '16: Proceedings of the 37th ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation

Web computing is gradually shifting toward mobile devices, in which the energy budget is severely constrained. As a result, Web developers must be conscious of energy efficiency. However, current Web languages provide developers little control over ...
Minimizing energy for wireless web access with bounded slowdown
MobiCom '02: Proceedings of the 8th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking

On many battery-powered mobile computing devices, the wireless network is a significant contributor to the total energy consumption. In this paper, we investigate the interaction between energy-saving protocols and TCP performance for Web like ...
Energy consumption of data mining algorithms on mobile phones: Evaluation and prediction
Abstract
The pervasive availability of increasingly powerful mobile computing devices like PDAs, smartphones and wearable sensors, is widening their use in complex applications such as collaborative analysis, information sharing, and data ...

Comments

Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM SIGPLAN Notices

ACM SIGPLAN Notices Volume 51, Issue 6

PLDI '16

June 2016

726 pages

ISSN:0362-1340

EISSN:1558-1160

DOI:10.1145/2980983

Editor:
Andy Gill
University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS

Issue’s Table of Contents

PLDI '16: Proceedings of the 37th ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation
June 2016
726 pages
ISBN:9781450342612
DOI:10.1145/2908080
General Chair:
Chandra Krintz
University of California at Santa Barbara, USA
,
Program Chair:
Emery Berger
University of Massachusetts at Amherst, USA

Copyright © 2016 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 02 June 2016

Published in SIGPLAN Volume 51, Issue 6

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Article

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

20
Total Citations
View Citations
496
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)29
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)5

Reflects downloads up to 09 Nov 2024

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Dornauer BFelderer M(2023)Energy-Saving Strategies for Mobile Web Apps and their Measurement: Results from a Decade of Research2023 IEEE/ACM 10th International Conference on Mobile Software Engineering and Systems (MOBILESoft)10.1109/MOBILSoft59058.2023.00017(75-86)Online publication date: May-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/MOBILSoft59058.2023.00017
Ruppel ESurbatovich MDesai HMaeng KLucia BHardavellas NCampanoni SGrot BKarpuzcu U(2022)An Architectural Charge Management Interface for Energy-Harvesting SystemsProceedings of the 55th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture10.1109/MICRO56248.2022.00034(318-335)Online publication date: 1-Oct-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/MICRO56248.2022.00034
Manzak ASeker S(2019)Low Power Design for DVFS Capable Software2019 IEEE 10th Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics & Mobile Communication Conference (UEMCON)10.1109/UEMCON47517.2019.8993027(1175-1179)Online publication date: Oct-2019
https://doi.org/10.1109/UEMCON47517.2019.8993027
Mittal SMattela V(2019)A survey of techniques for improving efficiency of mobile web browsingConcurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience10.1002/cpe.512631:15Online publication date: 10-Jan-2019
https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.5126
Corbalan LFernandez JCuitiño ADelia LCáseres GThomas PPesado PJulien CLewis GSegall I(2018)Development frameworks for mobile devicesProceedings of the 5th International Conference on Mobile Software Engineering and Systems10.1145/3197231.3197242(191-201)Online publication date: 27-May-2018
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3197231.3197242
Pervaiz AYang YDuracz ABartha FSai RImes CCartwright RPalem KLu SHoffmann HScholliers CSinger J(2022)GOAL: Supporting General and Dynamic Adaptation in Computing SystemsProceedings of the 2022 ACM SIGPLAN International Symposium on New Ideas, New Paradigms, and Reflections on Programming and Software10.1145/3563835.3567655(16-32)Online publication date: 29-Nov-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3563835.3567655
Feng YZhu YManne SHunter HAltman E(2019)PESProceedings of the 46th International Symposium on Computer Architecture10.1145/3307650.3322248(66-78)Online publication date: 22-Jun-2019
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3307650.3322248
Choi YPark SCha HSong JKim MLane NBalan R(2019)Graphics-aware Power Governing for Mobile DevicesProceedings of the 17th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services10.1145/3307334.3326075(469-481)Online publication date: 12-Jun-2019
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3307334.3326075
Gaudette BWu CVrudhula S(2019)Optimizing User Satisfaction of Mobile Workloads Subject to Various Sources of UncertaintiesIEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing10.1109/TMC.2018.288361918:12(2941-2953)Online publication date: 1-Dec-2019
https://doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2018.2883619
Uzair ABeg MMujtaba HMajeed H(2019)WEEC: Web Energy Efficient ComputingSustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems10.1016/j.suscom.2018.08.00522(230-243)Online publication date: Jun-2019
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suscom.2018.08.005
Show More Cited By

View Options

Get Access

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Issue’s Table of Contents