article

A Review of Eye Gaze in Virtual Agents, Social Robotics and HCI: Behaviour Generation, User Interaction and Perception

Authors:

R. McDonnellAuthors Info & Claims

Computer Graphics Forum, Volume 34, Issue 6

Pages 299 - 326

https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.12603

Published: 01 September 2015 Publication History

Abstract

A person's emotions and state of mind are apparent in their face and eyes. As a Latin proverb states: 'The face is the portrait of the mind; the eyes, its informers'. This presents a significant challenge for Computer Graphics researchers who generate artificial entities that aim to replicate the movement and appearance of the human eye, which is so important in human-human interactions. This review article provides an overview of the efforts made on tackling this demanding task. As with many topics in computer graphics, a cross-disciplinary approach is required to fully understand the workings of the eye in the transmission of information to the user. We begin with a discussion of the movement of the eyeballs, eyelids and the head from a physiological perspective and how these movements can be modelled, rendered and animated in computer graphics applications. Furthermore, we present recent research from psychology and sociology that seeks to understand higher level behaviours, such as attention and eye gaze, during the expression of emotion or during conversation. We discuss how these findings are synthesized in computer graphics and can be utilized in the domains of Human-Robot Interaction and Human-Computer Interaction for allowing humans to interact with virtual agents and other artificial entities. We conclude with a summary of guidelines for animating the eye and head from the perspective of a character animator.

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Cited By

Wu YOsawa H(2024)Navigating Communication Patterns and Personalities in User Preference During Human-Agent InteractionProceedings of the 12th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction10.1145/3687272.3690913(447-449)Online publication date: 24-Nov-2024
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Pan YAgrawal RSingh K(2024)S3: Speech, Script and Scene driven Head and Eye AnimationACM Transactions on Graphics10.1145/365817243:4(1-12)Online publication date: 19-Jul-2024
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Melgare JRohmer DMusse SCani MKry PCani MSkouras MWang H(2024)Reactive Gaze during Locomotion in Natural EnvironmentsProceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation10.1111/cgf.15168(1-12)Online publication date: 21-Aug-2024
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cover image Computer Graphics Forum

Computer Graphics Forum Volume 34, Issue 6

September 2015

314 pages

ISSN:0167-7055

EISSN:1467-8659

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The Eurographs Association & John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Chichester, United Kingdom

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Published: 01 September 2015

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Wu YOsawa H(2024)Navigating Communication Patterns and Personalities in User Preference During Human-Agent InteractionProceedings of the 12th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction10.1145/3687272.3690913(447-449)Online publication date: 24-Nov-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3687272.3690913
Pan YAgrawal RSingh K(2024)S3: Speech, Script and Scene driven Head and Eye AnimationACM Transactions on Graphics10.1145/365817243:4(1-12)Online publication date: 19-Jul-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3658172
Melgare JRohmer DMusse SCani MKry PCani MSkouras MWang H(2024)Reactive Gaze during Locomotion in Natural EnvironmentsProceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation10.1111/cgf.15168(1-12)Online publication date: 21-Aug-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1111/cgf.15168
Ghosh SDhall AHayat MKnibbe JJi Q(2024)Automatic Gaze Analysis: A Survey of Deep Learning Based ApproachesIEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence10.1109/TPAMI.2023.332133746:1(61-84)Online publication date: 1-Jan-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/TPAMI.2023.3321337
Rasouli SGhafurian MNilsen EDautenhahn K(2024)University Students’ Opinions on Using Intelligent Agents to Cope with Stress and Anxiety in Social SituationsComputers in Human Behavior10.1016/j.chb.2023.108072153:COnline publication date: 12-Apr-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1016/j.chb.2023.108072
Daněček RChhatre KTripathi SWen YBlack MBolkart T(2023)Emotional Speech-Driven Animation with Content-Emotion DisentanglementSIGGRAPH Asia 2023 Conference Papers10.1145/3610548.3618183(1-13)Online publication date: 10-Dec-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3610548.3618183
Albiz JViberg OMatviienko A(2023)Guiding Visual Attention on 2D Screens: Effects of Gaze Cues from Avatars and HumansProceedings of the 2023 ACM Symposium on Spatial User Interaction10.1145/3607822.3614529(1-9)Online publication date: 13-Oct-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3607822.3614529
Raimbaud PJovane AZibrek KPacchierotti CChristie MHoyet LPettré JOlivier A(2023)The Stare-in-the-Crowd Effect When Navigating a Crowd in Virtual RealityACM Symposium on Applied Perception 202310.1145/3605495.3605796(1-10)Online publication date: 5-Aug-2023
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Ehret JBönsch ANossol PErmert CMohanathasan CSchlittmeier SFels JKuhlen TLugrin BLatoschik Mvon Mammen SKopp SPécune FPelachaud C(2023)Who's next?Proceedings of the 23rd ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents10.1145/3570945.3607312(1-8)Online publication date: 19-Sep-2023
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Gillet SVázquez MPeters CYang FLeite I(2022)Multiparty Interaction Between Humans and Socially Interactive AgentsThe Handbook on Socially Interactive Agents10.1145/3563659.3563665(113-154)Online publication date: 27-Oct-2022
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