Effect of Partially Melting Droplets on Polarimetric and Bi-Spectral Retrieval of Water Cloud Particle Size
<p>Illustration of the scattering and absorption process of light by a layered sphere.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Linear polarization degree (<span class="html-italic">P<sub>12</sub>/P<sub>11</sub></span>) of the scattered light from water clouds calculated with a layered sphere light scattering model at a wavelength of 865 nm.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Solar spectral reflectance at the nadir viewing angle from the ADRTM for clouds with <span class="html-italic">a<sub>0</sub></span> = 10 µm and with and without ice cores, respectively. We also calculate the water clouds without partially melting droplets but with a <span class="html-italic">a<sub>0</sub></span> = 16 µm for comparison with the partially melting case. The solar zenith angle (SZA) is 30 deg. The optical depth (OD) of the cloud is 16 at the wavelength of 550 nm. The cloud layer is between 2 and 3 km altitude over an ocean surface with a wind speed of 7.5 m/s. The atmosphere is assumed to have a midlatitude summer profile and ocean background aerosols with an aerosol optical depth (AOD) of 0.06 at the wavelength of 550 nm. All the modeling details including gas/water vapor absorption can be found in Sun and Lukashin (2013) [<a href="#B27-remotesensing-15-01576" class="html-bibr">27</a>].</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Algorithms and Results
3. Summary and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Randall, D.A.; Coakley, J.A.; Fairall, C.W.; Knopfli, R.A.; Lenschow, D.H. Outlook for research on marine subtropical stratocumulus clouds. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 1984, 65, 1290–1301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Slingo, A. Sensitivity of the Earth’s radiation budget to changes in low clouds. Nature 1990, 343, 49–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nakajima, T.; King, M.D. Determination of the optical thickness and effective particle radius of clouds from reflected solar radiation measurements. Part I Theory J. Atmos. Sci. 1990, 47, 1878–1893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rossow, W.B.; Schiffer, R.A. ISCCP cloud data products. B. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 1991, 72, 2–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Platnick, S.; King, M.; Ackerman, S.; Menzel, W.; Baum, B.; Riedi, J.; Frey, R. The MODIS cloud products: Algorithms and examples from terra. IEEE T. Geosci. Remote 2003, 41, 459–473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cao, C.; De Luccia, F.J.; Xiong, X.; Wolfe, R.; Weng, F. Early on-orbit performance of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) satellite. IEEE T. Geosci. Remote 2014, 52, 1142–1156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bessho, K.; Date, K.; Hayashi, M.; Ikeda, A.; Imai, T.; Inoue, H.; Kumagai, Y.; Miyakawa, T.; Murata, H.; Ohno, T.; et al. An introduction to Himawari-8/9–Japan’s new-generation geostationary meteorological satellites. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. 2016, 94, 151–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cairns, B.; Russell, E.E.; Travis, L.D. Research Scanning Polarimeter: Calibration and ground-based measurements. In Proceedings of the SPIE 3754, Polarization: Measurement, Analysis, and Remote Sensing II, Denver, CO, USA, 25 October 1999. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bréon, F.-M.; Doutriaux-Boucher, M. A comparison of cloud droplet radii measured from space. IEEE T. Geosci. Remote 2005, 43, 1796–1805. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alexandrov, M.D.; Cairns, B.; Emde, C.; Ackerman, A.S.; van Diedenhoven, B. Accuracy assessments of cloud droplet size retrievals from polarized reflectance measurements by the research scanning polarimeter. Remote Sens. Environ. 2012, 125, 92–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Alexandrov, M.D.; Cairns, B.; Wasilewski, A.P.; Ackerman, A.S.; McGille, M.J.; Yorks, J.E.; Hlavka, D.L.; Platnick, S.E.; Arnold, G.T.; van Diedenhoven, B.; et al. Liquid water cloud properties during the Polarimeter Definition Experiment (PODEX). Remote Sens. Environ. 2015, 169, 20–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nakajima, T.; King, M.D.; Spinhirne, J.D.; Radke, L.F. Determination of the optical thickness and effective particle radius of clouds from reflected solar radiation measurements. Part II: Marine stratocumulus observations. J. Atmos. Sci. 1991, 48, 728–751. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Platnick, S.; Valero, F.P.J. A validation of a satellite cloud retrieval during ASTEX. J. Atmos. Sci. 1995, 52, 2985–3001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McBride, P.J.; Schmidt, K.S.; Pilewskie, P.; Walther, A.; Heidinger, A.K.; Wolfe, D.E.; Fairall, C.W.; Lance, S. CalNex cloud properties retrieved from a ship-based spectrometer and comparisons with satellite and aircraft retrieved cloud properties. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2012, 117, D21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liang, L.; Di Girolamo, L.; Sun, W. Bias in MODIS cloud drop effective radius for oceanic water clouds as deduced from optical thickness variability across scattering angles. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2015, 120, 7661–7681. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fu, D.; Di Girolamo, L.; Liang, L.; Zhao, G. Regional biases in MODIS marine liquid water cloud drop effective radius deduced through fusion with MISR. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2019, 124, 13182–13196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Fu, D.; Di Girolamo, L.; Rauber, R.M.; McFarquhar, G.M.; Nesbitt, S.W.; Loveridge, J.; Hong, Y.; van Diedenhoven, B.; Cairns, B.; Alexandrov, M.D.; et al. An evaluation of the liquid cloud droplet effective radius derived from MODIS, airborne remote sensing, and in situ measurements from CAMP2Ex. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2022, 22, 8259–8285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Winker, D.M.; Vaughan, M.A.; Omar, A.; Hu, Y.; Powell, K.A.; Liu, Z.; Hunt, W.H.; Young, S.A. Overview of the CALIPSO mission and CALIOP data processing algorithms. J. Atmos. Oceanic. Technol. 2009, 226, 2310–2323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, Y.; Vaughan, M.; McClain, C.; Behrenfeld, M.; Maring, H.; Anderson, D.; Sun-Mack, S.; Flittner, D.; Huang, J.; Wielicki, B.; et al. Global Statistics of Liquid Water Content and Effective Number Concentration of Water Clouds over Ocean Derived from Combined CALIPSO and MODIS Measurements. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2007, 7, 3353–3359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hu, Y.; Winker, D.M.; Vaughan, M.; Lin, B.; Omar, A.; Trepte, C.; Flittner, D.; Yang, P.; Nasiri, S.L.; Baum, B.; et al. CALIPSO/CALIOP Cloud Phase Discrimination Algorithm. J. Atmos. Oceanic. Technol. 2009, 26, 2293–2309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hu, Y.; Lu, X.; Zhai, P.; Hostetler, C.A.; Hair, J.W.; Cairns, B.; Sun, W.; Stamnes, S.; Omar, A.; Baize, R.; et al. Liquid Phase Cloud Microphysical Property Estimates from CALIPSO Measurements. Front. Remote Sens. 2021, 2, 25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mie, G. Beiträge zur Optik trüber Medien, speziell kolloidaler Metallösungen. Ann. Phys. 1908, 330, 377–445. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, W.; Hu, Y.; Baize, R.R.; Omar, A. Partially melting droplets strongly enhance lidar backscatter. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Trans. 2022, 281, 108107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Toon, O.B.; Ackerman, T.P. Algorithms for the calculation of scattering by stratified spheres. Appl. Opt. 1981, 20, 3657–3660. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sun, W.; Loeb, N.G.; Fu, Q. Light scattering by coated sphere immersed in absorbing medium: A comparison between the FDTD and analytic solutions. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Trans. 2004, 83, 483–492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deirmendjian, D. Electromagnetic Scattering on Spherical Polydispersions; American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 1969. [Google Scholar]
- Sun, W.; Lukashin, C. Modeling polarized solar radiation from ocean-atmosphere system for CLARREO inter-calibration applications. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013, 13, 10303–10324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
At 1.6 µm | Water a0 = 10 µm | Water a0 = 16 µm | Partially melting a0 = 10 µm |
Asymmetry factor: | 0.860 | 0.872 | 0.864 |
1—Single Scattering Albedo: | 1.0084 × 10−2 | 1.5509 × 10−2 | 1.5349 × 10−2 |
At 2.1 µm | Water a0 = 10 µm | Water a0 = 16 µm | Partially melting a0 = 10 µm |
Asymmetry factor: | 0.864 | 0.880 | 0.869 |
1—Single Scattering Albedo: | 3.6776 × 10−2 | 5.5580 × 10−2 | 4.4225 × 10−2 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Sun, W.; Hu, Y.; Stamnes, S.A.; Trepte, C.R.; Omar, A.H.; Baize, R.R. Effect of Partially Melting Droplets on Polarimetric and Bi-Spectral Retrieval of Water Cloud Particle Size. Remote Sens. 2023, 15, 1576. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061576
Sun W, Hu Y, Stamnes SA, Trepte CR, Omar AH, Baize RR. Effect of Partially Melting Droplets on Polarimetric and Bi-Spectral Retrieval of Water Cloud Particle Size. Remote Sensing. 2023; 15(6):1576. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061576
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Wenbo, Yongxiang Hu, Snorre A. Stamnes, Charles R. Trepte, Ali H. Omar, and Rosemary R. Baize. 2023. "Effect of Partially Melting Droplets on Polarimetric and Bi-Spectral Retrieval of Water Cloud Particle Size" Remote Sensing 15, no. 6: 1576. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061576