Improving GNSS-R Sea Surface Altimetry Precision Based on the Novel Dual Circularly Polarized Phased Array Antenna Model
<p>The basic structure and geometric relationship of the (<b>a</b>) cGNSS-R system and (<b>b</b>) iGNSS-R system, where <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi>O</mi> </semantics></math> indicates the Earth’s core, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mi>S</mi> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> indicates the elevation angle, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mi>E</mi> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> indicates the Earth radius, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mi>T</mi> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mi>R</mi> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> indicates the orbital height of the transmit and receive antenna, respectively, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> indicates the distance between the specular point and the GNSS-R antenna, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> indicates the distance between the GNSS satellite and the specular point, and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> indicates the distance between the GNSS satellite and the GNSS-R antenna.</p> "> Figure 1 Cont.
<p>The basic structure and geometric relationship of the (<b>a</b>) cGNSS-R system and (<b>b</b>) iGNSS-R system, where <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi>O</mi> </semantics></math> indicates the Earth’s core, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mi>S</mi> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> indicates the elevation angle, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mi>E</mi> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> indicates the Earth radius, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mi>T</mi> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mi>R</mi> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> indicates the orbital height of the transmit and receive antenna, respectively, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> indicates the distance between the specular point and the GNSS-R antenna, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> indicates the distance between the GNSS satellite and the specular point, and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> indicates the distance between the GNSS satellite and the GNSS-R antenna.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Structure of the NDCPPA’s (<b>a</b>) element distribution and (<b>b</b>) circuit topology.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Geometry of the NDCPPA model’s element.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Simulated reflection coefficient of the NDCPPA model’s element.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>The simulated (<b>a</b>) radiation pattern and (<b>b</b>) axial ratio of the NDCPPA model’s element.</p> "> Figure 5 Cont.
<p>The simulated (<b>a</b>) radiation pattern and (<b>b</b>) axial ratio of the NDCPPA model’s element.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>NDCPPA model verification prototype.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Measured scanning radiation patterns of the NDCPPA model verification prototype.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>(<b>a</b>) TEA and Comparison of measured gain between (<b>b</b>) NDCPPA model verification prototype.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>SNR by adopting the NDCPPA verification prototype: the comparison of simulated antenna gain and measured antenna gain brought into the simulation environment.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Altimetric precision of the NDCPPA verification prototype: the comparison of simulated antenna gain and measured antenna gain brought into the simulation environment.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>The altimetric precision improvement of the NDCPPA model verification prototype compared to the TEA method.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Construction of the NDCPPA Model
3. Model Verification and Application of the NDCPPA
3.1. Design of NDCPPA Model Verification Prototype
3.2. Verification of NDCPPA Model
3.3. Application of NDCPPA Model
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Design Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Dielectric substrate | FR4 Epoxy Glass Cloth |
Dielectric constant | 4.2 |
Loss tangent | 0.02 |
Radiating patch diameter (mm) | 48 |
Thickness (mm) | 2 |
Scanning Angle (°) | Gain (dB) | Beam Width (°) |
---|---|---|
0 | 14.0 | 41 |
10 | 13.9 | 42 |
20 | 13.8 | 44 |
30 | 13.1 | 47 |
40 | 12.7 | 53 |
Environment Parameter | Value |
---|---|
GNSS satellite orbital height (km) | 20,200 |
GNSS-R satellite orbital height (km) | 635 |
Equivalent isotropically radiated power (dBW) | 34 |
Signal bandwidth (MHz) | 40 |
Signal center frequency (MHz) | 1575.42 |
Receiver bandwidth (MHz) | 40 |
Nadir antenna noise temperature (K) | 550 |
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Cui, Z.; Zheng, W.; Wu, F.; Li, X.; Zhu, C.; Liu, Z.; Ma, X. Improving GNSS-R Sea Surface Altimetry Precision Based on the Novel Dual Circularly Polarized Phased Array Antenna Model. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 2974. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13152974
Cui Z, Zheng W, Wu F, Li X, Zhu C, Liu Z, Ma X. Improving GNSS-R Sea Surface Altimetry Precision Based on the Novel Dual Circularly Polarized Phased Array Antenna Model. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(15):2974. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13152974
Chicago/Turabian StyleCui, Zhen, Wei Zheng, Fan Wu, Xiaoping Li, Cheng Zhu, Zongqiang Liu, and Xiaofei Ma. 2021. "Improving GNSS-R Sea Surface Altimetry Precision Based on the Novel Dual Circularly Polarized Phased Array Antenna Model" Remote Sensing 13, no. 15: 2974. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13152974