Exploring the Influence Mechanism of Attractiveness on Wuhan’s Urban Commercial Centers by Modifying the Classic Retail Model
<p>Analysis framework.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Spatial distribution of 66 commercial centers.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Spatial distribution of 108 sample blocks.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Commercial and Retail POI data of Wuhan.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Value of attractiveness of 66 commercial centers.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Spatial interaction network among commercial centers and blocks.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Line chart about the relationship between attractiveness and various variables.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Factors Affecting the Attractiveness of Commercial Centers
2.2. Development of the Retail Model
2.3. Age Influences the Choice of Shopping Destination
3. Material and Methods
3.1. Commercial Centers
3.2. Sample Blocks
3.3. Data Sources
3.4. Research Methods
3.4.1. Expanding the Retail Model
3.4.2. Building a Matrix of Spatial Interaction Flows
3.4.3. Solving the Optimal Model Using MATLAB
3.4.4. Conducting Age Group Controlled Experiments
4. Results and Analysis
4.1. Attractive Characteristics of Wuhan’s Commercial Center
4.1.1. Obvious Attractiveness Gap
4.1.2. Six Commercial Centers Are Less Attractive Than Planned
4.1.3. Single Factor Is Not Capable to Explain Attractivess
4.2. Influencing Factors and Mechanisms of the Attractiveness of Wuhan’s Commercial Centers
4.2.1. Modeling Results
4.2.2. Industry Density
4.2.3. Length of Development
4.2.4. Traffic Resistance
4.2.5. Differences of the Influence between Factors
5. Conclusions
5.1. Summary
5.2. Policy Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Num | Level | Name | Conditions | Industry Density | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Commercial Floorspace | Length of Development | Total | Catering Services | Shopping Services | Daily Services | Sports Leisure | Medical Caring | Accommodation Service | |||
Density | |||||||||||
1 | County-level | Optics Valley World | 92,604.382 | 101 | 13.390 | 5.939 | 0.324 | 4.643 | 1.728 | 0.324 | 0.432 |
2 | Community-level | Shuguang Commercial Center (Minzu Avenue) | 10,107.236 | 112 | 18.598 | 4.292 | 3.577 | 0.715 | 8.584 | 0.715 | 0.715 |
3 | Xianglong Times Square | 133,832.965 | 141 | 12.850 | 7.546 | 0.299 | 2.316 | 1.345 | 0.075 | 1.270 | |
4 | County-level | K11 Select | 113,310.850 | 36 | 5.918 | 3.348 | 0.234 | 1.012 | 1.246 | -- | 0.078 |
5 | Community-level | Hung Fu Tim Mei Plaza | 5907.242 | 116 | 9.028 | 4.514 | 3.386 | 1.129 | -- | -- | -- |
6 | Parkway Well Fashion Shopping (Xiongchu Avenue) | 30,427.802 | 68 | 19.796 | 9.377 | 0.781 | 4.689 | 3.647 | 0.521 | 0.781 | |
7 | County-level | Aeon Mall | 182,814.963 | 45 | 6.181 | 4.212 | 0.438 | 0.438 | 0.985 | 0.109 | -- |
8 | Taizihu Commercial Center | 87,684.617 | 97 | 15.130 | 9.808 | 0.304 | 3.649 | 0.912 | 0.456 | -- | |
9 | Nanhu Commercial Center | 104,976.591 | 102 | 18.045 | 8.908 | 0.685 | 4.644 | 3.046 | 0.381 | 0.228 | |
10 | Community-level | Pop Window Shopping Plaza (Zhuobao Store) | 13,011.725 | 156 | 17.420 | 3.074 | 1.537 | 9.735 | 2.049 | 0.512 | 0.512 |
11 | Happy Meeting Plaza, 18 Shucheng Road | 17,328.332 | 48 | 6.925 | 2.885 | 0.577 | -- | 3.463 | -- | -- | |
12 | Zhongbai Store (Optics Valley Shopping Plaza) | 6264.802 | 151 | 7.981 | 4.789 | 1.596 | 1.596 | -- | -- | -- | |
13 | Vientiane Plaza (luoshi road auxiliary road) | 12,206.950 | 91 | 23.650 | 13.048 | 0.816 | 8.155 | 0.816 | 0.816 | -- | |
14 | Zhuodaoquan Plaza | 7009.265 | 93 | 19.573 | 6.524 | 1.087 | 2.175 | 6.524 | -- | 3.262 | |
15 | City-level | Optics Valley | 382,600.631 | 225 | 16.371 | 7.846 | 0.398 | 4.684 | 2.483 | 0.328 | 0.586 |
16 | Community-level | Nanhu Metropolis | 31,325.756 | 153 | 8.300 | 4.150 | 0.638 | 1.596 | 1.277 | 0.638 | -- |
17 | Huquan Shopping Plaza | 16,144.415 | 105 | 54.508 | 32.209 | 2.478 | 9.291 | 9.291 | 0.619 | 0.619 | |
18 | Leduhui (Shipailing Road) | 13,789.500 | 44 | 25.617 | 18.298 | 1.220 | 1.830 | 4.270 | -- | -- | |
19 | Bandung Plaza (Baishazhou Avenue) | 61,558.748 | 33 | 11.046 | 6.498 | 0.650 | 0.812 | 2.112 | 0.487 | 0.487 | |
20 | Longling·818 Square | 5891.584 | 33 | 35.644 | 20.368 | 5.092 | 1.697 | 5.092 | 1.697 | 1.697 | |
21 | Ruijing Plaza | 16,713.187 | 92 | 10.770 | 5.385 | 1.197 | -- | 4.188 | -- | -- | |
22 | Baihui Life Plaza | 9380.303 | 37 | 21.321 | 10.661 | 2.132 | 2.132 | 5.686 | -- | 0.711 | |
23 | Golden Bridge·Moore Street | 4276.234 | 114 | 17.149 | 3.118 | 3.118 | 9.354 | 1.559 | -- | -- | |
24 | County-level | Jiedaokou | 130,896.081 | 176 | 27.101 | 11.159 | 0.942 | 8.188 | 4.783 | 0.870 | 1.014 |
25 | Community-level | Haida Plaza | 13,562.843 | 93 | 12.780 | 4.915 | 0.983 | 1.966 | 4.424 | 0.492 | -- |
26 | Zhongshang Shopping Plaza | 7035.279 | 237 | 25.585 | 12.793 | 2.843 | 2.843 | 7.107 | -- | -- | |
27 | Fanyuehui (Shouyi Store) | 23,403.814 | 129 | 8.081 | 4.253 | -- | 0.425 | 2.977 | 0.425 | -- | |
28 | Shimao 52 | 38,349.158 | 44 | 8.744 | 3.997 | 0.749 | 0.749 | 2.498 | 0.500 | 0.250 | |
29 | City-level | Hongshan Square, Zhongnan Road | 213,151.912 | 264 | 14.383 | 5.606 | 0.643 | 3.860 | 2.527 | 0.460 | 1.287 |
30 | County-level | Jiefang Road Simenkou | 142,276.744 | 94 | 15.225 | 7.612 | 0.328 | 2.756 | 1.837 | 0.328 | 2.362 |
31 | Community-level | Chutian Fashion Plaza | 27,000.642 | 218 | 17.766 | 5.552 | 0.740 | 7.032 | 4.071 | 0.370 | -- |
32 | County-level | Shuiguo Lake Walking Street | 21,871.884 | 219 | 17.669 | 6.343 | 0.453 | 6.343 | 3.624 | 0.906 | -- |
33 | Zhongjiacun | 96,259.746 | 130 | 16.885 | 6.932 | 0.889 | 4.710 | 2.844 | 0.711 | 0.800 | |
34 | Community-level | Fan Yue Hui | 22,988.723 | 36 | 8.593 | 5.334 | 0.593 | 1.185 | 1.482 | -- | -- |
35 | County-level | Chu River Han Street | 263,236.692 | 72 | 15.222 | 8.923 | 0.455 | 2.904 | 1.890 | 0.140 | 0.770 |
36 | City-level | Wangjiawan | 298,327.713 | 318 | 17.759 | 8.627 | 0.474 | 4.506 | 3.380 | 0.208 | 0.563 |
37 | Community-level | CapitaLand Plaza (Wusheng Store) | 29,206.674 | 84 | 22.255 | 14.723 | 1.027 | 2.397 | 4.109 | -- | -- |
38 | Starway Victoria Harbour Shopping Centre | 46,323.166 | 48 | 8.255 | 3.341 | 0.393 | 3.341 | 1.179 | -- | -- | |
39 | County-level | Longwang Temple (Hanzheng Street) | 307,449.637 | 195 | 2.980 | 1.055 | 0.590 | 0.404 | 0.372 | 0.124 | 0.435 |
40 | Community-level | Times Tianjiao Commercial Center | 8582.637 | 140 | 11.651 | -- | 1.165 | 3.495 | 2.330 | 3.495 | 1.165 |
41 | City-level | Wushang Plaza | 270,669.657 | 276 | 12.958 | 4.532 | 0.673 | 4.248 | 1.735 | 1.275 | 0.496 |
42 | Community-level | West Park | 28,090.610 | 96 | 15.194 | 9.714 | 0.498 | 1.245 | 3.487 | -- | 0.249 |
43 | County-level | Hanxi Commercial Center | 104,817.522 | 129 | 8.447 | 3.833 | 0.782 | 2.190 | 1.408 | 0.235 | -- |
44 | City-level | Jianghan Road | 952,847.231 | 260 | 15.859 | 8.097 | 0.451 | 3.938 | 1.671 | 0.394 | 1.287 |
45 | Xu Dong | 3,032,85.216 | 140 | 11.115 | 5.721 | 0.477 | 3.010 | 1.609 | 0.209 | 0.089 | |
46 | County-level | New World Department Store (Guomao Store) | 17,069.939 | 310 | 18.499 | 9.249 | 1.734 | 2.312 | 4.047 | 0.578 | 0.578 |
47 | Community-level | Taipei Yard | 3692.826 | 29 | 6.870 | 2.290 | -- | 2.290 | 2.290 | -- | -- |
48 | CapitaLand Plaza, West City | 195,174.110 | 29 | 2.613 | 1.537 | 0.154 | 0.307 | 0.615 | -- | -- | |
49 | Sanyang Road | 71,527.250 | 69 | 8.516 | 3.579 | 0.247 | 2.715 | 1.111 | 0.370 | 0.494 | |
50 | Oceanwide City Plaza | 49,019.237 | 64 | 10.208 | 4.812 | 0.583 | 1.312 | 3.062 | 0.146 | 0.146 | |
51 | County-level | China·China Town | 66,416.992 | 94 | 6.364 | 2.905 | 0.277 | 1.383 | 1.383 | -- | 0.415 |
52 | Community-level | Water Chestnut | 106,056.341 | 105 | 16.282 | 8.231 | 0.271 | 5.156 | 2.171 | 0.271 | 0.090 |
53 | County-level | Tiandi Yifang Shopping Center | 74,399.759 | 36 | 10.872 | 7.324 | 0.114 | 1.488 | 1.945 | -- | -- |
54 | Community-level | Shangdonghui Commercial Plaza | 15,738.484 | 69 | 10.802 | 6.989 | 0.635 | 0.635 | 1.271 | 0.635 | 0.635 |
55 | County-level | Zhuyehai | 365,917.726 | 53 | 3.225 | 2.077 | 0.219 | 0.246 | 0.574 | 0.082 | 0.027 |
56 | Orsun Century Plaza | 86,725.649 | 70 | 8.840 | 3.767 | 0.307 | 1.845 | 2.537 | 0.384 | -- | |
57 | Community-level | Tangjiadun Shopping Plaza | 30,304.499 | 257 | 4.620 | 1.650 | 0.660 | 0.990 | 0.330 | 0.990 | -- |
58 | Nuvoton Vanke Plaza | 18,749.358 | 46 | 22.756 | 11.023 | 0.711 | 3.911 | 7.111 | -- | -- | |
59 | Hankou Forwardcity | 50,766.242 | 52 | 1.618 | 0.809 | 0.270 | 0.270 | 0.270 | -- | -- | |
60 | Happy Chaobei Wanjia Metropolis | 35,641.208 | 49 | 14.479 | 6.715 | 1.049 | 3.358 | 3.148 | 0.210 | -- | |
61 | County-level | Erqi Commercial Center | 66,555.014 | 112 | 14.713 | 5.099 | 0.728 | 4.807 | 3.059 | 0.728 | 0.291 |
62 | Aeon Mall Wuhan Golden Bridge | 43,727.787 | 21 | 6.251 | 4.726 | 0.305 | 0.762 | 0.457 | -- | -- | |
63 | Jianer Road | 133,677.374 | 58 | 12.670 | 6.257 | 0.313 | 2.451 | 2.503 | 0.730 | 0.417 | |
64 | Community-level | Impression City Shopping Center | 63,848.891 | 22 | 2.618 | 0.770 | 0.462 | 0.770 | 0.616 | -- | -- |
65 | Castle Peak Department Store | 41,010.297 | 236 | 10.653 | 5.095 | 0.695 | 2.084 | 0.926 | 0.926 | 0.926 | |
66 | County-level | Houhu | 194,629.826 | 72 | 10.640 | 5.040 | 0.255 | 3.665 | 1.324 | 0.204 | 0.153 |
Blocks | Jiedaokou | Chu River Han Street | Optics Valley | Jianghan Road | Zhongnan Road | Wangjiawan | … | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baishazhou Street | 0.026408 | 0.045933 | 0.020228 | 0.054643 | 0.115185 | 0.022616 | 1 | |
Guanshan Street | 0.038282 | 0.025985 | 0.365569 | 0.053384 | 0.072867 | 0.011635 | 1 | |
Hanjiadun Street | 0.007521 | 0.013986 | 0.01491 | 0.126534 | 0.028632 | 0.084972 | 1 | |
Yongfeng Street | 0.009091 | 0.019057 | 0.01614 | 0.062275 | 0.031502 | 0.526787 | 1 | |
Zhongnan Road | 0.04796 | 0.082271 | 0.031373 | 0.060661 | 0.419601 | 0.015165 | 1 | |
Jianghan Second Bridge | 0.008875 | 0.015042 | 0.014440433 | 0.066637 | 0.030235 | 0.552497 | 1 | |
Shuiguo River | 0.035638 | 0.260984 | 0.020907044 | 0.053908 | 0.135928 | 0.012351 | 1 | |
… | 1 |
Planning Level | Attractiveness Value | Commercial Floorspace | Length of Development | Total Industry Density | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average | Max | Min | Std.D | Ave | Max | Min | Std.D | Ave | Max | Min | Std.D | Ave | Max | Min | Std.D | |
City-level | 0.597 | 0.982 | 0.321 | 0.231 | 403,480 | 952,847 | 213,151 | 250,732 | 247 | 318 | 140 | 55 | 14 | 17 | 11 | 2.216 |
County-level | 0.120 | 0.376 | 0.016 | 0.104 | 128,443 | 365,917 | 17,069 | 88,037 | 105 | 310 | 21 | 68 | 12 | 27 | 2 | 5.866 |
Community-level | 0.025 | 0.237 | 0.000 | 0.042 | 33,878 | 195,174 | 3692 | 37,869 | 95 | 257 | 22 | 61 | 14 | 54 | 1 | 9.734 |
Explanatory Variables | Influence Level | Model Estimation | Observed Value vs. Calculated Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Correlation Coefficient | T-Stat | R2 | Reliability | Correlation Coefficient | SE | T-Stat | |
TAD_Time | −0.03124723 | −841.836439 | 0.638 | 0.0278 | 0.9646 | 0.008601 | 112.16 |
CC_Age | 0.000276344 | 16.6397536 | |||||
Shop_POI_Den | 0.124398252 | 32.79476398 | |||||
DaiSer_POI_Den | 0.013707401 | 14.83760288 | |||||
Med_POI_Den | 0.109029475 | 25.50235825 | |||||
Acc_POI_Den | −0.035435085 | −49.5415711 | |||||
SpoLei_POI_Den | 0.098482894 | 71.69963251 |
Explanatory Variables | R2 | Observed Value vs. Calculated Value | Correlation Coefficient | T-Stat | SE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TAD_Time | 0.787 | y = 0.9477x + 0.00079 | −0.024763 | −536.65 | 0.0000461 |
CC_Age | 0.00051346 | 20.012 | 0.0000257 | ||
Shop_POI_Den | 0.27548 | 63.367 | 0.0043474 | ||
Med_POI_Den | 0.052481 | 10.037 | 0.0052288 | ||
DaiSer_POI_Den | 0.043514 | 34.027 | 0.0012788 | ||
SpoLei_POI_Den | 0.03125 | 17.211 | 0.0018157 | ||
Acc_POI_Den | −0.0096947 | −2.6069 | 0.0037189 |
Explanatory Variables | R2 | Observed Value vs. Calculated Value | Correlation Coefficient | T-Stat | SE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TAD_Time | 0.662 | y = 0.91798x + 0.00124 | −0.039966 | −695.98 | 0.0000574 |
CC_Age | −0.00013044 | −6.1671 | 0.0000212 | ||
Shop_POI_Den | 0.045025 | 6.7363 | 0.0066839 | ||
Med_POI_Den | 0.062739 | 12.252 | 0.0051206 | ||
DaiSer_POI_Den | 0.018094 | 14.145 | 0.0012793 | ||
SpoLei_POI_Den | 0.14104 | 74.294 | 0.0018983 | ||
Acc_POI_Den | −0.19844 | −51.512 | 0.0038523 |
Name | Main Source of Customers and Their Average Age (Years) | Construction Weakness | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Commercial Scale | Traffic Accessibility | Domestic Services | Sports Leisure | Medical Care | Shopping Service | ||
Hanxi Commercial Center | Zongguan Street (45) | ● | ●●● | ●● | ●●● | ||
Hanjiadun Street (43) | |||||||
Water chestnut commercial center | Tangjiadun Street (44) | ●● | ●●● | ||||
Changqing (40) | |||||||
North Lake Street (46) | |||||||
Jianer Road Commercial Center | Hongwei Road (45) | ●●● | ●● | ● | |||
Ganghua Street (46) | |||||||
Wuhan Iron and Steel Plant (47) | |||||||
Nanhu Commercial Center | Nanhu Street (39) | ●● | |||||
Hongshan Street (32) | |||||||
Lion Rock Street (32) | |||||||
Taizihu Road Commercial Center | Zhuankou Street (37) | ●● | ●●● | ●●● | ● | ||
Daji Street (42) | |||||||
Junshan Street (36) | |||||||
Caidian Changfu Street (44) | |||||||
Erqi Commercial Center | Erqi Street (43) | ●●● | ●● |
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Shan, Z.; Wu, Z.; Yuan, M. Exploring the Influence Mechanism of Attractiveness on Wuhan’s Urban Commercial Centers by Modifying the Classic Retail Model. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10, 652. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100652
Shan Z, Wu Z, Yuan M. Exploring the Influence Mechanism of Attractiveness on Wuhan’s Urban Commercial Centers by Modifying the Classic Retail Model. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2021; 10(10):652. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100652
Chicago/Turabian StyleShan, Zhuoran, Zhe Wu, and Man Yuan. 2021. "Exploring the Influence Mechanism of Attractiveness on Wuhan’s Urban Commercial Centers by Modifying the Classic Retail Model" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 10: 652. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100652