Open AccessArticle

Thermodynamic Analysis of Entropy Generation Minimization in Thermally Dissipating Flow Over a Thin Needle Moving in a Parallel Free Stream of Two Newtonian Fluids

Ilyas Khan

Waqar A. Khan

²,

Muhammad Qasim

Idrees Afridi

³ and

Sayer O. Alharbi

^4,*

Faculty of Mathematics and Statistics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700,000, Vietnam

Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia

Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad-455000, Pakistan

⁴

Department of Mathematics, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Entropy 2019, 21(1), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/e21010074

Submission received: 21 November 2018 / Revised: 25 December 2018 / Accepted: 28 December 2018 / Published: 16 January 2019

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entropy Generation Minimization II)

Download

Browse Figures

Versions Notes

Abstract

This article is devoted to study sustainability of entropy generation in an incompressible thermal flow of Newtonian fluids over a thin needle that is moving in a parallel stream. Two types of Newtonian fluids (water and air) are considered in this work. The energy dissipation term is included in the energy equation. Here, it is presumed that u_∞ (the free stream velocity) is in the positive axial direction (x-axis) and the motion of the thin needle is in the opposite or similar direction as the free stream velocity. The reduced self-similar governing equations are solved numerically with the aid of the shooting technique with the fourth-order-Runge-Kutta method. Using similarity transformations, it is possible to obtain the expression for dimensionless form of the volumetric entropy generation rate and the Bejan number. The effects of Prandtl number, Eckert number and dimensionless temperature parameter are discussed graphically in details for water and air taken as Newtonian fluids.

Keywords:

entropy generation; Bejan number; thin needle; two Newtonian fluids; self-similar equations

1. Introduction

The first law of thermodynamics is essentially the expression of the law of conservation of energy, i.e., during any interaction between a system and its surroundings, energy is always conserved. In other words, the first law of thermodynamics is concerned with the amount of energy and the conversion quantity of energy and its conversion from one form to another without stipulating the quality. In the design as well as development of different engineering products, quantity and specifying the quality of energy are considered key parameters.

The second law of thermodynamics offers us the needed tools to define not only the quality, but also the degree of degradation of energy throughout a process. Entropy or irreversibility is the key tool that helps measure energy quality. As per the second law of thermodynamics, when energy is being converted into something useful, energy losses always occur, thereby reducing the performance of devices used to convert energy. This means that energy is degraded (or destroyed) and is directly proportional to the generation of entropy. Therefore, there is always a decrease in the amount of available energy when entropy generation occurs in a system. Thus, how well a thermal system performs may be enhanced through the reduction of entropy generation. For this reason, it is critical to know how entropy generation is distributed during the process of thermodynamics so as to reduce its production. The performance and efficiency of most thermal systems is usually degraded because of the manifestation of irreversibilities and hence the entropy generation (

{\dot{S}}_{g e n}^{m}

), which is defined as the measure of the magnitude of the irreversibilities present during that process. The higher the degree of irreversibilities, the higher the rate of entropy generation. In other words,

{\dot{S}}_{g e n}^{m}

may be utilized in the establishment of the criteria needed to determine the performance of various engineering or thermal devices. The second law of thermodynamics has been used in various flow problems as well as thermal systems so as to help minimize the rate of entropy generation.

Bejan [1,2] was the first to examine the sources of entropy generation in a conventional heat transfer problem. The author established that the temperature gradient because of finite differences in velocity gradient and temperature was responsible for the production of entropy during the fluid flow process. Afterwards, several researchers followed the work of Bejan thereby studying how to apply the analysis of the second law thermodynamics in heat transfer and fluid flow problems so as to abate the generation of entropy [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. Nonetheless, further exploration for such problems or aspects need to be conducted. This needle is a body shaped like a paraboloid of revolution with the axis in the direction of the incident flow. The diameter of thin needle is of the same order as that of velocity or thermal boundary layers developed. This particular shape of the boundary permits a similarity solution to exits and therefore enabled us to investigate the problem in detail. We consider in this problem a thin needle whose thickness is comparable to that of the boundary or thermal layers or smaller.

In 1967, Lee [19], studied the boundary layer flow over a thin needle. Such flows has many applications in aerospace and marine engineering, for example, flow of torpedoes, submarines, surface vehicles such as airplanes and many others. Chen and Smith [20] analyzed the forced convection heat transfers from non-isothermal thin needle. Ishaq et al. [21], studied numerically the boundary layer flow through a continuously moving thin needle that is in a parallel free motion. Grosan and Pop [22], investigated forced convection boundary layer flow past non-isothermal thin needles in nanofluids. They solved the resulting problem numerically for two types of nanoparticles, which were either nonmetallic or metallic, such as alumina (Al₂O₃) and copper (Cu) and water was taken as base fluid. Soid et al. [23] examined the analysis of boundary layer flow in a thin needle in continuous motion in a nanofluid. All the above thin needle problems focused on the heat transfer analysis only. However, there has been no attention given to the understanding of how entropy is generated with a thin needle in a parallel motion.

Therefore, the current study intends to carry out such an analysis. Appropriate transformation will be applied to help convert basic equations to self-similarity equations. Additionally, the shooting technique alongside the Runge-Kutta method will be applied to help obtain numerical solutions. To calculate the entropy generation number, we use the calculated temperature, velocity profile, and their gradients. Graphs will be used to show the impact of the various physical parameters on temperature distribution, velocity, entropy generation and the Bejan number.

2. Flow Analysis

Consider the laminar steady flow of a dissipative fluid over a thin moving needle in a free stream. The thin needle is supposed to be moving with a constant velocity u_w and the fluid in a stress-free region is moving with velocity u_∞ as shown in Figure 1. Under the stated assumptions, the governing flow equations along with the boundary conditions take the following form [21,22,23,24]:

\frac{\partial}{\partial x} (r u) + \frac{\partial}{\partial r} (r v) = 0

(1)

u \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} + v \frac{\partial u}{\partial r} = \frac{ν}{r} \frac{\partial}{\partial r} (r \frac{\partial u}{\partial r})

(2)

\begin{matrix} u = u_{w}, v = 0, & at r = R (x) \\ u \to u_{\infty} & as r \to \infty \end{matrix}}

(3)

where r and x show radial and axial coordinates respectively, v represents kinematic viscosity and

〈 u, v 〉

, respectively, represent the components of velocity in the x and r directions.

The similarity variables are defined as [23]:

ψ = ν x f (η), η = \frac{U r^{2}}{ν x}

(4)

where the stream function

ψ

is defined as

u = \frac{1}{r} \frac{\partial ψ}{\partial r}

and

v = - \frac{1}{r} \frac{\partial ψ}{\partial x} .

The velocity components u and ν identically satisfied the continuity equation. The composite velocity is defined as U = u_w + u_∞ ≠ 0 and the dimensionless stream function is denoted by f(η). By taking η = a (which represents the wall of the needle) in Equation (4), we get

R (x) = {(\frac{a ν x}{U})}^{1 / 2}

which describes the size and the shape of the surface of revolution).

Utilizing (2) and (3) we get the following form:

f f^{″} + 2 (f^{″} + η f^{‴}) = 0

(5)

{\dot{S}}_{g e n}^{‴} = \frac{k}{T_{\infty}^{2}} [{(\frac{\partial T}{\partial r})}^{2} + {(\frac{\partial T}{\partial x})}^{2}] + \frac{μ}{T_{\infty}} {2 [{(\frac{\partial v}{\partial r})}^{2} + {(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x})}^{2}] + {(\frac{\partial u}{\partial r} + \frac{\partial v}{\partial x})}^{2}} . f (a) = \frac{a ε}{2}, f^{'} (a) = \frac{ε}{2}, f^{'} (\infty) \to \frac{1 - ε}{2}

(6)

where

ε = \frac{u_{w}}{u_{w} + u_{\infty}}

represents the velocity ratio parameter. The local skin friction coefficient takes the following form:

C_{f} {({Re}_{x})}^{1 / 2} = 8 a^{1 / 2} f^{″} (a)

(7)

where

{Re}_{x} = \frac{U x}{ν}

denotes local Reynolds number.

2.1. First Law Analysis

The energy equation in cylindrical coordinates for dissipative fluid flow over a thin needle is:

u \frac{\partial T}{\partial x} + v \frac{\partial T}{\partial r} = \frac{α}{r} \frac{\partial}{\partial r} (r \frac{\partial T}{\partial r}) + \frac{ν}{c_{p}} {(\frac{\partial u}{\partial r})}^{2}

(8)

where T, α, ν and c_p represent Equation (4), Equation temperature distribution, thermal diffusivity, kinematic viscosity and specific heat at constant pressure. The imposed boundary conditions are:

\begin{array}{l} T = T_{w} at r = R (x) \\ T \to T_{\infty} as r \to \infty \end{array}}

(9)

Further, it is supposed that T_w > T_∞ (heated needle) and the dimensionless temperature θ(η) is given by:

θ (η) = \frac{T - T_{\infty}}{T_{w} - T_{\infty}}

(10)

Using Equations (4) and (10), Equations (8) and (9) reduce to:

η θ^{″} + θ^{'} (1 + 0.5 \Pr f) + 4 η E c \Pr {f^{″}}^{2} = 0

(11)

θ (a) = 1, θ (η \to \infty) = 0

(12)

where

\Pr = \frac{ν}{α}

and

E c = \frac{U^{2}}{c_{p}} (T_{w} - T_{\infty})

are the Prandtl and Eckert numbers, respectively. The expression for the local Nusselt number N_u = (Re_x)^−1/2 is:

N_{u} {({Re}_{x})}^{- 1 / 2} = - 2 a^{1 / 2} θ^{'} (a)

(13)

2.2. Second Law Analysis

The complete expression of entropy generation for two-dimensional flow with thermal dissipation in cylindrical coordinate is:

{\dot{S}}_{g e n}^{‴} = \frac{k}{T_{\infty}^{2}} [{(\frac{\partial T}{\partial r})}^{2} + {(\frac{\partial T}{\partial x})}^{2}] + \frac{μ}{T_{\infty}} {2 [{(\frac{\partial v}{\partial r})}^{2} + {(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x})}^{2}] + {(\frac{\partial u}{\partial r} + \frac{\partial v}{\partial x})}^{2}}

(14)

Utilizing boundary layer approximations Equation (14) reduces to:

{\dot{S}}_{g e n}^{‴} = \frac{k}{T_{\infty}^{2}} {(\frac{\partial T}{\partial r})}^{2} + \frac{μ}{T_{\infty}} {(\frac{\partial u}{\partial r})}^{2} .

(15)

The terms

\frac{k}{T_{\infty}^{2}} {(\frac{\partial T}{\partial r})}^{2}

and

\frac{μ}{T_{\infty}} {(\frac{\partial u}{\partial r})}^{2}

respectively represent the entropy production by virtue of heat transfer

{\dot{S}}_{p r o d, Δ T}^{‴}

and fluid friction.

Using Equations (4) and (10), Equation (14) becomes:

N s = \frac{{\dot{S}}_{p r o d}^{‴}}{k Ω^{2}_{T} η {Re}_{x} / x^{2}} = {θ^{'}}^{2} + 4 B r {f^{″}}^{2} = N_{Δ T} + N_{F r i c}

(16)

where Br = EcPr/Ω_T (modified Brinkman number), N_ΔT = θ^’2 (conductive irreviersibility), N_Fric = 4Brf″²,

{({\dot{S}}_{p r o d}^{m})}_{c} = \frac{4 k Ω_{T}^{2} η {Re}_{x}}{x^{2}} (c h a r a c t e r i s t i c e n t r o p y) .

Bejan [1] introduced the expression of irreversibility distribution ratio as given below:

Φ = {\dot{S}}_{p r o d, F r i c}^{‴} / {\dot{S}}_{p r o d, Δ T}^{‴}

(17)

It is noteworthy to underline that when

Φ > 1

, the fluid friction irreversibility Ns_f is the major factor whereas when

0 < Φ < 1

the heat transfer irreversibility Ns_h is the dominant one. When Ф = 1, the improvement secondary to heat transfer (Ns_h) and to fluid friction (Ns_f) are equal.

Equation (18) takes the form:

Φ = \frac{4 B r {f^{″}}^{2}}{{θ^{'}}^{2}}

(18)

The irreversibility ratio also known as Bejan number is given by:

B e = \frac{{\dot{S}}_{p r o d, Δ T}^{‴}}{{\dot{S}}_{p r o d}^{‴}} = \frac{\frac{k}{T_{\infty}^{2}} {(\frac{\partial T}{\partial r})}^{2}}{\frac{k}{T_{\infty}^{2}} {(\frac{\partial T}{\partial r})}^{2} + \frac{μ}{T_{\infty}} {(\frac{\partial u}{\partial r})}^{2}}

(19)

Using similarity transformations, Equation (20) takes the following form:

B e = \frac{{θ^{'}}^{2}}{{θ^{'}}^{2} + 4 B r ​ {f^{″}}^{2}}

(20)

3. Results and Discussions

In this section, our key concern is to look at the impacts of the chief physical parameters on the quantities of interest. Therefore Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7, Figure 8 and Figure 9 are given. Figure 2a,b show the variation of entropy generation as a result of heat transfer and viscous irreversibility with dimensionless size of thin needle (a) and velocity ratio parameter ε < 0 for both type of fluids (air and water), respectively. It is found that conduction irreversibility increases for both air and water as fluid with decreasing size of the needle. For a fixed thin needle size, the conduction irreversibility increases for air and decreases for water with decreasing (in an absolute sense) velocity ratio parameter. Furthermore, the comparison also reveals that the entropy generated due to heat transfer in water is more than in air and this is because of the high Prandtl number. Similar effects are observed for fluid friction irreversibility as depicted in Figure 3a,b. The total entropy generation (Ns)_t increases with the diminishing size of the thin needle as depicted in Figure 4a,b and this is because of the increasing velocity and temperature gradients. Figure 4a,b also reveal that the total entropy generated in water is more than in air. Furthermore, for a fixed value of “a” the entropy decreases as the needle velocity decreases or the free stream velocity increases, so by increasing the free stream velocity or by decreasing the velocity of the thin needle one can minimize the entropy generation, which is the main goal of the second law analysis, the minimization of entropy generation.

Figure 5a,b describe the variation of Bejan number (Be) with needle size “a” and velocity ratio parameter ε < 0 for air and water, respectively. It is found that the Bejan number is independent of “a” if the working fluid is air. In the case of water, the Bejan number increases with decreasing size of the needle and decreases with the falling values of the velocity ratio parameter (up to ε ≈ −0.25). The Bejan number is less than 0.5 in the case of water therefore the contribution of fluid friction is dominant over the contribution of heat transfer as shown in Figure 5b.

For both types of fluid, air and water, the entropy generated because of heat transfer increases with decreasing magnitude of “a”. Physically, with decreasing needle size the thermal boundary layer thickness reduces, i.e., the temperature gradient increases which in turn enhances the heat transfer irreversibility. For fixed vale of “a” entropy due to heat transfer attains its peak value and then decreases as the velocity ratio parameter increase. This behaviour is examined for both type of fluid air and water as portrayed in Figure 6a,b. For any fixed value of ε except ε = 0.5 the contribution of fluid friction in entropy generation increases with decreasing dimensionless size of the needle. At ε = 0.5 the fluid friction plays no role in the entropy generation. Physically, when ε = 0.5 the free stream velocity is equal to the needle velocity (fluid and needle are relatively at rest) and therefore the velocity gradients cancel out. The total entropy generation increases with the decreasing size of needle for both type of fluids, air and water, as shown in Figure 8a,b. These figures also describe that more entropy is generated in water as compared to air. Furthermore, for any fixed size of the thin needle (let’s take a = 0.1) the entropy decreases up to the fixed value of velocity ratio parameter ε = 0.5 and then increases. It is also found that as the size of the thin needle decreases the total entropy generated in Sakiadis flow dominating the entropy generated in Blasius flow.

Figure 9a,b show the effects of needle size and velocity ration parameter (0 ≤ ε ≤ 1) on Bejan number for both type of fluids, air and water, respectively. The Bejan number remains constant with the variation of needle size for air and decreases for water. Furthermore, as the velocity ratio parameter increases the Bejan number attains its maximum value and then decreases. At ε = 0.5, heat transfer irreversibility is completely dominant to viscous irreversibility irrespective of the size of the thin needle and fluid type. This is because, at ε = 0.5 the velocity gradients vanish and therefore viscous effects have no contribution to entropy generation.

4. Closing Remarks

The effects of viscous dissipation on entropy generation in a fluid flow over a thin needle is studied. The following are the key conclusions of the present study:

Heat transfer and fluid friction irreversibility increases with the decreasing size of the thin needle for both type of fluids air and water.
Total entropy enhances with the reduced size needle.
Entropy generated due to heat transfer and fluid friction in water is more than in air.
When ε < 0, entropy can be minimized either by increasing the free stream velocity or by decreasing the needle velocity.

Author Contributions

M.Q. and S.O.A. modelled the problem and draw the physical sketch. I.A. and I.K. introduced the similarity transformation and transformed the modeled problem into dimensionless form. W.A.K. solved the problem numerically and computed the results. S.O.A. discussed the results with conclusions. All the authors equally contributed in writing and revising the manuscript.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Deanship of Scientific Research, Majmaah University for supporting this work.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors do not have any conflict of interest.

Nomenclature

$a$	Constant
$B e$	Bejan Number $[-]$
$B r$	Brinkman number $[-]$
$c_{p}$	Specific heat $[{JKg}^{- 1} K^{- 1}]$
$E c$	Eckert number $[-]$
$f$	Dimensionless stream function
$k$	Thermal conductivity $[{Wm}^{- 1} K^{- 1}]$
$P r$	Prandtl number $[-]$
$R (x)$	Shape and size of the needle [m]
$R e_{x}$	Local Reynold number $[-]$
$T$	Temperature field [K]
$U$	Composite velocity [ ${m s}^{- 1}$ ]
$u_{w}, u_{\infty}$	Velocity of needle and free stream, respectively [ ${m s}^{- 1}$ ]
$u, v$	Velocity components in axial and radial directions, respectively [m]
$x, r$	Spatial coordinates measured in axial and radial directions, respectively [m]
$θ$	Non-dimensional temperature $[-]$
$ρ$	Density of fluid $[{kg m}^{- 3}]$
$μ$	Dynamic viscosity $[{kg m}^{- 1} s^{- 1}]$
$Ψ$	Dimensional stream function $[m^{2} s^{- 1}]$
$ε$	Velocity ratio parameter

References

Bejan, A. A study of entropy generation in fundamental convective heat transfer. J. Heat Transf. 1979, 101, 718–725. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Bejan, A. Entropy Generation through Heat and Fluid Flow; John Wiley and Sons: New York, NY, USA, 1982. [Google Scholar]
Mahmud, S.; Fraser, R.A. Thermodynamics analysis of flow and heat transfer inside channel with two parallel plates. Exergy 2002, 2, 140–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Makinde, O.D. Irreversibility analysis for a gravity driven non-Newtonian liquid film along an inclined isothermal plate. Phys. Scr. 2006, 74, 642–645. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Makinde, O.D.; Maserumule, R.L. Thermal criticality and entropy analysis for a variable viscosity Couette flow. Phys. Scr. 2008, 78, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Makinde, O.D. Second law analysis for variable viscosity hydromagnetic boundary layer flow with thermal radiation and Newtonian heating. Entropy 2011, 13, 1446–1464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Aziz, A.; Khan, W.A. Entropy Generation in an Asymmetrically Cooled Slab with Temperature-Dependent Internal Heat Generation. Heat Transf.-Asian Res. 2012, 41, 260–271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Mkwizu, M.; Makinde, O.D. Entropy generation in a variable viscosity channel flow of nanofluids with convective cooling. Compt. Rendus Mecanique 2015, 343, 38–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Makinde, O.D.; Khan, W.A.; Aziz, A. On inherent irreversibility in Sakiadis flow of nanofluids. Int. J. Exergy 2013, 13, 159–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Rashidi, M.M.; Ali, M.; Freidoonimehr, N.; Nazari, F. Parametric analysis and optimization of entropy generation in unsteady MHD flow over a stretching rotating disk using artificial neural network and particle swarm optimization algorithm. Energy 2013, 55, 497–510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Butt, A.S.; Ali, A. Investigation of entropy generation effects in magnetohydrodynamic three-dimensional flow and heat transfer of viscous fluid over a stretching surface. J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. 2015, 37, 211–219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Das, S.; Sarkar, B.C.; Jana, R.N. Entropy Generation in MHD free convection boundary layer flow past an inclined flat plat embedded in a porous medium with hall currents. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 2013, 8, 36–46. [Google Scholar]
Govindaraju, M.; Saranya, S.; Hakeem, A.K.A.; Jayaprakash, R.; Ganga, B. Analysis of slip MHD nanofluid flow on entropy generation in a stretching sheet. Procedia Eng. 2015, 127, 501–507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Rashidi, M.M.; Mohammadi, F.; Abbasbandy, S.; Alhuthali, M.S. Entropy generation analysis for stagnation point flow in a porous medium over a permeable stretching surface. J. Appl. Fluid Mech. 2015, 8, 753–765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sheikholeslami, M. New computational approach for exergy and entropy analysis of nanofluid under the impact of Lorentz force through a porous media. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 2019, 344, 319–333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Hakeem, A.K.A.; Govindaraju, M.; Ganga, B.; Kayalvizhi, M. Second law analysis for radiative MHD slip flow of a nanofluid over a stretching sheet with non-uniform heat source effect. Sci. Iran. 2016, 23, 1524–1538. [Google Scholar] [Green Version]
Butt, A.S.; Ali, A.; Mehmood, A. Numerical investigation of magnetic field effects on entropy generation in viscous flow over a stretching cylinder embedded in a porous medium. Energy 2016, 99, 237–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Afridi, M.I.; Qasim, M.; Khan, I.; Shafie, S.; Alshomrani, A.S. Entropy Generation in Magnetohydrodynamic Mixed Convection Flow over an Inclined Stretching Sheet. Entropy 2016, 19, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Lee, L.L. Boundary Layer over a thin needle. Phys. Fluids 1967, 10, 820–822. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Chen, J.L.S.; Smith, T.N. Forced confection heat transfer from non-isothermal thin needles. J. Heat Transf. Trans. ASME 1978, 100, 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Ishaq, A.; Nazar, R.; Pop, I. Boundary layer flow over a continuously moving thin needle in a parallel free stream. Chin. Phys. Lett. 2007, 24, 2895. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Grosan, T.; Pop, I. Forced convection boundary layer flow past non isothermal thin needles in nanofluids. J. Heat Transf. 2011, 113, 054503-1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Soid, S.K.; Ishak, A.; Pop, I. Boundary layer flow past a continuously moving thin needle. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2017, 114, 58–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Afridi, M.I.; Qasim, M. Entropy generation and heat transfer in boundary layer flow over a thin needle moving in a parallel stream in the presence of nonlinear Rosseland radiation. Int. J. Ther. Sci. 2018, 123, 117–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Figure 1. Flow model and coordinate system.

Figure 2. Variation of Ns_h when u_∞ > 0 and the ε = 0 for (a) air and (b) water.

Figure 3. Variation of Ns_f when u_∞ > 0 and the ε < 0 for (a) air and (b) water.

Figure 4. Variation of Ns_t when u_∞ > 0 and the ε < 0 for (a) air and (b) water.

Figure 5. Variation of Be when u_∞ > 0 and the ε < 0 for (a) air and (b) water.

Figure 6. Variation of Ns_h when (0 < ε < 1) for (a) air and (b) water.

Figure 7. Variation of Ns_f when (0 < ε < 1) for (a) air and (b) water.

Figure 8. Variation of Ns_t when (0 < ε < 1) for (a) air and (b) water.

Figure 9. Variation of Be when (0 < ε < 1) for (a) air and (b) water.

© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Khan, I.; Khan, W.A.; Qasim, M.; Afridi, I.; Alharbi, S.O. Thermodynamic Analysis of Entropy Generation Minimization in Thermally Dissipating Flow Over a Thin Needle Moving in a Parallel Free Stream of Two Newtonian Fluids. Entropy 2019, 21, 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/e21010074

AMA Style

Khan I, Khan WA, Qasim M, Afridi I, Alharbi SO. Thermodynamic Analysis of Entropy Generation Minimization in Thermally Dissipating Flow Over a Thin Needle Moving in a Parallel Free Stream of Two Newtonian Fluids. Entropy. 2019; 21(1):74. https://doi.org/10.3390/e21010074

Chicago/Turabian Style

Khan, Ilyas, Waqar A. Khan, Muhammad Qasim, Idrees Afridi, and Sayer O. Alharbi. 2019. "Thermodynamic Analysis of Entropy Generation Minimization in Thermally Dissipating Flow Over a Thin Needle Moving in a Parallel Free Stream of Two Newtonian Fluids" Entropy 21, no. 1: 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/e21010074

APA Style

Khan, I., Khan, W. A., Qasim, M., Afridi, I., & Alharbi, S. O. (2019). Thermodynamic Analysis of Entropy Generation Minimization in Thermally Dissipating Flow Over a Thin Needle Moving in a Parallel Free Stream of Two Newtonian Fluids. Entropy, 21(1), 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/e21010074

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Menu

Thermodynamic Analysis of Entropy Generation Minimization in Thermally Dissipating Flow Over a Thin Needle Moving in a Parallel Free Stream of Two Newtonian Fluids

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Flow Analysis

2.1. First Law Analysis

2.2. Second Law Analysis

3. Results and Discussions

4. Closing Remarks

Author Contributions

Acknowledgments

Conflicts of Interest

Nomenclature

References

Share and Cite

Article Metrics

Article Access Statistics

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI