Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]

skip to main content
10.1145/3430524.3440630acmotherconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesteiConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article
Open access

Soft Speakers: Digital Embroidering of DIY Customizable Fabric Actuators

Published: 14 February 2021 Publication History

Abstract

We introduce Soft Speakers, a systematic approach for designing custom fabric actuators that can be used as audio speakers and vibro-haptic actuators. Digitally-embroidered with e-textiles, we implement Soft Speakers as tactile, malleable and aesthetic designs to be part of wearables, soft furnishing and fabric objects. We present a rapid technique for the DIY fabrication of audio feedback into soft interfaces. We also discuss and evaluate 7 factors for their parametric design in additive and constructive methods. To demonstrate the feasibility of our approach and the breadth of new designs that it enables, we developed 5 prototypes: 3 wearables, a piece of furniture and a soft toy. Studying Soft Speakers with maker-users expanded the design space, empowering users and supporting inclusive design. Our study includes insights on user experience of real-world interactive applications for remote communication, e-learning, entertainment, navigation and gaming, enabled by Soft Speakers’ customizable and scalable form factor.

Supplementary Material

M4V File (3430524.3440630.m4v)
Supplementary video

References

[1]
Bang and Olufsen. 2019. Architectural Speaker - Beosound Shape. (2019). https://www.bang-olufsen.com/en/speakers/beosound-shape
[2]
Joanna Berzowska and Marguerite Bromley. 2007. Soft computation through conductive textiles. In Proceedings of the International Foundation of Fashion Technology Institutes Conference. 12–15.
[3]
Joanna Berzowska and Marcelo Coelho. 2005. Kukkia and vilkas: Kinetic electronic garments. In Ninth IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers (ISWC’05). 82–85. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISWC.2005.29
[4]
Leah Buechley and Michael Eisenberg. 2009. Fabric PCBs, Electronic Sequins, and Socket Buttons: Techniques for e-Textile Craft. Personal Ubiquitous Comput. 13, 2 (Feb. 2009), 133–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-007-0181-0
[5]
Marcelo Coelho, Ivan Poupyrev, Sajid Sadi, Roel Vertegaal, Joanna Berzowska, Leah Buechley, Pattie Maes, and Neri Oxman. 2009. Programming Reality: From Transitive Materials to Organic User Interfaces. In CHI ’09 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Boston, MA, USA) (CHI EA ’09). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 4759–4762. https://doi.org/10.1145/1520340.1520734
[6]
Audrey Desjardins and Aubree Ball. 2018. Revealing Tensions in Autobiographical Design in HCI. In Proceedings of the 2018 Designing Interactive Systems Conference (Hong Kong, China) (DIS ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 753–764. https://doi.org/10.1145/3196709.3196781
[7]
Audrey Desjardins and Ron Wakkary. 2016. Living In A Prototype: A Reconfigured Space. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (San Jose, California, USA) (CHI ’16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 5274–5285. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858261
[8]
Jacob Fraden. 2004. Handbook of modern sensors: physics, designs, and applications. Springer Science & Business Media.
[9]
William Gaver, John Bowers, Andy Boucher, Andy Law, Sarah Pennington, and Nicholas Villar. 2006. The History Tablecloth: Illuminating Domestic Activity. In Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (University Park, PA, USA) (DIS ’06). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1145/1142405.1142437
[10]
Jun Gong, Yu Wu, Lei Yan, Teddy Seyed, and Xing-Dong Yang. 2019. Tessutivo: Contextual Interactions on Interactive Fabrics with Inductive Sensing. In Proceedings of the 32nd Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology(New Orleans, LA, USA) (UIST ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1145/3332165.3347897
[11]
Daniel Groeger and Jürgen Steimle. 2019. LASEC: Instant Fabrication of Stretchable Circuits Using a Laser Cutter. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Glasgow, Scotland Uk) (CHI ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300929
[12]
Nur Al-huda Hamdan, Simon Voelker, and Jan Borchers. 2018. Sketch & Stitch: Interactive Embroidery for E-Textiles. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173656
[13]
Anja Hertenberger, Barbro Scholz, Beam Contrechoc, Becky Stewart, Ebru Kurbak, Hannah Perner-Wilson, Irene Posch, Isabel Cabral, Jie Qi, Katharina Childs, Kristi Kuusk, Lynsey Calder, Marina Toeters, Marta Kisand, Martijn ten Bhömer, Maurin Donneaud, Meg Grant, Melissa Coleman, Mika Satomi, Mili Tharakan, Pauline Vierne, Sara Robertson, Sarah Taylor, and Troy Robert Nachtigall. 2014. 2013 E-Textile Swatchbook Exchange: The Importance of Sharing Physical Work. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers: Adjunct Program(Seattle, Washington) (ISWC ’14 Adjunct). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 77–81. https://doi.org/10.1145/2641248.2641276
[14]
Yoshio Ishiguro and Ivan Poupyrev. 2014. 3D Printed Interactive Speakers. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) (CHI ’14). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1733–1742. https://doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557046
[15]
Hiroshi Ishii, Dávid Lakatos, Leonardo Bonanni, and Jean-Baptiste Labrune. 2012. Radical Atoms: Beyond Tangible Bits, toward Transformable Materials. Interactions 19, 1 (Jan. 2012), 38–51. https://doi.org/10.1145/2065327.2065337
[16]
Lee Jones, Sara Nabil, Amanda McLeod, and Audrey Girouard. 2020. Wearable Bits: Scaffolding Creativity with a Prototyping Toolkit for Wearable E-Textiles. In Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction (Sydney NSW, Australia) (TEI ’20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 165–177. https://doi.org/10.1145/3374920.3374954
[17]
Judit Eszter Karpati. 2019. Draping Sound - EJTECH. (2019). http://ejtech.cc/?page_id=1379
[18]
Rytha Kesselring. 2019. MilieuxMake Workshop Series presents: Tactile Sound | Milieux. (2019). https://milieux.concordia.ca/event/milieuxmake-workshop-series-presents-tactile-sound/?fbclid=IwAR0ocyaUxSrfYqZc2YT02-pM8ohI10HJ-Yrq5ye5BpJIRl8vSxLPpVzlapQ
[19]
Tomomi Kono and Keita Watanabe. 2017. Filum: A Sewing Technique to Alter Textile Shapes. In Adjunct Publication of the 30th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (Québec City, QC, Canada) (UIST ’17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 39–41. https://doi.org/10.1145/3131785.3131797
[20]
Anne Lamers, Evy Murraij, Elze Schers, and Armando Rodríguez Pérez. 2019. Layered Embroidery for Dynamic Aesthetics. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Symposium on Wearable Computers (London, United Kingdom) (ISWC ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 302–305. https://doi.org/10.1145/3341163.3346942
[21]
Hung-Sheng Lin, Yi-Tung Shen, Tzu-Han Lin, and Pei-Chun Lin. 2014. Disco lamp: An interactive robot lamp. In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE). IEEE, 1214–1219.
[22]
Sarah Mennicken, A. J. Bernheim Brush, Asta Roseway, and James Scott. 2014. Finding Roles for Interactive Furniture in Homes with EmotoCouch. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing: Adjunct Publication (Seattle, Washington) (UbiComp ’14 Adjunct). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 923–930. https://doi.org/10.1145/2638728.2641547
[23]
Sara Nabil, Aluna Everitt, Miriam Sturdee, Jason Alexander, Simon Bowen, Peter Wright, and David Kirk. 2018. ActuEating: Designing, Studying and Exploring Actuating Decorative Artefacts. In Proceedings of the 2018 Designing Interactive Systems Conference (Hong Kong, China) (DIS ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 327–339. https://doi.org/10.1145/3196709.3196761
[24]
Sara Nabil and David Kirk. 2019. Interactive Interior Design and Personal Data. In People, Personal Data and the Built Environment. Springer, 103–122.
[25]
Sara Nabil, Jan Kučera, Nikoletta Karastathi, David S. Kirk, and Peter Wright. 2019. Seamless Seams: Crafting Techniques for Embedding Fabrics with Interactive Actuation. In Proceedings of the 2019 on Designing Interactive Systems Conference (San Diego, CA, USA) (DIS ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 987–999. https://doi.org/10.1145/3322276.3322369
[26]
Carman Neustaedter and Phoebe Sengers. 2012. Autobiographical Design in HCI Research: Designing and Learning through Use-It-Yourself. In Proceedings of the Designing Interactive Systems Conference (Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom) (DIS ’12). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 514–523. https://doi.org/10.1145/2317956.2318034
[27]
The Swedish School of Textiles.2013. Smart Textiles Design Lab Blog: Goldwork techniques for E-embroidering. (2013). https://stdl.se/?p=3193
[28]
Takeshi Oozu, Aki Yamada, Yuki Enzaki, and Hiroo Iwata. 2017. Escaping Chair: Furniture-Shaped Device Art. In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction (Yokohama, Japan) (TEI ’17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 403–407. https://doi.org/10.1145/3024969.3025064
[29]
Syuzi Pakhchyan. 2008. Fashioning technology: A DIY intro to smart crafting. O’Reilly Media, Inc.
[30]
Patrick Parzer, Florian Perteneder, Kathrin Probst, Christian Rendl, Joanne Leong, Sarah Schuetz, Anita Vogl, Reinhard Schwoediauer, Martin Kaltenbrunner, Siegfried Bauer, and Michael Haller. 2018. RESi: A Highly Flexible, Pressure-Sensitive, Imperceptible Textile Interface Based on Resistive Yarns. In Proceedings of the 31st Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (Berlin, Germany) (UIST ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 745–756. https://doi.org/10.1145/3242587.3242664
[31]
Patrick Parzer, Adwait Sharma, Anita Vogl, Jürgen Steimle, Alex Olwal, and Michael Haller. 2017. SmartSleeve: Real-Time Sensing of Surface and Deformation Gestures on Flexible, Interactive Textiles, Using a Hybrid Gesture Detection Pipeline. In Proceedings of the 30th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology(Québec City, QC, Canada) (UIST ’17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 565–577. https://doi.org/10.1145/3126594.3126652
[32]
Hannah Perner-Wilson. 2012. Embroidered Fabric Speaker - Instructables. (2012). https://www.instructables.com/id/Embroidered-Fabric-Speaker/
[33]
Hannah Perner-Wilson and Leah Buechley. 2010. Handcrafting Textile Mice. In Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (Aarhus, Denmark) (DIS ’10). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 434–435. https://doi.org/10.1145/1858171.1858257
[34]
Hannah Perner-Wilson and Leah Buechley. 2010. Making Textile Sensors from Scratch. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction (Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA) (TEI ’10). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 349–352. https://doi.org/10.1145/1709886.1709972
[35]
Hannah Perner-Wilson, Leah Buechley, and Mika Satomi. 2010. Handcrafting Textile Interfaces from a Kit-of-No-Parts. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction(Funchal, Portugal) (TEI ’11). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 61–68. https://doi.org/10.1145/1935701.1935715
[36]
Hannah Perner-Wilson and Mika Satomi. 2009. DIY Wearable technology. In ISEA 15th International Symposium on Electronic Art.
[37]
Hannah Perner-Wilson and Mika Satomi.2015. How To Get What You Want | Machine Embroidering. (2015). https://www.kobakant.at/DIY/?p=5501
[38]
Hannah Perner-Wilson and Mika Satomi.2020. How To Get What You Want. (2020). https://www.kobakant.at/
[39]
Anna Persson. 2013. Exploring textiles as materials for interaction design. (2013). http://urn.kb.se
[40]
Ivan Poupyrev, Nan-Wei Gong, Shiho Fukuhara, Mustafa Emre Karagozler, Carsten Schwesig, and Karen E. Robinson. 2016. Project Jacquard: Interactive Digital Textiles at Scale. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (San Jose, California, USA) (CHI ’16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 4216–4227. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858176
[41]
Thomas Preindl, Cedric Honnet, Andreas Pointner, Roland Aigner, Joseph A. Paradiso, and Michael Haller. 2020. Sonoflex: Embroidered Speakers Without Permanent Magnets. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (Virtual Event, USA) (UIST ’20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 675–685. https://doi.org/10.1145/3379337.3415888
[42]
Larissa Pschetz and Richard Banks. 2013. Long Living Chair. In CHI ’13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Paris, France) (CHI EA ’13). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2983–2986. https://doi.org/10.1145/2468356.2479590
[43]
Johan Redström. 2001. Designing everyday computational things. rapport nr.: Gothenburg studies in Informatics20 (2001).
[44]
Jess Rowland. 2013. Flexible audio speakers for composition and art practice. Leonardo Music Journal(2013), 33–36.
[45]
Jess Rowland and Adrian Freed. 2012. Flexible Surfaces for Interactive Audio. In Proceedings of the 2012 ACM International Conference on Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces (Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA) (ITS ’12). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 315–318. https://doi.org/10.1145/2396636.2396688
[46]
Daniel Saakes, Takahiro Tsujii, Kohei Nishimura, Tomoko Hashida, and Takeshi Naemura. 2013. Photochromic carpet: Playful floor canvas with color-changing footprints. In International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology. Springer, 622–625.
[47]
Rebecca Stewart. 2019. Cords and Chords: Exploring the Role of E-Textiles in Computational Audio. Frontiers in ICT 6(2019), 2.
[48]
Tomomi Takashina, Kotaro Aoki, Akiya Maekawa, Chihiro Tsukamoto, Hitoshi Kawai, Yoshiyuki Yamariku, Kaori Tsuruta, Marie Shimokawa, Yuji Kokumai, and Hideki Koike. 2015. Smart Curtain as Interactive Display in Living Space. In SIGGRAPH Asia 2015 Posters (Kobe, Japan) (SA ’15). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 32, 1 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2820926.2820971
[49]
Sarah Taylor and Sara Robertson. 2014. Digital Lace: A Collision of Responsive Technologies. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers: Adjunct Program (Seattle, Washington) (ISWC ’14 Adjunct). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 93–97. https://doi.org/10.1145/2641248.2641280
[50]
Anita Vogl, Patrick Parzer, Teo Babic, Joanne Leong, Alex Olwal, and Michael Haller. 2017. StretchEBand: Enabling Fabric-Based Interactions through Rapid Fabrication of Textile Stretch Sensors. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Denver, Colorado, USA) (CHI ’17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2617–2627. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025938
[51]
Akira Wakita and Midori Shibutani. 2006. Mosaic Textile: Wearable Ambient Display with Non-Emissive Color-Changing Modules. In Proceedings of the 2006 ACM SIGCHI International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology (Hollywood, California, USA) (ACE ’06). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 48–es. https://doi.org/10.1145/1178823.1178880
[52]
Mark Weiser. 1999. The computer for the 21st century. ACM SIGMOBILE mobile computing and communications review 3, 3(1999), 3–11.
[53]
Mark Weiser and John Seely Brown. 1997. The coming age of calm technology. In Beyond calculation. Springer, 75–85.
[54]
Claire Williams. 2016. Sound Embroidery. (2016). http://www.xxx-clairewilliams-xxx.com/projets/sound-embroidery/
[55]
Clint Zeagler, Scott Gilliland, Halley Profita, and Thad Starner. 2012. Textile interfaces: Embroidered jog-wheel, beaded tilt sensor, twisted pair ribbon, and sound sequins. In 2012 16th International Symposium on Wearable Computers. IEEE, 60–63.
[56]
Bo Zhou, Harald Koerger, Markus Wirth, Constantin Zwick, Christine Martindale, Heber Cruz, Bjoern Eskofier, and Paul Lukowicz. 2016. Smart Soccer Shoe: Monitoring Foot-Ball Interaction with Shoe Integrated Textile Pressure Sensor Matrix. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers (Heidelberg, Germany) (ISWC ’16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 64–71. https://doi.org/10.1145/2971763.2971784

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)Woven Speaker: Exploring the Potential of Craft as a Method for Exploring Technology through WeavingCompanion Publication of the 2024 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference10.1145/3656156.3665426(314-317)Online publication date: 1-Jul-2024
  • (2024)MagSurface: Design and Fabrication of Conductive Composites for Motion Effects on PaperCompanion Publication of the 2024 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference10.1145/3656156.3665421(359-363)Online publication date: 1-Jul-2024
  • (2024)Storytelling with ALMA: A Multisensory Approach to Enhance Kindergarteners' Emotion RegulationProceedings of the 23rd Annual ACM Interaction Design and Children Conference10.1145/3628516.3659412(887-891)Online publication date: 17-Jun-2024
  • Show More Cited By

Index Terms

  1. Soft Speakers: Digital Embroidering of DIY Customizable Fabric Actuators
    Index terms have been assigned to the content through auto-classification.

    Recommendations

    Comments

    Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

    Information & Contributors

    Information

    Published In

    cover image ACM Other conferences
    TEI '21: Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction
    February 2021
    908 pages
    ISBN:9781450382137
    DOI:10.1145/3430524
    Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

    Publisher

    Association for Computing Machinery

    New York, NY, United States

    Publication History

    Published: 14 February 2021

    Permissions

    Request permissions for this article.

    Check for updates

    Author Tags

    1. digital fabrication
    2. digital-embroidery
    3. e-textiles
    4. inclusive design
    5. interactive furniture.
    6. research through design
    7. wearable computing

    Qualifiers

    • Research-article
    • Research
    • Refereed limited

    Funding Sources

    • National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery grant
    • Discovery Accelerator Supplement

    Conference

    TEI '21

    Acceptance Rates

    TEI '21 Paper Acceptance Rate 40 of 136 submissions, 29%;
    Overall Acceptance Rate 393 of 1,367 submissions, 29%

    Contributors

    Other Metrics

    Bibliometrics & Citations

    Bibliometrics

    Article Metrics

    • Downloads (Last 12 months)776
    • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)60
    Reflects downloads up to 01 Oct 2024

    Other Metrics

    Citations

    Cited By

    View all
    • (2024)Woven Speaker: Exploring the Potential of Craft as a Method for Exploring Technology through WeavingCompanion Publication of the 2024 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference10.1145/3656156.3665426(314-317)Online publication date: 1-Jul-2024
    • (2024)MagSurface: Design and Fabrication of Conductive Composites for Motion Effects on PaperCompanion Publication of the 2024 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference10.1145/3656156.3665421(359-363)Online publication date: 1-Jul-2024
    • (2024)Storytelling with ALMA: A Multisensory Approach to Enhance Kindergarteners' Emotion RegulationProceedings of the 23rd Annual ACM Interaction Design and Children Conference10.1145/3628516.3659412(887-891)Online publication date: 17-Jun-2024
    • (2024)The Nalima: A Multistable Membrane Instrument with Integrated ExcitationProceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction10.1145/3623509.3635325(1-3)Online publication date: 11-Feb-2024
    • (2024)breatHaptics: Enabling Granular Rendering of Breath Signals via Haptics using Shape-Changing Soft InterfacesProceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction10.1145/3623509.3633372(1-11)Online publication date: 11-Feb-2024
    • (2024)IntelliTex: Fabricating Low-cost and Washable Functional Textiles using A Double-coating ProcessProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642759(1-18)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
    • (2024)Evaluating ActuAir: Building Occupants' Experiences of a Shape-Changing Air Quality DisplayProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642396(1-21)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
    • (2024)Expressive Clothing: Understanding Hobbyist-Sewers' Visions for Self-Expression Through ClothingProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642338(1-17)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
    • (2024)Learning from Hybrid Craft: Investigating and Reflecting on Innovating and Enlivening Traditional Craft through Literature ReviewProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642205(1-19)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
    • (2024)E-Acrylic: Electronic-Acrylic Composites for Making Interactive ArtifactsProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642010(1-15)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
    • Show More Cited By

    View Options

    View options

    PDF

    View or Download as a PDF file.

    PDF

    eReader

    View online with eReader.

    eReader

    HTML Format

    View this article in HTML Format.

    HTML Format

    Get Access

    Login options

    Media

    Figures

    Other

    Tables

    Share

    Share

    Share this Publication link

    Share on social media