Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]

skip to main content
10.1145/3377325.3377506acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesiuiConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

Driver drowsiness in automated and manual driving: insights from a test track study

Published: 17 March 2020 Publication History

Abstract

Driver drowsiness is a major cause of traffic accidents. Automated driving might counteract this problem, but in the lower automation levels, the driver is still responsible as a fallback. The impact of driver drowsiness on automated driving under realistic conditions is, however, currently unknown. This work contributes to risk and hazard assessment with a field study comparing manual to level-2 automated driving. The experiment was conducted on a test track using an instrumented vehicle. Results (N=30) show that in automated driving, driver drowsiness (self-rated with the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale) is significantly higher as compared to manual driving. Age group (20--25, 65--70 years) and driving time have a strong impact on the self-ratings. Additionally, to subjective measures, a correlation was also identified between drowsiness and heart rate data. The gained knowledge can be useful for the development of drowsiness detection systems and dynamic configuration of driver-vehicle interfaces based on user state.

References

[1]
Christer Ahlstrom, Carina Fors, Anna Anund, and David Hallvig. 2015. Video-based observer rated sleepiness versus self-reported subjective sleepiness in real road driving. European Transport Research Review 7, 4 (23 Nov 2015), 38.
[2]
T. Akerstedt and M. Gillberg. 1990. Subjective and objective sleepiness in the active individual. International Journal of Neuroscience 52 (1990), 29--37.
[3]
Martin Albert, Alexander Lange, Annika Schmidt, Martin Wimmer, and Klaus Bengler. 2015. Automated Driving Assessment of Interaction Concepts Under Real Driving Conditions. Procedia Manufacturing 3 (2015), 2832--2839.
[4]
James Anderson, Nidhi Kalra, Karlyn Stanley, Paul Sorensen, Constantine Samaras, and Oluwatobi Oluwatola. 2014. Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers (No. RR-443-RC).
[5]
Andrew J. Hawkins. 2018. Uber's self-driving car showed no signs of slowing before fatal crash, police say. https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/19/17140936/uber-self-driving-crash-death-homeless-arizona (retrieved on January 9, 2020).
[6]
Lisanne Bainbridge. 1983. Ironies of automation. Automatica 19, 6 (1983), 775 -- 779.
[7]
Sonia Baltodano, Srinath Sibi, Nikolas Martelaro, Nikhil Gowda, and Wendy Ju. 2015. The RRADS Platform: A Real Road Autonomous Driving Simulator (AutomotiveUI '15). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 281--288.
[8]
Frauke Berghöfer, Christian Purucker, Frederik Naujoks, Katharina Wiedemann, and Claus Marberger. 2019. Prediction of Take-Over Time Demand in Highly Automated Driving. Results of a Naturalistic Driving Study Prediction of take-over time demand in conditionally automated driving - results of a real world driving study. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Europe Chapter 2018 Annual Conference January 2019 (2019).
[9]
Oliver Carsten, Frank C.H. Lai, Yvonne Barnard, A. Hamish Jamson, and Natasha Merat. 2012. Control task substitution in semiautomated driving: Does it matter what aspects are automated? Human Factors 54, 5 (oct 2012), 747--761.
[10]
Dick de Waard, Monique van der Hulst, Marika Hoedemaeker, and Karel A. Brookhuis. 1999. Driver Behavior in an Emergency Situation in the Automated Highway System. Transportation Human Factors 1, 1 (jan 1999), 87--89.
[11]
J. De Winter and P. Happee. 2012. Advantages and disadvantages of driving simulators: a discussion. In Proceedings of Measuring Behavior. 47--50.
[12]
Anna-Katharina Frison, Laura Aigner, Philipp Wintersberger, and Andreas Riener. 2018. Who is Generation A?: Investigating the Experience of Automated Driving for Different Age Groups (AutomotiveUI '18). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 94--104.
[13]
Jay D Fuletra. 2013. A Survey on Driver's Drowsiness Detection Techniques. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 1, 1 (2013), 816--819.
[14]
Konstantinos Georgiou, Andreas V. Larentzakis, Nehal N. Khamis, Ghadah I. Alsuhaibani, Yasser A. Alaska, and Elias J. Giallafos. 2018. Can Wearable Devices Accurately Measure Heart Rate Variability? A Systematic Review. Folia Medica 60, 1 (2018), 7 -- 20. https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/folmed/60/1/article-p7.xml
[15]
Stähle GmbH. 2018. Automated Driving System SFPHYBRID for cars. https://www.staehle-robots.com/english-1/products/sfphybrid-eng/(retrieved on January 9, 2020).
[16]
J. M. Hagberg, W. K. Allen, D. R. Seals, B. F. Hurley, A. A. Ehsani, and J. O. Holloszy. 1985. A hemodynamic comparison of young and older endurance athletes during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 58, 6 (jun 1985), 2041--2046.
[17]
Jiun-Yin Jian, Ann M. Bisantz, and Colin G. Drury. 2000. Foundations for an Empirically Determined Scale of Trust in Automated Systems. International Journal of Cognitive Ergonomics 4, 1 (mar 2000), 53--71.
[18]
Murray W. Johns. 1991. A New Method for Measuring Daytime Sleepiness: The Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep 14, 6 (1991), 540--545.
[19]
Jordan Golson. 2016. Tesla driver killed in crash with Autopilot active, NHTSA investigating. https://www.theverge.com/2016/6/30/12072408/tesla-autopilot-car-crash-death-autonomous-model-s (retrieved on January 9, 2020).
[20]
Katja Karrer-Gauß. 2011. Prospektive Bewertung von Systemen zur Müdigkeitserkennung Ableitung von Gestaltungsempfehlungen zur Vermeidung von Risikokompensation aus empirischen Untersuchungen. Ph.D. Dissertation. Verkehrs- und Maschinensysteme, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
[21]
Moritz Körber and Klaus Bengler. 2014. Potential Individual Differences Regarding Automation Effects in Automated Driving (Interacción '14). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 22, 7 pages.
[22]
Moritz Körber, Andrea Cingel, Markus Zimmermann, and Klaus Bengler. 2015. Vigilance Decrement and Passive Fatigue Caused by Monotony in Automated Driving. Procedia Manufact 3 (2015), 2403--2409.
[23]
J. B. Kostis, A. E. Moreyra, M. T. Amendo, J. Di Pietro, N. Cosgrove, and P. T. Kuo. 1982. The effect of age on heart rate in subjects free of heart disease. Studies by ambulatory electrocardiography and maximal exercise stress test. Circulation 65, 1 I (jan 1982), 141--145.
[24]
Sari Kujala, Virpi Roto, Kaisa Väänänen-Vainio-Mattila, Evangelos Karapanos, and Arto Sinnelä. 2011. UX Curve: A method for evaluating long-term user experience. Interacting with Computers 23, 5 (2011), 473 -- 483.
[25]
Thomas Kundinger, Andreas Riener, and Nikoletta Sofra. 2017. A Robust Drowsiness Detection Method based on Vehicle and Driver Vital Data. In Mensch und Computer 2017 - Workshopband, Manuel Burghardt, Raphael Wimmer, Christian Wolff, and Christa Womser-Hacker (Eds.). Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V., Regensburg, 433--440.
[26]
Thomas Kundinger, Andreas Riener, Nikoletta Sofra, and Klemens Weigl. 2018. Drowsiness Detection and Warning in Manual and Automated Driving: Results from Subjective Evaluation (AutomotiveUI '18). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 229--236.
[27]
Thomas Kundinger, Philipp Wintersberger, and Andreas Riener. 2019. (Over)Trust in Automated Driving: The Sleeping Pill of Tomorrow? (CHIEA '19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article Paper LBW2418, 6 pages.
[28]
Eric D Larson, Joshua R.St Clair, Whitney A Sumner, Roger A Bannister, and Cathy Proenza. 2013. Depressed pacemaker activity of sinoatrial node myocytes contributes to the age-dependent decline in maximum heart rate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110, 44 (oct 2013), 18011--18016.
[29]
Mark Mark Vollrath, Susanne Briest, and Katharina Oeltze. 2010. Auswirkungen des Fahrens mit Tempomat und ACC auf das Fahrerverhalten. Technical Report. https://bast.opus.hbz-nrw.de/opus45-bast/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/249/file/F74.pdf (retrieved on January 9, 2020).
[30]
Marr, B. 2016. 15 Noteworthy Facts about Wearables in 2016. https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2016/03/18/15-mind-boggling-facts-about-wearables-in-2016/ (retrieved on January 9, 2020).
[31]
David Miller, Annabel Sun, Mishel Johns, Hillary Ive, David Sirkin, Sudipto Aich, and Wendy Ju. 2015. Distraction becomes engagement in automated driving. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 59, 1 (2015), 1676--1680.
[32]
Arun Sahayadhas, Kenneth Sundaraj, and Murugappan Murugappan. 2012. Detecting Driver Drowsiness Based on Sensors: A Review. Sensors 12, 12 (2012), 16937--16953.
[33]
The Epworth Sleepiness Scale. 2018. About the ESS. http://epworthsleepinessscale.com/about-the-ess/ (retrieved on January 9, 2020).
[34]
Azmeh Shahid, Kate Wilkinson, Shai Marcu, and Colin M. Shapiro. 2012. Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS). Springer New York, 369--370.
[35]
Sleep Health Foundation. 2015. Sleep Needs Across The Lifespan. http://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/files/pdfs/Sleep-Needs-Across-Lifespan.pdf (retrieved on January 9, 2020).
[36]
Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) International. 2018. Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles.
[37]
Jork Stapel, Freddy Antony Mullakkal-babu, and Riender Happee. 2017. Driver Behavior and Workload in an On-road Automated Vehicle. Proceedings of the Road Safety and Simulation Conference 2, October (2017), 1--10. https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid:53b8c5eb-a1ad-43f4-b349-286e8dffd8f1?collection=research
[38]
Strategy Analytics. 2015. Global Smartwatch Vendor Market Share by Region: Q4 2018. https://www.strategyanalytics.com/access-services/devices/wearables/market-data/report-detail/global-smartwatch-vendor-market-share-by-region-q4-2018 (retrieved on January 9, 2020).
[39]
Veronika Weinbeer, T. Muhr, Klaus Bengler, C. Baur, J. Radlmayr, and J. Bill. 2017. Highly automated driving: How to get the driver drowsy and how does drowsiness influence various take-over-aspects?. In 8. Tagung Fahrerassistenz. Lehrstuhl für Fahrzeugtechnik mit TÜV SÜD Akademie, München.
[40]
Douglas M. Wiegand, Julie Mcclafferty, Shelby E. Mcdonald, and Richard J. Hanowski. 2009. Development and Evaluation of a Naturalistic Observer Rating of Drowsiness Protocol Final Report. The National Surface Transportation Safety Center for Excellence (2009).
[41]
Walter W. Wierwille and Lynne A. Ellsworth. 1994. Evaluation of driver drowsiness by trained raters. Accident Analysis and Prevention 26, 5 (1994), 571--581.
[42]
Johanna Wörle, Barbara Metz, Christian Thiele, and Gert Weller. 2019. Detecting sleep in drivers during highly automated driving: the potential of physiological parameters. IET Intelligent Transport Systems (2019), 1--8.

Cited By

View all
  • (2023)Fatigue and mental underload further pronounced in L3 conditionally automated driving: Results from an EEG experiment on a test trackCompanion Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces10.1145/3581754.3584133(64-67)Online publication date: 27-Mar-2023
  • (2022)Hazard Notifications for Cyclists: Comparison of Awareness Message Modalities in a Mixed Reality StudyProceedings of the 27th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces10.1145/3490099.3511127(310-322)Online publication date: 22-Mar-2022
  • (2022)Driver drowsiness estimation using EEG signals with a dynamical encoder–decoder modeling frameworkScientific Reports10.1038/s41598-022-05810-x12:1Online publication date: 16-Feb-2022
  • Show More Cited By

Index Terms

  1. Driver drowsiness in automated and manual driving: insights from a test track study

      Recommendations

      Comments

      Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

      Information & Contributors

      Information

      Published In

      cover image ACM Conferences
      IUI '20: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces
      March 2020
      607 pages
      ISBN:9781450371186
      DOI:10.1145/3377325
      Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

      Sponsors

      Publisher

      Association for Computing Machinery

      New York, NY, United States

      Publication History

      Published: 17 March 2020

      Permissions

      Request permissions for this article.

      Check for updates

      Author Tags

      1. automated driving
      2. driver drowsiness detection
      3. driver state
      4. field study
      5. subjective methods
      6. wearables

      Qualifiers

      • Research-article

      Conference

      IUI '20
      Sponsor:

      Acceptance Rates

      Overall Acceptance Rate 746 of 2,811 submissions, 27%

      Upcoming Conference

      IUI '25

      Contributors

      Other Metrics

      Bibliometrics & Citations

      Bibliometrics

      Article Metrics

      • Downloads (Last 12 months)43
      • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)2
      Reflects downloads up to 18 Nov 2024

      Other Metrics

      Citations

      Cited By

      View all
      • (2023)Fatigue and mental underload further pronounced in L3 conditionally automated driving: Results from an EEG experiment on a test trackCompanion Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces10.1145/3581754.3584133(64-67)Online publication date: 27-Mar-2023
      • (2022)Hazard Notifications for Cyclists: Comparison of Awareness Message Modalities in a Mixed Reality StudyProceedings of the 27th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces10.1145/3490099.3511127(310-322)Online publication date: 22-Mar-2022
      • (2022)Driver drowsiness estimation using EEG signals with a dynamical encoder–decoder modeling frameworkScientific Reports10.1038/s41598-022-05810-x12:1Online publication date: 16-Feb-2022
      • (2021)The Origins of Passive, Active, and Sleep-Related FatigueFrontiers in Neuroergonomics10.3389/fnrgo.2021.7653222Online publication date: 23-Dec-2021
      • (2021)Perceptions of Trucking Automation: Insights from the r/Truckers Community13th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications10.1145/3409118.3475154(137-146)Online publication date: 9-Sep-2021
      • (2021)Performance and Acceptance Evaluation of a Driver Drowsiness Detection System based on Smart Wearables13th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications10.1145/3409118.3475141(49-58)Online publication date: 9-Sep-2021
      • (2021)From SAE-Levels to Cooperative Task Distribution:An Efficient and Usable Way to Deal with System Limitations?13th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications10.1145/3409118.3475127(109-115)Online publication date: 9-Sep-2021
      • (2021)Driver propensity to fatigue and drowsiness: a probabilistic approachTheoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science10.1080/1463922X.2021.188971023:1(104-120)Online publication date: 1-Apr-2021
      • (2020)A Probabilistic Model of Taking-Over Control from Semi-autonomous VehiclesHuman Systems Engineering and Design III10.1007/978-3-030-58282-1_52(332-337)Online publication date: 30-Aug-2020

      View Options

      Login options

      View options

      PDF

      View or Download as a PDF file.

      PDF

      eReader

      View online with eReader.

      eReader

      Media

      Figures

      Other

      Tables

      Share

      Share

      Share this Publication link

      Share on social media