Kalijski kanal
Kalijski kanali su najrasprostranjeniji tip ionskih kanala i nalaze se u gotovo svim živim organizmima.[1] Formiraju kalij-selektivne pore koje pokrivaju ćelijske membrane. Kalijski kanali se nalaze u većini tipova ćelija i kontrolišu širok spektar ćelijskih funkcija.[2][3]
Funkcija
[uredi | uredi izvor]Kalijski kanali funkcionišu tako da provode kalijeve ione niz njihov elektrohemijski gradijent, čineći to i brzo (do brzina difuzije K+ iona u vodi) i selektivno (isključujući, posebno, natrij uprkos subangstromskoj razlici u ionskom radijusu).[4] Biološki, ovi kanali djeluju tako da postave ili resetuju potencijal mirovanja u mnogim ćelijama. U ekscitabilnim ćelijama, kao što su neuroni, odloženi protivtok kalijevih iona oblikuje akcijski potencijal.
Doprinoseći regulaciji trajanja srčanog akcijskog potencijala u srčanom mišiću, kvar kalijevih kanala može uzrokovati po život opasne aritmije. Kalijski kanali mogu takođet biti uključeni u održavanje vaskularnog tonusa.
Oni također regulišu ćelijske procese kao što je lučenje hormona (npr., oslobađanje insulina iz beta-ćelija u gušterači) tako da njihov kvar može dovesti do bolesti (kao što je dijabetes).
Neki toksini, kao što je dendrotoksin, su moćni jer blokiraju kalijeve kanale.[5]
Tipovi
[uredi | uredi izvor]Postoje četiri glavne klase kalijevih kanala:
- Kalcij-aktivirani kalijski kanal – otvara se kao odgovor na prisustvo kalcijevih iona ili drugih signalnih molekula.
- Unutrašnji ispravljajući kalijski kanal – lakše prolazi struju (pozitivno naelektrisanje) u pravcu prema unutra (u ćeliju).
- Kalijski kanal u domenu tandemskih pora – je konstitutivno otvoreni ili ima visoku baznu aktivaciju, kao što su "kanali kalija u mirovanju" ili "kanali za curenje" koji postavljaju negativni membranski potencijal neurona.
- Naponski regulirani kalijski kanali - su naponski regulirani ionski kanali koji se otvaraju ili zatvaraju kao odgovor na promene transmembranskog napona.
Sljedeća tabela sadrži poređenje glavnih klasa kalijevih kanala sa reprezentativnim primerima (za kompletnu listu kanala unutar svake klase, pogledajte stranice odgovarajućih klasa).
Za više primjera farmakoloških modulatora kalijumskih kanala, pogledajte blokator kalijskih kanala i otvarač kalijskih kanala.
Klasa | Potklasa | Funkcija | Blokatori | Aktivatori |
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Kalcij aktivirani 6T i 1P| |
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Unutrašnji ispravljač 2T i 1P |
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*Ifenprodil[16] | ||
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Domen tandemskih pora 4T i 2P| |
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Naponski-regulirani 6T i 1P| |
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Struktura
[uredi | uredi izvor]Kalijski kanali imaju tetramernu strukturu u kojoj se četiri identične proteinske podjedinice povezuju da formiraju četvorostruki simetrična (C4) kompleks raspoređen oko centralne pore koji provode ione (tj. homotetramera). Alternativno, četiri srodne, ali ne identične proteinske podjedinice mogu se povezati da formiraju heterotetramerne komplekse sa pseudo simetrijom C4. Sve podjedinice kalijevog kanala imaju karakterističnu strukturu pore-petlje koja oblaže vrh pora i odgovorna je za selektivnu propusnost kalija.
Postoji preko 80 sisarskih gena koji kodiraju podjedinice kalijevih kanala. Međutim, kalijevi kanali pronađeni u bakterijama su među najistraženijim onskim kanalima, u smislu njihove molekulske strukture. Koristeći kristalografiju X-zraka,[50][51] stečeni su duboki uvidi u to kako kalijevi ioni prolaze kroz ove kanale i zašto (manji) natrijevi ioni ne prolaze.[52] Nobelova nagrada za hemiju 2003. godine dodijeljena je Rodu MacKinnonu za njegov pionirski rad u ovoj oblasti.[53]
Filter selectivnosti
[uredi | uredi izvor]Kalijevi ionski kanali uklanjaju hidratantnu ljusku sa iona kada uđe u filter selektivnosti. Filter selektivnosti je formiran od sekvence od pet ostataka, TVGYG, koja se naziva signaturna sekvenca, unutar svake od četiri podjedinice. Ova signaturna sekvenca je unutar petlje između heliksa pora i TM2/6, historijski zvane P-petlja. Ova signaturna sekvenca je visoko konzervirana, s izuzetkom da se valinski ostatak u prokariotskim kalijevim kanalima često zamjenjuje ostatkom izoleucina u eukariotskim kanalima. Ova sekvenca ima jedinstvenu strukturu glavnog lanca, strukturno analognu strukturnom motiv proteina gnijezda. Četiri seta elektronegativnih karbonilnih atoma kisika poredani su prema centru filterskih pora i formiraju kvadratnu anti-prizmu, sličnu ljusci koja rastvara vodu oko svakog mjesta vezanja kalija. Udaljenost između karbonilnog kisika i kalijevih iona na veznim mjestima filtera selektivnosti je ista kao između kiseika u vodi, u prvoj hidratacijskoj ljusci i iona kalija u vodenom rastvoru, pružajući energetski povoljan put za desolvataciju iona. Ioni natrija su, međutim, premali da popune prostor između karbonilnih atoma kisika. Dakle, energetski je povoljno da natrijevi ioni ostanu vezani za molekule vode u vanćelijskom prostoru, umjesto da prođu kroz kalij-selektivne ionske pore.[55] Čini se da se ova širina održava vodikovim vezom i van der Waalsovim silama unutar lista ostataka aromatsnih aminokiselina koji okružuju filter selektivnosti.[50][56] Filter selektivnosti otvara se prema vanćelijskom rastvoru, izlažući četiri karbonilna kiseika u ostatku glicina (Gly79 u KcsA). Sljedeći ostatak prema vanćelijskoj strani proteina je negativno nabijeni Asp80 (KcsA). Ovaj ostatak zajedno sa pet filterskih ostataka formira poru koja povezuje šupljinu ispunjenu vodom u centru proteina sa vanćelijskim rastvorom.
Farmakologija
[uredi | uredi izvor]Blokatori
[uredi | uredi izvor]Blokatori kalijevih kanala inhibiraju protok iona kalija kroz kanal. Oni se ili natječu s vezivanjem kalija unutar filtera selektivnosti ili se vezuju izvan filtera, kako bi okludirali provodljivost iona. Primjer jednog od ovih konkurenata su kvaternarni amonijevi ioni, koji se vežu na vanćelijskojoj površini [57][58] ili na centralnoj šupljini kanala.[59] For blocking from the central cavity quaternary ammonium ions are also known as open channel blockers, as binding classically requires the prior opening of the cytoplasmic gate.[60]
Ioni barija također mogu blokirati struje kalijevih kanala,[61][62] vezivanjem sa visokim afinitetom unutar filtera selektivnosti.[63][64][65][66] Smatra se da ovo čvrsto vezivanje leži u osnovi toksičnost barija tako što inhibira aktivnost kalijevih kanala u ekscitabilnim ćelijama.
Medicinski blokatori kalijevih kanala, kao što su 4-aminopiridin i 3,4-diaminopiridin, istraženi su za liječenje stanja kao što je multipla skleroza.[44] Neželjeni efekti lijekova mogu dovesti do lijeka indukovanog sindroma dugog intervala QT, potencijalno životno opasnog stanja. Ovo je najčešće zbog djelovanja na hERG kalijskog kanala u srcu. U skladu s tim, svi novi lijekovi su pretklinički testirani na srčanu sigurnost.
Također pogledajte
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Vanjski linkovi
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Potassium Channels na US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Neuromuscular Disease Center (4. 3. 2008). "Potassium Channels". Washington University in St. Louis. Pristupljeno 10. 3. 2008.