U.S. House leadership elections, 2023-2024

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U.S. House leadership elections
U.S. House leadership elections, 2023
U.S. House leadership elections, 2021
U.S. House leadership elections, 2019
See also
U.S. Senate leadership elections, 2023
Democratic and Republican Party committee leadership elections, 2023
United States House of Representatives elections, 2022

On October 25, 2023, the United States Congress elected Rep. Mike Johnson (R-La.) as speaker of the House. Johnson was elected in the fourth round of floor voting conducted since the House voted to remove former Speaker Kevin McCarthy (R-Calif.) on October 3. McCarthy was initially elected in the 15th round of floor voting on January 7, 2023, and his removal as speaker marked the first time in United States history a motion to vacate was used to remove a speaker of the House.

The following Republicans were elected to other U.S. House leadership positions by their caucus in November 2022:

The following Democrats were elected to U.S. House leadership positions by their caucus in November 2022:

Each party elects leadership responsible for leading the party's conference, setting legislative agendas, marshaling support for bills, and directing committee assignments, among other duties.[9]

The speaker of the House, who presides over sessions of the chamber and is second in the line of presidential succession, is typically elected on the first day the new Congress convenes. Other leadership positions are elected in meetings of the conference prior to the start of a new Congress.[9]

The 118th Congress convened on January 3, 2023.

Speaker of the House

On October 25, 2023, the United States Congress elected Rep. Mike Johnson (R-La.) as speaker of the House. Johnson was elected in the fourth round of floor voting conducted since the House voted to remove former Speaker Kevin McCarthy (R-Calif.) on October 3. McCarthy was initially elected in the 15th round of floor voting on January 7, 2023, and his removal as speaker marked the first time in United States history a motion to vacate was used to remove a speaker of the House.

On May 8, 2024, Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene (R-Ga.) filed a motion to vacate, aiming to remove Rep. Mike Johnson (R-La.) from his position as Speaker of the House. The House voted 359-43 against the motion, with 163 Democrats and 196 Republicans voting against, 11 Democrats and 32 Republicans voting in favor, and seven Democrats voting present.[10]

The speaker of the House is typically elected on the first day the new Congress convenes. According to the Congressional Research Service, "The long-standing practice of the House is that electing a Speaker requires a numerical majority of the votes cast by Members 'for a person by name.' This does not mean that an individual must necessarily receive a majority of the full membership of the House, because some Members may not be present to vote (or may instead answer 'present')." If a candidate is not selected on the first vote, the vote is repeated until a speaker is selected.[11]

May 2024: Failed motion to vacate

On May 8, 2024, Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene (R-Ga.) filed a motion to vacate, aiming to remove Rep. Mike Johnson (R-La.) from his position as Speaker of the House. The House voted 359-43 against the motion, with 163 Democrats and 196 Republicans voting against, 11 Democrats and 32 Republicans voting in favor, and seven Democrats voting present.[12]

While announcing the motion, Greene said, "Mike Johnson is ill-equipped to handle the rigors of the job of Speaker of the House, and has allowed a uni-party, one that fuels foreign wars, tramples on civil liberties, and increases our disastrous national debt, to take complete control of the House of Representatives."[13]

Following the vote, Johnson said, "I want to say that I appreciate the show of confidence from my colleagues to defeat this misguided effort, that is certainly what it was. As I’ve said from the beginning and I’ve made clear here every day, I intend to do my job, I intend to do what I believe to be the right thing, which is what I was elected to do, and let the chips fall where they may. In my view, that is leadership."[14]

October 2023: Motion to vacate and speaker election

On October 2, 2023, Rep. Matt Gaetz (R-Fla.) filed a motion to vacate, aiming to remove Rep. Kevin McCarthy (R-Calif.) from his position as Speaker of the House.[15] On October 3, the House voted 208-218 on tabling the motion to vacate, meaning a vote on the motion was allowed to proceed.[16] The House then voted 216-210 to remove McCarthy from his position as speaker of the House, marking the first time in United States history a motion to vacate was used to remove a speaker of the House.[17][18] Following the vote, McCarthy said he would not seek re-election as speaker.[19]

Republicans held their first caucus election for a speaker of the House nominee on October 11. House Majority Leader Steve Scalise (R-La.) defeated Rep. Jim Jordan (R-Ohio) 113-99 in the caucus' secret ballot vote.[20] Scalise withdrew as the nominee the following day.[21][22][23] On October 13, Jordan defeated Rep. Austin Scott (R-Ga.) 124-81 in the second Republican caucus vote for a speaker nominee.[24][25][26]

The House held the first floor vote for speaker on October 17. After three rounds of voting with no speaker elected, the Republican caucus voted to remove Jordan as their speaker nominee on October 19.[27] Republicans held their third caucus vote for a new speaker on October 24. Nine representatives announced candidacies for speaker nominee: Reps. Pete Sessions (R-Texas), Byron Donalds (R-Fla.), Kevin Hern (R-Okla.), Tom Emmer (R-Minn.), Mike Johnson (R-La.), Jack Bergman, (R-Mich.), Austin Scott (R-Ga.), Gary Palmer (R-Ala.), and Dan Meuser (R-Pa.).[28][29][30][31] Meuser and Palmer withdrew from the race before voting began.[32][33]

On October 24, Emmer defeated Johnson 117-97 in the fifth round of Republican caucus voting, making him the Republican caucus' third speaker nominee.[34] Emmer withdrew as the nominee later that day.[35] Republicans held another caucus vote on the 24th, where Rep. Mike Johnson (R-La.) won the nomination.[36]

On October 25, 2023, the House voted 220-209 to elect Johnson as speaker of the House.

See the table below for a summary of each round of floor voting.[37]

Roll call votes for speaker of the House overview, October 2023
Votes Jim Jordan (R-Ohio) Hakeem Jeffries (D-N.Y.) Kevin McCarthy (R-Calif.) Lee Zeldin (R-N.Y.) Steve Scalise (R-La.) Patrick McHenry (R-N.C.) Byron Donalds (R-Fla.) Mike Johnson (R-La.) Other[38] Candidates who received one vote Present
First round
(Oct. 17, 2023)		 200 212 6 3 7 0 0 0 4 • Mike Garcia (R-Calif.)
• Tom Emmer (R-Minn.)
• Tom Cole (R-Okla.)
• Thomas Massie (R-Ky.)		 0
Second round
(Oct. 18, 2023)		 199 (-1) 212 5 (-1) 3 7 0 1 (+1) 0 6 (+2) • Tom Emmer (R-Minn.)
• Mike Garcia (R-Calif.)
• Candice Miller (R-Mich.)
• John Boehner (R-Ohio)
• Kay Granger (R-Texas)
• Bruce Westerman (R-Ark.)		 0
Third round
(Oct. 19, 2023)		 194 (-5) 210 (-2) 2 (-3) 4 (+1) 8 (+1) 6 (+6) 2 (+1) 0 3 (-3) • Tom Emmer (R-Minn.)
• Mike Garcia (R-Calif.)
• Bruce Westerman (R-Ark.)		 0
Fourth round
(Oct. 25, 2023)		 0 (-194) 209 (-1) 0 (-2) 0 (-4) 0 (-8) 0 (-6) 0 (-2) 220 (+220) 0 (-3) None 0

Detailed vote totals

January 2023: Regular speaker election

In January 2023, the U.S. House held its regular election for speaker of the House at the start of the 118th Congress. Voting began on January 3, and ended on January 7. McCarthy was elected speaker of the House in a 216-212 vote during the 15th round of voting.

See the table below for an overview of each round of voting.

Roll call votes for speaker of the House overview, January 2023
Votes Kevin McCarthy (R-Calif.) Hakeem Jeffries (D-N.Y.) Andy Biggs (R-Ariz.) Jim Jordan (R-Ohio) Byron Donalds (R-Fla.) Jim Banks (R-Ind.) Lee Zeldin (R-N.Y.) Donald Trump (R-Fla.) Kevin Hern (R-Okla.) Present
First round 203 212 10 6 1 1 1 0 0 0
Second round 203 212 0 (-10) 19 (+13) 0 (-1) 0 (-1) 0 (-1) 0 0 0
Third round 202 (-1) 212 0 20 (+1) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Fourth round 201 (-1) 212 0 0 (-20) 20 (+20) 0 0 0 0 1 (+1)
Fifth round 201 212 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 1
Sixth round 201 212 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 1
Seventh round 201 212 0 0 19 (-1) 0 0 1 (+1) 0 1
Eighth round 201 212 0 0 17 (-2) 0 0 1 2 (+2) 1
Ninth round 200 (-1) 212 0 0 17 0 0 0 (-1) 3 (+1) 1
Tenth round 200 212 0 0 13 (-4) 0 0 0 7 (+4) 1
Eleventh round 200 212 0 0 12 (-1) 0 0 1 (+1) 7 1
Twelfth round 213 (+13) 211 (-1) 0 4 (+4) 0 (-12) 0 0 0 (-1) 3 (-4) 0 (-1)
Thirteenth round 214 (+1) 212 (+1) 0 6 (+2) 0 0 0 0 0 (-3) 0
Fourteenth round 216 (+2) 212 2 (+2) 2 (-4) 0 0 0 0 0 2 (+2)
Fifteenth round 216 212 0 (-2) 0 (-2) 0 0 0 0 0 6 (+4)

Detailed vote totals

Expand the tabs below to see more detail on each round of voting.

Background

McCarthy was selected as the Republican nominee for speaker of the House in a 188-31 Republican conference vote on November 15, defeating Rep. Biggs.[47] On December 6, Biggs announced he would still run in the Jan. 3, 2023, speakership election on the House floor.[48]

Along with Biggs, Reps. Matt Gaetz (R-Fla.), Ralph Norman (R-S.C.), Bob Good (R-Va.), and Matt Rosendale (R-Mont.) expressed opposition to McCarthy's bid for speaker.[49] As of January 3, Republicans were set to gain a 222-212 majority in the House, with one formerly Democratic seat vacant.

A speaker candidate needs to win a majority of votes cast for a person by name. If the representatives opposing McCarthy cast present votes or didn't cast a vote, the majority threshold a speaker candidate requires would be lowered.[50] This last occurred in 2021, when Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) won the speakership with only 216 votes, two votes short of the 218 that normally constitutes a majority in the 435-member chamber. Because only 427 representatives voted for someone by name, 214 votes were required for the speaker to be elected that year. If the members opposing McCarthy cast their votes for someone else, this would mean that no speaker candidate received a majority in the first vote.[50] In this case, the vote would be repeated until a candidate received a majority. This last occurred in 1923, when Rep. Frederick Huntington Gillett (R) was elected speaker after the 9th round of voting.[51]

The Washington Post's Aaron Blake wrote, "to the extent that their opposition is more than a momentary protest, they could make the party confront the challenge of finding an alternative who can get to 218 votes or a majority."[50]

The Associated Press' Kevin Freking and Farnoush Amiri wrote, "While McCarthy is expected to prevail in his quest for the speaker’s gavel, it is destined to come at a political price. [...] Every new commitment from McCarthy can be seen as a potential strategic move, intended to quell skeptics on his right flank as he reaches for the speaker’s gavel."[52]

McCarthy served as minority leader in the 116th and 117th Congress. He announced his bid for speaker on November 9, saying: "I will be a listener every bit as much as a Speaker, striving to build consensus from the bottom-up rather than commanding the agenda from the top-down. That means putting the right people in the right spots and harnessing the power of our entire conference."[53]

Biggs announced he would also seek the speakership on November 14. In an interview with Newsmax, Biggs said "We have a new paradigm here, and I think the country wants a different direction from the House of Representatives. [...] But this is not just about Kevin. I think it’s about the institutional direction and trajectory."[54]

Media coverage

Click the links below to view media coverage of the January 2023 speaker election.

Speaker of the House elections decided by multiple ballots

The table below lists all speaker of the House elections decided by multiple ballots.

Speaker of the House elections decided by multiple ballots
Congress Name Number of ballots
118th Congress (2023-2025) Mike Johnson 4
118th Congress (2023-2025) Kevin McCarthy 15
68th Congress (1923–1925) Frederick Huntington Gillett 9
36th Congress (1859–1861) William Pennington 44
34th Congress (1855–1857) Nathaniel Prentice Banks 133
31st Congress (1849–1851) Howell Cobb 63
30th Congress (1847–1849) Robert Charles Winthrop 3
26th Congress (1839–1841) Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter 11
23rd Congress (1833–1835) John Bell 10
19th Congress (1825–1827) John W. Taylor 2
17th Congress (1821–1823) Philip Pendelton Barbour 12
16th Congress (1819–1821) John W. Taylor 22
11th Congress (1809–1811) Joseph Bradley Varnum 2
9th Congress (1805–1807) Nathaniel Macon 3
6th Congress (1799–1801) Theodore Sedgwick 2
3rd Congress (1793–1795) Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg 3

Democratic leadership

Democratic leadership elections took place on November 30, 2022.[55] The election for assistant leader was delayed until December 1.

The following representatives were elected to leadership positions in the 118th Congress:

  • Hakeem Jeffries, minority leader: Jeffries was elected without opposition, becoming the first Black representative to lead a party in congress.[56]
  • Pete Aguilar, Democratic Caucus chairman: Aguilar was elected without opposition.[58]
  • James Clyburn, assistant leader: Clyburn was elected without opposition. David Cicilline had announced he would seek the position, but withdrew his candidacy on December 1.[59]


Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) announced on November 17 that she would not seek election to a leadership post in the 118th Congress.[60] She had led the Democratic caucus in the U.S. House since 2003.[61][62] Steny Hoyer (D-Md.), the former majority leader, also announced he would not seek a leadership position, and The Hill reported that James Clyburn (D-S.C.), the former majority whip, would seek the position of assistant leader.[63]

On November 18, Hakeem Jeffries (D-N.Y.) announced his candidacy for minority leader, Katherine Clark (D-Mass.) announced her candidacy for minority whip, and Pete Aguilar (D-Calif.) said he would seek the position of Democratic Caucus chair.[64]

Republican leadership

Republican leadership elections took place on November 15, 2022.[65]

The following representatives were elected to leadership positions in the 118th Congress:

  • Gary Palmer, Republican Policy Committee chairman: Palmer was re-elected without opposition.[4]

Majority whip election

Rep. Tom Emmer (R-Minn.) was elected majority whip in the second round of voting with 115 votes to Rep. Jim Banks' (R-Ind.) 106. Three candidates ran in the first round: Banks, who received 82 votes, Emmer, who received 72 votes, and Rep. Drew Ferguson (R-Ga.), who received 71 votes. Ferguson was eliminated after the first round of voting.

Emmer announced his bid for majority whip on November 9, saying he would "incorporate a culture of teamwork, communication, and respect that will once again be the driving force behind an operation focused on one thing: winning." His endorsements for the role included Rep. Andy Biggs (R-Ariz.), former chairman of the House Freedom Caucus, and Rep. David Joyce (R-Ohio), chairman of the Republican Governance Group.[68]

Banks also announced his bid for majority whip on November 9, saying "I am running to be majority whip for our entire conference. I’m asking for your support because I want to listen and to be your voice."[69] He was endorsed for the role by Concerned Women for America.[68]

Ferguson said in a letter to colleagues announcing his bid that his "vision for the operation is a proactive, data-driven approach to tackle difficult issues and ensure members have what they need to make an informed vote for their constituents and the country." Ferguson served as chief deputy whip in the 117th Congress.[70]

Republican Conference chair election

Rep. Elise Stefanik (R-N.Y.) was re-elected Republican conference chair on November 15, defeating Rep. Byron Donalds (R-Fla.) 144-74.[3] Stefanik served in this position for part of the 117th Congress, filling the vacancy left by Liz Cheney (R-Wyo.). In 2021, she defeated Rep. Chip Roy (R-Texas) in the election for the position 134-46.[71]

Stefanik announced her re-election bid on September 13, saying, "I am proud to have unified the entire Republican Conference around our country in crisis message and shattered fundraising records as House GOP Conference Chair raising over $10M for candidates and committees this cycle."[72]

Donalds also announced his bid on September 13, saying, "I found conservatism 14 years ago. And I found it because the policies I saw coming out of Washington were not going to help America. And I think that that perspective and that background can only help our ranks grow as a party."[72]

Process

According to the Congressional Research Service (CRS), leaders in the United States House of Representatives are typically "elected by the [minority or majority] party caucus or conference at organizational meetings prior to the start of a new Congress." Candidates for leadership positions must receive a simple majority vote within their caucus or conference in order to win election to the role.

The only leadership position that receives a formal vote on the House floor is speaker of the House. The vote is held on the first day of a new session of congress, which usually takes place on January 3 of odd-numbered years. In order to win election as speaker, a candidate must receive a simple majority of votes among members who vote for a candidate by name. Per CRS, "the majority party’s candidate is typically elected on a party line vote."[73]

Historical leadership in Congress

Heading into the 2023 leadership elections, the following U.S. representatives held leadership positions:[74]

Historical speakers

The table below shows a list of speakers of the House from 1789 to 2024.


Duties of U.S. House leadership

The following brief descriptions of the duties of U.S. House leadership in the 117th Congress come from the official website of the U.S. House of Representatives:[74]

  • Speaker of the House: Elected by the whole of the House of Representatives, the Speaker acts as leader of the House and combines several roles: the institutional role of presiding officer and administrative head of the House, the role of leader of the majority party in the House, and the representative role of an elected member of the House. The Speaker of the House is second in line to succeed the President, after the Vice President.
  • Majority leader: Represents the majority party on the House floor.
  • Majority whip: Assists leadership in managing the majority party's legislative program.
  • Assistant speaker: Assists the Majority Leader.
  • Republican leader / Democratic leader: Represents Republicans or Democrats on the House floor.
  • Republican whip / Democratic whip: Assists leadership in managing party's legislative program.


See also


Footnotes

  1. ↑ Twitter, "Jake Sherman on November 15, 2022," accessed November 15, 2022
  2. ↑ Twitter, "Jake Sherman on November 15, 2022," accessed November 15, 2022
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Twitter, "Jake Sherman on November 15, 2022," accessed November 15, 2022
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Roll Call, "McCarthy backed for speaker, but has work to do before January," November 15, 2022
  5. ↑ Twitter, "Jamie Dupree on November 30, 2022," accessed November 30, 2022
  6. ↑ Twitter, "Heather Caygle on November 30, 2022," accessed November 30, 2022
  7. ↑ Twitter, "Heather Caygle on November 30, 2022," accessed November 30, 2022
  8. ↑ The Hill, "Cicilline withdraws, clearing path for Clyburn to remain in leadership," December 1, 2022
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Congressional Research Service, "Party Leaders in the House: Election, Duties, and Responsibilities," accessed November 11, 2022
  10. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.Res.1209 - Declaring the office of Speaker of the House of Representatives to be vacant." accessed May 9, 2024
  11. ↑ Congressional Research Service, "Electing the Speaker of the House of Representatives: Frequently Asked Questions," November 24, 2020
  12. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.Res.1209 - Declaring the office of Speaker of the House of Representatives to be vacant." accessed May 9, 2024
  13. ↑ Twitter, "Marjorie Taylor Greene on May 8, 2024," accessed May 9, 2024
  14. ↑ Office of Mike Johnson, "Speaker Johnson Remarks Following Failed Motion To Vacate," May 9, 2024
  15. ↑ Associated Press, "Rep. Matt Gaetz files motion to oust Speaker Kevin McCarthy, throwing House into new turmoil," October 3, 2023
  16. ↑ House Clerk, "Roll Call 518 Bill Number: H. Res. 757," accessed October 3, 2023
  17. ↑ C-SPAN, "House Session, Part 2," October 3, 2023
  18. ↑ House Clerk, "Roll Call 519 Bill Number: H. Res. 757," accessed October 3, 2023
  19. ↑ The Hill, "McCarthy won’t run for Speaker again," October 3, 2023
  20. ↑ Twitter, "Olivia Beavers on October 11, 2023," accessed October 11, 2023
  21. ↑ NPR, "Scalise drops out of race for speaker of the House, leaving Congress in limbo," October 12, 2023
  22. ↑ Politico, "Jordan becomes first to announce run for speaker," October 4, 2023
  23. ↑ The New York Times, "Scalise and Jordan Announce Bids for Speaker as Vacancy Paralyzes the House," October 4, 2023
  24. ↑ Twitter, "Scott on October 13, 2023," accessed October 13, 2023
  25. ↑ NPR, "Jim Jordan makes second bid for speaker," October 13, 2023
  26. ↑ Twitter, "Olivia Beavers on October 13, 2023," accessed October 13, 2023
  27. ↑ The Washington Post, "House Republicans vote to drop Jim Jordan as speaker nominee," accessed October 20, 2023
  28. ↑ The Hill, "Floodgates open: Here’s who’s running for Speaker as GOP seeks third nominee," accessed October 21, 2023
  29. ↑ The Hill, "Emmer sends ‘Dear Colleague’ letter officially announcing Speaker bid," accessed October 21, 2023
  30. ↑ Alabama Reporter, "Alabama U.S. Rep. Palmer seeking to become Speaker of the House," accessed October 23, 2023
  31. ↑ Twitter, "Dan Meuser", accessed October 23, 2023
  32. ↑ Twitter, "Jordain Carney on October 23, 2023," accessed October 24, 2023
  33. ↑ Twitter, "Gary Palmer on October 24, 2023," accessed October 24, 2023
  34. ↑ Twitter, "Olivia Beavers on October 24, 2023," accessed October 24, 2023
  35. ↑ Twitter, "Olivia Beavers on October 24, 2023," accessed October 24, 2023
  36. ↑ Twitter, "Olivia Beavers", accessed October 24, 2023
  37. ↑ The New York Times, "Live Vote Count: Tracking the House Speaker Vote," October 17, 2023
  38. ↑ This includes all votes cast for a candidate who received one vote at most in all rounds of voting.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 C-SPAN, "Opening Day of the 118th Congress," January 3, 2023
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 C-SPAN, "House Session," January 4, 2023
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 C-SPAN, "House Session," January 5, 2023
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 42.5 New York Times, "Live Vote Count: Tracking the House Speaker Votes," January 5, 2022
  43. ↑ C-SPAN, "U.S. House of Representatives House Session Tenth Vote for Speaker," January 5, 2023
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 C-SPAN, "House Session," January 6, 2023
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Clerk of the United States House of Representatives, "Roll Call 18," January 6, 2023
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Clerk of the United States House of Representatives, "Roll Call 20," January 7, 2023
  47. ↑ Twitter, "Jake Sherman on November 15, 2022," accessed November 15, 2022
  48. ↑ Axios, "Rep. Andy Biggs challenges McCarthy for speaker," December 6, 2022
  49. ↑ The Hill, "WHIP LIST: McCarthy searches for 218 GOP Speakership votes," November 25, 2022
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 The Washington Post, "Kevin McCarthy’s speaker math," November 18, 2022
  51. ↑ History, Art & Archives United States House of Representatives, "Speaker Elections Decided by Multiple Ballots," accessed November 30, 2022
  52. ↑ PBS, "Here’s what McCarthy faces as he looks to become the next House speaker," November 28, 2022
  53. ↑ Office of the Republican Leader, "Letter," November 9, 2022
  54. ↑ The Hill, "Rep. Andy Biggs to challenge McCarthy for Speaker," November 14, 2022
  55. ↑ Twitter, "Chad Pergram on November 10, 2022," accessed November 10, 2022
  56. ↑ Twitter, "Jamie Dupree on November 30, 2022," accessed November 30, 2022
  57. ↑ Twitter, "Heather Caygle on November 30, 2022," accessed November 30, 2022
  58. ↑ Twitter, "Heather Caygle on November 30, 2022," accessed November 30, 2022
  59. ↑ The Hill, "Cicilline withdraws, clearing path for Clyburn to remain in leadership," December 1, 2022
  60. ↑ CNN, "House Speaker Nancy Pelosi says she will not run for a leadership post," November 17, 2022
  61. ↑ House.gov, "Speakers of the House by Congress," accessed November 17, 2022
  62. ↑ House.gov, "Minority Leaders of the House (1899 to present)," accessed November 17, 2022
  63. ↑ The Hill, "Hoyer won’t seek House leadership, Clyburn eyeing run for No. 4 spot," November 17, 2022
  64. ↑ The Hill, "Jeffries announces bid for House Democratic leader," November 18, 2022
  65. ↑ The Hill, "Trump backs McCarthy for Speaker, Stefanik for House GOP chair," November 8, 2022
  66. ↑ Twitter, "Jake Sherman on November 15, 2022," accessed November 15, 2022
  67. ↑ Twitter, "Jake Sherman on November 15, 2022," accessed November 15, 2022
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 The Hill, "House GOP campaign chair launches bid for whip leadership post," November 10, 2022
  69. ↑ Twitter, "Olivia Beavers on November 9, 2022," accessed November 15, 2022
  70. ↑ RollCall, "GOP prepares for leadership vote after disappointing midterms," November 14, 2022
  71. ↑ The Texas Tribune, "U.S. Rep. Chip Roy loses bid to replace Liz Cheney as third-ranking House Republican," May 14, 2021
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 Politico, "It's a race for House GOP No. 3 next year — but a lopsided one," September 14, 2022
  73. ↑ Congressional Research Service, "Party Leaders in the House: Election, Duties, and Responsibilities," November 5, 2018
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 United States House of Representatives, "Leadership," accessed November 19, 2020
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